1

CHAPTER1

THEPROBLEMANDI
TSSETTI
NG

Thi
schapt
erpr
ese
ntsa br
iefbac
kgr
ound oft
her
ese
arc
hst
udy
,thec
onc
ept
ual

f
rame
wor
koft
hes
tudy
,thes
tat
eme
ntoft
hepr
obl
em,t
hes
tat
eme
ntoft
heas
sumpt
ions
,the

s
copeandl
i
mit
ati
onoft
hes
tudy
,thes
igni
fi
canc
eoft
hes
tudy
,andt
hede
fi
ni
ti
onoft
erms
.

Bac
kgr
oundoft
hes
tudy

Se
lf
-st
udy
ingi
saf
ormo
fle
arn
ingi
nwhi
chs
tude
ntsgu
idet
hei
rownl
ear
nin
gou
tsi
deo
f

t
hec
las
sro
oman
dwi
tho
uts
upe
rvi
si
on.I
tmaybeahi
ghl
ybe
nef
ic
ial
tec
hni
quef
orman
yst
ude
nts

t
ole
arns
inc
ethe
yhav
eco
ntr
olo
verwhat(
andho
w)t
heyl
ear
n.Se
lf
-st
udy
ingi
sane
xce
ll
entway

f
ors
tude
ntst
oimpr
ovet
hei
rle
arn
inge
xpe
rie
nce
,whe
the
rthe
yar
est
udy
ingf
orac
our
seo
r

l
ear
nin
gabo
utat
opi
cfo
rpl
eas
ure
. St
ude
ntswhou
ses
elf
-st
udyc
angobe
yon
dme
rel
yst
udy
ing

whatt
hei
rcl
assmat
eri
al
san
dte
ache
rst
eac
hthe
m.St
ude
ntsar
een
cou
rage
dtof
urt
her

i
nve
sti
gat
ethe
meso
fin
ter
estbypr
act
ic
ings
elf
-st
udy
,an
dasac
ons
equ
enc
e,t
heybu
il
dgr
eat
er

s
tudyabi
l
it
ie
s. 
Oneo
fthepr
imar
ybe
nef
it
sofs
elf
-st
udyi
sthats
tude
ntsmayt
akec
har
geo
fthe
ir

o
wne
duc
ati
on.An
dwhe
npu
pil
shav
eco
ntr
ol,t
heyar
emo
remo
tiv
ate
dtos
tudy
.Co
gni
ti
ve

de
vel
opme
nti
sabr
anc
hofn
eur
osc
ien
cean
dps
ycho
logyt
hatf
ocu
seso
nthede
vel
opme
nto
fa

c
hil
dint
ermso
fin
for
mat
ionpr
oce
ssi
ng,c
onc
ept
ual
res
our
ces
,pe
rce
ptu
alc
ompe
ten
ce,l
angu
age

l
ear
nin
g,an
dot
herc
har
act
eri
st
ic
soft
hemat
ureadu
ltbr
ainan
dco
gni
ti
veps
ycho
logy
.Iti
skn
own

t
hatt
her
ear
equ
ali
tat
iv
edi
st
inc
ti
onsbe
twe
enho
waki
dpr
oce
sse
sthe
irwaki
nge
xpe
rie
ncean
d

ho
wanadu
ltpr
oce
sst
hei
rwaki
nge
xpe
rie
nce(
Suc
haso
bje
ctpe
rman
enc
e,t
heu
nde
rst
andi
ngo
f

l
ogi
cal
rel
ati
ons
,an
dcau
se-
eff
ectr
eas
oni
ngi
nsc
hoo
l-agec
hil
dre
n).Thee
mer
gen
ceo
ftheabi
l
it
y

t
ode
li
ber
ate
lyc
ogn
ize
,co
mpr
ehe
nd,an
dco
mmu
nic
atet
hei
run
der
stan
din
ginadu
ltt
ermsi
s

kn
ownasc
ogn
iti
vede
vel
opme
nt.So
mey
oun
gchi
l
dre
nmayhav
ede
vel
opme
ntalde
lay
sor
 2

c
hal
l
enge
sthatc
anbei
den
tif
ie
dan
daddr
ess
edi
fcau
ghte
arl
y.Be
cau
seo
fthi
s,par
ent
s,

t
eac
her
san
dcar
etake
rss
hou
ldke
enl
yobs
erv
eeac
hchi
l
d'sde
vel
opme
ntan
daddr
essan
yis
sue
s

ase
arl
yaspo
ssi
bl
e.Thi
scanpr
eve
ntt
hec
hil
dfr
oms
tru
ggl
i
ngl
ate
roni
nli
fe
.Inaf
ast
-

de
vel
opi
ng,c
ompe
ti
ti
vewo
rld,c
ogn
iti
ves
kil
lde
vel
opme
ntf
romane
arl
yagei
sve
ryc
ruc
ialf
ora

c
hil
d.Yo
ungc
hil
dre
ngr
owphy
sic
all
ydu
rin
gthe
ire
arl
ychi
l
dho
od,an
dthe
yal
sogr
owme
ntal
l
yby

o
bse
rvi
ngan
din
ter
act
ingwi
tht
hewo
rldar
oun
dthe
m.I
tisi
mpo
rtan
tfo
rpar
ent
stof
ost
er

c
ogn
iti
vede
vel
opme
nti
nthe
irc
hil
dass
oonast
hec
hil
disbo
rn,be
cau
sei
tist
hef
oun
dat
ionf
or

t
hec
hil
d'
ssu
cce
ssl
ate
roni
nhi
sorhe
rli
fe
.Wear
eal
lawar
ethatt
hebr
ainpl
aysani
mpo
rtan
t

par
tinl
ear
nin
g,bu
tfe
war
eawar
eofho
w.I
nac
las
swhe
ree
achc
hil
d'
scapac
it
ytol
ear
nvar
ies
,it

i
scr
it
ic
alt
hati
nst
ruc
tor
sun
der
stan
dho
wthebr
aini
sti
edt
othel
ear
nin
gpr
oce
ssi
nor
dert
o

as
sis
ten
cou
rages
tude
ntpe
rfo
rman
ce.Su
chu
nde
rst
andi
ngwi
l
lal
sohe
lpt
hee
duc
ato
rwhe
n

f
ace
dwi
tht
het
asko
fedu
cat
ingas
pec
ialn
eedsc
hil
d.Co
gni
ti
veSki
l
lsi
sat
wo-
par
tin
tegr
ate
d

c
our
set
hatwi
l
lpr
ovi
dei
nst
ruc
tor
swi
thi
n-de
pthu
nde
rst
andi
ngo
fthel
ear
nin
gpr
oce
ss.Thef
ir
st

s
ect
ion
,Co
gni
ti
veAbi
l
it
ie
s:Un
der
stan
din
gLe
arn
ingI
ssu
es,wi
l
lfo
cuso
nthes
kil
l
sin
vol
vedi
n

l
ear
nin
gan
dwi
l
lex
pos
eyo
utos
eve
ralt
act
ic
san
dst
rat
egi
esf
ori
den
tif
yi
ngan
dov
erc
omi
nga

c
hil
d'
sle
arn
ingc
hal
l
enge
s.I
tal
soi
ncl
ude
ssu
gge
sti
onsf
ormaki
ngl
ear
nin
gmo
ree
njo
yabl
e,

di
ff
ic
ult
,an
dun
iqu
e.Thes
eco
nds
ect
ion
,Ac
commo
dat
in
gAl
lLe
arn
ers
,wi
l
lte
achy
oumo
re

abo
utdi
ff
ere
ntl
ear
nin
gst
yl
esan
dho
wthe
yaf
fec
tho
wal
ear
nerl
ear
ns.Yo
uwi
l
lle
arnabo
ut

u
niqu
ete
achi
ngme
tho
dst
hatmaybeu
ti
li
zedt
ore
acho
utt
oan
dte
ache
achl
ear
nin
gst
yl
e.

