2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2

Marking Guidelines

Section I

Multiple-choice Answer Key

Question Answer
1 C
2 C
3 A
4 D
5 B
6 C
7 D
8 C
9 A
10 B

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BOSTES 2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Marking Guidelines

Section II

Question 11 (a) (i)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 2
• Provides exact argument in radians, or equivalent merit 1

Sample answer:

z = 3 − i

π
z = 2, Arg ( z ) = −
6
⎛ −π −π ⎞
So z = 2 ⎜ c os ⎛ ⎞ + i sin
⎛ ⎞ ⎟
⎝ ⎝
6
⎠ ⎝
6 ⎠⎠

Question 11 (a) (ii)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 1

Sample answer:
z 6 = 26 ( cos ( −π ) + i sin ( −π ))

= –26 which is real

Question 11 (a) (iii)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 1

Sample answer:

Take n = 3
⎛ −π −π ⎞
z
3 = 23 ⎜ cos
⎛ ⎞ + i sin
⎛ ⎞ ⎟
⎝ ⎝
2 ⎠
⎝
2 ⎠ ⎠

= –23i which is purely imaginary

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BOSTES 2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Marking Guidelines

Question 11 (b)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 3
• Correctly applies integration by parts, or equivalent merit 2
• Attempts to use integration by parts, or equivalent merit 1

Sample answer:
⌠ −2x dv
⎮ x e dx u = x, = e −2x
⌡ dx

x e −2x 1⌠
= + ⎮ e −2x dx
−2 2 ⌡

x e −2x
1
= − − e −2x + C
2 4

Question 11 (c)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 2
• Correctly differentiates xy, or equivalent merit 1

Sample answer:
x3 + y3 = 2xy
Differentiating with respect to x,
3x 2 + 3y 2 y′ = 2xy′ + 2y

( )
y′ 3y 2 − 2x = 2y − 3x 2
2y − 3x 2
y′ = 2
3y − 2x

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BOSTES 2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Marking Guidelines

Question 11 (d) (i)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct graph 2
• Recognises correct domain, or equivalent merit 1

Sample answer:

Question 11 (d) (ii)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct graph 2
• Correctly deals with the asymptotes, or equivalent merit 1

Sample answer:

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BOSTES 2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Marking Guidelines

Question 11 (e)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 2
• Provides correct domain, or equivalent merit 1

Sample answer:

ƒ ( x ) = x sin −1 ⎛ ⎞
x
⎝ 2⎠

Domain: –2 ≤ x ≤ 2
Range: 0 ≤ ƒ (x) ≤ π

Question 12 (a) (i)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct answer 1

Sample answer:

2 2
⎛ x
⎞ +
⎛ y
⎞ = 1

⎝
3
⎠
⎝
2
⎠

Question 12 (a) (ii)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct answer 1

Sample answer:

b2 4 5
e = 1− = 1− =
a2 9 3

Question 12 (a) (iii)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct answer 1

Sample answer:
( ) (
Foci at ±ae, 0 = ± 5, 0 )

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BOSTES 2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Marking Guidelines

Question 12 (a) (iv)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct answer 1

Sample answer:
a 9
Directrices are x = ± = ±
e 5

Question 12 (b) (i)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 1

Sample answer:
⌠
y = x ƒ ( x ) − ⎮ x ƒ ′( x ) dx
⌡
dy
= ƒ ( x ) + x ƒ ′( x ) − x ƒ ′( x )
dx
= ƒ (x)

Question 12 (b) (ii)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 2
• Attempts to apply result from part (i), or equivalent merit 1

Sample answer:
⌠ −1 −1 ⌠ 1
⎮ tan x dx = x tan x − ⎮ x 1+ x 2 dx (From part (i))
⌡ ⌡

⌠ x
= x tan −1 x − ⎮ 2 dx
⌡ 1+ x

= x tan −1 x −
1
2
(
log 1+ x 2 + k )

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BOSTES 2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Marking Guidelines

Question 12 (c) (i)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 2
• Applies de Moivre’s theorem, or equivalent merit 1

