10 XII December 2022

https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47977
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue XII Dec 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

Economic Load Dispatch Using Computational

Techniques
Zaineb Nisar Jan1, Dr. Satish Saini2
1, 2
Post Graduate Student, Dept. Of Electrical Engineering, H.O.D. Electrical Department

Abstract: This research paper introduces the importance of economic dispatch in a power system. Economic dispatch was the
method used in allocating the output power of each generator to achieve the optimal dispatch to reduce fuel cost to the
minimum. The research paper discusses how the economic dispatch problem can be solved by using the methods of Particle
Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Lambda Iteration (LI). These methods were applied in IEEE-30 busses systems. The system was
tested on a few loads demands to find out the total fuel cost, power losses, and computational time.
Keywords: Economic Load Dispatch, Lambda Iteration, Particle Swarm Optimization, Fuel Costs, Computational Methods

I. INTRODUCTION
The power saved is power generated, and transmission losses ultimately raise the cost of power transmitted to the end user.
Transmission losses account for 5 to 10% of total generation. Reduced transmission losses in the system will result in an improved
voltage profile, which will reduce generation costs. In other words, power generation and transmission must be done in such a way
that system transmission losses are minimized. Modern heuristic or probabilistic search optimization techniques such as DP
(dynamic programming), GA (genetic algorithms), AI (artificial intelligence), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) are required
to solve the complex ELD problem.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

The conventional techniques to solve ELD problems are Simplex linear programming, Steepest descent gradient, Lambda iteration
method, Modified lambda iteration method, Merit order reduced gradient, Newton - Raphson method, Interior point method, base
point and participation factor method, integer programming etc. However, these methods require the incremental cost curves to be
monotonically increasing or piecewise linear. The input/output characteristics of modern units are inherently highly nonlinear due to
the valve-point effect, ramp rate limits etc. Consideration of highly nonlinear characteristics of the units requires highly robust
algorithms to avoid getting stuck at local optima. J.H.Park, I.K.Eong, Y.S. Kin, and K.Y.Lee [1] proposed the Hopfield (neural
network) method to solve the ELD problem with the cost function represented as a piecewise quadratic function instead of a convex
function. Po-Hung and Hong-Chan Chang [2] applied genetic algorithms to solve the economic load dispatch problem. Zee-Lee
Gaing [3] used PSO to solve ELD. It considers the non-linear characteristics of the generators. T. A. Albert Victoire, A. E.
Jeyakumar [4] combined PSO (particle swarm optimization) and SQP (sequential quadratic programming) to solve the economic
load dispatch (ELD) problem. PSO acts as the main optimiser and SQP adjusts the refinement in every solution of the PSO. The
combination of PSO-SQP offers fast convergence characteristics and high-quality solutions. This method is more practical as it can
be employed in prohibited zones and with the consideration of network losses and valve-point effects.

III. ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH (ELD)

Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) is the short-term determination of the optimal output of power generation facilities to basically
meet the system load at the lowest possible cost while serving power to the demand in a robust and reliable manner [5]. The
Economic Load Dispatch problem is an optimization problem in which the total fuel cost of all committed plants is minimised while
demand and losses are met. Nonlinear, non-differentiable, and discontinuous problems can occur in real life. Classical optimization
techniques cannot be used to solve these [6,7,8,9,10]. Classical techniques tend to settle for local minima rather than global best
solutions. The optimal operation of a power system occurs when all the system's objectives, such as cost of generation, system
transmission losses, environmental emissions, and so on, are met at the same time. However, these objectives may be incompatible,
and conventional single-objective optimization techniques cannot handle them. The best value of the objective under consideration
is obtained using single objective optimization techniques, whereas the values of other objectives obtained using multiple objective
optimization techniques may not be acceptable at all. Therefore, a multi-objective approach has been used to solve such problems.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 831
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue XII Dec 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

IV. LAMBDA ITERATION

The Lambda Iteration method (LI) is used to solve optimization problems such as the ED problem by determining the best fuel cost
and generator output power. The condition for optimal dispatch and scheduling is Lambda, also known as the Lagrange multiplier
[11]. Hand calculation can solve the (ELD) problem using Lambda Iteration (LI), but if the system is large, hand calculation is
impossible [12].
The most common method of solving ELD problems is by using the lambda iteration method, where the procedure converges
rapidly. Here the best fuel cost is determined along with optimal generator outputs. The detailed algorithm is given below;
1) Read the given data.
2) Choose the initial value of λ & Δλ.
3) Determine Pgi corresponding to incremental fuel cost.
4) For each unit, check the generation limits.
5) The difference in power at all generator buses between consecutive iterations should be less than then prescribed value. If
not, go back to step 3.
6) After all Pgi values are calculated, find out the loss. Calculate t h e mismatch between generated power and demand,
including losses.
7) If the value of ΔP is less than some specified value s, stop th e calculation and calculate t h e cost of generation with
these values of power. Otherwise, go to step 8.
8) Increase the value of λ & Δ λ ; if ΔP <
0 or
9) Decrease the value of λ & Δλ; if ΔP > 0
And repeat from step 4.

III. PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION

Particle swarm optimization, introduced by Kennedy and Eberhart in the year 1995, is a population-based, heuristic search
optimization technique conceptualized by a variety of animal social behavior like flocking of birds and schooling of fishes, etc. In
accordance with PSO system, particles move about in a search space which is multi-dimensional. A particle, as time passes through
its quest, updates its position based on self-experience and that of its neighboring particles, in view of the best position encountered
by it and its neighbors. Everyone in PSO flies in the multidimensional search space with a velocity that is dynamically adjusted
based on the flying experience of self and the experience of its companions.

The sequence of steps applied to solve the ELD problem using PSO is as follows.
1) The fitness function i.e., the reciprocal of the cost of generation, is initialized.
2) The parameters of PSO i.e., c1, c2, population size, , i , error gradient, etc. a,re initialized.
3) Input data is fed, which includes cost functions, MW limits of generators, B-coefficient matrix, and load-demand.
4) At the beginning of the execution of the algorithm many active power vectors which satisfy MW limits of generators are
allocated at random.
5) The value of fitness function for each vector of active power is evaluated. The values which are obtained in a single iterative
step are compared to decide pbest. All the fitness function values for the whole population are compared which decides the
gbest. These pbest and gbest values are updated at each iterative step.
6) In each iteration the error gradient is checked and gbest is plotted till it comes within the pre-specified range.
7) The gbest value so obtained is the minimum cost. Active power vector determines the optimum ELD (economic load dispatch)
solution.

IV. RESULTS
In Table (I,II), the system lambda was obtained for 6 generators 30 bus system during the analysis using the Lambda Iteration
method. Every generator must have the same lambda value to have optimal dispatch. (LI) method using less computational time in
every analysis of different power demands during the analysis of economic dispatch using MATLAB programming. From the table
below [13], it was shown the dispatched power for each generator, losses in transmission, fuel cost, system Lambda and
computational time under different power demands

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 832
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue XII Dec 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

Table I: ELD using LI

PD P1 (MW) P2 P3 (MW) P4 P5 (MW) P6 PL
(MW) (MW) (MW) (MW) (MW)
500 216.3878 50 85.7029 50 50 50 1.9924
700 312.282 73.420 159.487 50 59.14 50 4.1642
1000 391.5567 132.14 220.812 93.78 122.0434 50 8.127
1300 454.381 178.59 269.624 145.1 171.282 92.4263 13.0854
1450 497.1135 200 300 150 200 120 16.7391

Table II: Computational Time and cost using LI

PD (MW) Cost $/h Comp Time/s Lam $/MWhr
500 6107.1 0.0688 10.21
700 8288.8 0.1576 11.60
1000 11957 0.1609 12.73
1300 15862 0.1576 13.61
1450 17980 0.1637 14.21

In the particle swarm optimization analysis in Table (III), the number of particles was set to 100. Besides, the weight factor was
between the ranges of 0.4 to 0.9. The (PSO) was able to search for larger space and discover the G-best. The constants were set to 2.
Then, the number of iterations was set as 1000 iterations to avoid the analysis completely. Before it was really done, the iteration,
the Error was set as e-6, so if the error was less than this value, the iteration process would terminate after 5000 iterations. During
the analysis, the B-coefficient was considered to calculate the losses in the transmission line for a more accurate result. Besides, the
generator’s power limit constraint was also involved in the analysis. The computational time was obtained by using MATLAB.

