T 1° WW - WW—* T= 1 Finsutt Peony (b) Critical thickness Fig. 2.16.1 2. Application of insulation on cylinders > (MU - May 17) @. What do you mean by critical thickness of insulation ? Consider heat flow from steel tube of outside radius of r,. This is insulated by a layer of insulation so that outer radius of insulation is r,. Let the temperature of outside surface of steel tube be T,, conductivity of insulation be k (W/mK) and let this insulation be exposed to atmospheric air at temperature. T,, with convective heat transfer coefficient as h (Wim’K) and length of tube L meters. Refer Fig. 2.16.1(6). Now heat transfer rate from this insulated steel tubeoe(2.16.1) Qs — in(2) es 1 InkL thane L M1 the above equation it can be seen that on increase ion i.e, 1, heat flow rate Q may decrease oF 1 r, since conductive resistance Tease with increase since: ' : .. DHkL itcreases togarithmically but convective si 1 resistance (——!—) dec A im) deereases linearly. . '2—> Fig. 2.16.2 : Variation of heat transfer w.r.t. insulation radius If we plot Q as a function of r,, (Refer Fig. 2.16.2), we see that Q first increases with increase in r and then decreases passing through a maximum value. dQ To find the value of r,, for which Q is maximum, qr should be equated to zero oF denominator of should be minimum, hence Equation (2.16.1) and differentiating denominator with respect to ft equating it to zero, we have ) in = a/™),_1 | _ 9 dr,| 2nkL h- 2nr,° L, or dr, k bol ° Int, Int, al 6 Cede pees 7 1 1 —+-0--7=0 1k : hr, 11 _ kh = °Sr eit k kK hr, OF P2* pee ++(2.16.2) r tc crallad eritcal radine nf incalatinn jReferring (© Fig. 2.17.1, consider of hollow sphere at outer radius ty at temperature T, which is covered with an insulation of thickness (1, — t,) so that its outer radius in r,. Insulating ~ Fig. 2.17.1 : Sphere with insulation It is subjected to convective heat transfer h having fluid temperature T,. Let k be the thermal conductivity of insulation. Heat transfer rate across the sphere can be expressed as : -T.) 3 = + (2.171 Q (1) 1 ¢ ) + 4nk-r% 4nr,h Where, conductive resistance due to insulation, ice TY R= Geknn Convective resistance to atmosphere, R, =~ 3 4nih dQ For maximum heat transfer rate, G~ = 0 2 1 d T,-T. Hs erefore, aan = alae i +—T- 4nkr 4, in : =0 dr, | _1_ De ank : ET Differentiating the denominator for its minimum value,oo = Boe, . (217.2) where, r, is called the critical radius of insulation. tess* Alternate method of findin g heat transite! infinitely tong hollow cylinder i : i and extel Consider a hollow cylinder of internal radius % : peratures of internal and external tem radius r, with respectiv T, and T,, as shown in Fig. 2.7.2. Fig. 2.7.2 : Heat transfer in an infinitely long hollow cylinder Let, L be the length of cylinder and k is the thermal conductivity of cylinder. Heat transfer takes place radially. Consider a ring of radius r and thickness dr. From Fourier’s law of heat condition aT Oe a (But, A =2nr-L) Q ~k- Omi) Qh 1 dr q f% = -k-m-L Jar 4 T,7. 