PSA POWER SYSTEMS ANALYSIS_______________________________________________________

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
POWER SYSTEM STUDY
APPLICATION GUIDE

Motor Starting
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POWER SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
 Motor Starting

Introduction

Motor starting analysis is always required when applying medium-voltage motors to an

electric power system. The electrical engineer responsible for setting the motor
protection relay is responsible for this analysis. This is true even if the electrical
engineer did not specify or purchase the motor. This is said realizing that mechanical
engineers, through driven equipment vendors, purchase the vast majority of medium-
voltage motors.

The motor starting problem can be broken into 4 parts – the power system, motor,
starter and driven equipment. Under ideal circumstances, the electrical engineer would
specify the following information to the motor manufacturer to enable the manufacture to
design the best machine for the intended application. For the power system, define the
minimum available MVA and maximum allowable voltage drop. For the starter, define
the starting method. For the motor, define the maximum allowable locked rotor current,
minimum allowable locked rotor voltage and the minimum allowable net torque margin.
For the driven equipment, define the inertia, BHP and load torque versus speed curve.

Electrical engineers always strive to minimize the impact of motor starting to the power
system. The impact is directly proportional to the available fault duty at the motor
terminals. It is evaluated by calculating and then comparing the voltage dip
experienced along the network while the motor is accelerating, to criteria limits imposed
by the utility, customer, equipment manufacturer or industry standards.

Motor manufacturers design machines to accelerate driven equipment under specific

source, starter and load conditions. Unless otherwise specified, North American
manufacturers follow NEMA MG-1. This standard requires motors to accelerate and run
driven equipment with +10% of rated voltage and +5% of rated frequency applied at the
machine terminals.

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Driven equipment manufacturers are generally not concerned with the motor starting
problem beyond supplying the load horsepower, inertia and load torque versus speed
curve to the motor manufacturer. Driven equipment manufacturers may impact the
system design if starting times are unusual. For example, a starting time less than 5
seconds for a centrifugal compressor, may indicate high shaft torques that could exceed
design limits. Likewise, a starting time greater than 15 seconds for a synchronous
motor, will raise concerns about shaft torsional resonance. If a torsional analysis is
required, it is the responsibility of the mechanical engineer.

Assumptions

The motor starting problem can be solved using steady state or dynamic analysis
methods. Algebraic equations are used to solve steady state problems in the areas of
load flow, short circuit, motor starting and harmonics. Differential equations are used to
solve dynamic problems such as motor starting, line switching, impact loading and fault
clearing. This guide will cover the steady state solution process.

One assumption used with the steady state method is that the power system is three-
phase and balanced. This assumption allows us to model the system as a single-phase
equivalent circuit. Another assumption is that the motor does not saturate under
starting conditions. This assumption allows the power systems engineer to predict the
behavior of the motor current and torque versus speed curves at voltages other than
nameplate using the following relationships.

• Im ∝ Vm(p.u.)1
• TQm ∝ Vm(p.u.)2

The motor impedance versus speed curve is modeled as the inverse of the current
versus speed curve. Finally, if the power factor versus speed curve is not available
assume the power factor under starting conditions is zero.

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Motor Models

There are several machine models available to the engineer in the literature. The most
prevalent are the single rotor model, the double rotor model and graphical model. The
single and double rotor models are used to predict the behavior of induction motors
operating between the breakdown torque and synchronous speed points. They are
commonly used to analyze the response of running motors to a system transient. The
graphical model is the industry standard for motor starting analysis. The graphical
model consists of current and torque versus speed curves at 100% voltage, and a data
sheet listing rated HP, voltage, FLA, speed and inertia. This model is standard for all
medium-voltage induction or synchronous motors.

Driven Equipment Models

There are two models referenced in the literature to simulate driven equipment; the
equation model and the graphical model. The equation model attempts to predict the
torque versus speed characteristics with a polynomial. This model is a holdover from a
time when engineers attempted to generically predict the torque versus speed curves of
fans, compressors and pumps without manufacturer’s data. This model does not
accurately predict torque between breakaway and 20% speed, which is critical,
therefore it is never recommended. Also, driven equipment vendors never present data
in this form. Manufactures always provide graphical data as standard. The graphical
model consists of a torque versus speed curve and a data sheet listing rated power,
speed and inertia. This model is standard for compressors, pumps and fans.

