Ms. Anh.

Thu Hoang English class

LEVEL 03

UNIT 154
Date: __________

Student’s name:

 0968040598  [email protected]
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 LESSON
I. LISTENING

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 GAP-FILLING
SECTION 1
(K = Katie; R = resident)
K: Hi, good afternoon sir, er ... excuse me! Could you spare a minute please?
R: Oh, hello. Sorry, I was in a world of my own ... I didn’t hear you there.
K: No problem. My name's Katie and I'm a second year [............................]student. We're doing a research project
on the [............................]of community centres to local [............................]. May I ask, are you a resident of
Molton?
R: Yes, I am.
K: That's perfect. Would you mind answering some questions about the [............................]you use? It won't take
very long...
R: Of course, I'd be happy to answer any questions you have. [............................]!
K: Great! OK. the first questions are to do with you. So can I ask how old you are? We need to know for
[............................]purposes later.
R: Well, I'd like to say 16 but I'm 59, 60 next week in fact.
K: Congratulations for next week! Now I just need your postcode, and then we'll get started.
R: Right, well that's an easy one. It's [............................].
K: 7-A-8 ... H-Q-P, was that right?
R: No my dear, it's H-A-8-7-U-P.
K: Right... OK. Sorry for the confusion.
R: That's quite alright. Now what about these questions?
K: Yes, let's get started ... So one of the most important things we need to know is which of the facilities you
already use.
R: Right OK.
K: OK, what about computer facilities? Do you currently use public computers anywhere in town?
R: Yes. I do. I go to my [............................].
K: Great,... just jotting that down. OK, what about local sports facilities?
R: Yes, I get down to the [............................]at least twice a week.
K: And education facilities? Are you currently attending any courses?
R: Yes, I go to Spanish classes every Friday at the further [............................]college.
K- That's great! I must say, you’re very active.

9
K: OK, we're halfway through. The next bit is all about how the [............................]centre could be
[............................], if at all, that is.
R: I see. Well, I'll give it a go!
K: Well firstly, I'd like to find out your views on sports facilities. Which sports do you think the community centre
should offer that it doesn't already?
R: Mmm... Well, I'm not going to say swimming as there’s no point having two pools in a town of this size. Let
me think ... um, what, about [............................]? I know it's very popular these days. Yes, yoga and
[............................]. 1 used to play you know.
K: Really?
R: Yes, and 1 was quite good though I'm probably a bit [............................]now. It's been years.
K: OK, do you think the classes should be split into groups?
R: Yes, that's a good idea. I know that if there were classes only for [............................]. I'd definitely be more
likely to play. I'm not a fast as I once was, you know.
K: OK, I’ll just write that, down ... Great! Now, we're nearly done. I just need to ask you some questions about
[............................]. What kind of classes do you think the centre should offer that it doesn't already?
R: Well, I [............................]the kind of thing that’s no longer [............................]at the local college, em ... things
like arts and crafts. Those kinds of classes have now closed as they weren't financially [............................],
apparently.
K: Yes, I heard about that. It was such a [............................]. Those kinds of classes are so important for the
[............................]well-being of those most [............................]in a community. OK, I've written that down. Now,
I need to ask you whether you would be willing to pay for any of the [............................]we were just talking
about.
R: Umm, as long as it wasn't too much, I have nothing against [............................]. Something like two pounds
per class seems like a [............................]rate for an old man like me!
K: OK, era ... and lastly then, I just need to know how regularly you think you will use the new facilities if the
community centre makes the changes you have suggested.
R: Well, I'd say three times a week, which is more than I go at the moment. I only bother on [............................]and
[............................], as there's nothing else on during the week that interests me. But I would
[............................]get out of the house more if they were to make those kinds of changes.