The
ref
ore
,thego
alo
fthi
sst
udyi
stoe
mphas
izet
hen
eedo
fdo
ings
elf
-st
udyi
nor
dert
oin
cre
ase

c
ogn
iti
vec
apabi
l
it
ie
s.
 3

Conc
ept
ual
frame
wor
k

Ef
fec
ti
ven
e s
sanddif
fi
cul
ti
eso
fse
lf
-
pace
dle
arni
ng.

Se
lf
-r
egu
lat
iondi
rec
tl
yinme
tac
ogn
iti
on
mo
nit
ori
ng

Al
l
ocat
iono
fstudyt
imest
rat
egi
esan
d
t
echni
que
s.

Si
gni
fi
canceofs
elf
-st
udytothecogn
iti
ve
dev
elopmen
tofthesel
ect
edgrade12
st
udent
s.

Fi
gur
e1.Conc
ept
ualf
rame
wor
ktot
heSi
gni
fi
canc
eofs
elf
-st
udyt
othec
ogni
ti
vede
vel
opme
nt

oft
hes
ele
cte
dgr
ade1
2st
ude
nts

Thef
rame
wor
ksho
wsdi
ff
ere
ntf
act
orsan
dst
rat
egi
eso
nho
wse
lf
-pac
edo
rse
lf
-st
udyi
s

i
mpo
rtan
tinc
ogn
iti
vede
vel
opme
nt.Al
l
ocat
iono
fst
udyt
imemu
stc
ons
ide
rfo
rthes
elf
-r
egu
lat
ion

i
nwhi
chme
tac
ogn
iti
onc
anbemo
nit
or.Ac
cur
acyan
def
fec
ti
ven
essaswe
llast
hedi
ff
ic
ult
ie
swas

al
soc
ons
ide
rabl
e.
 4

St
ate
mentoft
hepr
obl
em

Ge
ner
all
y,t
hisr
ese
arc
hst
udyai
medt
ode
ter
min
ethet
echn
iqu
eso
fse
lec
teds
mal
l
-sc
ale

e
ntr
epr
ene
ursi
nBal
er
,Au
ror
afo
rin
tegr
ati
nge
thi
cal
val
uesi
ntot
hei
rbu
sin
esso
per
ati
onsdu
rin
g

CY201
7.Spe
cif
ic
all
y,i
tso
ughtt
oan
swe
rthef
ol
lo
win
gqu
est
ion
s:

1
. Ho
wmayt
hepr
ofi
l
eoft
her
espo
nde
ntsbede
scr
ibe
dint
ermso
f:

1
.1Age
:

1
.2Ge
nde
r:

1
.3St
ran
d:

2.Wh
atar
ethes
ign
ifi
can
tthi
ngst
oco
nsi
derwh
ens
elf
-st
udy
ingt
oimpr
ovec
ogn
iti
ve

de
vel
opme
nt?

3.Wh
atar
ethebe
str
eco
mme
ndat
ion
sfo
rse
lf
-st
udy
?
 5

St
ate
mentoft
heas
sumpt
ions

1
. Thatt
hes
ele
cte
dgr
ade1
2st
ude
ntshav
ede
mogr
aphi
cchar
act
eri
st
ic
s,s
pec
if
ic
all
yage
,

ge
nde
r,an
dst
ran
d.

2.Thatt
hes
est
ude
ntswi
l
lbr
ief
lydi
scu
sst
hei
mpo
rtan
tfac
tor
stoc
ons
ide
rwhe
ndo
ings
elf
-

s
tudyt
oen
han
cet
hei
rco
gni
ti
vede
vel
opme
nt.

3.The
ses
tude
ntshav
egr
eatan
dus
efu
lre
comme
ndat
ion
sfo
rse
lf
-st
udy
.
 6

Sc
opeandde
li
mit
ati
onoft
hes
tudy

Thes
cope
,an
dde
li
mit
ati
ono
fthi
sst
udywi
l
lbebas
edo
nobs
erv
ati
ons
,vi
rt
ual
int
erv
iews
,

an
dqu
est
ion
nai
res
/vi
rt
ualqu
est
ion
nai
rest
hatwi
l
lbedi
st
ri
but
edt
other
ese
arc
her
'st
arge
t

r
espo
nde
nts
,whowi
l
lber
ando
mlys
ele
cte
dgr
ade1
2st
ude
nts
.
 7

Si
gni
fi
canc
eoft
hes
tudy

Thi
sst
udyi
sbe
nef
ic
ial
tot
hef
ol
lo
win
gpe
opl
e:

Tot
hePar
ent
s/Guar
dians
.Ther
esu
lt
san
dfi
ndi
ngso
fthi
sst
udywi
l
lse
rveasagu
idef
orpar
ent
s

o
rgu
ardi
anso
fthes
ele
cte
dgr
ade1
2st
ude
ntst
oas
sis
tman
agean
den
han
cet
hei
rst
ude
nts
'

c
ogn
iti
vec
apac
it
ie
sthr
oughs
elf
-st
udy
.

Tot
heSt
ude
nts
.Thi
sst
udywi
l
lbeagamec
han
gerf
ors
tude
ntswhoar
eco
gni
ti
vel
ychal
l
enge
d.I
t

wi
l
lde
mon
str
atet
hei
mpo
rtan
ceo
fse
lf
-st
udyi
nco
gni
ti
vegr
owt
h.

Tot
heFut
urer
ese
arc
her
s/Fut
urer
ese
arc
hst
udi
es.Thef
indi
ngsan
dre
sul
tso
fthi
sre
sear
ch

s
tudywi
l
lgi
veas
cie
nti
fi
can
dst
ati
st
ic
alr
efe
ren
cef
orf
utu
rer
ese
arc
hont
hes
ign
ifi
can
ceo
fse
lf
-

s
tudy
,whi
chwi
l
lbeu
til
i
zedasado
cume
nto
rre
fer
enc
emat
eri
alf
orf
utu
rer
ese
arc
her
/s.
 8

De
fini
ti
onoft
erms

Fo
rthes
akeo
fcl
ari
ty
,thef
ol
lo
win
gwo
rdsu
sedi
nthes
tudyar
ehe
rebyde
fi
ned

c
onc
ept
ual
l
yan
dope
rat
ion
all
y:

Cogni
ti
vei
sde
fi
nedas‘
theme
ntalac
ti
ono
rpr
oce
sso
fac
qui
ri
ngkn
owl
edgean
dun
der
stan
din
g

t
hro
ught
hou
ght
,ex
per
ien
ce,an
dthes
ens
es.

Cogni
zepe
rce
ive
,kn
ow,o
rbe
comeawar
eof
.

Compr
ehe
ndt
ounde
rst
and(
some
thi
ng,s
uchasadi
ff
icu
ltorc
ompl
exs
ubj
ect
)

Di
st
inc
ti
onsadi
ff
ere
nceo
rco
ntr
astbe
twe
ens
imi
l
art
hin
gso
rpe
opl
e.

Eme
rge
ncei
sthepr
oce
sso
fco
min
gin
tov
iewo
rbe
comi
nge
xpo
sedaf
terbe
ingc
onc
eal
ed.

Fos
tere
nco
urage
sorpr
omo
tet
hede
vel
opme
nto
f(s
ome
thi
ng,t
ypi
cal
l
yso
met
hin
gre
gar
dedas

go
od)
.

Ne
uros
cie
nceanyoral
loft
hes
cie
nce
s,s
uchasn
eur
oche
mis
tryan
dex
per
ime
ntalps
ycho
logy
,

whi
chde
alwi
tht
hes
tru
ctu
reo
rfu
nct
iono
fthen
erv
ouss
yst
eman
dbr
ain
.