Sample answer:
z = cosθ + i sin θ
z 4 = cos 4θ + i sin 4θ (de Moivre’s theorem)
z 4 = ( cosθ + i sin θ )4

∴ equating real parts,

cos4θ = cos4 θ − 6cos2 sin 2 θ + sin 4 θ

Question 12 (c) (ii)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 1

Sample answer:
cos 4θ = cos4 θ − 6cos2 θ sin 2 θ + sin 4 θ
using sin 2 θ = 1 − cos2 θ

( ) ( )
2
∴ cos 4θ = cos4 θ − 6cos2 θ 1 − cos2 θ + 1 − cos2 θ

= 8cos4 θ − 8cos2 θ + 1

Alternative solution

cos 2θ = cos2 θ − sin 2 θ

= 2cos2 θ − 1

∴ cos 4θ = 2cos2 2θ − 1

( )
2
= 2 2 cos2 θ − 1 − 1

= 8cos4 θ − 8cos2 θ + 1

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BOSTES 2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Marking Guidelines

Question 12 (d) (i)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 2
• Finds the slope of the normal at P, or equivalent merit 1

Sample answer:
xy = c
2
dy

d.w.r.t. x y+x =0
dx
dy − y
=
dx x
−c −1
= 2 = 2
cp p

Slope of normal at P is p2.

So equation of normal is y = p2x + k.

Since the normal passes through P

c
= p2 × cp + k
p
c
k = − cp3
p
c
∴ y = p2 x + − cp3
p
y c
p
= px + 2 − cp2 ( ÷ p)
p
y ⎛ 1⎞
∴ px − = c ⎜ p2 − 2 ⎟
p ⎝ p ⎠

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BOSTES 2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Marking Guidelines

Question 12 (d) (ii)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 3
• Obtains a quadratic whose roots are cp and cq, or equivalent merit 2
• Attempts to solve the equations for the normal and hyperbola, or
1
equivalent merit

Sample answer:
Solving xy = c2 and the equation of the normal,

c2 ⎛ 1⎞
px − = c ⎜ p2 − 2 ⎟
px ⎝ p ⎠

⎛ 1⎞
∴ p2 x 2 − pcx ⎜ p2 − 2 ⎟ − c 2 = 0
⎝ p ⎠

The roots are cp and cq so using their product,

c2
c 2 pq = −
p2
1
∴ q=−
p3

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BOSTES 2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Marking Guidelines

Question 13 (a)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 3
• Finds the value of x at which there is a stationary point, or equivalent
2
merit
ƒ ′( x )
• Obtains one of or 1 + ln x , or equivalent merit 1
ƒ (x)

Sample answer:
log ƒ ( x ) = x log x
ƒ ′( x )
Differentiating w.r.t. x = 1 + log x
ƒ (x)
Now ƒ ( x ) > 0 , so stationary points occur when 1 + log x = 0 .
1
∴ x= . Check gradients each side.
e

1− 1 1+
x
e e e

ƒ ′( x ) – 0 +

1
So there is a local minimum at x =
e

Alternatively, ƒ ′( x ) = (1 + log x ) ƒ ( x )
1
so ƒ ′′( x ) = ƒ ( x ) + (1 + log x ) ƒ ′( x )
x

and ƒ ′′
⎛ ⎞ = e ƒ ⎛ ⎞ > 0 so x =
gives a minimum.

1
1 1

⎝
e
⎠
⎝ e ⎠
e

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BOSTES 2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Marking Guidelines

Question 13 (b)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 4
• Makes substantial progress 3
• Shows ∠BAC = ∠BPC, or equivalent merit 2
• Shows ∠OBC is twice ∠OPC, or equivalent merit 1

Sample answer:

Construct OC, AC, OQ

Let ∠BPC have size φ

BPC is isosceles so ∠BCP is φ

∠OBC is an external angle

So ∠OBC = 2φ

∠BAC is angle on chord BC

So ∠BAC = φ (Angle in alt. seg. and angle between chord and tangent)

But
BAC has a right angle at C (Angle in semicircle)

