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4 Petrol Engine

The document describes the parts and working of a 4-stroke petrol engine. It lists the main parts as the cylinder, piston, valves, connecting rod, crankshaft, camshaft, carburetor and spark plug. It then explains the 4 strokes of intake, compression, power and exhaust. In the intake stroke, the air-fuel mixture enters the cylinder. In the compression stroke, the mixture is compressed. In the power stroke, ignition occurs and the piston is driven down. In the exhaust stroke, the burned gases exit the cylinder. It concludes with advantages and disadvantages of using petrol as a fuel.

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ayesha amjad
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100 views7 pages

4 Petrol Engine

The document describes the parts and working of a 4-stroke petrol engine. It lists the main parts as the cylinder, piston, valves, connecting rod, crankshaft, camshaft, carburetor and spark plug. It then explains the 4 strokes of intake, compression, power and exhaust. In the intake stroke, the air-fuel mixture enters the cylinder. In the compression stroke, the mixture is compressed. In the power stroke, ignition occurs and the piston is driven down. In the exhaust stroke, the burned gases exit the cylinder. It concludes with advantages and disadvantages of using petrol as a fuel.

Uploaded by

ayesha amjad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment no 9

To study the cut model of 4-stroke Petrol Engine and


describe its parts and working

9.2.1 Apparatus:
 Carburettor
 Spark plug
 Valve
 Inlet valve
 Outlet valve
 Rings
 Piston
 Cylinder
 Cylinder head
 Connecting rods
 Crank shaft
 Crank case
 Cam shaft

Figure 9.1 Four-stroke petrol engines

9.2.2 Theory:
9.2.3 Four stroke petrol engine:
A four-stroke engine (also known as four-cycle) is an internal combustion engine in which
the piston completes four separate strokes which comprise a single thermodynamic cycle. A
stroke refers to the full travel of the piston along the cylinder, in either direction.
9.2.4 Apparatus and its explanation:
A four-stroke petrol engine is made up following parts

Cylinder:

It is a cylindrical vessel in which piston reciprocates. //It is made up of cast iron or alloy steel.

Piston:

On combustion inside the cylinder, gases exert pressure on it.

Wrist Pin:

It forms the link between the small end of the connecting rod and the piston.

Connecting rod:

It interconnects the piston and crank shaft and transmits the forces from the piston to crank-
shaft.

Crank –shaft:

It converts the reciprocating motion of piston into useful rotary motion of the output shaft. It
is enclosed in the crank case and made up of alloy steel.

Valves:

Valves are provided either on cylinder head or on the side of cylinder for regulating the
charge coming into the cylinder and for discharging the product of combustion from the
cylinder.

Figure 9.2 Parts of Four stroke Engine


9.2.5 Principle of a Four Stroke Petrol Engine:

The principle used in a four stroke petrol engine is commonly known as Otto Cycle. It
states that there would be one power stroke for every four strokes. Such engines use a spark
plug which is used for the ignition of the combustible fuel used in the engine. Most of the
cars, bikes and trucks use a 4 stroke engines. In every Otto cycle there is an adiabatic
compression, addition of heat at constant volume, an adiabatic expansion and the release of
heat at constant volume. The P-V diagram for a 4 stroke engine is as follows:

The thermodynamic analysis of the actual four-stroke and two-stroke cycles is not a simple


task. However, the analysis can be simplified significantly if air standard assumptions are
utilized. The resulting cycle, which closely resembles the actual operating conditions, is the
Otto cycle.

9.2.6 Efficiency of petrol Engine:


During normal operation of the engine, as the air/fuel mixture is being compressed, an
electric spark is created to ignite the mixture. At low rpm this occurs close to TDC (Top
Dead Centre). As engine rpm rises, the speed of the flame front does not change so the spark
point is advanced earlier in the cycle to allow a greater proportion of the cycle for the charge
to combust before the power stroke commences. This advantage is reflected in the various
Otto engine design; the atmospheric (non-compression) engine operates at 12% efficiency
whereas the compressed-charge engine has an operating efficiency around 30%.

9.2.7 Working principle:


A stroke is the movement of the piston from the top, to the bottom of the cylinder. As the
name suggest the Four Stroke Petrol Engine uses a cycle of four strokes and petrol as the
fuel.
 An Intake Stroke
 A Compression Stroke
 A Combustion Stroke also called Power Stroke
An Exhaust Stroke 
Intake Stroke:
As the name suggests in this stroke the intake of fuel takes place. When the
engine starts, the piston descends to the cylinder's bottom the top. Thus the
pressure inside the cylinder reduces. Now the intake valve opens and the fuel
and air mixture enters the cylinder. The valve then closes.