10
SECTION 2
Hi and welcome to the walking audio tour service, which offers [............................]audio tours of over 30 walks
around London. The full list of the walks is [............................]on our website. You have chosen the
[............................]Heath Tour Part 1, which was, in fact, the first, of the walking tours that were recorded. Your
walk takes you through part of the heath, a huge, wild, open [............................]where Londoners and
[............................]to the city can come and enjoy some [............................]and refreshing exercise. The heath is
one of the gems of north London. When you enter the parkland, you will feel as if you are walking in the wild
[............................], but you are actually still in an [............................].
The walking tour begins here at the exit to Hampstead underground station, which is the [............................]station
on the London Underground [............................]. We hope that you enjoy your experience, whether you are on
your own or sharing your walk with a [............................]... So let's begin your tour. We hope you enjoy it!
If you turn right as you exit Hampstead [............................], and stay on the right hand side of the road, the main
[............................], Heath Street, will take you up the hill to the heath itself. You are now walking away from the
main shops and cafes in Hampstead village, but you can return to visit, these after your walking tour for some
window shopping. The village is busy during the [............................]and the evenings.
Now back to Heath Street. As the road winds [............................]up Heath Street, you will pass some shops and
[............................]on your way to the heath. When you reach the top, the first part of the heath that you will see
on your right is the Vale of the Heath, which has some [............................]houses, built on the Heath itself beside
a large [............................]. If you go along a little further you will come to a fork in the road, where one road -
North End Way - turns to the left and goes northwest away from the heath; and on your right is
[............................]Road, which turns north-east, cutting through the parkland. Walk along this latter road a little
way and look for the first opening on your right, where a path [............................]you down into the wild parkland.
As you descend along the [............................], you will find that the noise of the [............................], that is just
on your left, disappears completely. You might want, to take off your headphones to enjoy the
[............................]of the sounds of the parkland. Don't imagine that there is only silence! There is the noise of
the trees and the [............................]that lives there. As you walk along the path, you will come across
[............................]paths coming from the right to join the path that you are on, but keep going until you come to
the first fork in the path. Now take the path that goes to your left, which will bring you shortly to the open spaces
around Kenwood House.
You can either walk through the woods and enjoy being among the trees, or you can [............................]the other
[............................]the heath has to offer. You are now at Kenwood House, which is a [............................]open to
the public. It has been used as the setting for [............................]well-known films, and is used as a venue for a
wide range of [............................]. For some fight [............................], there is the cafe at Kenwood House. Below
Kenwood House itself, you can see the [............................], which are an ideal place for picnics and for children
to run around and play games. Just beyond this picnic area is an open air [............................]where music concerts
are held in the summer months. You might even see the stage being prepared for a concert while you are there.
You might want to explore this part of the heath at your [............................]. But before you leave the heath
altogether there are two other [............................]features that are worth visiting. On the east side of the heath are
several large ponds for [............................]and mixed bathing. And if you would like a view of London, you can
visit [............................]Hill, which gives you a good [............................]of London that is in fact protected by
law.

11
SECTION 3
(J - Jack; T - tutor)
J: Hi! Am I bothering you? Is it OK to see you now?
T. Hi Jack! No bother. Please come in. As your tutor this year, it’s my [............................]to oversee your
assignments. Now, where are my notes? Oh yes, here they are. OK. I see that we were going to look at your case
study on the [............................]of urban planning in the [............................]and how to make it as 'green' as
possible. How's it all going?
J: Actually, I'm pretty happy with it. Can I talk you through it to make sure I'm on the right track?
T: Of course, please do. I'll stop you if I have any questions.
J: OK, well I started by giving an overview of what 'green' urban planning has been up until now. Firstly, there's
the idea of a green belt. This is the one that everyone's heard of. but I found that while it. was
[............................]for a short time and in limited cases, it grossly over [............................]things.
T: Well that's a good and practical start. What else did you look at? I hope that you also considered the idea of
[............................]?
J: Yes, that was really interesting, as although there were no [............................]to it and it looked good on paper,
it just, didn't work in practice.
T: Yes, a conundrum indeed. However, I think you'll find that there are many fads that come and go in this area.
It isn't the first and it won't be the last to simply [............................]off the face of the planet. Well this is all very
good so far. What did you look at next?
J: I then researched the [............................] fad of building new towns on new sites, but I found that although there
are [............................]cases of success, they [............................]to cost too much time and money to build.
T: Keeping to that theme, have you [............................]the idea of brownfield sites? That is sites that
[............................]had another use, being converted into [............................]areas?
J: Like the idea of buildings that were once banks being turned into restaurants? That kind of thing?
T: Yeah, that's right.
J: No, I hadn't thought of that.
T: Well. I’d say it's a pretty important option in most, urban areas today • Even though there have been
[............................]with safety, if the land were [............................]in any way, at least it. tends to
[............................]no objections from local residents.
J: OK, thanks. I’ll make sure I put that in.
T: Anything else?
J: Well, I'm not sure about this last one, but 1 thought the idea of [............................]central areas was an
interesting [............................]. Do you think it's valid here?
T: Oh, it's certainly not a bad idea. The only thing is that it would probably [............................]the problem of
[............................]in inner city areas and would [............................]local residents’ sleep, if the construction work
were to happen during the night. The use of loud [............................]to re-pave the area would be inevitable.