π
So φ + 2φ =
2
π
φ=
6
OA ⊥ AQ (Angle between tangent and radius)
π
So ∠CAQ =
3
QA = QC (Tangents from point equal)
π
So ∠AQC = (
QAC isosceles)
3
π
Hence ∠AQC = (Angle sum of
)
3

OAQ and
OCQ are cong. (sss, OA = OC radii, AQ = CQ above, OQ common)
1 π π
So ∠OQC = × = = ∠OPC
2 3 6
Thus,
OPQ is isosceles
And, OP = OQ

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BOSTES 2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Marking Guidelines

Question 13 (b) (continued)

Alternative solution

OP = OQ Let ∠BPC = x
∴ ∠BCP = x (Base ∠s of isosceles
)
Construct AC
∠BAC = x (Alt. seg. thm.)
Hence, AQ ⊥ OA and OC ⊥ PQ (Tangents to circle)
OAQC is cyclic quad. (Opp. ∠s supplementary)
∴ ∠OAC = x (Angles standing on same arc)
Hence, OP = OQ (Base ∠s of isosceles
are equal)

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BOSTES 2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Marking Guidelines

Question 13 (b) (continued)

Alternative solution

Let ∠BPC = x

∠BPC = ∠PCB = x (Base ∠ isosceles
)

∠OBC = 2x (Exterior ∠
PBC)

∴ ∠OCB = 2x (Equal ∠s of isosceles
OBC, OB = OC radii )

π
∴ ∠OCP = = 3x (∠ between radius and tangent)
2
π
∴x=
6
∴
OBC is equilateral (∠s = 60°)
∴
OCQ ≡
OAQ (OC = OA radii, OQ common, AQ = CQ)
∠AOC = 4x (Exterior angle)
∠COQ = ∠AOQ = 2x (
OCQ ≡
OAQ)
∴
OPC ≡
OQC (Equiangular, OC common)
∴ OP = OQ

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BOSTES 2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Marking Guidelines

Question 13 (c) (i)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 3
• Attempts to eliminate T1, or equivalent merit 2
• Resolves T1 into components, or equivalent merit 1

Sample answer:

4
θ = tan −1
3

4
sin θ =
5
3
cosθ =
5

4
Resolving vertically: T = Mg (g = 10)
5 1
5
T1 = M (10 )
4
25M
T1 =
2

3
Resolving horizontally: T2 + T1 = M ( 0.3)ω 2
5
3 25M 3
∴ T2 + + = Mω 2
5 2 10
3 3
T2 = Mω 2 − ( 25M )
10 10

T2 =
3
10
(
M ω 2 − 25 )

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BOSTES 2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Marking Guidelines

Question 13 (c) (ii)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 1

Sample answer:

T2 > T1 ⇒
3
10
(
M ω 2 − 25 >
25
2
M)
3ω 2 − 75 > 125
3ω 2 > 200
200
ω2 >
3
200
ω > ω >0
3
2
ω > 10
3

Question 13 (d) (i)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 2
• Differentiates p(x), or equivalent merit 1

Sample answer:
p ( x ) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d
p′ ( x ) = 3ax 2 + 2bx + c
Δ = ( 2x )2 − 4 ( 3a ) ( c )

= 4b 2 − 12ac

(
= 4 b 2 − 3ac )

< 0 if b 2 − 3ac < 0 as given.

∴ p′ ( x ) has no real solutions.

∴ p ( x ) has no stationary points.

Hence p ( x ) is either an increasing or decreasing function for all x.

∴ p ( x ) cuts the x-axis only once.