Pe
rmane
ncei
sthes
tat
eorqu
ali
tyo
flas
ti
ngo
rre
mai
ni
ngu
nchan
gedi
nde
fi
ni
te
ly.

Pl
eas
ureaf
eel
i
ngo
fhappys
ati
sf
act
ionan
den
joy
men
t.

Tac
ti
csanac
ti
ono
rst
rat
egyc
are
ful
l
ypl
ann
edt
oac
hie
veas
pec
if
ice
nd.
 9

CHAPTER2

REVI
EW OFRELATEDLI
TERATURE

Thi
schapt
erpr
ese
ntsar
evi
ewoff
ore
ignandl
ocal
li
te
rat
uredi
rec
tl
yandi
ndi
rec
tl
yre
lat
ed

t
other
ese
arc
hst
udy
.

Se
lf
-st
udyi
sbe
comi
ngani
ncr
eas
ingl
ypo
pul
aro
pti
onf
ors
tude
ntst
oco
nne
ctwi
thwhat

t
heyar
ele
arn
ingi
ncl
ass
.St
ude
ntst
odayhav
eac
ces
stos
oman
yre
sou
rce
sthatl
ear
nin
gmay

t
akepl
acean
ywhe
re,atan
yti
me—n
otj
usti
nthec
las
sro
om.Se
lf
-st
udy
ingi
sal
ear
nin
gme
tho
d

whe
res
tude
ntsdi
rec
tthe
iro
wns
tudy
ing—o
uts
idet
hec
las
sro
oman
dwi
tho
utdi
rec
tsu
per
vi
si
on.

Si
nces
tude
ntsar
eabl
etot
akec
ont
rol
ofwhat(
andho
w)t
heyar
ele
arn
ing,s
elf
-st
udyc
anbea

v
eryv
alu
abl
ewayf
orman
yst
ude
ntst
ole
arn
.Se
lf
-st
udyan
dtr
adi
ti
onalc
las
sro
oml
ear
nin
gcan

beu
sedt
oge
the
rtohe
lpy
ourc
hil
dge
tthemo
sto
uto
fhi
sorhe
rle
arn
inge
xpe
rie
nce
.To
get
her
,

t
hes
eme
tho
dshe
lps
tude
ntsl
ear
nan
dre
tai
nin
for
mat
ionbe
tte
r,he
lpi
ngbo
ostc
ompr
ehe
nsi
on,

gr
ade
s,an
dmo
tiv
ati
on.

Ac
cor
din
gtot
he“Gr
adePo
werLe
arn
ing”(
201
8),Se
lf
-st
udy
ingi
sagr
eatme
tho
d

s
tude
ntsc
anu
set
oen
han
cet
hei
rle
arn
inge
xpe
rie
nce
,whe
the
rthe
yar
est
udy
ingf
orac
our
seo
r

l
ear
nin
gabo
utat
opi
cfo
rfu
n.Us
ings
elf
-st
udy
,st
ude
ntsar
eabl
etogobe
yon
dsi
mpl
yle
arn
ing

whatt
hei
rcl
asst
ext
boo
ksan
din
str
uct
orst
eac
hthe
m.Bypr
act
ic
ings
elf
-st
udy
,the
yar
e

e
nco
urage
dtof
urt
here
xpl
oret
opi
cst
heyar
ein
ter
est
edi
n,de
vel
opi
ngs
tro
nge
rst
udys
kil
l
sasa

r
esu
lt
.On
eoft
hemaj
oradv
ant
age
sofs
elf
-st
udyi
sthats
tude
ntsc
ant
akec
ont
rol
ove
rthe
iro
wn

l
ear
nin
g.An
dwhe
nst
ude
ntshav
eco
ntr
ol,t
heybe
comee
venmo
rei
nte
res
tedi
nle
arn
ing.
 1
0

Gr
ade
powe
rl
ear
nin
g.c
omc
it
est
hebe
nef
it
sofs
elf
-st
udy
ingt
ost
ude
nts
.Thebe
nef
it
sar
eas

f
ol
lo
ws:

1
.St
ude
ntsl
ear
nmo
ree
ffe
cti
vel
y.
 Ex
plo
rin
gat
opi
conhi
sorhe
rowne
nco
urage
syo
urc
hil
dto

ac
ti
vel
yen
gagewi
tht
hei
nfo
rmat
ion
.Se
lf
-st
udi
ersar
eabl
etot
hin
kabo
utt
opi
csmo
rede
epl
yan
d

makec
onn
ect
ion
sbe
twe
enwhatt
heyar
ele
arn
ing.An
dwhe
nst
ude
ntsar
een
gage
d(an
dex
cit
ed)

abo
utwhatt
heyar
ele
arn
ing,t
hey
’reabl
etor
eme
mbe
ritbe
tte
r.

Se
lf
-st
udyal
sohe
lpsbu
il
dst
udys
kil
l
syo
urc
hil
dcanu
set
oex
plo
ren
ewt
opi
cso
rtac
kle

c
hal
l
engi
ngs
cho
olwo
rk.

2.St
ude
ntsdi
sco
vermo
reabo
utt
het
opi
cst
hey
’res
tudy
ing.
 Se
lf
-st
udyi
sal
labo
uts
ear
chi
ngo
ut

n
ewi
nfo
rmat
iono
nat
opi
cyo
urc
hil
disi
nte
res
tedi
n.Se
eki
ngo
utt
hisi
nfo
rmat
iont
hems
elv
es

gi
vess
tude
ntsac
han
cet
ole
arnmo
reabo
utt
hatt
opi
c(r
athe
rthanj
ustwhatt
heyar
etau
ghti
n

c
las
s).

3.I
tcanbo
osts
tude
nts
’se
lf
-es
tee
m. 
Ass
tude
ntsdomo
res
elf
-st
udy
,man
ybe
comemo
re

c
onf
ide
ntl
ear
ner
s.The
yar
eabl
etos
eet
hems
elv
esasani
nde
pen
den
tpe
rso
nwhoi
sabl
etol
ear
n

n
ewt
hin
gswi
tho
utan
yon
ehe
lpi
ngt
hem.Thi
scanbeamaj
ormo
tiv
ati
onbo
ostf
ors
tude
nts
.

4.St
ude
ntsc
anl
ear
natt
hei
rownpac
e. 
Sel
f-
stu
dyal
l
owss
tude
ntst
otakel
ear
nin
gatt
hei
rown

pac
e,f
ocu
sin
gonar
east
heyar
emo
sti
nte
res
tedi
n(o
rwan
ttou
nde
rst
andabi
tbe
tte
r).Thi
s

he
lpsr
edu
cef
eel
i
ngso
ffr
ust
rat
ion
,an
xie
ty,o
rbo
redo
mthats
tude
ntsmays
tru
ggl
ewi
thi
na

c
las
sro
oms
ett
ing.
 1
1

5.En
cou
rage
scu
rio
sit
y. 
Cur
ios
it
yiso
neo
fthebi
gge
st(
ando
fte
nov
erl
ooke
d)pi
ece
sof

mo
tiv
ati
ngs
tude
ntst
ole
arn
.Whe
nst
ude
ntsar
en’
ten
gage
dwi
thwhatt
heyar
ele
arn
ing,t
hey

abs
orbl
esso
fthei
nfo
rmat
ion
.The
yst
udyt
ome
mor
iz
erat
hert
hanu
nde
rst
and.Se
lf
-st
udyal
l
ows

s
tude
ntst
ocho
oses
ome
thi
ngt
heyar
ein
ter
est
edi
nan
dex
cit
edt
ole
arnabo
ut,l
eadi
ngt
oamo
re

e
ffe
cti
vel
ear
nin
gex
per
ien
ce

Gr
ade
powe
rl
ear
nin
g.c
om al
soc
it
est
hes
tepst
ohe
lpt
hec
hil
dre
ntobe
comeane
ffe
cti
ves
elf
-

s
tudi
er.Thes
tepsar
easf
ol
lo
ws:

1
.Fi
ndr
eso
urc
eso
nthet
opi
c.
 He
lpy
ourc
hil
dse
eko
utr
eso
urc
est
hatpr
ovi
demo
rei
nfo
rmat
ion

o
nth
eto
picheo
rshei
sle
arn
ingabo
ut.Bo
oks
,ar
ti
cl
es,an
dedu
cat
ion
alv
ide
osar
eal
lhi
ghl
y

e
ffe
cti
veway
stoi
ncr
eas
ehi
sorh
eru
nde
rst
andi
ngo
fne
wco
nce
pts
.