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J: Yes, I take your point, but in some older cities, I think it's one of the few viable [............................].
T: Well as long as you state that, then it can definitely be included.
J: OK, so that's my introduction to urban planning [............................], but now I come to the main part, which is
the case study. It was really difficult to choose as there are so many good examples, but in the end I settled on
[............................], which is the capital of the south [............................]state of Parana.
T: Ah, yes. Nice choice. How's the research coming along?
J: Well, to be honest, I'm finding the amount of [............................]a bit too much. There's such a diverse range
of [............................]that it makes it almost impossible to be [............................].
T: Well, tell me a bit more about what you’ve [............................], and then we’ll see if we can come up with a
plan to tackle the problem.
J: Well, it's fascinating. Local authorities managed to achieve so much since the [............................], principally
because rather than waiting for central [............................]initiatives they chose a cohesive
[............................]where residents were consulted. Then they took their ideas and [............................]them into
local government planning to come up with a plan everybody was happy with.
T: A ha! A bottom-up [............................]. Do go on ...
J: Well, the transport system is a real example of the town's [............................]image. Even though they have one
of the highest number of cars per person in the country, they also have the highest number of people using
[............................]. This is because poor and elderly residents are able to benefit from a [............................]that
allows them to use the system for less. This has led to low levels of pollution which also encourages
[............................]to use bicycles more.
T: Well, that’s really [............................]Jack. Well done. But I do have some suggestions to help you with
[............................]your case study.
J: Please...
T: If you are going to prove Curitiba’s success, you need to refer to [............................]. You mentioned
[............................]only areas in your introduction, how about that,?
J: Yes, OK.
T: And what about the amount of parking for all of those cars?
J: I didn't come [............................]that in my research, but I can look it up.
Yeah, I think it’s important.
J: And what about considering where people live in [............................]to their place of work? If they live in the
[............................], how about mentioning how far they need to travel in order to get to work?
T: And don’t forget about their recycling [............................], including how easy it is and how much they recycle,
making sure you include statistics to back it up.
J: OK, got it.
T All in all Jack, you’ve really done your [...................]and I very much look forward to receiving your final draft.
J: Thanks professor. You've been a great help.
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SECTION 4
Good morning everyone and welcome to the Stanley University School of [............................]. I will be one of
your [............................]on the course and my name is Professor Whitefield. Before the [............................]year
really gets underway, I would like to take you through some of what you can [............................]and to give you
some general course information.
Firstly, you’ll be attending lectures during which you will receive information about [............................]and the
[............................]that you will need to focus on. The. lectures will provide you with information about the
subject in a relatively [............................]format. In addition, they should also provide a suitable
[............................]for further study. Typically, this is also the first time that students get the chance to meet a
researcher at the [............................]of the discipline. Traditionally, lectures are seen as an [............................]part
of the learning culture for higher education, in which [............................]study is viewed as an induction into
academic [............................]and a way of viewing the world.
However, although all I have said until now is true, every year undergraduate students experience problems with
the [............................]used in lectures. Being [............................]will hopefully help you with
[............................]to these issues. The first problem is that there is little [............................]for the development
of student understanding. That is, if you misunderstand something, there is no [............................]opportunity to
ask. Secondly, when newer teaching [............................]are used, such as problem -solving, learning outcomes
are improved. However, these will still not replace the validity of listening and learning from an
[............................].
Now, before you start [............................]there are several things that you can do in order to make the learning
process, and [............................]your student life at the university, easier. First and [............................], be
prepared! You will be given a reading list. Don't just throw it away or forget about it; make sure you leave enough
time to go through all items on it. Once you’ve done that, an ideal thing to do would be to test yourself on the
[............................]. Prepare a mini [............................]while reading, and go back to it before the lecture and just
check you know the answers. Now for most of you, this won’t be the first time that you’re studying economics,
but you may have taken a gap year or had a [............................]of time working. If this is so, and even if it isn’t
in fact, it always makes sense to go back and refresh your memory on those [............................] theories you
learned about, before, as we'll [............................]be referring to them.
OK. There're just a couple more ideas I'd like to [............................]before I'll take any questions you may have.
We are lucky enough to be living in a [............................], so use resources like the web to do some extra
background research. There’s no shortage of information nowadays, but just be sure that, you're using
[............................]. Finally, and this is an important one: make sure you discuss ideas with your peers. They are
in the same boat as you after all, and you will probably find that it helps make your learning more
[............................]. All in all, take charge of your learning and you will find that you [............................]. Now,
do you have any questions before we go on to...

