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Floyd Warshall Algorithm (Python) - Dynamic Programming - FavTutor

The document summarizes the Floyd Warshall algorithm, a dynamic programming approach for finding shortest paths in a weighted graph. It describes the algorithm, provides a worked example to demonstrate how it works, includes Python code to implement it, and discusses its time/space complexity and applications. The algorithm works by iteratively updating a matrix to contain the shortest distances between all pairs of vertices after including each vertex as an intermediate vertex in paths.

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Anu Varshini
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124 views

Floyd Warshall Algorithm (Python) - Dynamic Programming - FavTutor

The document summarizes the Floyd Warshall algorithm, a dynamic programming approach for finding shortest paths in a weighted graph. It describes the algorithm, provides a worked example to demonstrate how it works, includes Python code to implement it, and discusses its time/space complexity and applications. The algorithm works by iteratively updating a matrix to contain the shortest distances between all pairs of vertices after including each vertex as an intermediate vertex in paths.

Uploaded by

Anu Varshini
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Floyd Warshall Algorithm (Python) | Dynamic

Programming
 May 30, 2021  7 Minutes Read

In this article, we will study what is Floyd Warshall Algorithm in the field of Dynamic Programming. We will also study
the example and the python code with its corresponding output to learn and understand the algorithm. At last, we
will go through the practical real-world application of the Floyd Warshall Algorithm.

What is Floyd Warshall Algorithm?


Just like Dijkstra’s algorithm, the Floyd Warshall algorithm is used to find the shortest path between all vertices in
the weighted graph. This algorithm works with both directed and undirected graphs but it does not work along with
the graph with negative cycles. Therefore, if the distance from the vertex v from itself is negative then we can
assume that the graph has the presence of a negative cycle. This algorithm follows the dynamic programming
approach as its working pattern. Here the algorithm doesn’t construct the path itself but it can reconstruct the path
with a simple modification. Floyd Warshall algorithm is also known as Roy Warshall algorithm or Roy-Floyd
algorithm. Let us study the working of the Floyd Warshall algorithm.

Algorithm 
We construct a matrix D that gives the length of the shortest path between each pair of nodes.

The algorithm initializes D to L, that is, to the direct distances between nodes. It then does n iterations, after iteration
k, D gives the length of the shortest paths that only use nodes in {1,2….k} as intermediate nodes.

After n iterations, D, therefore, gives the length of shortest paths using any of the nodes in N as an intermediate
node. If Dk represents the matrix D after kth iteration it can be implemented by

Dk [i , j] = min (Dk-1 [i , j], Dk-1 [i, k] + Dk-1 [k , j])

We use the principle of optimality to compute length from i to j passing through k.

1
How Floyd Warshall Algorithm Works (Example)

Creating matrix D0 contains the distance between each node with ‘0’ as an intermediate node.

Updating matrix D1 which contains the distance between each node with ‘1’ as an intermediate node. Update
distance if minimum distance value smaller than existing distance value found.

Dk [i , j] = min (Dk-1 [i , j], Dk-1 [i, k] + Dk-1 [k , j])

D1[3, 2] = min(D1-1[3, 2], D1-1 [3, 1] + D1-1 [1 , 2])

D1[4, 2] = min(Infinity, 35)

Dk [i , j] = min (Dk-1 [i , j], Dk-1 [i, k] + Dk-1 [k , j])

D1[4, 2] = min(D1-1[4, 2], D1-1 [4, 1] + D1-1 [1 , 2])

D1[4, 2] = min(Infinity, 20)

Here distance (3, 2) is updated from infinity to 35, and distance (4, 2) is updated from infinity to 20 as shown
below.

Updating matrix D2 contains the distance between two nodes with ‘2’ as an intermediate node. 
D2 [i , j] = min (Dk-1 [i , j], Dk-1 [i, k] + Dk-1 [k , j])

D2[1, 3] = min(D2-1[1, 3], D2-1 [1, 2] + D2-1 [2 , 3])

D2[1, 3] = min(Infinity, 20)

Dk [i , j] = min (Dk-1 [i , j], Dk-1 [i, k] + Dk-1 [k , j])

D2[1, 4] = min(D2-1[1, 4], D2-1 [1, 2] + D2-1 [2 , 4])

D2[1, 4] = min(Infinity, 10)

Update distance if minimum distance value smaller than existing distance value found. Here distance (1, 3) is
updated from infinity to 20, and distance (1, 4) is updated from infinity to 10.

Updating matrix D3  contains the distance between two nodes with ‘3’ as an intermediate node.

Dk [i , j] = min (Dk-1 [i , j], Dk-1 [i, k] + Dk-1 [k , j])

D3[2, 1] = min(D3-1[2, 1], D3-1 [2, 3] + D3-1 [3 , 1])

D3[2, 1] = min(50, 45)

Update distance if minimum distance value smaller than existing distance value found. Here distance (2, 1) is
updated from 50 to 45

Updating matrix D4 contains the distance between two nodes with ‘4’ as an intermediate node. Update distance if
minimum distance value smaller than existing distance value found.

Dk [i , j] = min (Dk-1 [i , j], Dk-1 [i, k] + Dk-1 [k , j])

D4[1, 3] = min(D4-1[1, 3], D4-1 [1, 4] + D4-1 [4 , 3])

D4[1, 3] = min(20, 15)

Dk [i , j] = min (Dk-1 [i , j], Dk-1 [i, k] + Dk-1 [k , j])

D4[2, 1] = min(D4-1[2, 1], D4-1 [2, 4] + D4-1 [4 , 1])

D4[1, 3] = min(45, 20)

Dk [i , j] = min (Dk-1 [i , j], Dk-1 [i, k] + Dk-1 [k , j])


D4[2, 3] = min(D4-1[2, 3], D4-1 [2, 4] + D4-1 [4 , 3])

D4[2, 3] = min(15, 10)

Here distance (1, 3) is updated from 20 to 15; distance (2, 1) is updated from 45 to 20, and distance (2, 3) is
updated from 15 to 10

Python Code for Floyd Warshall Algorithm


# Number of vertices
nV = 4
INF = 999

# Algorithm
def floyd(G):
dist = list(map(lambda p: list(map(lambda q: q, p)), G))

# Adding vertices individually


for r in range(nV):
for p in range(nV):
for q in range(nV):
dist[p][q] = min(dist[p][q], dist[p][r] + dist[r][q])
sol(dist)

# Printing the output


def sol(dist):
for p in range(nV):
for q in range(nV):
if(dist[p][q] == INF):
print("INF", end=" ")
else:
print(dist[p][q], end=" ")
print(" ")

G = [[0, 5, INF, INF],


[50, 0, 15, 5],
[30, INF, 0, 15],
[15, INF, 5, 0]]
floyd(G)

Output

0  5  15  10

20  0  10  5

30  35  0  15

15  20  5  0

Time Complexity
There are three loops for computing the shortest path in the graph and each of these loops has constant
complexities. Therefore, due to this, the time complexity of the Floyd Warshall algorithm is O(n3). Also, the space
complexity of the Floyd Warshall algorithm is O(n2).

Application of Floyd Warshall Algorithm


Floyd Warshall Algorithm helps to find the inversion of real matrices
It helps in testing whether the undirected graph is bipartite
It helps to find the shortest path in a directed graph
Different versions of the Floyd Warshall algorithm help to find the transitive closure of a directed graph

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