Table III: ELD using PSO

PD (MW) P1(MW) P2(MW) P3(MW) P4(MW) P5(MW) P6(MW)
500 216.3295 50 85.662 50 50 50
700 312.223 73.383 159.456 50 59.100 50
1000 391.002 131.731 220.399 93.3474 121.6150 50
1300 454.7530 178.860 269.893 145.337 171.56 92.713
1450 496.7303 200 300 150 200 120

Table IV: Computational Time and cost using PSO

PL (MW) Cost $/h Comp Time/s
1.9916 6106.07 2.91
4.1622 8286.89 2.995
8.094 11929.2 3.04
13.11 15885.8 3.04
16.730 17974.8 3.05

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 833
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue XII Dec 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

Table (V) describes the comparison between lambda iteration results and particle swarm optimization results, including various load
demands, costs, power losses, and computation time columns. It was found that the (PSO) method is more accurate in fuel cost and
power losses compared to the (LI) method. Besides, the (LI) method losses are also higher than the (PSO) method, which will cause
a cost increase.

Table V: Comparison of Methods

Load Demands (MW) Costs($/h) Power losses (MW) Comp-time/s

Methods PSO LI PSO LI PSO LI

500 6106.07 6107.1 1.9916 1.9924 2.91 0.0688

700 8286.89 8288.8 4.1622 4.1642 2.995 0.15759
1000 11929.2 11957 8.094 8.127 3.0189 0.16085
1300 15885.8 15862 13.11 13.0854 3.038 0.15755
1450 17974.8 17980 16.730 16.7391 3.0579 0.16379

V. CONCLUSION
Economic dispatch played an important role in the economy and environment. Thus, to achieve a more effective dispatch, two
methods were used to solve, IEEE 30 busses generators power system. The methods were Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and
Lambda Iteration (LI). These two methods were analyzed using MATLAB software by running the codes for each of the methods.
From the analysis of IEEE 30 busses generators system with transmission losses, it was found that the PSO method was able to
produce a better accuracy in fuel cost and power losses compared to the LI method.

REFERENCES
[1] J.H.Park, Y.S. Kin, I.K.Eong and K.Y.Lee, “Economic Load Dispatch for Piecewise Quadratic Cost Function using Hopfield Neural Network,” IEEE
Transaction on Power System, Vol. 8, No.-3, pp. 1030-1038, August 1993.
[2] Po-Hung and Hong-Chan Chang, “Large Scale Economic Dispatch by Genetic Algorithm,” IEEE Transaction on Power System, Vol.10, No.-4, pp. 1919-1926,
Nov. 1995.
[3] Zee-Lee Gaing, “Particle swarm optimization to solving the economic dispatch considering the generator limits, ” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 18, pp. 1187-
1195, Aug. 2003.
[4] T. Aruldoss Albert Victoire, A. Ebenezer Jeyakumar, “Hybrid PSO-SQP for Economic Dispatch with Valve-Point Effect,” Elsevier, Vol. 71, pp. 51-59,
December 2003.
[5] G.Kalidas Babul et al, “Network and Generator Constrained ED Using Real and Binary Coded Gas”, Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Oct 2013, pp.1185-1192.
[6] D. Rahall, G. Nikita and S. Harsha “Economic Load Dispatch Problem and MATLAB Programming of Different Methods” International Conference of
Advance Research and Innovation (ICARI-2014).
[7] A. Zonal, D. Devendra “Power Economic Dispatch of Thermal Power Plant Using Classical Traditional Method” International Journal for Research in Applied
Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), Vol. 4 Issue II, pp2321-9653.
[8] K.D. Susheel, J. Achala, and A.P.Huddar “Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering” (IOSR-JEEE), Vol. 10, Issue 2 Ver. III, PP 27-32.
[9] Z. Lee Gaing- “Particle Swarm Optimization to Solving the Economic Dispatch Considering the Generator Constraints” IEEE Transactions on power systems,
VOL. 18, NO. 3, Apr 2003 pp (1187-1195).
[10] Sivanagaraju “power system operation and control” JNTU Kakinada” copyripht2010, typeset by mukesh technologies pvt.ltd Pondicherry. Associate professor,
department of electrical &electronics engineering university college of engineering.
[11] A. Kauri, A.P. Singh and A. Hardwar. “Analysis of Economic Load Dispatch Using Genetic Algorithm,” International Journal of Application or Innovation in
Engineering & Management (IJAIEM), vol. 3, no. 3,pp. 240-246.
[12] Y. M. Swarup, K. S. Izui, “Optimal economic power dispatch using genetic algorithms” Proceedings of the Second International Forum. 1993 Neural Networks
to Power Systems.ANNPS157- 162.
[13] Zaineb Nisar, “Economic Load Dispatch using Lambda Iteration, Particle Swarm Optimization & Genetic Algorithm,” Volume 9 Issue VIII Aug 2021,
IJRASET

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 834