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BOSTES 2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Marking Guidelines

Question 13 (d) (ii)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 2

• Shows p′ ⎛ − ⎞ = 0 , or equivalent merit

b
⎝ 3a ⎠ 1

Sample answer:

p ⎛ − ⎞ = 0

⎝ 3a
⎠

b
2
p′
⎛ −
⎞ = 3a ⎛ − ⎞ + 2b ⎛ − ⎞ + c

b
b

⎝
3a
⎠
⎝ 3a
⎠
⎝ 3a
⎠

b 2 2b 2
=
−
+c
3a 3a
=−
1 2
3a
(
b − 3ac )
=0
So at least a double root
p′′( x ) = 6ax + 2b

p′′
⎛ −
⎞ = 6a ⎛ −
⎞ + 2b

b
b

⎝
3a
⎠
⎝ 3a
⎠

= −2b + 2b

=0
b
So x = − is a triple root.
3a
b2
Alternatively, b2 = 3ac ⇒ c=
3a
b2 x
p ( x ) = ax 3 + bx 2 + +d
3a

p ⎛− ⎞ = 0
b
⎝ 3a ⎠

ab3 b3 b3
⇒ − + − +d =0
27a3 9a 2 9a 2
b3
⇒ d=
27a
2

∴ 27a 2 p ( x ) = 27a3 x 3 + 27a 2 b 2

x 2 + 9ab 2 x + b3

= ( 3ax + b )3
b
∴ p ( x ) has a triple root at x = − .
3a

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BOSTES 2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Marking Guidelines

Question 14 (a) (i)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 1

Sample answer:
⌠ 3
⎮ sin x dx
⌡

⌠
(
= ⎮ sin x 1 − cos2 x dx
⌡
)
⌠
= ⎮ sin x − sin x cos2 x dx
⌡

cos3 x
= − cos x + +C
3
1
= cos3 x − cos x + C
3

d
⎛ 1
3
OR
cos
x − cos x + C ⎞
⎝

dx
3
⎠

1
= ⋅ 3cos2 x ( − sin x ) − ( − sin x ) + 0
3

= − cos2 x sin x + sin x

(
= sin x − cos2
x + 1 )
(
= sin sin 2 x )
= sin3 x

⌠ 1
∴ ⎮ sin3 x dx = cos3
x − cos x + C
⌡ 3

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BOSTES 2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Marking Guidelines

Question 14 (a) (ii)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct explanation 1

Sample answer:

π
⌠
⎮ cos x dx = 0 by symmetry
⌡0

Since 2n – 1 is odd,
π
π
⌠2 ⌠
⎮ cos
2n−1
x dx = − ⎮ cos2n−1x dx
⌡0 ⌡π
2

π
⌠
∴ ⎮
cos2n−1x dx = 0
⌡0

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BOSTES 2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Marking Guidelines

Question 14 (a) (iii)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 3
• Attempts to evaluate correct integral using integration by parts, or
2
equivalent merit
• Obtains correct expression for the volume, or equivalent merit 1

Sample answer:
By method of shells,

⌠
Volume = 2π ⎮ x ƒ ( x ) dx

π
⌠
= 2π ⎮
x sin3 x dx
⌡0

Using integration by parts and part (i)

⎛⎡ ⎛1 π π ⎞
⎤ ⌠ ⎛1
Volume 3 ⎞
= 2π ⎜ ⎢ x cos x − cos x ⎥ − ⎮ ⎜ co s3 x − cos x ⎞⎟ dx ⎟
⎝⎣ ⎝3 ⎠ ⎦ 0 ⌡0 ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎠

The integral above is 0 by part (ii), so

⎛ ⎞
= 2π ⎜ π ⎛ − + 1 − 0 ⎞ − 0 ⎟
1
Volume
⎝ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎠

4
2
= π
3

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BOSTES 2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Marking Guidelines

Question 14 (b) (i)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 3
• Obtains an integral that can be easily evaluated, or equivalent merit 2
• Chooses suitable substitution, or equivalent merit 1

Sample answer:

1
⌠ 1
I0 =
⎮ dx

(
⎮ x2 + 1 2
⌡0 )
dx
Let x = tan θ , then = sec 2θ , so
dθ

π
⌠ 4 sec 2θ
I0 =⎮ 4 dθ
⌡0 sec θ
π

⌠ 4

= ⎮
cos2θ dθ
⌡0

⌠ 4 1+ cos 2θ

=⎮ dθ
⌡0 2

1 sin 2θ
4
= θ+
2 4 0

π 1
= +
8 4

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BOSTES 2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Marking Guidelines

Question 14 (b) (ii)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 1

Sample answer:

1
⌠ 1 + x2
I 0 + I 2 =
⎮ dx

(
⎮ x2 + 1 2
⌡
0 )
1
⌠ 1
=
⎮ 2 dx
⌡0
x + 1
1 π

= tan −1x =
0 4

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BOSTES 2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Marking Guidelines

Question 14 (b) (iii)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 3
• Obtains the value of I 2 + I 4 , or equivalent merit 2
• Attempts to evaluate I 2 + I 4 , or equivalent merit 1

Sample answer:
Consider I2 + I4

1
⌠ x2 + x4
=
⎮ dx
(
⎮ x2 + 1 2
⌡0
)
1
⌠ x2
=
⎮ 2 dx
⌡
0 x + 1
1
⌠ 1
=
⎮ 1 − 2 dx
⌡0
x +1

1
= x − tan −1x
0

= 1 −

π
∴ I4 = 1 − − I2
4
π ⎛π
= 1− − − I0 ⎞
4 ⎝ 4 ⎠

π ⎛ π 1⎞
= 1− + +
2 ⎝ 8 4⎠
5 3π
= −
4 8

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BOSTES 2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Marking Guidelines

Question 14 (c)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 3
• Observes ( x − 1) ( x − 1) ≥ 0 for x ≥ 1, or equivalent merit 2
• Investigates x x + 1− x − x , or equivalent merit 1

Sample answer:
For x ≥ 0, Required to show that x x + 1 ≥ x + x

Now x x + 1 − (x + x ) = x x − x − x + 1

= x ( x − 1) − ( x − 1)

= x−1( )( x −1 )
For 0 ≤ x < 1, ( x − 1) < 0 , ( x − 1) < 0 ( − )( − )
(
∴ x x +1− x + x > 0 )
For x ≥ 1, ( x − 1) ≥ 0 , ( x − 1) ≥ 0 ( + )( + )
(
∴ x x +1− x + x ≥ 0 )
Hence for x ≥ 0, x x + 1 ≥ x + x

Alternative solution

For x ≥ 0, Required to show that x x + 1 ≥ x + x

Now x x + 1 − (x + x ) = x x − x − x + 1

= x ( x − 1) − ( x − 1)

= x−1( )( x −1 )
= ( x + 1)( x − 1)( x − 1)

= ( x + 1)( x − 1)
2

≥0

Since x + 1 ≥ 0 for x ≥ 0
and ( x − 1) ≥ 0 for real x ≥ 0
2

∴ x x +1 ≥ x + x

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BOSTES 2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Marking Guidelines

Question 15 (a)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 2
• Obtains the value of α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 , or equivalent merit 1

Sample answer:
x3 − 3x + 1 = 0 has roots α , β , γ , then

α + β +γ = 0
αβ + αγ + βγ = − 3
αβγ = − 1

Let A = α 2, B = β 2, C = γ 2

A + B + C = (α + β + γ ) − 2 (αβ + αγ + βγ ) = 6
2

AB + AC + BC = α 2 β 2 + α 2γ 2 + β 2γ 2
= (αβ + αγ + βγ ) − 2αβγ (α + β + γ )
2

= 9

ABC = α 2 β 2γ 2 = 1

∴ A, B, C satisfy x3 − 6x2 + 9x − 1

Alternative solution

Let y = x2 then, x = y

So ( y )3 − 3 y +1 = 0

⇒ y y − 3 y = −1

y ( y − 3) = − 1
y ( y − 3) = 1
2

⇒ y3 − 6y 2 + 9y − 1 = 0

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BOSTES 2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Marking Guidelines

Question 15 (b) (i)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 2

d ⎛ v2 ⎞
1
⎝2 ⎠ 1
• Correctly applies a = , or equivalent merit
dx

Sample answer:
μ2
x

= −
x2
μ2
1 d 2
2 dx
( )
v =− 2
x

2μ 2
⇒ v2 = +C
x

2μ 2
x = b, v = 0 ⇒ C = −
b

∴ v 2 = 2μ 2 ⎛ − ⎞
1 1
⎝ x b⎠

b − x
⎞
= 2μ 2 ⎛
⎝
bx
⎠

b−x
∴ v = −μ 2 , negative root since the particle moves to the left.
bx

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BOSTES 2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Marking Guidelines

