Most of the requirements related to look and feel can be achieved using the theme() function.

It
accepts a large number of arguments. Type ?theme in the R console and see for yourself.
# Setup
options(scipen=999)
library(ggplot2)
data("midwest", package = "ggplot2")
theme_set(theme_bw())
# midwest <- read.csv("http://goo.gl/G1K41K") # bkup data source

# Add plot components --------------------------------

gg <- ggplot(midwest, aes(x=area, y=poptotal)) +
geom_point(aes(col=state, size=popdensity)) +
geom_smooth(method="loess", se=F) + xlim(c(0, 0.1)) + ylim(c(0, 500000)) +
labs(title="Area Vs Population", y="Population", x="Area", caption="Source:
midwest")

# Call plot ------------------------------------------

plot(gg)

The arguments passed to theme() components require to be set using special element_type()
functions. They are of 4 major types.
1. element_text(): Since the title, subtitle and captions are textual items,
element_text() function is used to set it.
2. element_line(): Likewise element_line() is use to modify line based components
such as the axis lines, major and minor grid lines, etc.
 3. element_rect(): Modifies rectangle components such as plot and panel background.
4. element_blank(): Turns off displaying the theme item.
More on this follows in upcoming discussion.
Let’s discuss a number of tasks related to changing the plot output, starting with modifying the title and
axis texts.

1. Adding Plot and Axis Titles

Plot and axis titles and the axis text are part of the plot’s theme. Therefore, it can be modified using the
theme() function. The theme() function accepts one of the four element_type() functions
mentioned above as arguments. Since the plot and axis titles are textual components,
element_text() is used to modify them.
Below, I have changed the size, color, face and line-height. The axis text can be rotated by changing the
angle.
library(ggplot2)

# Base Plot
gg <- ggplot(midwest, aes(x=area, y=poptotal)) +
geom_point(aes(col=state, size=popdensity)) +
geom_smooth(method="loess", se=F) + xlim(c(0, 0.1)) + ylim(c(0, 500000)) +
labs(title="Area Vs Population", y="Population", x="Area", caption="Source:
midwest")

# Modify theme components -------------------------------------------

gg + theme(plot.title=element_text(size=20,
face="bold",
family="American Typewriter",
color="tomato",
hjust=0.5,
lineheight=1.2), # title
plot.subtitle=element_text(size=15,
family="American Typewriter",
face="bold",
hjust=0.5), # subtitle
plot.caption=element_text(size=15), # caption
axis.title.x=element_text(vjust=10,
size=15), # X axis title
axis.title.y=element_text(size=15), # Y axis title
axis.text.x=element_text(size=10,
angle = 30,
vjust=.5), # X axis text
axis.text.y=element_text(size=10)) # Y axis text
 • vjust, controls the vertical spacing between title (or label) and plot.
• hjust, controls the horizontal spacing. Setting it to 0.5 centers the title.
• family, is used to set a new font
• face, sets the font face (“plain”, “italic”, “bold”, “bold.italic”)
Above example covers some of the frequently used theme modifications and the actual list is too long.
So ?theme is the first place you want to look at if you want to change the look and feel of any
component.
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2. Modifying Legend
Whenever your plot’s geom (like points, lines, bars, etc) is set to change the aesthetics (fill, size,
col, shape or stroke) based on another column, as in geom_point(aes(col=state,
size=popdensity)), a legend is automatically drawn.
If you are creating a geom where the aesthetics are static, a legend is not drawn by default. In such
cases you might want to create your own legend manually. The below examples are for cases where
you have the legend created automatically.
How to Change the Legend Title
Let’s now change the legend title. We have two legends, one each for color and size. The size is based
on a continuous variable while the color is based on a categorical(discrete) variable.
There are 3 ways to change the legend title.

