Lab10

Process managent

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Linux Command Related with Process

Function
Command

ps Give the status of processes running for a user .

Example: ps
kill {PID} To stop any process i.e. to kill process.
Example: kill 1012
Pidof<processname> Give the processes ID (PID)

ps –ag To get information about all running process.

Example: ps –ag

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 Linux Command Related with
Process(con…)
Function
Command

top Details on all Active process

bg To send a process to background

fg To run a stopped process in foreground.

ps PID Gives the status of a particular process

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 Linux Command Related with
Process(con…)

Function
Command

nice Starts a process with a given priority

nice –n ‘nice value’ process name
Example: nice –n 19 top
renice Changes priority of an already running process
renice ‘nice value’ –p ‘PID’
df Gives free hard disk space on your system

free Gives free RAM on your system

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top Command Display all running process
std@ubuntu:~$ top
The first lines of the previous
output include general
information about the system,
such as its running time,
processor usage rate, number of
operations, and others, and you
can see that there is one active
operation in our example, as well
as 55 processes in the idle sleep
state that do not use any of the
CPU processor resources. The
other partition and the distributor
in a table include active processes,
as well as different information
about them (such as how much
they consume for memory or
processor).

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top Command)con…)

As we saw top displays processes similar to Task Manager

in graphical interfaces, they are not flexible enough to
cover all needs, and here comes the role of the PS tool to
compensate for this shortcoming. At first glance we may be
disappointed if we call it PS directly and without additional
Arguments data, as the number of output lines will not
exceed two with three columns:

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ps command To see currently running Process

std@ubuntu:~$ ps

PID TTY TIME CMD

3685 pts/11 00:00:00 bash
3719 pts/11 00:00:00 ps

The reason is that the PS command simply displays the

processes associated with the current user and the terminal
session only, and given that we only operated terminal with
the PS command, the previous output seems normal. To
review more details about our current system operations we
can run the following command:
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ps Command(con…)
std@ubuntu:~$ ps x
PID TTY STAT TIME COMMAND
2847 ? Sl 0:00 /usr/bin/gnome-keyring-daemon --
daemonize --l
2856 ? Ss 0:00 upstart --user
2955 ? S 0:00 dbus-launch --
autolaunch=813e56ef1c4f171bda95
2961 ? Ss 0:00 //bin/dbus-daemon --fork --print-pid 5
--prin
2977 ? Ss 0:00 dbus-daemon --fork --session --
address=unix:a
2987 ? Ss 0:00 /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-
gnu/hud/window-stack-br
.
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ps Command(con…)

Column Description

UID User ID
PID Process ID.
PPID Parent process ID
C CPU utilization of process.
STIME Process start time.
TTY Terminal type associated with the process
TIME CPU time taken by the process.
CMD The command that started this process.

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ps Command(con…) With the aux option, the PS
command will display processes that
std@ubuntu:~$ ps aux belong to all users in an easy-to-
understand table format.
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT
START TIME COMMAND
root 1 1.0 0.2 29520 4180 ? Ss 09:57 0:04 /sbin/i
root 2 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:57 0:00 [kthrea
root 3 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:57 0:00 [ksofti
root 5 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 09:57 0:00 [kworke
root 7 0.2 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:57 0:00 [rcu_sc
root 8 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:57 0:00 [rcuos/
root 9 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:57 0:00 [rcuos/
root 10 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:57 0:00 [rcuos/
root 11 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:57 0:00 [rcuos/
root 12 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:57 0:00 [rcuos/
root 13 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:57 0:00 [rcuos/
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 We can also arrange the display of
ps Command(con…) operations sequentially, showing the
relationships between them by
std@ubuntu:~$ ps axjf adding the AXJF option to the
command.

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ps Command(con…)

std@ubuntu:~$ ps pid

Notes about Process IDs

Linux and Unix-like systems are assigned a number defined
for each process ID or PID, where the system can recognize
and track processes during playback. The Pgrep command
allows an easy way to get the PID number for any operation,
which it queries and returns as output on the screen:

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ps Command(con…)

The first proccess launched during takeoff called Init gives the

PID number equals one.

pgrep Init 1 This process will continue to run the rest of the

operations while the system is running, and it is responsible

for running the rest of the services, and in turn the last

operation takes the largest PID number.

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ps Command(con…)

std@ubuntu:~$ std@ubuntu:~$ pgrep init

std@ubuntu:~$ pgrep bash

3552

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ps Command(con…)

We say about the process it is process Parent if it runs

another process, which means that if the process parent is
forcibly stopped (killing it) the child process will collapse, in
which case the PID number of the process Parent ID is
indicated by the PPID number, processes are managed
between the user and the system by calling the process
number instead of its name.