2.Tal
kabo
utwhaty
ourc
hil
disl
ear
nin
g. 
Hav
eac
onv
ers
ati
onwi
thy
ourc
hil
dabo
utwhatheo
r

s
hei
sle
arn
ing,an
dwhi
cht
opi
csy
ourc
hil
dismo
ste
xci
te
dabo
ut.Tal
ki
ngabo
utwhatheo
rshei
s

l
ear
nin
gisagr
eatwayf
ory
ourc
hil
dtobo
ostc
ompr
ehe
nsi
onan
dmo
tiv
ati
ont
ole
arn(
ands
har
e!)

mo
re.

3.Us
edi
ff
ere
nts
tudyme
tho
ds.
 Ev
erys
tude
nthashi
sorhe
rpr
efe
rre
dst
udyme
tho
d,an
dthat
’s

n
odi
ff
ere
ntwhe
nse
lf
-st
udy
ing.Thegr
eatt
hin
gabo
uts
elf
-st
udyi
sthaty
ourc
hil
dcanc
hoo
se

whatwo
rksbe
stf
orhi
morhe
r.En
cou
ragey
ourc
hil
dtot
rydi
ff
ere
nts
tudyt
echn
iqu
es,l
i
ke

r
eadi
ngbo
oks
,wat
chi
ngv
ide
os,c
reat
ingmi
ndmaps
,ors
omeo
the
rac
ti
vi
tyt
hathe
lpsy
ourc
hil
d

pr
oce
sst
hei
nfo
rmat
ion
.

4.Hav
ether
equ
ire
dto
ols
. Be
ingpr
epar
edi
sthen
umbe
ron
ese
cre
ttobe
comi
ngagr
eats
elf
-

s
tudi
er.En
sur
eyo
urc
hil
dhasal
lt
hes
tudyt
ool
sheo
rshen
eedst
omaket
hemo
sto
feac
hse
lf
-

s
tudys
ess
ion
.To
olsy
ourc
hil
dwi
l
lne
edf
ort
hemo
ste
ffe
cti
ves
elf
-st
udys
ess
ioni
ncl
ude
:
 1
2

 As
tudyar
ea—s
uchasade
sko
rtabl
e,f
reef
romdi
st
rac
ti
onsan
dcl
ut
ter

 Ac
ompu
ter
—soy
ourc
hil
dcanr
ead,wat
ch,an
dli
st
ent
oon
li
ner
eso
urc
es

 St
udyt
ool
s—i
ncl
udi
ngpe
ns,hi
ghl
i
ght
ers
,an
dpape
rsoy
ourc
hil
dcanc
reat
eor
gan
ize
d

s
tudyn
ote
s

Ass
tat
edbyAman
daMo
rin(
2020)
,co
gni
ti
ves
kil
l
smi
l
est
one
sar
eimpo
rtan
t.Asc
hil
dre
n

mat
ure
,fo
rex
ampl
e,t
heyde
vel
opt
heabi
l
it
ytot
hin
konhi
ghe
rle
vel
s.The
ycanpr
oce
ss

i
nfo
rmat
ionmo
res
kil
l
ful
l
yan
dmakec
onn
ect
ion
stoo
the
rin
for
mat
ionmo
ree
asi
l
y.I
not
herwo
rds
,

t
hei
rthi
nki
ngs
kil
l
sge
tpr
ogr
ess
ive
lybe
tte
r.

Chi
l
dre
nsho
uldbeabl
etoi
mpr
ove
 the
irabi
l
it
ytof
ocu
s,t
ore
membe
rin
for
mat
ion
 an
dthi
nkmo
re

c
rit
ic
all
yast
heyage
.Co
gni
ti
ves
kil
l
sal
l
owc
hil
dre
ntou
nde
rst
andt
her
el
ati
ons
hipsbe
twe
en

i
deas
,togr
aspt
hepr
oce
sso
fcau
sean
def
fec
tan
dtoi
mpr
ovet
hei
ran
aly
ti
cals
kil
l
s.Al
li
nal
l
,

c
ogn
iti
ves
kil
lde
vel
opme
ntn
oto
nlyc
anbe
nef
ity
ourc
hil
dint
hec
las
sro
ombu
tou
tsi
deo
fcl
ass

aswe
ll
.

Un
der
stan
din
gther
el
ati
ons
hipbe
twe
enc
aus
ean
def
fec
tcanpr
eve
ntc
hil
dre
nfr
omgi
vi
ngi
nto

pe
erpr
ess
urean
dmaki
ngpo
orc
hoi
ces
.Itc
anal
sohe
lpt
hemr
eal
i
zet
hati
fthe
ypl
ayv
ide
o

game
sin
ste
ado
fdo
ingt
hei
rho
mewo
rk,t
heywi
l
lli
kel
ydopo
orl
yont
hequ
izt
heyhav
einmat
h

c
las
sthen
extday
.
2
Whi
l
ere
sear
chhasf
oun
dthatge
net
ic
spl
ayar
olei
nac
hil
d'
sco
gni
ti
ves
kil
lde
vel
opme
nt ,

ge
ner
all
ythe
ses
kil
l
scanbet
aughtt
hro
ughpr
act
ic
ean
dtr
ain
ing.Ac
hil
d,wi
tho
utadi
sor
der

s
uchas
 ADHD,c
anl
ear
ntopayat
ten
tio
n.Thatbe
ings
aid,whi
l
emo
stpr
esc
hoo
l-age
dchi
l
dre
n

hav
esho
rtat
ten
tio
nspan
sofabo
ut1
5mi
nut
es,t
het
ypi
calt
hir
d-gr
ade
rsho
uldbeabl
etopay

at
ten
tio
nfo
ral
onge
ramo
unto
fti
me.Chi
l
dre
ncanbet
aughtt
ofo
cuso
nco
mpl
et
ingat
askby

r
emo
vin
g di
st
rac
ti
ons s
uch as t
oys
, TV o
rtal
ki
ng whi
l
e t
ryi
ng t
o f
ini
sh t
hei
r
3
ho
mewo
rk. 
Par
ent
s,t
eac
her
s,an
dcar
egi
ver
scanhe
lpc
hil
dre
nde
vel
opc
ogn
iti
ves
kil
l
sby

as
kin
gthe
mqu
est
ion
sabo
utas
tor
ythe
yre
ad,af
ie
ldt
ri
pthe
ymadeo
rapr
oje
ctt
heyc
ompl
et
ed.
 1
3

Byqu
est
ion
ingc
hil
dre
nabo
utt
hei
rex
per
ien
ces
,adu
lt
smo
tiv
atec
hil
dre
ntot
hin
k,r
efl
ectan
d

e
ngagei
ncr
it
ic
alt
hin
kin
g.