Starter Models

There are several prevalent medium-voltage starters used in industry, full-voltage, unit
transformer, reactor, switched capacitor and autotransformer. When considering these
starting methods, the electrical engineer must perform a motor starting study to
determine the ratings for the individual starter components.

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Other starting methods include variable frequency drives and soft starters. In these
cases a motor starting study is not required by the electrical engineer. The motors are
designed for the drive application, and the drives are designed and programmed by the
drive manufacturer for the system application.

The full-voltage starter is the most common starting method used in the industry
because it is the least expensive and simplest to implement. However, it is the most
severe starting method with respect to system voltage drop.

Step 1 - 52 breaker open, motor off-line

Step 2 - 52 breaker closed, motor accelerates to full speed at full voltage

52

Fig. 1. Full-voltage starter model.

If a motor cannot be full-voltage started and meet the specified voltage drop constraints,
the engineer must investigate alternate starting methods. The unit transformer starter is
preferred when the motor size is small relative to the available voltage level.

For example, consider the situation of an industrial plant with a spare 13.8kV breaker
and a requirement to provide power to a 600hp, 2-pole, induction motor. The engineer
has a choice, full-voltage start a 13.2kV motor, or unit transformer start a 4kV motor. In
this situation starting a 4kV motor though a 750kVA, 13.8-4.16kV, unit transformer is
more economical.

A secondary circuit breaker or fused starter should never be used in this situation.
Applying a breaker or starter would defeat the purpose of the unit transformer, as well
as, the cost advantages.

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The transformer must be specified and designed for motor starting duty. Include a
statement in the specification that the transformer will be used in a unit transformer
application along with the motor voltage, hp, locked rotor current and starting duty. The
transformer is rated for continuous duty.

Step 1 - 52 breaker open, motor & transformer off-line

Step 2 - 52 breaker closed, motor & transformer energized, motor accelerates to
full speed at full voltage

Fig. 2. Unit transformer starter model.

The reactor starter is a similar in impact to the power system as the unit transformer.
Reactor starters are used in situations where a motor cannot be full-voltage started and
the system voltage matches the motor voltage.

The motor starting study is done to determine the reactor impedance and transition
criteria. Common variables used to sense the transition point include motor current, bus
voltage, starting time and motor rpm. The most reliable variable is rpm, which is sensed
by a shaft mounted speed switch. A typical transition speed is 98%. Of course this
must be validated with a motor starting study.

The reactor specification must include the reactor voltage, frequency, impedance, and
the starting duty of the motor. The starting duty of the motor is defined by the starting
time in seconds on, minutes off, starting time in seconds on, minutes off. Note, in this
situation the reactor is rated for the starting duty of the motor.

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The shaft mounted speed switch must be specified and purchased with the motor. If a
speed switch is not used, an undercurrent relay, voltage relay or timer must be specified
and purchased with the switchgear.

The 6 breaker is tripped in step 4 with a 52-a breaker contact.

Step 1 - 52 & 6 breakers open, motor & reactor off-line

Step 2 - 6 breaker closed, motor & reactor energized, motor accelerates at
reduced voltage to transition point
Step 3 - 52 breaker closed, motor accelerates to full speed at full voltage
Step 4 - 6 breaker open, reactor line-side open

Fig. 3. Reactor starter model.

The switched capacitor starter is probably the least utilized starter. There is a
tremendous risk associated with this type of starter from switching transients and over-
voltages. The reason for concern is that the capacitor kVAR rating required for this
starter scheme to be effective is between ¼ and ½ the locked rotor kVA of the motor!

The motor starting study is done to determine the capacitor kVAR rating and transition
criteria. The engineer has a choice of variables to sense the transition point - motor
current, bus voltage, starting time and motor rpm. The most reliable variable is rpm,
which is sensed by a shaft mounted speed switch. A typical transition speed is 98%. A
motor starting study must be done to validate the actual transition speed.

The capacitor specification must include the capacitor voltage, frequency, kVAR, and
the starting duty of the motor. The starting duty of the motor is defined by the starting

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time in seconds on, minutes off, starting time in seconds on, minutes off. Note, in this
situation the capacitor is rated for the starting duty of the motor.

The shaft mounted speed switch must be specified and purchased with the motor. If a
speed switch is not used, an undercurrent relay, voltage relay or timer must be specified
and purchased with the switchgear.

