Savitribai Phule Pune University

T. Y. B. B. A. (C. A.) Semester-V

(CBCS 2019 Pattern)

Core Java, MongoDB / Python

CA-506: Lab Book

Student Name: __________________________________________________

College Name: __________________________________________________

Roll No.: _____________ Division: ____________ Seat No: ____________

Academic Year: ________________________________

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr./Ms._______________________________

Seat Number ___________ of T.Y.B.B.A. (C.A) Sem-V has
successfully completed Laboratory course (Core Java, Mongo DB/
Python in the year ____________________. He/She has scored
_____mark out of 10 (For Lab Book).

Subject Teacher H.O.D./Coordinator

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Editorial Board: Dr. D. Y. Patil ACS College, Pimpri, Pune

Section-I: Core Java

Mr. Satyavan Kunjir

Mrs. Reshma Masurekar

Mrs. Malati Tribhuvan

Section-II: MongoDB

Mrs. Vidya Bankar

Mr. Bhushan Nikam

Section-II: Python

Mr. Yogesh Ingale

Mrs. Kanchan Rathi

Mrs. Trupti Kulkarni

Reviewed By:

Dr. Ranjit Patil

Dr. Sujata Patil

Mrs. Shakila Siddavatam

Mr. Sudarshan Lakhdive

Mr. Shivendu Bhushan

Mrs. Sangeeta Nimbalkar

Mrs. Leena Bhat

Introduction

1. About the work book:

This workbook is intended to be used by T.Y.B.B.A. (C.A.) Semester-V students for
Core java, MongoDB and Python Practical assignments. This workbook is designed
by considering all the practical topics mentioned in syllabus.

2. The objectives of this workbook are:

 Defining the scope of the course.
 To bring the uniformity in the practical conduction and implementation in all
colleges affiliated to SPPU.
 To have continuous assessment of the course and students.
 Providing ready reference for the students during practical implementation.
 Provide more options to students so that they can have good practice before facing
the examination.
 Catering to the demand of slow and fast learners and accordingly providing the
practice assignments to them.

3. How to use this workbook:

The workbook is divided into two sections. Section-I is related to Core Java
assignments, Section-II is related to MongoDB assignments or Python assignments.

Section-I: Core java is divided into five assignments.

Section-II: MongoDB is divided into five assignments.
OR
Section-II: Python is divided into eight assignments.

Students have to perform practical assignments of selected elective subject from

Section-II.
Each assignment of all sections has three SETs-A, B and C. It is mandatory for
students to complete SET A and SET B in lab. It also includes practice set which are
expected to be solved by students as home assignments and to be evaluated by subject
teachers.

4. Instructions to the students:

Please read the following instructions carefully and follow them during practical.
 Students are expected to carry this workbook every time they come to the lab for
computer practical.
 Students should prepare for the assignment by reading the relevant material which is
mentioned in ready reference and the concepts taught in class.
 Instructor will specify which problems to solve in the lab during the allotted slot and
student should complete them and get verified by the instructor. However, student
should spend additional hours in Lab and at home to cover all workbook assignments
if needed.
 Students will be assessed for each exercise on a scale from 0 to 5.
 Not Done 0
Incomplete 1
Late Complete 2
Needs improvement 3
Complete 4
Well Done 5

5. Instruction to the Instructors:

Make sure that students should follow above instructions.

 Explain the assignment and related concepts in around ten minutes using
whiteboard if required or by demonstrating the software.
 Evaluate each assignment carried out by a student on a scale of 5 as specified
above by ticking appropriate box.
 The value should also be entered on assignment completion page of the
respective Lab course.

6. Instructions to the Lab administrator:

You have to ensure appropriate hardware and software is made available to each
student.
The operating system and software requirements on server side and also client side
are as given below:
 Operating System - Windows
 Python 3.0
 MongoDB Community Edition
 JDK
 Assignment Completion Sheet

Section-I: Core Java

Sr. Assignment Name Marks Teacher’s

No. (out of 5) Sign
1 Introduction to Java

2 Classes, Objects and Methods

3 Inheritance, Package and Collection

4 File and Exception Handling

5 Applet, AWT, Event & Swing Programming

Total ( Out of 25 )

Total (Out of 5)

Instructor Signature:
 Section-II: MongoDB

Sr. Assignment Name Marks Teacher’s

No. (out of 5) Sign
1 MongoDB Basics

2 MongoDB Operators

3 Update and Delete operation in MongoDB

4 MongoDB Cursor

5 MongoDB Index and Aggregation

Total ( Out of 25)

Total (Out of 5)

‘OR’

Section-II: Python

Sr. Assignment Name Marks Teacher’s

No. (out of 5) Sign
1 Introduction to Basic Python

2 Working with Strings and List

3 Working with Tuples, Sets and Dictionaries

4 Working with Functions, Modules and Packages

5 Python Classes and Objects

6 Inheritance

7 Exception Handling

8 Python GUI Programming using Tkinter

Total ( Out of 40 )

Total (Out of 5)

Instructor Signature:
Section – I
Core Java
 Assignment No. 1: Introduction to Java
Jdk (Java Development Kit) Tools:

Java environment includes a number of development tools, classes and methods. The development tools
are part of the system known as Java Development Kit (JDK) and the classes and methods are part of the
Java Standard Library (JSL), also known as the Application Programming Interface (API).