Thi
siswhathappe
nswhe
nyo
urc
hil
dmi
sse
sco
gni
ti
ves
kil
lmi
l
est
one
s:
4
So
met
ime
schi
l
dre
nfai
ltohi
tage
-appr
opr
iat
eco
gni
ti
ves
kil
lmi
l
est
one
s.  Si
nceal
l

c
hil
dre
nar
edi
ff
ere
ntan
dme
etmi
l
est
one
satt
hei
rownpac
e,f
ail
i
ngt
ome
ett
hemar
katac
ert
ain

agedo
esn
'tn
ece
ssar
il
yme
anac
hil
dhasa 
l
ear
nin
gdi
sabi
l
it
y.I
fyo
u'r
eco
nce
rne
dabo
uty
our

c
hil
d'
sco
gni
ti
vede
vel
opme
nt,ho
wev
er,do
n'ti
gno
ret
hewar
nin
gsi
gnso
ryo
urgu
tin
sti
nct
s.

Spe
akt
oyo
urc
hil
d'
ste
ache
rorpe
diat
ri
ci
anabo
uty
ourc
onc
ern
s.

The
ymayde
cidet
oev
alu
atey
ourc
hil
dfo
rle
arn
ingdi
sabi
l
it
ie
sift
heyagr
eewi
thy
out
hat
5
y
ourc
hil
d'
sco
gni
ti
vede
vel
opme
ntappe
arst
obede
lay
ed.I
fyo
urc
hil
ddo
eshav
eal
ear
nin
g

di
sabi
l
it
y,i
t'
simpo
rtan
ttos
eekhe
lpf
orhi
mass
oonaspo
ssi
bl
ebe
for
ethedi
sabi
l
it
yordi
sor
der

hast
heo
ppo
rtu
nit
ytos
tymi
ehi
sac
ade
micadv
anc
eme
ntan
dcr
eat
eps
ycho
soc
ial
 
pro
ble
ms.

Man
ychi
l
dre
nwi
thl
ear
nin
gdi
sabi
l
it
ie
sgoo
ntopu
rsu
ehi
ghe
redu
cat
ionan
dle
adf
ul
fi
l
li
ngan
d

pr
odu
cti
vel
i
ves
.So
,ge
tti
ngs
uchy
out
hther
ighthe
lpwhe
nthe
y'r
est
il
lsmal
lcanmakeal
lthe

di
ff
ere
nce
.

Ac
cor
din
gtoJo
nat
hanG.Tu
ll
is
 an
d Aar
onS.Be
njami
n(201
0),Be
ingane
ffe
cti
ve

s
tude
ntr
equ
ire
stheabi
l
it
ytogu
ideo
ne'
sownl
ear
nin
gac
ti
vi
ti
ese
ffe
cti
vel
y.St
ude
ntsc
hoo
se

whatt
ost
udy
,ho
wtos
tudy
,whe
ntos
tudy
,an
dho
wlo
ngt
ost
udy
;the
ses
elf
-r
egu
lat
edas
pec
ts

o
fle
arn
inghav
eimpo
rtan
timpl
i
cat
ion
sfo
rthee
ffe
cti
ven
esso
fthe
irl
ear
nin
gef
for
tsan
d

ac
hie
veme
nti
nedu
cat
ion
.Re
cen
tre
sear
cho
nthee
ffe
cti
ven
esso
fse
lf
-co
ntr
oll
eds
tudyhas

r
eve
ale
dbe
nef
ic
ial
eff
ect
sofal
l
owi
ngs
ubj
ect
scho
iceabo
utwhi
chi
te
mst
ore
-st
udyan
dho
wto

s
che
dul
ere
-st
udy
.Thi
sco
nsi
der
sthee
ffe
cti
ven
esso
fal
l
owi
ngl
ear
ner
sco
ntr
olo
vert
heal
l
ocat
ion

o
fst
udyt
imeac
ros
sahe
ter
oge
neo
usl
ydi
ff
ic
ults
eto
fit
ems
.Inaddi
ti
on,i
ti
nve
sti
gat
esho
w

i
ndi
vi
dual
dif
fer
enc
esi
nal
l
ocat
ionpo
li
cyaf
fec
tthebe
nef
it
sofac
cor
din
gco
ntr
olt
ole
arn
ers
.
 1
4

St
rat
egi
esi
nal
l
ocat
iono
fst
udyt
ime

On
eoft
hemo
stf
undame
ntal
aspe
ctso
fse
lf
-r
egu
lat
edl
ear
nin
gisde
cidi
ngho
wto

al
l
ocat
est
udyt
imeac
ros
sit
ems
.Le
arn
ersu
sual
l
yde
vot
emo
ret
imet
oit
emst
heyj
udget
obe

di
ff
ic
ult
,atl
eas
twhe
nnot
imec
ons
trai
ntse
xis
t.Ame
ta-
anal
ysi
sby
 So
nan
dMe
tcal
fe

(
2000)
 re
veal
edt
hat
,ou
tof46pu
bli
she
dco
ndi
ti
onse
xami
ni
ngt
her
el
ati
ons
hipbe
twe
en

di
ff
ic
ult
yan
dst
udyt
ime
,35r
eve
ale
dapr
efe
ren
cet
ode
vot
emo
res
tudyt
imet
omat
eri
alj
udge
d

t
obedi
ff
ic
ult
.In
div
idu
aldi
ff
ere
nce
sint
hede
gre
etowhi
chs
ubj
ect
smo
dul
atet
hei
rst
udyt
ime

ac
ros
sit
emshav
eal
sobe
enn
ote
d.Fo
rex
ampl
e,bo
thy
oun
geran
dol
deradu
lt
sspe
ndmo
ret
ime

s
tudy
ingdi
ff
ic
ulti
te
ms,bu
tyo
unge
radu
lt
smo
dul
atet
hei
rst
udyt
imebas
edu
poni
te
mdi
ff
ic
ult
yto

agr
eat
ere
xte
ntt
handoo
lde
radu
lt
s.

Twoge
ner
alt
heo
ret
ic
alappr
oac
hese
xpl
ai
nho
wsu
bje
ctsal
l
ocat
est
udyt
imebyo
utl
i
nin
g

t
hede
cis
ionpr
oce
ssu
sedt
oce
ases
tudyo
fani
te
m.The
 di
scr
epan
cyr
edu
cti
on 
the
orys
ugge
sts

t
hatpe
opl
est
ops
tudy
ingani
te
mon
cet
hati
te
m'sj
udge
dle
vel
ofl
ear
nin
gme
etsapr
e-s
et

c
rit
eri
onwhi
l
ethe
 re
gio
nofpr
oxi
mal
lear
nin
g t
heo
rys
ugge
stst
hatpe
opl
est
ops
tudy
ingani
te
m

o
ncet
he“r
ateo
fre
tur
n”(
amo
unto
fmn
emo
nicbe
nef
itpe
rti
meu
nito
fst
udy
)fal
l
sbe
lowa

c
rit
eri
onr
ate
.Al
tho
ught
heyr
el
yupo
ndi
ff
ere
ntc
ess
ati
on-
of-
stu
dyme
chan
isms
,di
scr
epan
cy

r
edu
cti
onan
dther
egi
ono
fpr
oxi
mal
lear
nin
gthe
ori
eso
fte
npr
edi
ctt
hes
ames
elf
-pac
eds
tudy

be
hav
ior
:pe
opl
est
udyt
hedi
ff
ic
ulti
te
msl
onge
rthant
hee
asyo
nes
.