Step 1 - 52 & 6 Breakers open, motor & capacitor off-line

Step 2 - 6 Breaker closed, motor-capacitor circuit engaged
Step 3 - 52 Breaker closed, motor & capacitor energized, motor accelerates to
transition point
Step 4 - 6 Breaker open, capacitor de-energized, motor runs at full voltage

Fig. 4. Switched capacitor starter model.

The autotransformer starter is the only starter that reduces the voltage to the motor
while boosting the voltage of the system. The autotransformer is a desirable starting
method when reduced voltage is required because it is the only method that can be
adjusted in the field. Autotransformers are always equipped with at least 3 taps. If the
original tap setting does not work there are always two other taps to select from. All the
other methods are fixed.

The motor starting study is done to determine the autotransformer tap settings, kVA,
impedance and transition criteria. Again, common variables used to sense the
transition point include motor current, bus voltage, starting time and motor rpm. The
most reliable variable is rpm, which is sensed by a shaft mounted speed switch. A
typical transition speed is 98%. A motor start study must be done to confirm the
transition speed.

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The autotransformer specification must include the voltage, frequency, kVA, taps, and
starting duty of the motor. The starting duty of the motor is defined by the starting time
in seconds on, minutes off, starting time in seconds on, minutes off. The
autotransformer is rated for starting duty of the motor.

The shaft mounted speed switch must be specified and purchased with the motor. If a
speed switch is not used, an undercurrent relay, voltage relay or timer must be specified
and purchased with the switchgear.

The 52 breaker is closed in step 5 with a 6N-b breaker contact.

The 6L breaker is tripped in step 6 with a 52-a breaker contact.

Step 1 – 52, 6L & 6N Breakers open, motor & autotransformer off-line

Step 2 - 6N Breaker closed, autotransformer neutral formed
Step 3 - 6L Breaker closed, motor & autotransformer energized, motor
accelerates at reduced voltage to transition point
Step 4 - 6N Breaker open, autotransformer neutral opened, reactor mode
Step 5 - 52 Breaker closed, motor runs at full voltage
Step 6 - 6L Breaker open, autotransformer line-side open

Fig. 5. Autotransformer starter model.

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Typical Motor Data

Type of Motor % LRA % LRT % Efficiency % Power Factor

Hi-Speed Induction 500-750 40-110 95.0-96.5 87.0-92.0
Solid Pole Synchronous 370-500 70-125 97.5-98.3 80.0-100
Salient Pole Synchronous 450-700 60-90 97.0-98.0 80.0-100
Low-speed Synchronous 325-450 30-60 96.5-97.8 80.0-100

Motor Starting Study Input Data Requirements

The introduction to this guide stated that the motor starting problem could be broken
into 4 parts – the power system, motor, starter and driven equipment. When a motor
starting study is required remember to look at the input data requirements in the same
way.

System Data: Voltage

Phase
Frequency
Minimum fault duty
Motor Data: HP
Voltage
Synchronous Speed
FLA
Inertia
Torque versus speed curve at 100% voltage
Current versus speed curve at 100% voltage
Starter Data: Determined by study
Load Data: BHP
Synchronous Speed
Inertia
Torque versus speed curve

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Motor Specification Data

The performance section of a motor specification should include the following data.

System Data: Voltage

Phase
Frequency
Minimum fault duty
Maximum allowed voltage drop
Motor Data: HP
Voltage
Poles/Synchronous Speed
Minimum allowable locked rotor torque
Minimum allowable locked rotor voltage
Minimum allowable net torque margin
Maximum allowable locked rotor current
Starter Data: Full-Voltage: starting duty
Unit Transformer: kVA, voltage, %Z, starting duty
Reactor: voltage, %X, starting duty
Switched Capacitor: kVAR, voltage, starting duty
Autotransformer: kVA, voltage, %Z, taps, starting duty
Controller Criteria: Speed Switch: transition speed setpoint – recommended
Timer: transition time setpoint – not recommended
Undercurrent relay: transition current setpoint – not recommended
Voltage relay: transition voltage setpoint – not recommended
Load Data: BHP
Synchronous Speed
Inertia
Torque versus speed curve