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pidof process Command(con…)

std@ubuntu:~$ pidof firefox

3505

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ps pid Command(con…)

std@ubuntu:~$ ps 3510

PID TTY STAT TIME COMMAND

3510 ? Sl 0:09 /usr/lib/firefox/firefox

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ps Command(con…)
To get information about all running process.
std@ubuntu:~$ ps -ag

PID TTY STAT TIME COMMAND

1306 tty4 Ss+ 0:00 /sbin/getty -8 38400 tty4
1313 tty5 Ss+ 0:00 /sbin/getty -8 38400 tty5
1322 tty2 Ss+ 0:00 /sbin/getty -8 38400 tty2
1324 tty3 Ss+ 0:00 /sbin/getty -8 38400 tty3
1328 tty6 Ss+ 0:00 /sbin/getty -8 38400 tty6
1515 tty7 Ss+ 0:08 /usr/bin/X -core :0 -seat seat0 -auth /var/run/light
1870 tty1 Ss+ 0:00 /sbin/getty -8 38400 tty1
3409 pts/8 Ss 0:00 bash
3622 pts/9 Ss+ 0:00 bash
3684 pts/8 R+ 0:00 ps -ag

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 To stop any process
kill Command

std@ubuntu:~$ kill 3510

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Background process List background jobs

std@ubuntu:~$ bg

[1]+ top &

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Background process List stopped or background jobs, resume
a stopped job in the background

1- start the program

2-press ctrl +z

3-type bg to send process to background .

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bg command (con…) 1- start the program

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bg command (con…) Press ctrl +z (stop process)

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bg command (con…)
type bg to send process to background .

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fg command Brings the most recent job to foreground.

std@ubuntu:~$fg

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Adjust operations priorities
In your management of your server you will often
need to be able to prioritize the process, to determine
which one you want to give the highest priority, in
isolated cases some process are sensitive and of high
importance, while the rest of the process can wait a
little while resources are available. The process
priorities are controlled in Linux through a value
called niceness.
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nice command Starts a process with a given priority

std@ubuntu:~$ nice -n 19 top

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renice command Changes priority of an already running process

std@ubuntu:~$ pidof firefox

4209
std@ubuntu:~$ sudo renice -20 -p 4209

4209 (process ID) old priority 0, new priority -20

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df command Gives free hard disk space on your system

std@ubuntu:~$ df

Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on

/dev/sda1 18582980 3692076 13923892 21% /
none 4 0 4 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
udev 937640 4 937636 1% /dev
tmpfs 189752 1048 188704 1% /run
none 5120 4 5116 1% /run/lock
none 948756 488 948268 1% /run/shm
none 102400 52 102348 1% /run/user

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free command Gives free RAM on your system

std@ubuntu:~$ free

total used free shared buffers cached

Mem: 1897512 1806988 90524 4836 64880 905848
-/+ buffers/cache: 836260 1061252
Swap: 1955836 0 1955836

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 Creating a new process
using fork()
System call

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PROCESS - SYSTEM CALL
fork()
• The fork system call is used to create a new process
called child process.
• The return value is 0 for a child process.
• The return value is negative if process creation is
unsuccessful.
• For the parent process, return value is positive

• The child process is an exact copy of the parent

process.
• Both the child and parent continue to execute the
instructions following fork call.
• The child can start execution before the parent or vice-
versa.
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PROCESS - SYSTEM CALL(con…)

getpid() and getppid()

• The getpid system call returns process ID of the

calling process

• The getppid system call returns parent process ID of

the calling process

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 The steps
1-nano fork.cpp
2-g++ fork.cpp -o fork1.cpp
3-./fork1.cpp

std@ubuntu:~$ nano fork.cpp

std@ubuntu:~$ g++ fork.cpp -o fork1.cpp

std@ubuntu:~$ ./fork1.cpp

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#include <iostream>
#include <unistd.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout<<"Current process Id : "<<getpid()<<endl;
pid_t childProcessId = fork();
if(childProcessId < 0)
{
cout<<"Failed to Create a new Process"<<endl;
}
else if (childProcessId == 0)
{
// This code will be executed in Child Process Only
cout<<"Child Process Id : "<<getpid()<< " Its
parent ID : "<<getppid()<<endl;
}
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 else if (childProcessId > 0)
{
// This code will be executed in Parent Process Only
cout<<"Parent Process Id : "<<getpid()<< " Its
Child Process ID : "<<childProcessId<<endl;
}
}

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Output

Current process Id : 4320

Parent Process Id : 4320 Its Child Process ID : 4321
Child Process Id : 4321 Its parent ID : 4320

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#include <iostream> std@ubuntu:~$ nano fork2.cpp
#include <unistd.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int x = 6;
pid_t childProcessId = fork();
if(childProcessId < 0)
{
cout<<"Failed to Create a new Process"<<endl;
}
else if (childProcessId == 0)
{
// This code will be executed in Child Process Only
cout<<"Child Process :: x = "<<x<<endl;
x = 10;
cout<<"Child Process :: x = "<<x<<endl;
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39 exists"<<endl;
 else if (childProcessId > 0)
{
// This code will be executed in Parent Process
Only
sleep(2);
cout<<"Parent Process :: x = "<<x<<endl;
}
}

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std@ubuntu:~$ g++ fork2.cpp -o fork22.cpp

std@ubuntu:~$ sudo chmod +x fork2.cpp

std@ubuntu:~$ ./fork22.cpp

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Output

Child Process :: x = 6
Child Process :: x = 10
Child Process exists
Parent Process :: x = 6

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 End…
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