Question 15 (b) (ii)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 3
• Correctly applies given substitution to integrand, or equivalent merit 2
• Obtains integral for t in terms of x, or equivalent merit 1

Sample answer:
dx b−x
= −μ 2
dt bx

d
1 ⌠ bx

t =−
μ 2⎮
dx
⌡b b−x

dx
Put x = b cos2θ , = −2b cosθ sin θ
dθ

x=b ⇒ θ =0
d
x = d ⇒ θ = cos−1
b

d
co s−1
2b b ⌠ b cosθ
Then t = ⋅ cosθ sin θ dθ
2μ ⎮
⌡0 sin θ

d
cos−1
b 2b ⌠ b
= cos2 θ dθ
μ ⎮⌡0

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BOSTES 2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Marking Guidelines

Question 15 (b) (iii)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 1

Sample answer:
1 b bπ
lim+ t = ⋅
d→ 0 μ 2 2
π
= b b
2 2μ

Question 15 (c) (i)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 2
• Uses method of partial fractions to compare numerators, or equivalent
1
merit

Sample answer:
3! A B C D
Write = + + +
x ( x + 1)( x + 2 )( x + 3) x x +1 x + 2 x + 3

∴ 3! = A ( x + 1)( x + 2 )( x + 3) + Bx ( x + 2 )( x + 3) + Cx ( x + 1) ( x + 3) + Dx ( x + 1) ( x + 2 )

x=0 ⇒ A=1
x = −1 ⇒ −2B = 6 ⇒ B = −3
x = −2 ⇒ 2C = 6 ⇒ C=3
x = −3 ⇒ −6D = 6 ⇒ D = −1

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BOSTES 2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Marking Guidelines

Question 15 (c) (ii)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 3
• Uses x = −k to obtain an expression for ak , or equivalent merit 2
• Uses method of partial fractions to compare numerators, or equivalent
1
merit

Sample answer:
n! a a a a
= 0 + 1 +
+ k +
+ n
x ( x + 1) … ( x + n ) x x +1 x+k x+n

Put RHS over common denominator, then general term is

ak x ( x + 1) … ( x + k − 1)( x + k + 1) … ( x + n )

At x = −k, all terms are zero except,

−k ( −k + 1) … ( −1) (1) 2 … ( −k + n ) ak ≡ n!
( −1)k [1⋅ 2 … k ][1⋅ 2 …( n − k )] ak = n!
n!
∴ ak = ( −1)k
k!( n − k )!
⎛ n⎞
= ( −1)k ⎜ ⎟
⎝ k⎠

Question 15 (c) (iii)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 2
• Identifies x = 1 using part (ii), or equivalent merit 1

Sample answer:
Put x = 1 in part (ii) then

1 1 ⎛ n⎞ 1 ⎛ n⎞ 1 ⎛ n⎞ ( −1)n n!
− ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟ +
+ =
1 2 ⎝ 1⎠ 3 ⎝ 2⎠ 4 ⎝ 3⎠ n +1 1⋅ 2 … ( n + 1)
n! 1
= =
( n + 1)! n + 1

1
Hence the limiting sum = lim = 0.
n→∞ n + 1

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BOSTES 2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Marking Guidelines

Question 16 (a) (i)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 3
• Finds θ or α , or equivalent merit 2
• Uses real and imaginary parts or equivalent merit 1

Sample answer:
z = cosθ + i sin θ

w = cos α + i sin α

1+ z + w = 0

⇒ (1 + cosθ + cos α ) + i ( sin θ + sin α ) = 0

Equating real and imaginary parts,

1 + cosθ + cos α = 0 (1)

sin θ = − sin α (2)

(2) ⇒ θ = −α
1
(1) ⇒ cosθ = −
2
2π 2π
∴ θ= , α=−
3 3

Since z = w = 1

π
∠ZAW =
3

So the triangle is equilateral.