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Equations

Torque = HP * 5252 / RPM (lb-ft) (1)

wk2 = wk 2 motor + wk 2 load (lb-ft2) (2)

Torque new = Torque old * HP load / HP motor (lb-ft p.u.) (3)

X motor = (Vmotor / V base) 2 (S base / S motor) / I motor @ 100%V (ohms p.u) (4)

I motor = I motor @ 100%V * V motor * I base (amps p.u.) (5)

Torque motor = Torque motor 100%V * V motor2 (lb-ft p.u.) (6)

Torque net = Torque motor - Torque load (lb-ft p.u.) (7)

Torque net average = (Torque i + Torque i+1) / 2 (lb-ft p.u.) (8)

Δ time = wk 2 * Δ RPM / (308 * Torque net average * Torque base) (seconds) (9)
Notes:
1. The variable V motor in equation 5 is in per unit.
2. The variable V motor in equation 6 is in per unit.

Solution Method

Step Description Equations

1 Define Initial Conditions 1, 3

2 Calculate System Impedances 4

3 Calculate Switchgear Voltages -

4 Calculate Motor Voltages -

5 Calculate Motor Currents 5

6 Calculate Motor Torques 6

7 Calculate Net Torque Margins 7

8 Calculate Average Net Torque Margins 8

9 Calculate Accelerating Times 2, 9

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Problem 1 – Full-Voltage Starter

Determine if the motor can accelerate the load and meet the criteria.

Input Data

Source Data: 13.8kV, 3-phase, 60HZ, 312MVA

Transformer Data: 5MVA, 13.8-4.16kV, 6% reactance

Starter Data: Across-the-Line

NEMA Motor Data: 1500HP, 4kV, 2-pole, 187FLA, 211lbft2

Speed (p.u.) 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90 0.95 0.98 0.99 1.00

Torque (p.u.) 0.70 0.75 0.82 0.90 1.15 1.55 2.00 1.10 1.00 0.00

Current (p.u.) 6.00 5.90 5.80 5.65 5.40 4.90 3.80 2.00 1.00 0.00

Load Data: 1425HP, 3600RPM, 910lbft2

Speed (p.u.) 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90 0.95 0.98 0.99 1.00

Torque (p.u.) 0.15 0.05 0.17 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.20 0.20 0.20

Criteria

V switchgear > 85%

V motor > 90%

Torque net > 10%

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Solution

Step 1 - Define initial conditions

Smotor = 4kV * 187A * 1.732 / 1000 = 1.296MVA

Sb = 10MVA

Vb = 4.16kV

Ib = 10MVA / (4.16kV * 1.732) = 1.388kA

Adjust load torque to motor base using (3)

Torque new = Torque old (HP load / HP motor)

Torque 0% = (0.15) 1425hp / 1500hp = 0.143 lb-ft p.u.

Torque 20% = (0.05) 1425hp / 1500hp = 0.048 lb-ft p.u.

Torque 40% = (0.17) 1425hp / 1500hp = 0.162 lb-ft p.u.

Torque 60% = (0.25) 1425hp / 1500hp = 0.238 lb-ft p.u.

Torque 80% = (0.24) 1425hp / 1500hp = 0.228 lb-ft p.u.

Torque 90% = (0.23) 1425hp / 1500hp = 0.219 lb-ft p.u.

Torque 95% = (0.22) 1425hp / 1500hp = 0.209 lb-ft p.u.

Torque 98% = (0.20) 1425hp / 1500hp = 0.190 lb-ft p.u.

Torque 99% = (0.20) 1425hp / 1500hp = 0.190 lb-ft p.u.

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Step 2 - Calculate system impedances

Source Impedance

X source = 10MVA / 312MVA = 0.032 Ω p.u.

Transformer Impedance

X transformer = 0.06 (10MVA / 5MVA) = 0.120 Ω p.u.

Motor Impedances using (4)

X motor = (Vmotor/Vbase)2 (Sbase/Smotor)/ I motor 100%V

X motor 0% = (4.00 / 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 6.00 = 1.189 Ω p.u.

X motor 20% = (4.00 / 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 5.90 = 1.209 Ω p.u.

X motor 40% = (4.00 / 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 5.80 = 1.230 Ω p.u.

X motor 60% = (4.00 / 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 5.65 = 1.263 Ω p.u.

X motor 80% = (4.00 / 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 5.40 = 1.321 Ω p.u.