Java Development kit (JDK) – The JDK comes with a set of tools that are used for developing and
running Java program. It includes:

1) appletviewer: It is used for viewing the applet

2) javac: It is a Java Compiler
3) java: It is a java interpreter
4) javap: It is Java diassembler, which convert byte code into program description.
5) javah: It is for java C header files.
6) javadoc: It is for creating HTML document.
7) jdb: It is Java debugger.

Data Types:

Type Description(Range)

boolean These have values of either true or false.

byte 7-bit 2s-compliment integer with values between –27 and 27-1 (–128 to 127).

short 16-bit 2s-compliment integer with values between –215 and 215-1 (–32,768 to
32,767).
char 16-bit Unicode characters. For alphanumerics, these are the same as ASCII
with the high byte set to 0. The numerical values are unsigned 16-bit values
between 0 and 65535.
int 32-bit 2s-compliment integer with values between –231 and 231-1
(–2,147,483,648 to 2, 147,483,647).
long 64-bit 2s-compliment integer with values between –263 and 263-1
(–9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807).
float 32-bit single precision floating point numbers using the IEEE 754-1985 standard
(+/– about 1039).

double 64-bit double precision floating point numbers using the IEEE 754-1985 standard
(+/– about 10317).
 Structure of java Program:
A Java program may contain many classes of which only one class defines a main method. Classes
contain data members and methods that operate on the data members of the class. Methods may contain
data type declarations and executable statements.

Documentation Section
Package Statement
Import Statements
Interface Statements
Class Definitions
Main Method Class
{
Main Method Definition
}

Command Line Arguments:

In Java, The command-line arguments allow the programmers to pass the arguments during the
execution of a program. The users can pass the arguments during the execution by passing the command-
line arguments inside the main () method.

For Example:
class CommandLineDemo
{
public static void main(String args[ ])
{
System.out.println(“The command-line arguments are:\n”);
for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++)
System.out.println( args[ i ]);
}
}
Steps to run the above program:
To compile and run a java program on command prompt:
1. Save the program as CommandLineDemo.java
2. Open the command prompt window and compile the program using
javac CommandLineDemo.java
3. After a successful compilation of the program, execute the program using
java CommandLineDemo Argument-list

For example – java CommandLineDemo Hello

Press Enter and you will get the desired output.
Output: Hello
Java Array
Array is a collection of similar type of elements that have contiguous memory location. Java array is an
object that contains elements of similar data type. Only fixed set of elements can be stored in a java array.
Syntax:
There are two sections in the syntax of an array:
Declaration:
dataType[] arr; (or)
dataType []arr; (or)
dataType arr[];
Instantiation:
arrayRefVar=new datatype[size];
Use of length property of an array:
To calculate size of an array.
Size=arrayname.length;
For Example: Java Program for demonstration of an array using command line arguments.
class Demo
{
public static void main (String args [])
{
int i,n;
n=args.length;
int a[]=new int[n];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
a[i]=Integer.parseInt(args[i]);
}
//printing array
for (int i=0;i<n;i++)
System.out.println (a[i]);
}}

String:
The set of characters are collectively called String. It is Wrapper class. Anything, if we declare with
String class, java compiler considered it as an object. It is immutable.

The List of functions of String:

Sr. No Methods with Description
1 char charAt(int index)
Returns the character at the specified index.
2 int compareTo(Object o)
Compares this String to another Object.
3 int compareTo(String anotherString)
Compares two strings lexicographically.
4 int compareToIgnoreCase(String str)
Compares two strings lexicographically, ignoring case differences.
5 String concat(String str)
Concatenates the specified string to the end of this string.
6 boolean contentEquals(StringBuffer sb)
Returns true if and only if this String represents the same sequence of characters as
the specified StringBuffer.
7 static String copyValueOf(char[] data)
Returns a String that represents the character sequence in the array specified.
8 static String copyValueOf(char[] data, int offset, int count)
Returns a String that represents the character sequence in the array specified.
9 boolean endsWith(String suffix)
Tests if this string ends with the specified suffix.
10 boolean equals(Object anObject)
Compares this string to the specified object.
11 boolean equalsIgnoreCase(String anotherString)
Compares this String to another String, ignoring case considerations.
12 byte getBytes()
Encodes this String into a sequence of bytes using the platform's default charset,
storing the result into a new byte array.
13 byte[] getBytes(String charsetName)
Encodes this String into a sequence of bytes using the named charset, storing the
result into a new byte array.
14 void getChars(int srcBegin, int srcEnd, char[] dst, int dstBegin)
Copies characters from this string into the destination character array.
15 int hashCode()
Returns a hash code for this string.
16 int indexOf(int ch)
Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the specified character.
17 int indexOf(int ch, int fromIndex)
Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the specified character,
starting the search at the specified index.
18 int indexOf(String str)
Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the specified substring.