14
 II. READING READING 01
GLASS
Capturing the dance of light
A Glass, in one form or another, has long been in noble service to humans As one of the most widely used of
manufactured materials, and certainly the most versatile, it can be as imposing as a telescope mirror the width
of a tennis court or as small and simple as a marble rolling across dirt The uses of this adaptable material have
been broadened dramatically by new technologies glass fibre optics — more than eight million miles — carrying
telephone and television signals across nations, glass ceramics serving as the nose cones of missiles and as
crowns for teeth; tiny glass beads taking radiation doses inside the body to specific organs, even a new type of
glass fashioned of nuclear waste in order to dispose of that unwanted material.
B On the horizon are optical computers These could store programs and process information by means of light
- pulses from tiny lasers - rather than electrons And the pulses would travel over glass fibres, not copper wire
These machines could function hundreds of times faster than today’s electronic computers and hold vastly more
information Today fibre optics are used to obtain a clearer image of smaller and smaller objects than ever before
- even bacterial viruses. A new generation of optical instruments is emerging that can provide detailed imaging
of the inner workings of cells. It is the surge in fibre optic use and in liquid crystal displays that has set the U.S.
glass industry (a 16 billion dollar business employing some 150,000 workers) to building new plants to meet
demand.
C But it is not only in technology and commerce that glass has widened its horizons. The use of glass as art, a
tradition spins back at least to Roman times, is also booming. Nearly everywhere, it seems, men and women are
blowing glass and creating works of art. «I didn’t sell a piece of glass until 1975,» Dale Chihuly said, smiling, for
in the 18 years since the end of the dry spell, he has become one of the most financially successful artists of the
20th century. He now has a new commission - a glass sculpture for the headquarters building of a pizza company
- for which his fee is half a million dollars.
D But not all the glass technology that touches our lives is ultra-modern. Consider the simple light bulb; at the
turn of the century most light bulbs were hand blown, and the cost of one was equivalent to half a day’s pay for
the average worker. In effect, the invention of the ribbon machine by Corning in the 1920s lighted a nation. The
price of a bulb plunged. Small wonder that the machine has been called one of the great mechanical
achievements of all time. Yet it is very simple: a narrow ribbon of molten glass travels over a moving belt of steel
in which there are holes. The glass sags through the holes and into waiting moulds. Puffs of compressed air then
shape the glass. In this way, the envelope of a light bulb is made by a single machine at the rate of 66,000 an
hour, as compared with 1,200 a day produced by a team of four glassblowers.
E The secret of the versatility of glass lies in its interior structure. Although it is rigid, and thus like a solid, the
atoms are arranged in a random disordered fashion, characteristic of a liquid. In the melting process, the atoms
in the raw materials are disturbed from their normal position in the molecular structure; before they can find
their way back to crystalline arrangements the glass cools. This looseness in molecular structure gives the
material what engineers call tremendous “formability” which allows technicians to tailor glass to whatever they
need.