X motor 90% = (4.00 / 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 4.90 = 1.456 Ω p.u.

X motor 95% = (4.00 / 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 3.80 = 1.877 Ω p.u.

X motor 98% = (4.00 / 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 2.00 = 3.567 Ω p.u.

X motor 99% = (4.00 / 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 1.00 = 7.134 Ω p.u.

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Step 3 - Calculate switchgear voltages using impedance division

V switchgear = X motor / (X source + X transformer +X motor)

X source +X transformer = 0.032 + 0.120 = 0.152 Ω p.u.

V switchgear 0% = 1.189 / (0.152 + 1.189) = 0.887 V p.u.

V switchgear 20% = 1.209 / (0.152 + 1.209) = 0.888 V p.u.

V switchgear 40% = 1.230 / (0.152 + 1.230) = 0.890 V p.u.

V switchgear 60% = 1.263 / (0.152 + 1.263) = 0.893 V p.u.

V switchgear 80% = 1.321 / (0.152 + 1.321) = 0.897 V p.u.

V switchgear 90% = 1.456 / (0.152 + 1.456) = 0.905 V p.u.

V switchgear 95% = 1.877 / (0.152 + 1.877) = 0.925 V p.u.

V switchgear 98% = 3.567 / (0.152 + 3.567) = 0.959 V p.u.

V switchgear 99% = 7.134 / (0.152 + 7.134) = 0.979 V p.u.

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Step 4 – Calculate motor voltages by converting base

V motor = V switchgear (4.16kV / 4.00kV)

V motor = V switchgear (1.04)

V motor 0% = 0.887 (1.04) = 0.922 V p.u.

V motor 20% = 0.888 (1.04) = 0.924 V p.u.

V motor 40% = 0.890 (1.04) = 0.926 V p.u.

V motor 60% = 0.893 (1.04) = 0.929 V p.u.

V motor 80% = 0.897 (1.04) = 0.933 V p.u.

V motor 90% = 0.905 (1.04) = 0.941 V p.u.

V motor 95% = 0.925 (1.04) = 0.962 V p.u.

V motor 98% = 0.959 (1.04) = 0.997 V p.u.

V motor 99% = 0.979 (1.04) = 1.018 V p.u.

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Step 5 - Calculate motor currents using (5)

I motor =I motor 100%V * V motor * I base

I motor 0% = 6.00 (0.922) 187 amps = 1034 amps

I motor 20% = 5.90 (0.924) 187 amps = 1019 amps

I motor 40% = 5.80 (0.926) 187 amps = 1004 amps

I motor 60% = 5.65 (0.929) 187 amps = 982 amps

I motor 80% = 5.40 (0.933) 187 amps = 942 amps

I motor 90% = 4.90 (0.941) 187 amps = 862 amps

I motor 95% = 3.80 (0.962) 187 amps = 684 amps

I motor 98% = 2.00 (0.997) 187 amps = 373 amps

I motor 99% = 1.00 (1.018) 187 amps = 190 amps

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Step 6 - Calculate motor torques using (6)

Torque motor = Torque motor 100%V * V motor2

Torque motor 0% = 0.70 (0.922)2 = 0.595 lb-ft p.u.

Torque motor 20% = 0.75 (0.924)2 = 0.640 lb-ft p.u.

Torque motor 40% = 0.82 (0.926)2 = 0.703 lb-ft p.u.

Torque motor 60% = 0.90 (0.929)2 = 0.777 lb-ft p.u.

Torque motor 80% = 1.15 (0.933)2 = 1.001 lb-ft p.u.

Torque motor 90% = 1.55 (0.941)2 = 1.372 lb-ft p.u.

Torque motor 95% = 2.00 (0.962)2 = 1.847 lb-ft p.u.

Torque motor 98% = 1.10 (0.997)2 = 1.093 lb-ft p.u.

Torque motor 99% = 1.00 (1.018)2 = 1.036 lb-ft p.u.

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Step 7 - Calculate net torques using (7)

Torque net = Torque motor – Torque load

Torque net 0% = 0.595 - 0.143 = 0.452 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net 20% = 0.640 – 0.048 = 0.592 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net 40% = 0.703 – 0.162 = 0.541 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net 60% = 0.777 – 0.238 = 0.539 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net 80% = 1.001 – 0.228 = 0.773 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net 90% = 1.372 – 0.219 = 1.153 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net 95% = 1.847 – 0.209 = 1.638 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net 98% = 1.093 – 0.190 = 0.903 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net 99% = 1.036 – 0.190 = 0.846 lb-ft p.u.

