SKAB 3613 / SKAA 3613 1

School of
Civil Engineering

FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER II, SESSION 2020/2021
COURSE CODE : SKAB 3613 / SKAA 3613

COURSE : HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES

PROGRAMME : SKAW

DURATION : 2 HOURS AND 30 MINUTES

DATE : JULY, 2021

INSTRUCTION TO CANDIDATES:

1. ANSWER ALL (5) QUESTIONS.

WARNING!
Students caught copying/cheating during the examination will be liable for disciplinary
actions and the faculty may recommend the student to be expelled from the study.

This examination question consists of ( 6 ) printed pages only.

 SKAB 3613 / SKAA 3613 2

Q1. (a) Discuss how infiltration process reduces the flood occurrence.

(4 marks)

(b) Sembrong Lake located in Ayer Hitam-Kluang, Johor is a water supply reservoir.
The lake has an area of 8.28 km2 (Figure Q1). The catchment area contributing
runoff to the lake has an area of 98.28 km2. Table Q1 shows the annual runoff
depth (mm) flowing into the lake, and annual total rainfall (mm) falling on the
surface of the lake in year 2006. The water intake by the local water provider is
20 x 105 m3/month throughout the year 2006 for domestic and industrial supply
purposes. Calculate what is the annual loss volume (in m3) due to evaporation and
ground seepage from the lake in that year of 2006 with the assumption of no
significant changes in water storage. Use the unit m3/year for the annual loss
estimation.

Catchment area of the lake = 98.28km2

Source: Google Map

Figure Q1: Sembrong Lake

Table Q1: Rainfall and runoff data in 2006

Year Total Runoff Depth into Lake Rainfall
(mm) (mm)
2006 2285 2898

(16 marks)
(20 marks)

Q2. (a) Discuss three (3) key steps of rainfall-runoff modeling procedures.
(4 marks)
 SKAB 3613 / SKAA 3613 3

(b) The 1-hr UH for a 2.5km2 urban catchment in Johor Bahru is given in Table
Q2a;
i. Derive a surface runoff hydrograph for a 1-hr rainfall excess of 3.5cm
ii. Estimate surface runoff hydrograph resulting from a 1.5-hr storm duration
at 50-yr average recurrence interval (ARI) from the same catchment located
in Johor Bahru area. Fitting constants for empirical equation are
summarized in Table Q2b. A constant loss from the rainfall is 7mm/hr.

Table Q2a: 1hr-UH Ordinates

Time (min) UH Ordinate

(m3/s)
0 0
30 0.8
60 1.8
90 2.7
120 2.5
150 1.9
180 1.7
210 1.3
240 1.1
270 0.9
300 0.7
330 0.5
360 0.4
390 0.3
420 0

Table Q2b: Fitting Constants for the IDF Empirical Equation for Different Locations in Johor
Constants
State No. Station ID Station Name
   
Johor 1 1437116 Johor Bahru 59.972 0.163 0.121 0.793
2 1534002 Pusat Kem. Pekan Nenas 54.265 0.179 0.100 0.756
3 1541139 Johor Silica 59.060 0.202 0.128 0.660
4 1636001 Balai Polis Kg Seelong 50.115 0.191 0.099 0.763
5 1737001 SM Bukit Besar 50.554 0.193 0.117 0.722
6 1829002 Setor JPS Batu Pahat 64.099 0.174 0.201 0.826
7 1834124 Ladang Ulu Remis 55.864 0.166 0.174 0.810
8 1839196 Simpang Masai K. Sedili 61.562 0.191 0.103 0.701
9 1931003 Emp. Semberong 60.568 0.163 0.159 0.821
16 2330009 Ladang Labis 45.808 0.222 0.012 0.713
17 2636170 Setor JPS Endau 62.040 0.215 0.103 0.592

(16 marks)
(20 marks)
 SKAB 3613 / SKAA 3613 4

Q3. (a) Discharge estimation can be performed using Rational formula or Time Area
method. Illustrate how to estimate discharge based on Rational formula and give
the different of this method as compared to the Time Area method.
.
(4 marks)

(b) Characteristic of outflow from 180 hectares catchment is to be analyzed using

the Time Area method. The time of concentration of the catchment is 5 hours.
The time-area relationship and the runoff coefficient of the sub-area is shown
in Table Q3. A 5-hour rainfall event having an average excess rainfall intensity
of 40 mm/hr is observed over the whole catchment. Calculate the hourly
discharge hydrograph at the outlet of the catchment in m3/s using the Time-Area
method. 1 hectare is 10,000 m2.