15
F Today, scientists continue to experiment with new glass mixtures and building designers test their
imaginations with applications of special types of glass. A London architect, Mike Davies, sees even more
dramatic buildings using molecular chemistry. “Glass is the great building material of the future, the «dynamic
skin»,’ he said. “Think of glass that has been treated to react to electric currents going through it, glass that will
change from clear to opaque at the push of a button, that gives you instant curtains. Think of how the tall
buildings in New York could perform a symphony of colours as the glass in them is made to change colours
instantly.” Glass as instant curtains is available now, but the cost is exorbitant. As for the glass changing colours
instantly, that may come true. Mike Davies’s vision may indeed be on the way to fulfilment.
[ Adapted from “Glass: Capturing the Dance of Light” by William S. Ellis, National Geographic. ]

Questions 1-5
Reading Passage 1 has six paragraphs (A-F). Choose the most suitable heading/or each paragraph from the list
of headings below. Write the appropriate numbers (i-x) in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet. Paragraph A has
been done for you as an example.
NB There are more headings than paragraphs so you will not use all of them. You may use any heading more
at once.
Example Answer
Paragraph A X

List of Headings
______________________________________
i Growth in the market for glass crafts
ii Computers and their dependence on glass
iii What makes glass so adaptable
iv Historical development of glass
v Scientists’ dreams cost millions
vi Architectural experiments with glass
vii Glass art galleries flourish
viii Exciting innovations in fibre optics
ix A former glass technology
x Everyday uses of glass
______________________________________

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1 Paragraph B
2 Paragraph C
3 Paragraph D
4 Paragraph E
5 Paragraph F

Questions 6-8
The diagram below shows the principle of Coming’s ribbon machine. Label the diagram by selecting NO MORE
THAN THREE WORDS from the Reading Passage to fill each numbered space. Write your answers in boxes 6-8
on your answer sheet.

Questions 9-13
Look at the list below of the uses of glass. According to the passage, state whether these uses
exist today, will exist in the future or are not mentioned by the writer.
In boxes 9-13 write
A if the uses exist today
B if the uses will exist in the future
C if the uses are not mentioned by the writer
09 dental fittings
10 optical computers
11 sculptures
12 fashions
13 curtains

17
 READING 02
IMPLEMENTING THE CYCLE OF SUCCESS:
A CASE STUDY
Within Australia, Australian Hotels Inc (AHI) operates nine hotels and employs over 2000 permanent full-
time staff, 300 permanent part-time employees and 100 casual staff. One of its latest ventures, the Sydney
Airport hotel (SAH), opened in March 1995. The hotel is the closest to Sydney Airport and is designed to provide
the best available accommodation, food and beverage and meeting facilities in Sydney's southern suburbs.
Similar to many international hotel chains, however, AHI has experienced difficulties in Australia in providing
long-term profits for hotel owners, as a result of the country's high labour-cost structure. In order to develop
an economically viable hotel organisation model, AHI decided to implement some new policies and practices at
SAH.
The first of the initiatives was an organisational structure with only three levels of management - compared to
the traditional seven. Partly as a result of this change, there are 25 per cent fewer management positions,
enabling a significant saving. This change also has other implications. Communication, both up and down the
organisation, has greatly improved. Decision-making has been forced down in many cases to front-line
employees. As a result, guest requests are usually met without reference to a supervisor, improving both
customer and employee satisfaction.
The hotel also recognised that it would need a different approach to selecting employees who would fit in
with its new policies. In its advertisements, the hotel stated a preference for people with some 'service'
experience in order to minimize traditional work practices being introduced into the hotel. Over 7000 applicants
filled in application forms for the 120 jobs initially offered at SAH. The balance of the positions at the hotel (30
management and 40 shift leader positions) were predominantly filled by transfers from other AHI properties.
A series of tests and interviews were conducted with potential employees, which eventually left 280
applicants competing for the 120 advertised positions. After the final interview, potential recruits were divided
into three categories. Category A was for applicants exhibiting strong leadership qualities, Category C was for
applicants perceived to be followers, and Category B was for applicants with both leader and follower qualities.
Department heads and shift leaders then composed prospective teams using a combination of people from all
three categories. Once suitable teams were formed, offers of employment were made to team members.
Another major initiative by SAH was to adopt a totally multi-skilled workforce. Although there may be some
limitations with highly technical jobs such as cooking or maintenance, wherever possible, employees at SAH are
able to work in a wide variety of positions. A multi-skilled workforce provides far greater management flexibility
during peak and quiet times to transfer employees to needed positions. For example, when office staff are away
on holidays during quiet periods of the year, employees in either food or beverage or housekeeping
departments can temporarily The most crucial way, however, of improving the labour cost structure at SAH was
to find better, more productive ways of providing customer service. SAH management concluded this would
first require a process of 'benchmarking'. The prime objective of the benchmarking process was to compare a
range of service delivery processes across a range of criteria using teams made up of employees from different
departments within the hotel which interacted with each other. This process resulted in performance measures
that greatly enhanced SAH's ability to improve productivity and quality.