Method 1: Using labs()

library(ggplot2)

# Base Plot
gg <- ggplot(midwest, aes(x=area, y=poptotal)) +
geom_point(aes(col=state, size=popdensity)) +
geom_smooth(method="loess", se=F) + xlim(c(0, 0.1)) + ylim(c(0, 500000)) +
labs(title="Area Vs Population", y="Population", x="Area", caption="Source:
midwest")

gg + labs(color="State", size="Density") # modify legend title

Method 2: Using guides()

library(ggplot2)

# Base Plot
gg <- ggplot(midwest, aes(x=area, y=poptotal)) +
geom_point(aes(col=state, size=popdensity)) +
geom_smooth(method="loess", se=F) + xlim(c(0, 0.1)) + ylim(c(0, 500000)) +
labs(title="Area Vs Population", y="Population", x="Area", caption="Source:
midwest")

gg <- gg + guides(color=guide_legend("State"), size=guide_legend("Density")) #

modify legend title
plot(gg)

Method 3: Using scale_aesthetic_vartype() format

The format of scale_aestheic_vartype() allows you to turn off legend for one particular
aesthetic, leaving the rest in place. This can be done just by setting guide=FALSE. For example, if
the legend is for size of points based on a continuous variable, then scale_size_continuous()
would be the right function to use.
Can you guess what function to use if you have a legend for shape and is based on a categorical
variable?
library(ggplot2)

# Base Plot
gg <- ggplot(midwest, aes(x=area, y=poptotal)) +
geom_point(aes(col=state, size=popdensity)) +
geom_smooth(method="loess", se=F) + xlim(c(0, 0.1)) + ylim(c(0, 500000)) +
labs(title="Area Vs Population", y="Population", x="Area", caption="Source:
midwest")

# Modify Legend
gg + scale_color_discrete(name="State") + scale_size_continuous(name = "Density",
guide = FALSE) # turn off legend for size

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How to Change Legend Labels and Point Colors for Categories

This can be done using the respective scale_aesthetic_manual() function. The new legend
labels are supplied as a character vector to the labels argument. If you want to change the color of
the categories, it can be assigned to the values argument as shown in below example.
library(ggplot2)

# Base Plot
gg <- ggplot(midwest, aes(x=area, y=poptotal)) +
geom_point(aes(col=state, size=popdensity)) +
geom_smooth(method="loess", se=F) + xlim(c(0, 0.1)) + ylim(c(0, 500000)) +
labs(title="Area Vs Population", y="Population", x="Area", caption="Source:
midwest")

gg + scale_color_manual(name="State",
labels = c("Illinois",
"Indiana",
"Michigan",
"Ohio",
"Wisconsin"),
values = c("IL"="blue",
"IN"="red",
"MI"="green",
 "OH"="brown",
"WI"="orange"))

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Change the Order of Legend

In case you want to show the legend for color (State) before size (Density), it can be done with the
guides() function. The order of the legend has to be set as desired.
If you want to change the position of the labels inside the legend, set it in the required order as seen in
previous example.
library(ggplot2)

# Base Plot
gg <- ggplot(midwest, aes(x=area, y=poptotal)) +
geom_point(aes(col=state, size=popdensity)) +
geom_smooth(method="loess", se=F) + xlim(c(0, 0.1)) + ylim(c(0, 500000)) +
labs(title="Area Vs Population", y="Population", x="Area", caption="Source:
midwest")

gg + guides(colour = guide_legend(order = 1),

size = guide_legend(order = 2))
[Back to Top]

How to Style the Legend Title, Text and Key

The styling of legend title, text, key and the guide can also be adjusted. The legend’s key is a figure like
element, so it has to be set using element_rect() function.
library(ggplot2)

# Base Plot
gg <- ggplot(midwest, aes(x=area, y=poptotal)) +
geom_point(aes(col=state, size=popdensity)) +
geom_smooth(method="loess", se=F) + xlim(c(0, 0.1)) + ylim(c(0, 500000)) +
labs(title="Area Vs Population", y="Population", x="Area", caption="Source:
midwest")

gg + theme(legend.title = element_text(size=12, color = "firebrick"),

legend.text = element_text(size=10),
legend.key=element_rect(fill='springgreen')) +
guides(colour = guide_legend(override.aes = list(size=2, stroke=1.5)))
[Back to Top]

