Knowledge Organization
Knowledge Organization
In this unit, we will discuss the universe of knowledge, modes of formation of the
materials, and the universe of knowledge as mapped in DDC, UDC and LCC
schemes.
OBJECTIVES
ORGANISATION
more or less permanent memory of the message and their discussions with users
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can be defined as a processed data which is interpreted to convey meaning to the
receiver of such processed data. The concept of data is referred to as ‘raw’ data – a
collection of text, numbers and symbols with no meaning. When data is processed
to provide meaning based on the context. Data on its own has no meaning. It only
formed in the process of interaction, the attributes of things that someone thinks
and simulates, and the attributes of tools used when one considers, expresses, or
simulates something. Among these types of attributes, stated some are true to the
facts and some are incomplete, while others are not true. Robin in Ortega (2013:
164) defined the concept information in the field of library science “as the
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Knowledge is increased through the combination of information sources (Ortega,
facts, and the understanding of information will help such a person to use the
acquired information
namely tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge. Tacit knowledge is the type of
facts that can be easily passed on to others without training. Knowledge is power
and that
realised from attaching or assigning meaning to the interpreted data (Ortega 2013).
The term knowledge organisation emanated from the field of Library and
Henry Bliss book titled Organization of knowledge and system of the science”
organisation.
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Knowledge organisation can be defined as the totality of activities of describing
sources such books, audio-visual resources, databases, archival materials and other
classification,
schemes, knowledge maps, subject headings, semantic networks and term listing.
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To guide the users of the information on how to discover and browse and
sites.
expertise when you need their knowledge. The knowledge map directs you
helps you to locate people within an organization who have expert skills in a
given field.
Knowledge organization since the 1950s was based on certain assumptions and the
suggested that knowledge organisation used to be carried out using the various
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2. The facet- analytical approach by S.R.Ranganathan about 1933.
experiences and individual thoughts which were not subjected to any empirical
approach,
Classification (LCC) and Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) this was as far
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a) Use of principle of controlled vocabulary. This avoided the use of synonyms and
b) The use of Cutter’s rule which emphasised that most specific, most appropriate
warranted only when literature in a book is shown to exist and test of the validity
of accuracy with which it describes the area of the subject-matter common to the
class (Hulme, 1911:447). Hulme advocated that thesauri, taxonomies, lists used in
in 1933 and the British Classification Research Group. The faceted systems do not
list all classes for classification but it provides building block from which specific
class can be formed from an existing document. Ranganathan believes that new
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knowledge is expected in faceted systems, unlike enumerative systems. This
approach is based on logical principles and not on theories but it has helped in the
subject into basic concepts (analysis). So, it uses relevant units and concepts in
describing the subject matter of any information package. Subjects are analysed
into facets using the proposed formula advocated by Ranganathan which PMEST.
The information retrieval approach is a technique used to ensure that users find
what to present for the users and the system to be put in place to help users match
their request with the document from a collection. The problem IR solves is to help
users identify relevant documents and the way of recalling the relevant document
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The activities of knowledge organisation should be merely based on satisfying the
information needs of the users. The satisfaction of the user’s information needs
will be effectively achieved from empirical studies of the users. The empirical
studies are carried out through collecting information from users or about users.
Because of this Hyorland (2008), said that “systems based upon user-oriented
approaches must specify how the design of a system is made based on empirical
classification notation.
The domain analytic approaches advocated that for one to choose a term or
prior understanding of the field. To master a field, you must understand the
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concepts peculiar to that field of study. This approach solves the dilemma
approximate solutions for a class of problem (solves the problems of using iterative
Knowledge refers to information, facts, figures, and skills people acquire through
held by the individual’s mind and they can share this knowledge by interacting
people through
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libraries whose responsibility is to organise and preserve knowledge in various
format.
Characteristics of the Universe of knowledge are the total of past, present and
future knowledge. The universe of knowledge has many characteristics and they
are;
past to the present and anticipated future.Therefore, there is a need for time
continuous.
knowledge.