During the intake stroke of spark ignition engine, the piston moves down form top end of the
cylinder to the bottom end of cylinder and simultaneously intake valve opens. Due to the
movement of piston low pressure or vacuum generates inside the cylinder. Due to this
vacuum and the gravity action air fuel mixture enter into the cylinder through the intake
valve. The intake valve remains open until the piston reach the lower end of the cylinder.
After it the intake valve closes and seals the upper end of the cylinder.

Compression Stroke:

This stroke is known as compression stroke because the compression of the fuel mixture takes place at
this stage. When the intake valve closes (exhaust valve is already closed), the piston forced back to
the top of the cylinder and the fuel mixture gets compressed. The compression is around 1/8th of the
original volume. An engine is considered more efficient if its compression ratio is higher.
Power Stroke:
Now in case of petrol engine when the fuel mixture compresses to the maximum value the spark plug
produces spark which ignites the fuel mixture. The combustion leads to the production of high
pressure gases. Due to this tremendous force the piston is driven back to the bottom of the cylinder.

Exhaust Stroke:
As the wheel moves to the bottom the exhaust valve opens up and due to the momentum
gained by the wheel the piston is pushed back to the top of the cylinder. The exhaust valve
closes after the exhaust stroke and again the intake valve opens and the four strokes are
repeated.

9.2.8 Terminology used in IC engine:


1. Cylinder bore (D): The nominal inner diameter of the working cylinder.
2. Piston area (A): The area of circle of diameter equal to the cylinder bore.
3. Stroke (L): The nominal distance through which a working piston moves between two
successive reversals of its direction of motion.
4. Dead centre: The position of the working piston and the moving parts which are
mechanically connected to it at the moment when the direction of the piston motion is
reversed (at either end point of the stroke). (a) Bottom dead centre (BDC): Dead centre
when the piston is nearest to the crankshaft. (b) Top dead centre (TDC): Dead centre
when the position is farthest from the crankshaft.
5. Displacement volume or swept volume (Vs): The nominal volume generated by the
working piston when travelling from the one dead centre to next one and given as, Vs=A
×L
6. Clearance volume: the nominal volume of the space on the combustion side of the piston
at the top dead centre. 7. Cylinder volume (V): Total volume of the cylinder.

9.2.9 Cycle of four stroke engine:


Cycle of operation completed in four strokes of the piston or two revolution of the piston.
(i) Suction stroke (suction valve open, exhaust valve closed)-charge consisting of fresh
air mixed with the fuel is drawn into the cylinder due to the vacuum pressure
created by the movement of the piston from TDC to BDC.
(ii) (ii) Compression stroke (both valves closed)-fresh charge is compressed into
clearance volume by the return stroke of the piston and ignited by the spark for
combustion. Hence pressure and temperature is increased due to the combustion of
fuel
(iii) (iii) Expansion stroke (both valves closed)-high pressure of the burnt gases force
the piston towards BDC and hence power is obtained at the crankshaft.
(iv) Exhaust stroke (exhaust valve open, suction valve closed)- burned gases expel out
due to the movement of piston from BDC to TDC. Figure 2 show the cycle of
operation of four stroke engine.

9.2.10 Intake/exhaust port flow:


The output power of an engine is dependent on the ability of intake (air–fuel mixture) and
exhaust matter to move quickly through valve ports, typically located in the cylinder head.
Advantages:
Even at the rapidly rising cost, it is still cheaper than any other fuel. Petrol has higher energy
density than almost any other form of energy -- so petrol lets vehicles travel further between
refills than almost any other form of energy. Cheaper to run .Many people have a car that
only runs on petrol, so it's cheaper to keep buying more petrol than to buy a new vehicle that
runs on some other form of energy. 

Disadvantages:
Gasoline is that is made from a type of petroleum not common in the US (light sweet crude)
and does not burn clean enough even with current high tech and costly fuel systems. Unlike
an engine that runs on gaseous fuels such as CNG (compressed natural gas) or LP (liquid
propane) and others you can breathe the exhaust with exception of the oxygen depletion as
determined by EPA air quality standards. NO gasoline engine regardless of any add on high
tech systems can come near to making this claim (unless the gasoline is converted into a true
gas prior to combustion. we have a finite supply of petroleum . it is a pollutant . Some people
have a car that runs on some other form of energy, so it's cheaper to keep buying that form of
energy than to buy a new vehicle that runs on petrol.

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