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Step 8 - Calculate the average net torques using (8)

Torque net average = (Torque i + Torque i+1) / 2

Torque net average 0-20% = (0.452 + 0.592) / 2 = 0.522 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net average 20-40% = (0.592 + 0.541) / 2 = 0.567 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net average 40-60% = (0.541 + 0.539) / 2 = 0.540 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net average 60-80% = (0.539 + 0.773) / 2 = 0.656 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net average 80-90% = (0.773 + 1.1513) / 2 = 0.962 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net average 90-95% = (1.153 + 1.638) / 2 = 1.396 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net average 95-98% = (1.638 + 0.903) / 2 = 1.271 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net average 98-99% = (0.903 + 0.846) / 2 = 0.875 lb-ft p.u.

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Step 9 - Calculate acceleration times using (1), (2) & (9)

From (1)

Torque = HP * 5252 / RPM

Torque base motor = 1500hp * 5252 / 3600RPM = 2188lb-ft

From (2)

wk2 = wk2motor + wk2load

wk2 = 211 + 910 = 1121lb-ft2

From (9)

Δ time = wk2 * Δ RPM / (308 * Torque net average * Torque base)

t 0%-20% = 1121lb-ft2*720RPM/(308*0.522*2188lb-ft) = 2.29 s

t 20%-40% = 1121lb-ft2*720RPM/(308*0.567*2188lb-ft) = 2.11 s

t 40%-60% = 1121lb-ft2*720RPM/(308*0.540*2188lb-ft) = 2.22 s

t 60%-80% = 1121lb-ft2*720RPM/(308*0.656*2188lb-ft) = 1.83 s

t 80%-90% = 1121lb-ft2*360RPM/(308*0.962*2188lb-ft) = 0.62 s

t 90%-95% = 1121lb-ft2*180RPM/(308*1.396*2188lb-ft) = 0.21 s

t 95%-98% = 1121lb-ft2*108RPM/(308*1.271*2188lb-ft) = 0.14 s

t 98%-99% = 1121lb-ft2*36RPM/(308*0.875*2188lb-ft) = 0.07 s

Total time to start = 9.49 seconds

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Evaluation of results

V switchgear > 85%, met – lowest voltage drop was 88.5%

V motor > 90%, met – lowest locked rotor voltage was 92%

Torque net > 10%, met – lowest net torque margin was 44.9%

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Problem 2 – Autotransformer Starter

Determine if the motor can accelerate the load and meet the criteria.

Input Data

Source Data: 13.8kV, 3-phase, 60HZ, 312MVA

Transformer Data: 5MVA, 13.8-4.16kV, 6% reactance

Starter Data: Autotransformer with 80% tap

NEMA Motor Data: 1500HP, 4kV, 2-pole, 187FLA, 211lbft2

Speed (p.u.) 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90 0.95 0.98 0.99 1.00

Torque (p.u.) 0.70 0.75 0.82 0.90 1.15 1.55 2.00 1.10 1.00 0.00

Current (p.u.) 6.00 5.90 5.80 5.65 5.40 4.90 3.80 2.00 1.00 0.00

Load Data: 1425HP, 3600RPM, 910lbft2

Speed (p.u.) 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90 0.95 0.98 0.99 1.00

Torque (p.u.) 0.15 0.05 0.17 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.20 0.20 0.20

Criteria

V switchgear > 85%

V motor > 90%

Torque net > 10%

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Solution

Step 1 – same as problem 1

Step 2 - Calculate system impedances

. Source Impedance

X source = 10MVA / 312MVA = 0.032 Ω p.u.

Transformer Impedance

X transformer = 0.06 (10MVA / 5MVA) = 0.120 Ω p.u.

Motor Impedances using (4)

X motor = (Vmotor/tap * Vbase)2 (Sbase/Smotor)/ I motor 100%V

X motor 0% = (4.00 / 0.8 * 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 6.00 = 1.858 Ω p.u.

X motor 20% = (4.00 / 0.8 * 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 5.90 = 1.889 Ω p.u.

