Periodic Table

PERIODIC TABLE
Johann Dobereiner
 In 1829, he classified some elements into groups of
three, which he called “TRIADS”.
The elements in a triad had similar chemical properties
and orderly physical properties.
 Model of triads
John Newlands
 In 1863, he suggested that elements be arranged in
“octaves” because he noticed (after arranging the
elements in order of increasing atomic mass) that
certain properties repeated every 8th element.
 Law of Octaves ABBREVIATED ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
 THE symbol for noble gas brackets that represents
Dmitri Mendeleev completed sublevels
 In 1869 he published a table of the elements organized  The remaining electrons in order of their sublevels
by increasing atomic mass.
 “Father Of Modern Periodic Table”
HENRY MOSELEY
 In 1913, through his work with X-rays, he determined
the actual nuclear charge (atomic number) of the
elements*.He rearranged the elements in order of
“increasing atomic number.”
PERIODIC VARIATIONS
Groups = vertical columns of the periodic table
1.Atomic Radius Trend
 Group Trend – As you go down a column, atomic radius
increases
 As you go down, e- are filled into orbitals that are
farther away from the nucleus (attraction not as
strong)
 Periodic Trend – As you go across a period (L to R),
atomic radius decreases
 As you go L to R, e- are put into the same orbital,
but more p+ and e- total (more attraction = smaller
size)
ELECTRON DOT NOTATION
Period = horizontal rows in the periodic table

 The seven horizontal rows in the periodic table aka
periods
 Period 1 and 2 = 2 electron in the sublevel
 Period 2 and 3 = have 8 electron in the s and p sublevel
 Period 4 and 5 – have 18 electron in the s, p and d level
 Period 6 = 32 electron in the s,p, d and f
Classification of elements  A DIAGRAM THAT SHOWS THE VALANCE OF THE

 Representative element – the columns labelled 1A to ELECTRONS IN THE ELEMENT
7A
 Noble Gases – the column labled 8A ( all are colourless
and little reactivity) PERIODIC VARIATIONS
 Transition Elements – the columns 1B to 8B – all are 1. ATOMIC RADIUS
metallic 2. IONIC SIZE
Inner transition elements  Ionic Radius – size of an atom when it is an ion
 Lanthanoids – all rare earth or metals  Group Trend – As you go down a column, ionic radius
 Actinoids – all are radioactive increases
cation radius decreases,
 anion radius decreases, too.
 As you go L to R, cations have more attraction (smaller
size because more p+ than e-). The anions have a larger
size than the cations, but also decrease L to R because
of less attraction (more e- than p+)
Ionic Radius Trend

Metals – lose e-, which means more p+ than e- (more
attraction) SO…
PERIODIC TABLE
Cation Radius < Neutral Atomic Radius

Nonmetals – gain e-, which means more e- than p+ (not as
much attraction) SO…
Anion Radius > Neutral Atomic Radius
3. IONIZATION ENERGY
 Ionization Energy – energy needed to remove
outermost e-
 Group Trend – As you go down a column, ionization
energy decreases
- As you go down, atomic size is increasing (less
attraction), so easier to remove an e-
ionization energy increases
- As you go L to R, atomic size is decreasing (more
attraction), so more difficult to remove an e- (also, metals
want to lose e-, but nonmetals do not)
4. ELECTRON AFFINITY
 Electron affinity is the energy change that occurs when
an atom gains an electron (also measured in kJ).
 Variation by group - As we move down a group the
atomic size and nuclear size increases
- more pronounced the additional electron feels less
attracted by the large atom.
5. ELECTRONEGATIVITY
When electrons are shared by two atoms a covalent bond is
formed.
 When the atoms are the same they pull on the electrons
equally. Example, H-H.
 When the atoms are different, the atoms pull on the
electrons unevenly. Example, HCl
Group Trend – As you go down a column, electronegativity

decreases
 As you go down, atomic size is increasing, so less
attraction to its own e- and other atom’s e-
Periodic Trend – As you go across a period (L to R),

electronegativity increases
 As you go L to R, atomic size is decreasing, so there is
more attraction to its own e- and other atom’s e-
6. METALLIC PROPERTY
 Group Trend – As you go down a column, metallic
character increases
metallic character decreases (L to R, you are going from
metals to non-metals
7. NON-METALLIC PROPERTY
Group Trend – As you go down a column, nonmetallic
character decreases
Periodic Trend – As you go across a period (L to R),
nonmetallic character increases (L to R, you are going from
metals to non-metals
TRENDS IN PROPERTIES

Periodic Table

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PERIODIC TABLE

ELECTRON DOT NOTATION

Period = horizontal rows in the periodic table

Classification of elements  A DIAGRAM THAT SHOWS THE VALANCE OF THE

Ionic Radius Trend

Cation Radius < Neutral Atomic Radius

Group Trend – As you go down a column, electronegativity

Periodic Trend – As you go across a period (L to R),

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