How to Remove the Legend and Change Legend Positions

The legend’s position inside the plot is an aspect of the theme. So it can be modified using the
theme() function. If you want to place the legend inside the plot, you can additionally control the
hinge point of the legend using legend.justification.
The legend.position is the x and y axis position in chart area, where (0,0) is bottom left of the
chart and (1,1) is top right. Likewise, legend.justification refers to the hinge point inside
the legend.
library(ggplot2)

# Base Plot
gg <- ggplot(midwest, aes(x=area, y=poptotal)) +
geom_point(aes(col=state, size=popdensity)) +
geom_smooth(method="loess", se=F) + xlim(c(0, 0.1)) + ylim(c(0, 500000)) +
labs(title="Area Vs Population", y="Population", x="Area", caption="Source:
midwest")

# No legend --------------------------------------------------
gg + theme(legend.position="None") + labs(subtitle="No Legend")

# Legend to the left -----------------------------------------

gg + theme(legend.position="left") + labs(subtitle="Legend on the Left")

# legend at the bottom and horizontal ------------------------

gg + theme(legend.position="bottom", legend.box = "horizontal") +
labs(subtitle="Legend at Bottom")

# legend at bottom-right, inside the plot --------------------

gg + theme(legend.title = element_text(size=12, color = "salmon", face="bold"),
legend.justification=c(1,0),
legend.position=c(0.95, 0.05),
legend.background = element_blank(),
legend.key = element_blank()) +
labs(subtitle="Legend: Bottom-Right Inside the Plot")

# legend at top-left, inside the plot -------------------------

gg + theme(legend.title = element_text(size=12, color = "salmon", face="bold"),
legend.justification=c(0,1),
legend.position=c(0.05, 0.95),
legend.background = element_blank(),
legend.key = element_blank()) +
labs(subtitle="Legend: Top-Left Inside the Plot")
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3. Adding Text, Label and Annotation

How to Add Text and Label around the Points
Let’s try adding some text. We will add text to only those counties that have population greater than
400K. In order to achieve this, I create another subsetted dataframe (midwest_sub) that contains
only the counties that qualifies the said condition.
Then, draw the geom_text and geom_label with this new dataframe as the data source. This
will ensure that labels (geom_label) are added only for the points contained in the new dataframe.
library(ggplot2)

# Filter required rows.

midwest_sub <- midwest[midwest$poptotal > 300000, ]
midwest_sub$large_county <- ifelse(midwest_sub$poptotal > 300000,
midwest_sub$county, "")

# Base Plot
gg <- ggplot(midwest, aes(x=area, y=poptotal)) +
geom_point(aes(col=state, size=popdensity)) +
geom_smooth(method="loess", se=F) + xlim(c(0, 0.1)) + ylim(c(0, 500000)) +
labs(title="Area Vs Population", y="Population", x="Area", caption="Source:
midwest")
# Plot text and label ------------------------------------------------------
gg + geom_text(aes(label=large_county), size=2, data=midwest_sub) +
labs(subtitle="With ggplot2::geom_text") + theme(legend.position = "None") # text

gg + geom_label(aes(label=large_county), size=2, data=midwest_sub, alpha=0.25) +

labs(subtitle="With ggplot2::geom_label") + theme(legend.position = "None") #
label

# Plot text and label that REPELS eachother (using ggrepel pkg) ------------
library(ggrepel)
gg + geom_text_repel(aes(label=large_county), size=2, data=midwest_sub) +
labs(subtitle="With ggrepel::geom_text_repel") + theme(legend.position = "None")
# text

gg + geom_label_repel(aes(label=large_county), size=2, data=midwest_sub) +

labs(subtitle="With ggrepel::geom_label_repel") + theme(legend.position = "None")
# label
Since the label is looked up from a different dataframe, we need to set the data argument.
[Back to Top]

How to Add Annotations Anywhere inside Plot

Let’s see how to add annotation to any specific point of the chart. It can be done with the
annotation_custom() function which takes in a grob as the argument. So, let’s create a grob the
holds the text you want to display using the grid package.
library(ggplot2)