Me
mor
ymo
nit
ori
ng

Bo
tht
heo
ret
ic
alappr
oac
hesas
ser
tthatl
ear
ner
sbas
ese
lf
-r
egu
lat
iondi
rec
tl
yonme
tac
ogn
iti
ve

mo
nit
ori
ng,a v
iewt
hati
ssu
ppo
rte
d bye
vide
ncet
hat
 j
udgme
ntsofl
ear
ning 
(JOLs
)ar
e

di
sso
ciabl
efr
omr
ecal
lbu
tno
net
hel
essc
orr
el
ate
dwi
thl
ate
rst
udyc
hoi
ces
.Be
cau
ses
tudy

c
hoi
cesappe
art
obedi
rec
tl
ybas
edu
poni
ntr
ospe
cti
vemo
nit
ori
ngo
fme
mor
y.Thee
ffe
cti
ven
ess

o
fse
lf
-r
egu
lat
ionf
ace
samaj
orbo
ttl
ene
cki
ntheac
cur
acyo
fme
mor
ymo
nit
ori
ng.Gi
vi
ngl
ear
ner
s
 1
5

c
ont
rolo
vers
tudyal
l
owsbi
ase
san
din
acc
urac
iesi
nme
tac
ogn
iti
vemo
nit
ori
ngt
oin
fl
uen
ce

pe
rfo
rman
cen
egat
iv
elybyl
eadi
ngl
ear
ner
stomakes
ubo
pti
malo
rco
unt
erpr
odu
cti
vede
cis
ion
s

whi
l
eco
ntr
oll
i
ngt
hei
rst
udy
.

Me
mor
yas
ses
sme
ntsar
epr
onet
oin
acc
urac
ies
,so
met
ime
sdr
amat
ic
all
yso
.Fo
rex
ampl
e,po
or

s
tude
ntso
ver
est
imat
epe
rfo
rman
cebyu
ptoanas
ton
ishi
ng30% o
fthe
irac
tualt
ests
cor
e.An

i
nsi
di
ouspr
obl
emi
sin
eff
ect
iv
emo
nit
ori
ngac
ros
smat
eri
al
swi
thi
nat
ask.Le
arn
erswhoe
xhi
bi
t

po
or 
rel
ati
veac
cur
acy
 (o
r r
eso
lut
ion
)ar
eno
tabl
etodi
st
ingu
ishbe
twe
enmat
eri
al
sthatwi
l
lbe

r
el
ati
vel
yeas
ytol
ear
nan
don
est
hatwi
l
lbec
hal
l
engi
ng.Ju
dgme
ntsc
onc
ern
ingl
eve
lso
fle
arn
ing

an
dst
ate
sofkn
owl
edgee
xhi
bi
tpo
orr
eso
lut
ionu
nde
rman
yco
ndi
ti
onsan
dof
tendon
ot

appr
opr
iat
el
yre
fl
ectt
hei
nfl
uen
ceo
fvar
iabl
est
hataf
fec
tpe
rfo
rman
cec
ons
ide
rabl
y.

Thes
ophi
st
ic
ati
ono
fle
arn
ers
’me
ntalmo
del
san
dme
mor
ymo
nit
ori
ngabi
l
it
yde
ter
min
es

t
hepo
ten
tiale
ffe
cti
ven
esso
fse
lf
-gu
ide
dle
arn
ing.Whe
the
rtheo
ppo
rtu
nit
yfo
rco
ntr
olpl
ayso
ut

i
nan
etgai
nfo
rse
lf
-co
ntr
oll
edpr
oce
ssi
ngmayde
pen
doni
ndi
vi
dual
dif
fer
enc
esi
nme
tac
ogn
iti
ve

s
kil
lan
dthedi
ff
ic
ult
yoft
heme
tac
ogn
iti
veas
pec
tso
fth
etas
k.Fo
rex
ampl
e,l
ear
ner
swhoar
e

af
for
dedt
heo
ppo
rtu
nit
yfo
rac
cur
ateme
tac
ogn
iti
vemo
nit
ori
ng(
byde
lay
ingt
heo
ccas
iono
fthe
ir

JOLu
nti
lwe
llaf
tert
hei
ni
ti
ale
xpo
sur
e)c
hoo
set
ore
-st
udyl
esswe
lll
ear
nedmat
eri
al
sthan

l
ear
ner
swhohav
enos
uchdi
agn
ost
icmo
nit
ori
ngo
ppo
rtu
nit
y.Thedi
ff
ere
nce
sinac
cur
acyo
f

me
tac
ogn
iti
vemo
nit
ori
ngl
edt
odi
ff
ere
nce
sinr
e-s
tudyc
hoi
ces
,whi
chl
eadt
odi
ff
ere
nce
sin

pe
rfo
rman
ce.

Ef
fi
ci
enc
yofs
elf
-pac
eds
tudy

Al
tho
ught
her
eismu
chr
ese
arc
hco
nce
rni
ngho
wsu
bje
ctsal
l
ocat
est
udyt
imeac
ros
s

di
ff
ere
ntmat
eri
al
swi
thdi
ff
ere
ntc
ri
te
rio
ntas
ksan
dev
enwi
thv
ary
ings
ubj
ectpo
pul
ati
onst
he

bas
icqu
est
iono
fwhe
the
rpe
opl
ear
eef
fec
ti
veatdi
st
ri
but
ingt
hei
rowns
tudyt
imec
ompar
edt
oa

gr
oupt
hatdo
esn
otc
ont
rol
the
iro
wnt
imedi
st
ri
but
ionr
emai
nsu
nre
sol
ved.
 Me
tcal
fean
dKo
rne
l
 1
6

(
2005)
 no
tedt
hat
,al
tho
ught
her
ear
eampl
edat
aon
 ho
w l
ear
ner
sal
l
ocat
est
udyac
ros
sit
ems
,

“wes
ti
ll
don
otkn
owwhe
the
rwhatt
heydoe
nhan
cest
hei
rl
ear
nin
g,o
risi
nan
ywayo
pti
mal
.
”

On
lyt
wos
tudi
eshav
eaddr
ess
edwhe
the
rpe
opl
ecane
ffe
cti
vel
yal
l
ocat
ethe
irs
tudy

t
ime
. Maz
zon
ian
dCo
rno
ldi
(1993)
 co
mpar
edagr
oupt
hatwasal
l
owe
dtos
elf
-pac
est
udywi
tha

c
ont
rol
gro
upt
hatv
iewe
dwo
rdspr
ese
nte
datac
ons
tan
trat
e.Thec
ons
tan
trat
efo
rsu
bje
ctsi
n

t
hatc
ont
rol
gro
upwasde
ter
min
edbyt
heav
erager
atewi
thwhi
cht
hos
esu
bje
ctsc
hos
etos
tudy

i
te
msi
napr
evi
ousl
i
st.Thes
elf
-pac
edgr
oupr
ecal
l
edmo
rewo
rdst
hant
hec
ont
rol
subj
ect
s;

ho
wev
er,
 Ko
riat
,Ma'
ayan
,an
dNu
ssi
nso
n(2006)
 di
dno
tre
pli
cat
ethi
sre
sul
twhe
nthe
y

c
ompar
edas
elf
-pac
inggr
oupt
oac
ont
rol
gro
upt
hatwase
quat
edo
nto
tal
stu
dyt
ime
.Int
hei
r

e
xpe
rime
nt,e
achc
ont
rol
subj
ectwasy
oke
dtoas
elf
-pac
ings
ubj
ecti
nte
rmso
fwo
rdo
rde
ran
d

t
otal
stu
dyt
ime
,bu
tthes
tudyt
imewasdi
vi
dede
ven
lybe
twe
ent
hewo
rds
.Wi
tht
hes
edi
ff
eri
ng

r
esu
lt
s,i
ti
sdi
ff
ic
ultt
oco
ncl
udet
hatal
l
owi
ngl
ear
ner
stos
elf
-pac
eac
tual
l
ybe
nef
it
sthe
iro
ver
all

pe
rfo
rman
ce.I
nthi
spape
r,wee
val
uat
ewhe
the
rse
lf
-pac
ingi
sef
fi
cac
iou
sev
enwhe
nas
tri
ctt
otal

-
stu
dy-
ti
mec
ont
rol
isi
mpl
eme
nte
d.

