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Instrumentation and Process Control

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First Edition : 2021

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Contents
Instrumentation and
Process Control

Chapter 1 2.11 Multicapacity Process (as second order systems)..........62

2.12 Dead Time in a Process.............................................................65
Introduction.............................................. 1
Student’s Assignments...............................................................68
1.1 Open Loop Control Systems.................................................... 1
1.2 Closed Loop Control Systems.................................................. 2 Chapter 3
1.3 Comparison Between Open Loop and
Close Loop Transfer Functions...............75
Closed Loop Control Systems.................................... 3
3.1 Process .........................................................................................75
1.4 Laplace Transformation............................................................. 3
3.2 Automatic Control.....................................................................76
1.5 Transfer Function and Impulse Response Function........ 8
3.3 Feed Forward Control Technique.........................................77
1.6 Standard Test Signals................................................................10 3.4 Block Diagrams : Fundamentals............................................78
1.7 Poles and Zeros of a Transfer Function...............................11 3.5 Block Diagram of a Closed-loop System............................79
1.8 Properties of Transfer Function.............................................13 3.6 Block Diagram Transformation Theorems.........................81
1.9 Methods of Analysis..................................................................14 3.7 Feedback Control.......................................................................91
Student’s Assignments...............................................................16 3.8 Types of Feedback Controllers..............................................93
3.9 Closed Loop Response Block Diagram...............................96
Chapter 2 3.10 Composite Control Actions................................................. 102
Dynamic Behaviour of First Student’s Assignments............................................................ 104

and Second Order System......................20

Chapter 4
2.1 Introduction.................................................................................20
Controller and Advanced Control
2.2 Transient and Steady State Response.................................20
Strategies..............................................108
2.3 Steady State Error.......................................................................21
4.1 Industrial Controllers............................................................. 108
2.4 Transients State Analysis ........................................................23
4.2 Proportional (P) Controller................................................... 109
2.5 Time Response of a Second Order Control System.......30
4.3 Integral (I) Controller (Reset Mode)...........................................110
2.6 Need of a Mathematical Modelling.....................................50
4.4 Derivative (D) Controller (Rate Mode)............................. 111
2.7 State Variables and State Equations
4.5 Proportional Integral (P-I) Controller............................... 113
for Chemical Process...................................................50
4.6 Proportional Derivative (P-D) Controller........................ 114
2.8 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR)............................51
4.7 Proportional Integral Derivative (P-I-D) Controller..... 114
2.9 First Order System......................................................................56
4.8 Cascade Control....................................................................... 115
2.10 Second Order System...............................................................60
4.9 Feed Forward Control............................................................ 122

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4.10 Designing of Feedback Controllers.................................. 125 Chapter 6
4.11 Controller Tuning.................................................................... 129
Sensors, Transducers and
4.12 Controlling Elements............................................................. 130
P & ID Symbol........................................171
Student’s Assignments............................................................ 136
6.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 171

Chapter 5 6.2 Sensor ...................................................................................... 171

6.3 Transducer................................................................................. 171
Stability and Frequency Analysis
6.4 Sensor/transducers specifications.................................... 172
of Control Systems ...............................139 6.5 Classification of sensors........................................................ 174
5.1 The Concept of Stability....................................................... 139
5.2 Frequency Analysis of Control Systems.......................... 152 6.6 Equipment Symbols............................................................... 176
5.3 Advantages of Frequency Response................................ 152 6.7 Piping Symbols........................................................................ 177
5.4 Frequency Response Analysis of 6.8 Instrument symbols............................................................... 178
Second Order Control System.....................................................153
6.9 Valve Symbols.......................................................................... 179
5.5 Correlation between Step Response and Frequency
Student’s Assignments............................................................ 180
Response in the Standard Order System...............................155
5.6 Frequency Domain Analysis of Dead Time or nnnn
Transportation Lag Elements......................................................156
5.7 Relative Stability: Gain Margin and Phase Margin.............158
5.8 Gain Margin and Phase Margin for
Second Order Control System.....................................................159
5.9 Bode Plots.............................................................................................163
Student’s Assignments............................................................ 165

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