Table Q3: Catchment Isochrone Area

Time Area
(hr) (ha)
1 30
2 50
3 50
4 30
5 20

(16 marks)
(20 marks)

Q4. (a) The objective of frequency analyses is……….

(4 marks)

(b) Table Q4 shows the annual maximum daily stream flow data observed at Sg.
Klang at Jambatan Sultan Sulaiman station (21 years).
i) If the threshold of the river is 150 m3/s, determine ARI for the flood
events and the probability of the flood event happening at least once in
𝑚
the next 5 years. (Plotting position, 𝑃 = 𝑁+1 may apply)
ii) Estimate the peak flow for 10, 50 and 100 years using the Gumbel EV1
distribution
 SKAB 3613 / SKAA 3613 5

Table Q4: Maximum daily records

Year Q (m3/s) Year Q (m3/s)
1973 48 1984 109
1974 51 1985 65
1975 45 1986 74
1976 56 1987 86
1977 116 1988 285
1978 44 1989 96
1979 51 1990 56
1980 60 1991 50
1981 102 1992 197
1982 89 1993 71
1983 74

(16 marks)
(20 marks)

Q5. (a) In order to simplify groundwater flow equations in unconfined aquifer, Dupuit’s
assumptions has to be implemented. Name the two flow characteristics that are
being simplified.
.

(4 marks)

(b) A constant-head permeameter as in Figure Q5 has a sample of medium-grained

sand 15 cm in length (L) and 25 cm2 in cross-sectional area. With a head of 5.0
cm (h), a total of 100 mL of water (Q) collected in 12 min. Find the hydraulic
conductivity.

Figure Q5: Constant head permeameter

(16 marks)
(20 marks)
 SKAB 3613 / SKAA 3613 6

𝑑𝑆
= 𝐼(𝑡) − 𝑂(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡

𝐶𝑖𝐴 1 𝜆𝑇 𝜅
𝑄= 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑅2/3 𝑆 1/2 𝑖 = (𝑑+𝜃)𝜂
360 𝑛

1
1 N 1 2
2 ˆ
̂ =  X i 0  ˆ  (N − 1)2
N 1
ˆ =   (X i −  )  ˆ =
N i=1  N i =1  ˆ

fo − fc
F = f ct +
k
(1 − e −kt ) 𝑓 = 𝑓𝑐 + (𝑓𝑜 − 𝑓𝑐 )𝑒 −𝑘𝑡

1
1 N 22
1 N ˆ =   (X i −  ) 
̂ =  X i
N i =1  N i =1 

𝑥−𝑥0 𝑚
𝐹(𝑥) = exp [⁡ −𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− )] 𝑃 = 𝑁+1
𝛼
√6σ x−x0
α= = 0.7797𝜎 x0 = μ − 0.5772α z=
π α
T
yT = −ln [⁡ ln (T−1)]
xT = ⁡μ + ⁡α⁡yT
𝑥 = 𝜇 + 𝐾𝑇 𝜎

√6 𝑇
𝐾𝑇 = −⁡ {0.5772 + ⁡𝑙𝑛 [𝑙𝑛 ]}
𝜋 𝑇−1
xT = x̅ + K T s

= I (t ) − Q(t )
ds
dt
2S j +1 2S j
+ Q j +1 = ( I j + I j +1 ) + ( − Qj )
t t
2 Sj + 1  2S 
− Q j +1 =  j +1 + Q j +1  − 2Q j +1
t  t 
I j +1 + I j Q j +1 + Q j
S j +1 = S j + t − t
2 2

Q j +1 = C0 I j +1 + C1I j + C2Q j

− kx + 0.5t kx + 0.5t k − kx − 0.5t

C0 = C1 = C2 = C3 = k − kx + 0.5t
C3 C3 C3
𝜋𝐾(ℎ2 2 −ℎ1 2 ) 2𝜋𝐾𝑏(ℎ2 −ℎ1 )
𝑄= 𝑟 𝑄= 𝑟
𝑙𝑛 2 𝑙𝑛 2
𝑟1 𝑟1