2nkL (T, — T,) ',-T, : Q - — io = TY log, Ty log, (= =) /2nkL T; = a AT . =—R =R (Same as Equation (2.7.2)) rT Where, log, (=) / 2nkL represents the thermal resistance.TT @& Alternate method Fig. 2.8.2 : Heat transfer through a hollow sphere Refer Fig. 2.8.2. — Consider a hollow sphere of internal and external radius as T, and r, respectively with respective temperature T, and T,. Heat conduction is in radial direction. - Consider a ring at radius r of thickness dr. Surface area of sphere, A = 4ne aT 2 aT Q= Hk Ags —k ann ae 2 T, - QJ& = -k-4n Jar ry r T, 14? Ty Q[-7] = -k-4nn); a 4nk-(T,-T,) (T,-T,) ee ee Q= t =~ (Same as Equation (2.8.2)) = ht ) (,-1,) hence R = “ankr, 1, Tepresents the thermal resistance.Bi jpat Transfer Oem >-Mech) H fore pur Top: Governing Diarentay Equation tor fr yi! Fly and its Solution Analysis of Fins of Unitorm Cross-Sectional Area (Rectangular Plate Fin /Pin Fin) > (MU - May 11, May 16 . 18, May 17) | 0 (ree ni Derive the formula for rate of heat effectiveness for an | insulated tip lo transter and| fin trom. the dierent equation: <5 — mo=o lo Derive the goveming differential equatic y ION of fin off uniform cross section ‘0, Derive expression for temperature distribution and heat dissipation in a straight fin of Tectangular profile for infinitely long fin, Cy Consider a thin rectangular fin of uniform cross-sectional ssa ss shown in Fig, 34.1(2) of a pin fin of uniform cross scctnal area shown in Fig. 3.4.10). In each case the fin is attached to the base surface at temperature To. Cross-sectional area, A, = wt Age Perimeter, P= 2 (w + 1) = 2w if (t<< (Mu- Dec. 17) Q. Derive a relation of heat transfer through infinitely, long fin. Desa An infinitely long fin is shown in Fig. 3.4.2. In such a case the temperature at the end of pin approaches to surrounding fluid temperature, T., as shown in Fig. 3.4.2. Such a condition can be Practically met by a 0.5 mm diameter rod which is about 8cm long ) | x X=0=L Fig. 3.4.2 : Infinitely long fin Boundary conditions (B.C.) are : ( oo At xO, Ta Ty be, O=Ty | 2° At XeL40, Tat te, O80 | 0 = Cy-0™4Cy0™ On applying boundary condition (1) in Equation (3.4.3) we pe, Cy+e; (i, | On applying boundary condition (2) in Equation (3.4.3) we Rot, "4 Ce" 0 = Cx@+0 This equality can hold good ifC,= 0 wi From Equations (i) and (i), ® = 0+C, ie. C=O = Th-T. aly On substituting the values of C, and C, in Equation (3.4.3) we gy: @ = 0+(T-T.)e™ +B.45) 2 = -(T)-T.)me™ safiyy Rewriting equation (3.4.5) T-T, = (T)-T,)e™ 13.46) a or 2agm BAN) a ° Above equation represents the temperature distribution ino infinitely long fin. The heat flow through the fin can either calculated by heat conduction from base or by considering the he transfer by convection from the entire fin. Heat transfer by conduction at base - 0 oo ea (B = -K-A-L-(T)-T) me ™] Fer) Qs +k-A-m-(1,-T_) , heP SAM EGT To)transfer (MU-Sem 5-Mech) jeat = VERT P (TT) sransfer by convection, 9 ik Qe PhP de (Top) 0 WPT Tem 4 ; 2h Pedy-ty [4 oy o zh Peta [ cows zh POTS). b = ACT) NPT ~emo kA = VAR (1-7) sav) Thusthe above Equation (v) is same ag Equation 2.48) ie Quaee = Q 34.2 Case ll: Adequately Lon Insulated End Ti 9 Fin with Ip Refer Fig. 3.4.3, Practically the heat loss from the long and thin fin tip is "etligble, thus the end of the tip can be considered as insulated, x=0 xeL Fle. 3.43: Long fin with insulated end tip lilly iv) A) Using c in Equation (iv, Qs o(=ee) > «(a e) (vi) On substituting the vak ues of C, and C, from Equations (v) and (vin Equation (we pt =a oe ca Ciaby) ¢ O= o[ Se] -o[Se) BL eat. om & en eer MeN ML coch mL) 8 mtn Qe) ae = ohm 8.49) sea [we at cing at%te* 8 = T-TL and 0, = Ty-7,, ‘Therefore, 2. Ee stata -(B4.10) & = cosh mL, Temperature at the tip, Tie, atx = L willbe: Ae --G.4.11) Ty-T.. ~ coshmL3-6 _ Ext, Surface, Unst. State Heat Trans. (Trans. Heat Cong (FF teat Transfer (MU-Sem 5-Mech) ‘Also value of @ at mL & 3 approaches zero. It implies increasing the value of mL beyond 3 will not substatly inte shall be the heat flow rate from fin. Hence, the heat transfer rate. Hence, fin with mL = 3 18 called adequay, Heat flow rate from fin Q : Heat conducted to fin at the base Q= -kA ( a ) vii) | Long fin or fin with insulated tip or adiabatic tip. KS y=0 3.4.3 Case Ill: Analysis of Short Fin On differentiating Equation (3.4.8), do [= m sinh m(L »| on The boundary conditions are ae Oh cee eolvi dx = % cosh mL ee From Equations (vii) and (viii), 2 At x=L, Q=Q =m sinh m 0) This is referred asthe condition fora short or fie fn whey Q = -k-A-0, cosh mL xno the rate of heat conducted to the end is convected away 10 th surroundings according to boundary condition (2) specified aboy, Hence, Q = Q, ie. = -k A Gym Q = k+A-0)*mtanh mL = Vh-P-k-A - 6, tanh mL +(3.4.12) In case of infinitely long fins, tanh mL = 1 The Equation (3.4.11) reduces to : Q = VheP-K-A -6, = Va-P-K-A (Ty-T.) ...{Same as Equation 3.4.8] Fig. 3.4.5 : Heat transfer by convection at the tip 49 The variation of Q Vs mL and variation of @- canbe ploted -k-a-(2) oe ier “ by considering Equations (3.4.12) and (3.4.10) respectively as (where =T-T.) shown in Fig. 3.4.4, According to these equations, | 6 1 Since, 8 = C-e™+C,-6™ well) | Qe tanh mL and 9 = Sar: a | Gy = Cy-me™-C,-me™ lili As m L or L increases, the value of tanh mL. first increases * ‘ — 7 ‘apidly and then the rate slowly decreases and finally it become Combining Equations (i) to (iii), asymptotic at mL = 3, S “Ke Asim-Cye™-me,-e™),, = BAC -e™ 40-0 hap os ~k-Asm[Cye™-Ge™] = h-A[Ce™4C,e™) ica mL mL a Ce (Kk-m+h) = Ge ™ (k-m-h)...(iv) 04 | Using boundary condition (1) in Equation Gi) asx =0,0=4 | 02 we get, | o 05 10 15 = aioe i % = C+C, 1A) Fig. 3.44: Varlation of Q and > slong the length of thin adequately long finquations (iv) and (v) onsets h (tte) io aCe + ink) \ 2 ce mk x) (Cae eg my ) nscituting the values of C, and C, in Equation (ii) we get ons e + ho cosh m (L~ x) + yg sinh m (L ~ x) 0 we h (B45 A cosh mL + ak: sinh mL ( ) Atx=L, let 0 =6, - ——— G4 a: 3.4.16) 8 cosh mL + + + sinh mL Heat flow rate from fin, Q Q= -r-a.