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BOSTES 2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Marking Guidelines

Question 16 (a) (ii)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 2
• Divides by one of 2i, z1 , z2 , or equivalent merit 1

Sample answer:
z1 z2
Dividing each complex number by 2i, we have 1, , , which have unit modulus and
2i 2i
sum 0.
So by part (i) they form the vertices of an equilateral triangle.
π
Multiplying by 2i rotates the triangle by and dilates the sides by a factor of 2, giving a
2
similar triangle. Hence 2i, z1, z2 form the vertices of an equilateral triangle.

Question 16 (b) (i)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 2
π
• Observes that v is u rotated by ± 1
3

Sample answer:

π
The vector Ov is vector Ou rotated about O anticlockwise through , so
3
π
π
v =
⎛ cos
+ i sin
⎞ u

⎝
3 3 ⎠

∴
v 3 = −u
3
⇒ ( v + u )(u2 + v 2 − uv ) = 0
v ≠ −u , so u 2 + v 2 = uv

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BOSTES 2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Marking Guidelines

Question 16 (b) (ii)

Criteria Marks
• Provides a correct example 1

Sample answer:
For example, take u = 1 then

1 + v2 = v, so

v2 − v + 1 = 0

1 + −3 1 + 3i
v= =
2 2

Alternative Take u = 1
then can use
π π
v = cos + i sin
3 3
1 i 3
= +
2 2

Question 16 (c) (i)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 1

Sample answer:
There are ( n − 1) people who can swap hats with Tom. Removing Tom and this person then
( n − 2) people are left, giving D ( n − 2) derangements.
Hence there are ( n − 1) D ( n − 2 ) such derangements.

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BOSTES 2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Marking Guidelines

Question 16 (c) (ii)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 2
• Identifies remaining case, or equivalent merit 1

Sample answer:
There are ( n − 1) people who can take Tom’s hat. Suppose Tom has not directly swapped a
hat with exactly one person. One person takes Tom’s hat and leaves. Tom takes their place
and we have a derangement of ( n − 1) people. Hence in this case there are ( n − 1) D ( n − 1)
derangements.

Hence the total number of derangements is D ( n ) = ( n − 1) ⎡⎣ D ( n − 1) + D ( n − 2 ) ⎤⎦ .

Alternative

Ignoring Tom, there are D ( n − 1) derangements of the remaining hats. If Tom swaps hats
with any of the ( n − 1) others we have a suitable derangement. A total of ( n − 1) D ( n − 1)
derangements.

Tom either swaps hats with one ——————— ( n − 1) D ( n − 2)

or he doesn’t ——————— ( n − 1) D ( n − 1)
Total D ( n ) = ( n − 1) ⎡⎣ D ( n − 1) + D ( n − 2 ) ⎤⎦

Question 16 (c) (iii)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 1

Sample answer:
From part (ii),
D ( n ) = ( n − 1) ⎡⎣ D ( n − 1) + D ( n − 2 ) ⎤⎦

∴ D ( n ) = nD ( n − 1) − D ( n − 1) + ( n − 1) D ( n − 2 )

∴ D ( n ) − nD ( n − 1) = − ⎡⎣ D ( n − 1) − ( n − 1) D ( n − 2 ) ⎤⎦

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BOSTES 2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Marking Guidelines

Question 16 (c) (iv)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 1

Sample answer:
By part (iii),
D ( n ) − nD ( n − 1) = − ⎡⎣ D ( n − 1) − ( n − 1) D ( n − 2 ) ⎤⎦

= ( −1) ⎡⎣ D ( n − 2 ) − ( n − 2 ) D ( n − 3) ⎤⎦
2

= ( −1) ⎡⎣ D ( n − 3) − ( n − 3) D ( n − 4 ) ⎤⎦
3

= ( −1) ⎡⎣ D ( 2 ) − D (1) ⎤⎦
n−2

= ( −1) [1 − 0 ]
n−2

= ( −1)n −2 × ( −1)2

= ( −1)n

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BOSTES 2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Marking Guidelines

Question 16 (c) (v)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 2
• Makes some progress 1

Sample answer:
When n = 1

1
1! ∑
( −1) r = 1!(1 − 1) = 0 = D (1)
r =0
r!