18
 The front office team discovered through this project that a high proportion of AHI Club member
reservations were incomplete. As a result, the service provided to these guests was below the standard
promised to them as part of their membership agreement. Reducing the number of incomplete reservations
greatly improved guest perceptions of service.
In addition, a program modeled on an earlier project called 'Take Charge' was implemented. Essentially,
Take Charge provides an effective feedback loop from both customers and employees. Customer comments,
both positive and negative, are recorded by staff. These are collated regularly to identify opportunities for
improvement. Just as importantly, employees are requested to note down their own suggestions for
improvement. (AHI has set an expectation that employees will submit at least three suggestions for every one
they receive from a customer.) Employee feedback is reviewed daily and suggestions are implemented within
48 hours, if possible, or a valid reason is given for non-implementation. If suggestions require analysis or data
collection, the Take Charge team has 30 days in which to address the issue and come up with recommendations.
Although quantitative evidence of AHI's initiatives at SAH are limited at present, anecdotal evidence clearly
suggests that these practices are working. Indeed AHI is progressively rolling out these initiatives in other hotels
in Australia, whilst numerous overseas visitors have come to see how the program works.
[ This article has been adapted and condensed from the article by R. Carter (1996), 'Implementing the cycle of
success: A case study of the Sheraton Pacific Division', Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 34(3): 111-23.
Names and other details have been changed and report findings may have been given a different emphasis from
the original. We are grateful to the author and Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources for allowing us to use
the material in this way.]

Questions 1-5
Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
1 The high costs of running AHI's hotels are related to their .......
A management.
B size.
C staff.
D policies.
2 SAH's new organisational structure requires .......
A 75% of the old management positions.
B 25% of the old management positions.
C 25% more management positions.
D 5% fewer management positions.
3 The SAH's approach to organisational structure required changing practices in .......
A industrial relations.
B firing staff.
C hiring staff.
D marketing.

19
4 The total number of jobs advertised at the SAH was ........
A 70.
B 120.
C 170.
D 280.
5 Categories A, B and C were used to select........
A front office staff.
B new teams.
C department heads.
D new managers.

Questions 6-13
Complete the following summary of the last four paragraphs of Reading Passage 36 using ONE OR TWO
WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 6-13 on your answer sheet.