It is multidimensional.
subject areas and hence the needs for classification of library materials.
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Knowledge is represented in form of a subject so that it captures the terms,
indication that every subject has its structure or architecture. Hence, for you
this point, you may ask what a subject is. What are the modes of formation
of the subject?
Structure of Subjects
The modes of formation of a subject which are fission, fusion, lamination, loose
2. Decachotomy
3. Polychotomy
4. Proliferation
subject into two. In dichotomy, the first stage involves two divisions, in the second
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stage, two subdivisions of each division are obtained and the process of division
may be continued. These subjects consist of two or more simple subjects from
Decachotomy
main classes of which the tenth class was devoted to general document not
Polychotomy
This means the division into many parts, branches or classes. In polychotomy, the
number of divisions is 24. However, due to the increase rate of the universe of a
divisions to be incorporated at each stage was not fixed. For example, main class
Literature is divided into two forms namely by form (Poetry, Fiction and Drama)
and Language
(French, English etc.) each are further divided into subdivisions. Literature
(Language)
English French
Proliferation
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The universe of the subject can be proliferated or spread in different ways. For
example, a complex subject may be formed by attaching some other basic subject
as a phase and a compound subject may be formed by attaching one or more isolate
ideas to the basic subject and through these various ways, the isolate ideas can be
difficult to organise and arrange information materials for easy access and retrieval
by users. Therefore, at this point, you may ask the need for classification of
information materials.
Architecture of Subject
There is a lot of relation and inter-relations that exist between subjects and their
82), “is an organised or systematic body of ideas whose extension and intention are
likely to fall coherently within the field of interest and comfortably within the
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compound or complex. Subject contains ideas such as basic ideas, isolate ideas,
1. Isolate Idea: This is an idea that is not enough to form or be a subject by it but
2. Basic Subject Idea: This is a subject without any isolate idea as a component.
subject idea, or an isolated idea, it produces a change in their meanings. It can also
physics.
5. Complex Subject: This is a subject that contains two or more basic subjects. It
of complex subjects are; Physics and Chemistry, Philosophy and Religion etc.
6. Macro subject: This is a subject of great extension and small intentions usually
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7. Micro subject: A subject of small extension and great intentions usually
DDC, the whole universe of knowledge is divided into 10 main classes in the first
summary. These10 main classes are further divided into a hundred divisions in the
second summary of DDC.A hundred divisions are further divided into thousand
sections found in the third DDC summary. The main classes represent disciplines
which are divided into subdivisions and further divided into various subjects. It
is a scheme that uses pure notation. It uses only numbers in its notation.
10 main classes from 0-9 with class 4 which was formerly Linguistics merged with
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class 8. It was vacant to accommodate future subject. It is an analytico-synthetic
scheme that contains auxiliary tables, notational system and symbols. The UDC
scheme uses mixed notation which consists of numbers and alphabetical letters.
The UDC schedules contain various disciplines and branches of knowledge are
properly
W, X and Y letters are not yet in use but are kept to accommodate future subjects’
additions. Capital letters are used to denote main or broad classes, while
subdivisions use two capital letters. Further subdivisions or subtopics are denoted
by decimals for expansion while cutter numbers are used for author, title, subject,
and country. Hence, the LC scheme uses mixed notation because it uses both
letters and numbers. The LC scheme has no general index. Each schedule has its
index and it’s relative to the concerned class. A single letter to form the main class,
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CONCLUSION
The universe of knowledge is indeed the totality of knowledge from the past,
SUMMARY
information, facts, figures, and skills people acquire through education and
discussing modes of formation of the subject, we discuss what subject is, types of
the subject include basic, compound and complex subject. Types of modes of
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distillation, agglomeration and cluster. The modes of formation of the subject also
affect the structure of subjects. The following are the structure of subjects,
was discussed and how the universe of knowledge is represented in UDC, DDC
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