# Base Plot
gg <- ggplot(midwest, aes(x=area, y=poptotal)) +
geom_point(aes(col=state, size=popdensity)) +
geom_smooth(method="loess", se=F) + xlim(c(0, 0.1)) + ylim(c(0, 500000)) +
labs(title="Area Vs Population", y="Population", x="Area", caption="Source:
midwest")

# Define and add annotation -------------------------------------

library(grid)
my_text <- "This text is at x=0.7 and y=0.8!"
my_grob = grid.text(my_text, x=0.7, y=0.8, gp=gpar(col="firebrick", fontsize=14,
fontface="bold"))
gg + annotation_custom(my_grob)
[Back to Top]

4. Flipping and Reversing X and Y Axis

How to flip the X and Y axis?
Just add coord_flip().
library(ggplot2)

# Base Plot
gg <- ggplot(midwest, aes(x=area, y=poptotal)) +
geom_point(aes(col=state, size=popdensity)) +
geom_smooth(method="loess", se=F) + xlim(c(0, 0.1)) + ylim(c(0, 500000)) +
labs(title="Area Vs Population", y="Population", x="Area", caption="Source:
midwest", subtitle="X and Y axis Flipped") + theme(legend.position = "None")

# Flip the X and Y axis -------------------------------------------------

gg + coord_flip()

How to reverse the scale of an axis?

This is quite simple. Use scale_x_reverse() for X axis and scale_y_reverse() for Y axis.
library(ggplot2)

# Base Plot
gg <- ggplot(midwest, aes(x=area, y=poptotal)) +
 geom_point(aes(col=state, size=popdensity)) +
geom_smooth(method="loess", se=F) + xlim(c(0, 0.1)) + ylim(c(0, 500000)) +
labs(title="Area Vs Population", y="Population", x="Area", caption="Source:
midwest", subtitle="Axis Scales Reversed") + theme(legend.position = "None")

# Reverse the X and Y Axis ---------------------------

gg + scale_x_reverse() + scale_y_reverse()

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5. Faceting: Draw multiple plots within one figure

Let’s use a the mpg dataset for this one. It is available in the ggplot2 package, or you can import it from
this link.
library(ggplot2)
data(mpg, package="ggplot2") # load data
# mpg <- read.csv("http://goo.gl/uEeRGu") # alt data source

g <- ggplot(mpg, aes(x=displ, y=hwy)) +

geom_point() +
labs(title="hwy vs displ", caption = "Source: mpg") +
geom_smooth(method="lm", se=FALSE) +
theme_bw() # apply bw theme
plot(g)
We have a simple chart of highway mileage (hwy) against the engine displacement (displ) for the
whole dataset. But what if you want to study how this relationship varies for different classes of
vehicles?
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Facet Wrap
The facet_wrap() is used to break down a large plot into multiple small plots for individual
categories. It takes a formula as the main argument. The items to the left of ~ forms the rows while
those to the right form the columns.
By default, all the plots share the same scale in both X and Y axis. You can set them free by setting
scales='free' but this way it could be harder to compare between groups.
library(ggplot2)

# Base Plot
g <- ggplot(mpg, aes(x=displ, y=hwy)) +
geom_point() +
geom_smooth(method="lm", se=FALSE) +
theme_bw() # apply bw theme

# Facet wrap with common scales

g + facet_wrap( ~ class, nrow=3) + labs(title="hwy vs displ", caption = "Source:
mpg", subtitle="Ggplot2 - Faceting - Multiple plots in one figure") # Shared
scales
# Facet wrap with free scales
g + facet_wrap( ~ class, scales = "free") + labs(title="hwy vs displ", caption =
"Source: mpg", subtitle="Ggplot2 - Faceting - Multiple plots in one figure with
free scales") # Scales free
[Back to Top]
So, What do you infer from this? For one, most 2 seater cars have higher engine displacement while the
minivan and compact vehicles are on the lower side. This is evident from where the points are placed
along the X-axis.
Also, the highway mileage drops across all segments as the engine displacement increases. This drop
seems more pronounced in compact and subcompact vehicles.