X motor 40% = (4.00 / 0.8 * 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 5.80 = 1.922 Ω p.u.

X motor 60% = (4.00 / 0.8 * 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 5.65 = 1.973 Ω p.u.

X motor 80% = (4.00 / 0.8 * 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 5.40 = 2.064 Ω p.u.

X motor 90% = (4.00 / 0.8 * 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 4.90 = 2.275 Ω p.u.

X motor 95% = (4.00 / 0.8 * 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 3.80 = 2.933 Ω p.u.

X motor 98% = (4.00 / 0.8 * 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 2.00 = 5.573 Ω p.u.

X motor 99% = (4.00 / 0.8 * 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 1.00 = 11.147 Ω p.u.

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 Motor Starting

Step 3 - Calculate switchgear voltages using impedance division

V switchgear = X motor / (X source + X transformer +X motor)

X source +X transformer = 0.032 + 0.120 = 0.152 Ω p.u.

V switchgear 0% = 1.858 / (0.152 + 1.858) = 0.924 V p.u.

V switchgear 20% = 1.889 / (0.152 + 1.889) = 0.926 V p.u.

V switchgear 40% = 1.922 / (0.152 + 1.922) = 0.927 V p.u.

V switchgear 60% = 1.973 / (0.152 + 1.973) = 0.928 V p.u.

V switchgear 80% = 2.064 / (0.152 + 2.064) = 0.931 V p.u.

V switchgear 90% = 2.275 / (0.152 + 2.275) = 0.937 V p.u.

V switchgear 95% = 2.933 / (0.152 + 2.933) = 0.951 V p.u.

V switchgear 98% = 5.573 / (0.152 + 5.573) = 0.973 V p.u.

V switchgear 99% = 11.147 / (0.152 + 11.147) = 0.987 V p.u.

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 Motor Starting

Step 4 – Calculate motor voltages by converting base

V motor = V switchgear (0.8 * 4.16kV / 4.00kV)

V motor = V switchgear (0.832)

V motor 0% = 0.924 (0.832) = 0.769 V p.u.

V motor 20% = 0.926 (0.832) = 0.770 V p.u.

V motor 40% = 0.927 (0.832) = 0.771 V p.u.

V motor 60% = 0.928 (0.832) = 0.772 V p.u.

V motor 80% = 0.931 (0.832) = 0.775 V p.u.

V motor 90% = 0.937 (0.832) = 0.780 V p.u.

V motor 95% = 0.951 (0.832) = 0.791 V p.u.

V motor 98% = 0.973 (0.832) = 0.810 V p.u.

V motor 99% = 0.987 (0.832) = 0.821 V p.u.

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 Motor Starting

Step 5 - Calculate motor currents using (5)

I motor =I motor 100% * V motor * I base

I motor 0% = 6.00 (0.769) 187 amps = 863 amps

I motor 20% = 5.90 (0.770) 187 amps = 850 amps

I motor 40% = 5.80 (0.771) 187 amps = 836 amps

I motor 60% = 5.65 (0.772) 187 amps = 816 amps

I motor 80% = 5.40 (0.775) 187 amps = 783 amps

I motor 90% = 4.90 (0.780) 187 amps = 715 amps

I motor 95% = 3.80 (0.791) 187 amps = 562 amps

I motor 98% = 2.00 (0.810) 187 amps = 303 amps

I motor 99% = 1.00 (0.821) 187 amps = 154 amps

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 Motor Starting

Step 6 - Calculate motor torques using (6)

Torque motor = Torque motor 100%V * V motor2

Torque motor 0% = 0.70 (0.769)2 = 0.414 lb-ft p.u.

Torque motor 20% = 0.75 (0.770)2 = 0.445 lb-ft p.u.

Torque motor 40% = 0.82 (0.771)2 = 0.487 lb-ft p.u.

Torque motor 60% = 0.90 (0.772)2 = 0.536 lb-ft p.u.

Torque motor 80% = 1.15 (0.775)2 = 0.691 lb-ft p.u.

Torque motor 90% = 1.55 (0.780)2 = 0.943 lb-ft p.u.

Torque motor 95% = 2.00 (0.791)2 = 1.251 lb-ft p.u.

Torque motor 98% = 1.10 (0.810)2 = 0.722 lb-ft p.u.