WHAT THEY DID AT SAH

20
 READING 03
The Motor Car
A There are now over 700 million motor vehicles in the world - and the number is rising by more than 40 million
each year. The average distance driven by car users is growing too - from 8 km a day per person in western
Europe in 1965 to 25 km a day in 1995. This dependence on motor vehicles has given rise to major problems,
including environmental pollution, depletion of oil resources, traffic congestion and safety.
B While emissions from new cars are far less harmful than they used to be, city streets and motorways are
becoming more crowded than ever, often with older trucks, buses and taxis, which emit excessive levels of
smoke and fumes. This concentration of vehicles makes air quality in urban areas unpleasant and sometimes
dangerous to breathe. Even Moscow has joined the list of capitals afflicted by congestion and traffic fumes. In
Mexico City, vehicle pollution is a major health hazard.
C Until a hundred years ago, most journeys were in the 20 km range, the distance conveniently accessible by
horse. Heavy freight could only be carried by water or rail. The invention of the motor vehicle brought personal
mobility to the masses and made rapid freight delivery possible over a much wider area. Today about 90 per
cent of inland freight in the United Kingdom is carried by road. Clearly the world cannot revert to the horse-
drawn wagon. Can it avoid being locked into congested and polluting ways of transporting people and goods?
D In Europe most cities are still designed for the old modes of transport. Adaptation to the motor car has
involved adding ring roads, one-way systems and parking lots. In the United States, more land is assigned to car
use than to housing. Urban sprawl means that life without a car is next to impossible. Mass use of motor vehicles
has also killed or injured millions of people. Other social effects have been blamed on the car such as alienation
and aggressive human behaviour.
E A 1993 study by the European Federation for Transport and Environment found that car transport is seven
times as costly as rail travel in terms of the external social costs it entails such as congestion, accidents, pollution,
loss of cropland and natural habitats, depletion of oil resources, and so on. Yet cars easily surpass trains or buses
as a flexible and convenient mode of personal transport. It is unrealistic to expect people to give up private cars
in favour of mass transit.
F Technical solutions can reduce the pollution problem and increase the fuel efficiency of engines. But fuel
consumption and exhaust emissions depend on which cars are preferred by customers and how they are driven.
Many people buy larger cars than they need for daily purposes or waste fuel by driving aggressively. Besides,
global car use is increasing at a faster rate than the improvement in emissions and fuel efficiency which
technology is now making possible.
G One solution that has been put forward is the long-term solution of designing cities and neighbourhoods so
that car journeys are not necessary - all essential services being located within walking distance or easily
accessible by public transport. Not only would this save energy and cut carbon dioxide emissions, it would also
enhance the quality of community life, putting the emphasis on people instead of cars. Good local government
is already bringing this about in some places. But few democratic communities are blessed with the vision - and
the capital - to make such profound changes in modern lifestyles.

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H A more likely scenario seems to be a combination of mass transit systems for travel into and around cities,
with small 'low emission' cars for urban use and larger hybrid or lean burn cars for use elsewhere. Electronically
tolled highways might be used to ensure that drivers pay charges geared to actual road use. Better integration
of transport systems is also highly desirable - and made more feasible by modern computers. But these are
solutions for countries which can afford them. In most developing countries, old cars and old technologies
continue to predominate.

Questions 14-19
Reading Passage 37 has eight paragraphs (A-H). Which paragraphs concentrate on the following information?
Write the appropriate letters (A-H) in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.
NB You need only write ONE letter for each answer.
14 a comparison of past and present transportation methods
15 how driving habits contribute to road problems
16 the relative merits of cars and public transport
17 the writer's own prediction of future solutions
18 the increasing use of motor vehicles
19 the impact of the car on city development

Questions 20-26
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 20-26 on your
answer sheet write
YES if the statement agrees with the information
NO if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage
20 Vehicle pollution is worse in European cities than anywhere else.
21 Transport by horse would be a useful alternative to motor vehicles.
22 Nowadays freight is not carried by water in the United Kingdom.
23 Most European cities were not designed for motor vehicles.
24 Technology alone cannot solve the problem of vehicle pollution.
25 People's choice of car and attitude to driving is a factor in the pollution problem.
26 Redesigning cities would be a short-term solution.

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III. WRITING

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 HW LISTEN ANSWER SHEET

1 21
2 22
3 23
4 24
5 25
6 26
7 27
8 28
9 29
10 30
11 31
12 32
13 33
14 34
15 35
16 36
17 37
18 38
19 39
20 40

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HW READ ANSWER SHEET

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