(2 , atx=0 mad et) On substituting the value of dx tx =O we get, sinh (mL) + cosh (mL) Q= k-A-m-@- h cosh (mL) +7 sinh (mL) Substituting, m = \e and dividing the numerator and minator by cosh (mL) in the above equation we get : h tanh (mL) + = VhPkKA -0,- ee 417 ar tanh (mb) seemae ee | eed A Fluid e_ mmm, _- ——». Fluid B Fluid B Fig. 6.11.1 : Temperature distribution for parallel flow heat exchangers' — Dvuvetion, ; — * LMT TS. eC tapallel fal = : The Shenk Cangbon ty pat cpl and ae C Lah NO : Nb . of us 6 AQ= jaa AT : Yah Gt -TA) = pe . ian ont og We Oe aan peas k A as 2. Lg and Sie = =My Con aT. =-Gy ATh = AQ eo Ate SECay, = : rughipre Ce Me See Re CL nid ae capacity Laos - AT= Tt _ aAUN= dt-dt -® Sati AT, and dT Ber a) | ACAT) = <4 81 = — Tilly lr gf ae Bb aALA) =-UdA eam — 7 _ aa —<, = ag - along qyat ae Page ae - =" aa na = s UE +L Q- _ a ig Thaw Fam ONY Voalance un Rg = Baap = ee Ge Le Hk and ho = c ey 89 Values of Cy and C, ates () te BE EC —Thy) aCe =19] Et Uy tea t Tex) i Fe : UR I Q ace eae (ea Vanehele At = Thy Te : Ana AT, = Thy — Teg - a ~ 8. VA ATm Cb Tm = LM Tey AT= STAT 6 AT, @ 47, — “inl, yo Eig—, ee =, —~—_. Hot fluid + he meme Cold fluid, Teg, me _— on for counter flow heat Fi ig. 6.11.2 : Temperature distributi exchangereg 8 a ad pg : At - aT, = =A y \ 2 AAT = — 49 fF — So 2 Sang vate a & © a CA5) = uC TC a — —V4e ATL Sn cs Ah at - ; Lo. Clo aabgg— a : C aan U/\ Ve. - \ C aT Cece | In [aT \ = -va/ TE are ae)A ditt trade Jae gi —— 8 ee an es ns meee = oe Tey. ~Teu). - =o ae Thy th The - ay Sa = LAT, Sasa Te ae SES i— os UEC a a a Re. UL At hele | AG —_—__|_ a = VA fT — ATma= AT, - AT) pg t “War ee oo = 7 ied STE ae “Th Ten : AT = TT ee os | Z aWe ceo Tah Mn =H Te) = - a ee 4 = dy Ch - Ta) -- ©On Ue C\ Tie Sant it hing Nabi of J Ma OT To) = ho Sk ESS Se dn [A= ) he ——____ CTi- TS es cy SS 1 7. - ee —¢ > Cnt Ee] ——L a Ti — Te S| a S T= Te sik fers Oo, j="kata oe Si Oa ee ; A es by - = SORE dade “toys Hote oy 7 eth) = Aa fl} — c _ - 1 4 BNO Ch=} j- Qe= ~Kdady 9T zl aa = — 4 ant Leds _-} Ba Oe —____ aT a ae 7 Aegrckys “ty + ey da y= Bt Ae *t - | ve Aras ee ——— rp he th Sake .he Ma] - iis “4 ee ~My. “oy ; ; eo 5 atdy = ihe de sq dds dy pet 4 Oe. : 8G 2 aa 7 ee (Hon a 2 hot ayn mi 2 a Jedd beady ick: Oa) tagls ae +25 (39) So He ay REDS RO) ee ee = = SCp | ar _ at > (eat pot), > /2T\ oo onl Fa OYA byl ee Gaal aoe oo - _ | er, er, OT ey of [at Sor dye ee KE A obPe = Oimens ronal nage CEO Poess or PY rst hal Nu: cont tant (fey xe nt N e (te fa) a > slack on Whip yA bet ¢ veal _hansty dD | | | elle elie) _— boung D, Sw, Qs cose moup j A Ang wee As \Warthlste — “K) = »* Q” po et Vl : —_ — a » —f —__ _———_________ | ue = p S pik Ce a tgs st yt ehTE coms MOLT ee pene SEL = a 0 = se ee Li B = ag —3b -c +d 41 = -¢ ~3da -} | oe he a - iis a Sp ic= 671 bel g=) T= D pee eM ie Tv p= (MLS & if ML Lie sane - L* fai a @ “3 6 a ye a ees eee re a rer Bat : fy er)yi TA Gyr =H MLT = 5 PMT eT£L (tT, at a Vs) aoa _ : Se | age £ Om, TY ~Nwoa Slee, Pay