Facet Grid
The headings of the middle and bottom rows take up significant space. The facet_grid() would
get rid of it and give more area to the charts. The main difference with facet_grid is that it is not
possible to choose the number of rows and columns in the grid.
Alright, Let’s create a grid to see how it varies with manufacturer.
library(ggplot2)

# Base Plot
g <- ggplot(mpg, aes(x=displ, y=hwy)) +
geom_point() +
labs(title="hwy vs displ", caption = "Source: mpg", subtitle="Ggplot2 -
Faceting - Multiple plots in one figure") +
geom_smooth(method="lm", se=FALSE) +
theme_bw() # apply bw theme

# Add Facet Grid

g1 <- g + facet_grid(manufacturer ~ class) # manufacturer in rows and class in
columns
plot(g1)

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Let’s make one more to vary by cylinder.
library(ggplot2)

# Base Plot
g <- ggplot(mpg, aes(x=displ, y=hwy)) +
geom_point() +
geom_smooth(method="lm", se=FALSE) +
labs(title="hwy vs displ", caption = "Source: mpg", subtitle="Ggplot2 - Facet
Grid - Multiple plots in one figure") +
theme_bw() # apply bw theme

# Add Facet Grid

g2 <- g + facet_grid(cyl ~ class) # cyl in rows and class in columns.
plot(g2)
Great!. It is possible to layout both these charts in the sample panel. I prefer the gridExtra()
package for this.
# Draw Multiple plots in same figure.
library(gridExtra)
gridExtra::grid.arrange(g1, g2, ncol=2)

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6. Modifying Plot Background, Major and Minor Axis
How to Change Plot background
library(ggplot2)

# Base Plot
g <- ggplot(mpg, aes(x=displ, y=hwy)) +
geom_point() +
geom_smooth(method="lm", se=FALSE) +
theme_bw() # apply bw theme

# Change Plot Background elements -----------------------------------

g + theme(panel.background = element_rect(fill = 'khaki'),
panel.grid.major = element_line(colour = "burlywood", size=1.5),
panel.grid.minor = element_line(colour = "tomato",
size=.25,
linetype = "dashed"),
panel.border = element_blank(),
axis.line.x = element_line(colour = "darkorange",
size=1.5,
lineend = "butt"),
axis.line.y = element_line(colour = "darkorange",
size=1.5)) +
labs(title="Modified Background",
subtitle="How to Change Major and Minor grid, Axis Lines, No Border")

# Change Plot Margins -----------------------------------------------

g + theme(plot.background=element_rect(fill="salmon"),
 plot.margin = unit(c(2, 2, 1, 1), "cm")) + # top, right, bottom, left
labs(title="Modified Background", subtitle="How to Change Plot Margin")
[Back to Top]

How to Remove Major and Minor Grid, Change Border, Axis Title, Text and Ticks
library(ggplot2)

# Base Plot
g <- ggplot(mpg, aes(x=displ, y=hwy)) +
geom_point() +
geom_smooth(method="lm", se=FALSE) +
theme_bw() # apply bw theme

g + theme(panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
panel.border = element_blank(),
axis.title = element_blank(),
axis.text = element_blank(),
axis.ticks = element_blank()) +
labs(title="Modified Background", subtitle="How to remove major and minor axis
grid, border, axis title, text and ticks")
[Back to Top]

Add an Image in Background

library(ggplot2)
library(grid)
library(png)

img <- png::readPNG("screenshots/Rlogo.png") # source: https://www.r-project.org/

g_pic <- rasterGrob(img, interpolate=TRUE)

# Base Plot
g <- ggplot(mpg, aes(x=displ, y=hwy)) +
geom_point() +
geom_smooth(method="lm", se=FALSE) +
theme_bw() # apply bw theme

g + theme(panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
plot.title = element_text(size = rel(1.5), face = "bold"),
axis.ticks = element_blank()) +
annotation_custom(g_pic, xmin=5, xmax=7, ymin=30, ymax=45)
[Back to Top]
Inheritance Structure of Theme Components

source: http://docs.ggplot2.org/dev/vignettes/themes.html