Gi
vent
heman
yco
ndi
ti
onsi
nwhi
chme
tac
ogn
iti
vemo
nit
ori
ngi
sin
acc
urat
e,an
dthe

n
ume
rou
soppo
rtu
nit
ie
sfo
rsu
bje
ctst
oimpl
eme
ntani
nef
fec
ti
vec
ont
rol
pol
i
cy,i
ti
sno
tobv
iou
s

t
hats
ubj
ect
scane
ffe
cti
vel
yal
l
ocat
est
udyt
imet
oimpr
ovet
hei
rme
mor
y.I
naddi
ti
on,i
thasbe
en

t
heo
riz
edt
hats
pen
din
gmo
ret
imeo
ndi
ff
ic
ulti
te
msmaybeu
nwi
se,s
inc
ethe
rear
eco
ndi
ti
ons

u
nde
rwhi
cht
hos
eit
emspr
ovi
deal
owr
ateo
fre
tur
n.Bys
pen
din
gmo
ret
imeo
nthedi
ff
ic
ulti
te
ms,

s
elf
-pac
ings
ubj
ect
swi
l
lne
ces
sar
il
yde
vot
eas
mal
l
erpr
opo
rti
ono
fti
met
othee
asy
-an
dme
diu
m-

di
ff
ic
ult
yit
ems
,an
dthi
scho
icec
oul
dadv
ers
elyi
mpac
tov
eral
lpe
rfo
rman
ce.
 1
7

CHAPTER3

RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY

Par
ti
ci
pant
s

Ther
espo
nde
ntso
fthes
tudywe
re25r
ando
mse
nio
rhi
ghs
cho
ols
tude
ntsi
n

Mo
untCar
melCo
ll
egeBal
er
,Au
ror
afo
ratl
eas
tay
earwhe
nther
ese
arc
hwasc
ondu
cte
d.The

s
eni
orhi
ghs
tude
ntc
ons
ist
edo
f10mal
es,r
epr
ese
nti
ng25%o
fthepar
ti
ci
pan
ts’po
pul
ati
on,an
d

1
5fe
mal
es,c
ons
ti
tut
ing75% o
fthepo
pul
ati
on.Ther
ese
arc
hwasu
nde
rtake
ninBal
er
,Au
ror
a

t
hro
ughme
sse
nge
rwhe
nther
ese
arc
hqu
est
ion
nai
reappr
ove
d.Thepar
ti
ci
pan
tswe
reas
kedt
o

pr
ovi
der
espo
nse
stot
hes
ames
eto
fqu
est
ion
sont
hei
rpe
rspe
cti
veo
non
li
nec
las
sesan
d

mo
dul
arl
ear
nin
g’so
fthes
tude
nts
.

Re
sear
chde
sign

Ther
ese
arc
hde
signado
pte
dwasn
on-
expe
rime
ntal
quan
tit
ati
ver
ese
arc
hde
sign
,“away

o
ffi
ndi
ngo
utt
rut
hsabo
utas
ubj
ectbyde
scr
ibi
ngt
hec
oll
ect
eddat
aabo
uts
uchs
ubj
ectan
d

de
ter
min
ingt
hei
rre
lat
ion
shi
pso
rco
nne
cti
onswi
tho
nean
othe
r”(
Brac
ero
s,201
6,p.21
).The

par
ti
ci
pan
tswe
reas
kedt
hes
ames
eto
fqu
est
ion
sont
hei
rpe
rspe
cti
veo
nle
arn
ingmo
dul
aran
d

t
hro
ugho
nli
nec
las
ses
.Ade
duc
ti
veappr
oac
hofi
nqu
irywasado
pte
d,s
tar
ti
ngwi
tht
heo
ret
ic
al

r
ese
arc
hqu
est
ion
san
den
din
gwi
tht
heu
seo
fempi
ri
cal
dat
afo
ran
aly
sisan
din
ter
pre
tat
ion
.

Sampl
i
ngpr
oce
dur
e

Thes
ampl
i
ngme
tho
dempl
oye
dwasr
ando
msampl
i
ng“whi
chi
nvo
lve
spu
rpo
sel
yno
t

c
hoo
sin
gpar
ti
ci
pan
tsac
cor
din
gtos
omei
den
tif
ie
dvar
iabl
es”
.A s
pec
if
ict
ypeo
fran
dom

s
ampl
i
ngu
sedwass
endi
ngqu
est
ion
stor
ando
m gr
ade1
2st
ude
nts
,tohav
eane
qualt
obe
 1
8

c
hos
eno
rse
lec
ted.

Re
sear
chi
nst
rume
ntsanddat
a-c
oll
ect
iont
echni
que
s

Too
btai
nre
lev
antdat
afr
omt
hepar
ti
ci
pan
ts,t
her
ese
arc
her
sus
edac
ombi
nat
iono
fthe

r
ese
arc
her
-co
mpl
et
edan
dpar
ti
ci
pan
t-c
ompl
et
edi
nst
rume
nts
,par
ti
cul
arl
yas
urv
eyqu
est
ion
nai
re

wi
tht
hec
ombi
nedf
eat
ure
soft
heo
pen
-en
dedan
dcl
ose
d-e
nde
dqu
est
ion
nai
res
.Thes
urv
ey

qu
est
ion
nai
rec
ons
ist
edo
fthr
eepar
ts,t
hef
ir
stpar
tont
hepr
ofi
l
eoft
her
ando
m gr
ade1
2

r
espo
nde
nts
,thes
eco
ndpar
tont
het
echn
iqu
esar
ethequ
est
ion
swi
thpo
sit
iv
ean
dthen
egat
iv
es

e
ffe
cts
,thet
hir
dpar
tont
hewast
hes
ugge
sti
ont
heywan
tsu
cht
echn
iqu
es.Ther
espo
nde
nts

we
rei
nst
ruc
tedt
owr
it
ethe
irpr
ofi
l
ean
dthe
yan
swe
rso
nthepr
ovi
ded

Aspr
evi
ous
lyme
nti
one
d,t
her
ese
arc
her
sco
nst
ruc
tedat
hre
e-par
tsu
rve
yqu
est
ion
nai
re.

The
irr
ese
arc
hte
ache
rcr
it
iqu
edi
t,o
ffe
reds
ugge
sti
onsf
ori
mpr
ove
men
t,pr
oof
readi
t,as
ked

t
hemt
ore
pri
ntan
dsu
bmi
tac
opyo
fitf
orhi
sappr
oval
.Whe
nshef
inal
l
yappr
ove
dit
,the
y

di
st
ri
but
edc
opi
eso
fitamo
ngt
her
espo
nde
ntswi
tht
hes
cho
olpr
inc
ipal
’
spe
rmi
ssi
on.

Fo
rPar
t1o
fthequ
est
ion
nai
re,t
her
espo
nde
ntss
uppl
i
edt
hean
swe
rsc
onc
ern
ingt
hei
r

age
s(o
nlas
tbi
rt
hday
),s
exe
s,an
dthe
yche
cke
dthebo
xesi
ndi
cat
ingt
hei
ran
swe
rsr
egar
din
g

t
hei
rmar
it
als
tat
us,hi
ghe
ste
duc
ati
onal
lev
elc
ompl
et
ed,Fo
rPar
t2,t
heyr
ate
dthes
tat
eme
ntso
r

t
hequ
est
ion
sin
tegr
ati
ngt
hee
ffe
ctso
fse
lf
-st
udy
:5(
ext
reme
lys
ign
ifi
can
t),4(
ver
ysi
gni
fi
can
t),

3(
mode
rat
el
ysi
gni
fi
can
t),2(
Sli
ght
lys
ign
ifi
can
t),an
d1(
nots
ign
ifi
can
tatal
l
).Fo
rPar
t3,

t
heyr
ate
dthes
tat
eme
ntso
nthet
hin
gst
heymi
ghtbes
ugge
ste
dint
hes
ign
ifi
can
ceo
fse
lf
-st
udy

s
ucht
echn
iqu
esac
cor
din
gtot
her
espo
nsec
ode
sasf
ol
lo
ws:5(
compl
et
el
ysu
gge
ste
d),4(
mos
t

s
ugge
ste
d),3(
mode
rat
el
ysu
gge
ste
d),2(
sli
ght
lys
ugge
ste
d),an
d1(
Nots
ugge
ste
datal
l
).