So statement is true for n = 1.

Let k be an integer such that D ( k ) = k! ∑

k
( −1) r
r =0
r!
Then
k +1

D ( k + 1) = ( k + 1) D ( k ) + ( − 1) (By part (iv))

= ( k + 1)! ∑
k
( −1) r + ( k + 1)!

( −1)k +1 ⋅
r =0
r! ( k + 1)!

= ( k + 1)! ∑
k +1
( −1) r
r =0
r!

∴ Statement is true for n = k + 1 , so true for all n ≥ 1 by induction.

Alternative solution
From part (iv),

1
D (n) −
1
D ( n − 1) =
( − 1) n

n! ( n − 1)! n!

Substituting n = 2, 3, … and adding we have

1
D ( n ) − D (1) = ∑
n
( −1) r

n! r =2

r!

Now since
( −1)0 + ( −1)1
= 0 we have
0! 1!

D ( n ) = n! ∑
n
( −1) r
r =0
r!

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BOSTES 2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Marking Guidelines

2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2

Mapping Grid

Section I

Question Marks Content Syllabus outcomes

1 1 1.3 E6
2 1 7.2 E4
3 1 3.4 E3
4 1 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 E3
5 1 2.1, 2.2 E3
6 1 7.4, 8 (16.3E) PE3, E4
7 1 3.3 E4
8 1 6.3 E5
9 1 5.1 E7
10 1 2.4 E3

Section II

Question Marks Content Syllabus outcomes

11 (a) (i) 2 2.2 E3
11 (a) (ii) 1 2.4 E3
11 (a) (iii) 1 2.4 E3
11 (b) 3 4.1 E8
11 (c) 2 1.8 E6
11 (d) (i) 2 1.7 E6
11 (d) (ii) 2 1.5 E6
11 (e) 2 8 (15E) HE4, E6
12 (a) (i) 1 3.1 E3
12 (a) (ii) 1 3.1 E3
12 (a) (iii) 1 3.1 E3
12 (a) (iv) 1 3.1 E3
12 (b) (i) 1 8 (8.8) PE5, E2
12 (b) (ii) 2 4.1 E8
12 (c) (i) 2 2.1, 2.4, 8 (17.1E) E3
12 (c) (ii) 1 8 E3
12 (d) (i) 2 3.3 E4
12 (d) (ii) 3 3.3 E4
13 (a) 3 1.8, 8 (12.4) E6
13 (b) 4 8 (2.10E) E2, PE3

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BOSTES 2016 HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Marking Guidelines

Question Marks Content Syllabus outcomes

13 (c) (i) 3 6.3.3 E5
13 (c) (ii) 1 6.3.3 E5
13 (d) (i) 2 7.5 E4
13 (d) (ii) 2 7.2, 7.5 E4
14 (a) (i) 1 4.1 E8
14 (a) (ii) 1 1.6, 1.9 E6
14 (a) (iii) 3 5.1 E7
14 (b) (i) 3 4.1 E8
14 (b) (ii) 1 4.1 E8
14 (b) (iii) 3 4.1 E8
14 (c) 3 8.3 E4
15 (a) 2 7.5 E4
15 (b) (i) 2 6.1 E5
15 (b) (ii) 3 4.1 E8
15 (b) (iii) 1 6.1 E2
15 (c) (i) 2 7.6 E8
15 (c) (ii) 3 7.6 E8
15 (c) (iii) 2 8 (17.3E) E4
16 (a) (i) 3 2.1, 2.2 E3
16 (a) (ii) 2 2.1, 2.2 E3
16 (b) (i) 2 2.1, 2.2 E3
16 (b) (ii) 1 2.1, 2.2 E3
16 (c) (i) 1 8 (18E) E2
16 (c) (ii) 2 8 (18E) E2
16 (c) (iii) 1 8 (18E) E2
16 (c) (iv) 1 8 (18E) E2
16 (c) (v) 2 8 (18E) E2

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