Torque motor 99% = 1.00 (0.821)2 = 0.674 lb-ft p.u.

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 Motor Starting

Step 7 - Calculate net torques using (7)

Torque net = Torque motor – Torque load

Torque net 0% = 0.414 - 0.143 = 0.271 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net 20% = 0.445 – 0.048 = 0.397 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net 40% = 0.487 – 0.162 = 0.325 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net 60% = 0.536 – 0.238 = 0.298 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net 80% = 0.691 – 0.228 = 0.463 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net 90% = 0.943 – 0.219 = 0.724 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net 95% = 1.251 – 0.209 = 1.042 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net 98% = 0.772 – 0.190 = 0.582 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net 99% = 0.674 – 0.190 = 0.484 lb-ft p.u.

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 Motor Starting

Step 8 - Calculate the average net torques using (8)

Torque net average = (Torque i + Torque i+1) / 2

Torque net average 0-20% = (0.271 + 0.397) / 2 = 0.334 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net average 20-40% = (0.397 + 0.325) / 2 = 0.361 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net average 40-60% = (0.325 + 0.298) / 2 = 0.312 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net average 60-80% = (0.298 + 0.463) / 2 = 0.381 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net average 80-90% = (0.463 + 0.724 / 2 = 0.594 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net average 90-95% = (0.724 + 1.042) / 2 = 0.883 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net average 95-98% = (1.042 + 0.582) / 2 = 0.812 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net average 98-99% = (0.582 + 0.484) / 2 = 0.533 lb-ft p.u.

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 Motor Starting

Step 9 - Calculate acceleration times using (9)

Δ time = wk2 * Δ RPM / (308 * Torque net average * Torque base)

t 0%-20% = 1121lb-ft2*720RPM/(308*0.334*2188lb-ft) = 3.59 s

t 20%-40% = 1121lb-ft2*720RPM/(308*0.361*2188lb-ft) = 3.32 s

t 40%-60% = 1121lb-ft2*720RPM/(308*0.312*2188lb-ft) = 3.84 s

t 60%-80% = 1121lb-ft2*720RPM/(308*0.381*2188lb-ft) = 3.14 s

t 80%-90% = 1121lb-ft2*360RPM/(308*0.594*2188lb-ft) = 1.01 s

t 90%-95% = 1121lb-ft2*180RPM/(308*0.883*2188lb-ft) = 0.34 s

t 95%-98% = 1121lb-ft2*108RPM/(308*0.812*2188lb-ft) = 0.22 s

t 98%-99% = 1121lb-ft2*36RPM/(308*0.533*2188lb-ft) = 0.11 s

Total time to start = 15.57 seconds

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 Motor Starting

Evaluation of results

V switchgear > 85%, met – lowest voltage drop was 92.3%

V motor > 90%, not met – lowest locked rotor voltage was 76.8%

Torque net > 10%, met – lowest net torque margin was 27.0%

The calculations indicate the motor will accelerate the load. However,

a NEMA motor was specified. This implies a + 10% voltage requirement

on startup (the IEC standard is + 5%). In this case we have a 23.2%

dip on startup. Therefore, we must re-confirm with the manufacturer

that the motor is rated for the intended application.

Exceeding the voltage criteria limits during startup may lead to

overheating of the motor windings. This overheating may or may not be

a problem. In the case of a new motor specified with Class F insulation

(155°C) and Class B (130°C) temperature rise; it is expected to be

within the Class B limits. However, in the case of an existing motor

that is relocated, exceeding the Class B limits during startup is less of

a concern than exceeding the Class F limits.

Finally, notice with the autotransformer, the system voltage is raised

while the motor voltage is reduced compared to the full-voltage

starter results.

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PSA POWER SYSTEMS ANALYSIS_____________________________________________________________________
About the Author

Tom Smith holds Bachelors degrees in Electrical Engineering and Education from the University
of Nebraska and is a registered Professional Engineer. He began his career at the U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers Omaha District in 1983. He joined the Reading offices of Gilbert /Commonwealth in
1988. He has served as a consulting engineer since 1995.
His experience includes the design and analysis of commercial, industrial and utility electrical
distribution systems. He also teaches several courses in load flow, motor starting, short circuit,
overcurrent coordination and arc flash.
 PSA

Power Systems Analysis

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