Fo
rve
rif
ic
ati
onpu
rpo
ses
,pe
rso
nal
int
erv
iewswi
tht
hemwe
rec
ondu
cte
d.

Ther
ese
arc
her
stal
l
ied,t
abu
lat
ed,an
aly
zed,an
din
ter
pre
tedt
hedat
abyme
anso
f
 1
9

de
scr
ipt
iv
est
ati
st
ic
alt
echn
iqu
es.

Dat
aanal
ysi
s

I
nor
dert
oco
rre
ctl
yin
ter
pre
tthe dat
a gat
her
edf
rom t
he admi
ni
st
rat
iono
fthe

i
nst
rume
nts an
d dat
a-c
oll
ect
iont
echn
iqu
es,t
he r
ese
arc
her
sus
ed de
scr
ipt
iv
est
ati
st
ic
al

t
ech
niqu
ess
uchasf
requ
enc
yco
unt
s,pe
rce
ntage
s,r
anki
ngme
tho
d,me
anr
ati
ng(
MR)an
d

gr
andMRc
ompu
tat
ion
s.

Cr
osst
abu
lat
ionwasdo
net
osho
wthef
requ
enc
yan
dpe
rce
ntagedi
st
ri
but
iono
fdat
a

u
sin
gthef
ol
lo
win
gfo
rmu
la:

%=fx1
00%
N

Whe
re%i
sthepe
rce
ntage
,

fi
sthef
requ
enc
y,an
d

Ni
sto
tal
numbe
roft
hepar
ti
ci
pan
ts

Ther
anki
ngme
tho
dwasal
soe
mpl
oye
dwi
tht
hef
ol
lo
win
gfo
rmu
la:

f
inal
R=R1+R2
n

Whe
ref
inal
Rist
hef
inal
ran
kin
g,

R1i
sther
anko
fon
evar
iabl
easar
ran
gedi
nchr
ono
logi
cal
orde
r,

R2i
sther
anko
ftheo
the
rvar
iabl
e,an
d

ni
sthet
otal
numbe
roft
hev
ari
abl
es

Mo
reo
ver
,theMR,al
sokn
ownaswe
ight
edme
ano
rwe
ight
edav
erage
,wasc
alc
ulat
ed

wi
tht
hef
ol
lo
win
gfo
rmu
la:
 20

MR=f
(1)+f
(2)+f
(3)+f
(4)+f
(5)
N

Whe
reMRi
stheme
anr
ati
ng,

fi
sthef
requ
enc
y(n
umbe
rofr
espo
nse
s)pe
rcat
ego
ry,an
d

Ni
sthet
otal
numbe
roft
hepar
ti
ci
pan
ts

Af
tert
heMRc
ompu
tat
ion
,thegr
andMRwasc
alc
ulat
ed,t
oo,wi
tht
hef
ol
lo
win
gfo
rmu
la:

gr
andMR=∑MR
n

whe
regr
andMRi
sth
egr
andme
anr
ati
ng,

∑MRi
sthes
umo
fal
lt
heme
anr
ati
ngs
,an
d

ni
sthet
otal
numbe
roft
hedat
ase
t

Af
iv
e-po
ints
cal
e,al
soau
nipo
lars
cal
e,whi
chwass
howno
nthegi
vent
abl
e,wasu
sedt
o

r
atet
hes
tat
eme
ntso
nthegr
ade1
2st
ude
ntst
othes
ign
ifi
can
ceo
fse
lf
-st
udy
.

We
ight Rangei
nte
rval Ve
rbal Me
ani
ng
(
Val
ueas
signe
d) (
Scal
e) i
nte
rpr
etat
ion (
Des
cri
pti
on)
5 4.
20–5.
00 Ex
tre
mel
y Haso
utmo
st
s
ign
ifi
can
t i
mpo
rtan
ce
4 3.
40–4.
19 Ve
rys
ign
ifi
can
t Hasgr
eati
mpo
rtan
ce
3 2.
60–3.
39 Mo
der
ate
ly Hass
omei
mpo
rtan
ce
s
ign
ifi
can
t
2 1
.80–2.
59 Sl
i
ght
lys
ign
ifi
can
t Hasl
i
ttl
eimpo
rtan
ce
1 1
.00–1
.79 No
tsi
gni
fi
can
tatal
l Noi
mpo
rtan
ceatal
l
 21

Si
mil
arl
y,au
nipo
lars
cal
e,whi
chi
saf
iv
e-po
ints
cal
e,s
howno
nthef
ol
lo
win
gtabl
e,was

ado
pte
dtor
atet
hes
tat
eme
ntso
ntheme
asu
respr
opo
sedbyt
hes
ele
cte
dgr
ade1
2st
ude
ntsas

t
het
echn
iqu
eso
fthe
irs
ugge
sti
ons
.

We
ight Rangei
nte
rval Ve
rbal Me
ani
ng
(
Val
ueas
signe
d) (
Scal
e) i
nte
rpr
etat
ion (
Des
cri
pti
on)
5 4.
20–5.
00 Co
mpl
et
el
y Co
mpl
et
el
ypr
opo
sed
s
ugge
ste
d
4 3.
40–4.
19 Mo
stl
ysu
gge
ste
d Pr
opo
sedf
ort
hemo
st
par
t
3 2.
60–3.
39 Mo
der
ate
ly Pr
opo
sedf
ors
ome
s
ugge
ste
d par
t
2 1
.80–2.
59 Sl
i
ght
lys
ugge
ste
d Pr
opo
sedf
ort
hel
eas
t
par
t
1 1
.00–1
.79 n
ots
ugge
ste
datal
l No
tpr
opo
sedatal
l
 22

CHAPTER4

PRESENTATI
ON,ANALYSI
SANDI
NTERPRETATI
ONOFDATA

Thi
schapt
erpr
ovi
dest
hepr
ese
ntat
iono
fst
ati
st
ic
aldat
are
lat
iv
etot
he

pr
obl
emst
hatr
ewr
it
teni
ntheSt
ate
men
toft
hepr
obl
em(
SOP)
.Thec
orr
espo
ndi
ng

an
aly
sisan
din
ter
pre
tat
iono
fdat
aar
ein
cor
por
ate
dint
hispo
rti
ono
fthes
tudy
.

Tabl
e1.
1AgeDi
str
ibut
ionoft
heRe
sponde
nts

AGE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANK

1
7 1
5 57.
7% 1

1
8 8 26.
9% 2

1
9 1 3.
8% 3

20 1 3.
8% 4

21 1 3.
8% 5

TOTAL 1
8 1
00%

Tabl
e1.
1sho
wst
heagedi
st
ri
but
iono
fther
espo
nde
nts
.Thehi
ghe
stn
umbe
r

o
fre
spo
nde
ntswi
th1
5re
spo
nde
nts(
57.
7%)ar
ethe1
7ye
arso
ldt
hent
hen
exti
s18

wi
th8(
26.
9%)an
dre
mai
ni
ngt
hre
ehast
hes
amen
umbe
rofr
espo
nde
ntswi
th1
(3.
8%)
 23

e
ach.Ther
esu
lt
ssho
wthatt
heager
angeo
fther
espo
nde
ntsi
sran
gin
gbe
twe
en1
7to1
8.

St
udi
ess
howt
hatt
heav
erageageo
fst
ude
ntsar
e17t
o18i
ntheGr
ade1
2.

Tabl
e1.
2Ge
nde
rDi
str
ibut
ionoft
heRe
sponde
nts