19 int indexOf(String str, int fromIndex)

Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the specified substring,
starting at the specified index.
20 String intern()
Returns a canonical representation for the string object.
21 int lastIndexOf(int ch)
Returns the index within this string of the last occurrence of the specified character.
22 int lastIndexOf(int ch, int fromIndex)
 Returns the index within this string of the last occurrence of the specified character,
searching backward starting at the specified index.
23 int lastIndexOf(String str)
Returns the index within this string of the rightmost occurrence of the specified
substring.
24 int lastIndexOf(String str, int fromIndex)
Returns the index within this string of the last occurrence of the specified substring,
searching backward starting at the specified index.
25 int length()
Returns the length of this string.
26 boolean matches(String regex)
Tells whether or not this string matches the given regular expression.
27 boolean regionMatches(boolean ignoreCase, int toffset, String other, int ooffset,
int len)
Tests if two string regions are equal.
28 boolean regionMatches(int toffset, String other, int ooffset, int len)
Tests if two string regions are equal.
29 String replace(char oldChar, char newChar)
Returns a new string resulting from replacing all occurrences of oldChar in this
string with newChar.
30 String replaceAll(String regex, String replacement)
Replaces each substring of this string that matches the given regular expression with
the given replacement.
31 String replaceFirst(String regex, String replacement)
Replaces the first substring of this string that matches the given regular expression
with the given replacement.
32 String[] split(String regex)
Splits this string around matches of the given regular expression.
33 String[] split(String regex, int limit)
Splits this string around matches of the given regular expression.
34 boolean startsWith(String prefix)
Tests if this string starts with the specified prefix.
35 boolean startsWith(String prefix, int toffset)
Tests if this string starts with the specified prefix beginning a specified index.
36 Char Sequence subSequence(int beginIndex, int endIndex)
Returns a new character sequence that is a subsequence of this sequence.
37 String substring(int beginIndex)
Returns a new string that is a substring of this string.
38 String substring(int beginIndex, int endIndex)
Returns a new string that is a substring of this string.
39 char[] toCharArray()
Converts this string to a new character array.
40 String toLowerCase()
Converts all of the characters in this String to lower case using the rules of the
default locale.
 41 String toLowerCase(Locale locale)
Converts all of the characters in this String to lower case using the rules of the given
Locale.
42 String toString()
This object (which is already a string!) is itself returned.
43 String toUpperCase()
Converts all of the characters in this String to upper case using the rules of the
default locale.
44 String toUpperCase(Locale locale)
Converts all of the characters in this String to upper case using the rules of the given
Locale.
45 String trim()
Returns a copy of the string, with leading and trailing whitespace omitted.
46 static String valueOf(primitive data type x)
Returns the string representation of the passed data type argument.

Example: Java Program to display the files having extension .java (Use Command Argument).
class FileDisp
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int i,n;
n=args.length;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(args[i].endsWith(“.java”))
{
System.out.println(args[i]);
}
}
}

Built In Packages:
The Java Standard Library (or APl) intrudes hundreds of classes and methods grouped into several
functional packages. Most commonly used packages are as follows:
1) Language Support Package:
A collection of classes and methods required for implementing basic features of Java.
2) Utilities Package:
It is a collection of classes to provide utility functions such as date and time functions.
3) Input / Output Package:
It is a collection of classes required for input/output manipulation.
4) Networking Package:
It is a collection of classes for communicating with other computers via Internet.
5) AWT Package:
 It is the Abstract Window Tool Kit package contains classes that implements platform independent
graphical user interface.
6) Applet Package:
This includes an act of classes that allows us to create Java applets.

For adding the packages in an application, import statement is used.

Syntax:
import package_Name;

Example 1: Java program to accept the data and display it.(Use Scanner Class)
import java.util.*;
class Emp
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int e;
String en;
float s;
Scanner ob=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println(“Eno Ename and Salary”);
e=ob.nextInt();
en=ob.next();
s=ob.nextFloat ();
System.out.println(“Emp No Is “ + e);
System.out.println(“Emp Name” + en);
System.out.println(“Salary Is “ + s);
}
}

Example 2: Java Program to display date and time of a system.

import java.util.*;
class DateTime
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Date d=new Date();
System.out.println(“Date and Time of a System is “ + d);
}
}
Practice Set:
1. Write a java Program to check whether given String is Palindrome or not.
2. Write a Java program which accepts three integer values and prints the maximum and
minimum.
3. Write a Java program to accept a number from command prompt and generate
multiplication table of a number.
4. Write a Java program to display Fibonacci series.
5. Write a Java program to calculate sum of digits of a number.
6. Write a Java program to accept a year and check if it is leap year or not.
7. Write a Java program to display characters from A to Z using loop.
8. Write a Java program to accept two numbers using command line argument and calculate
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
9. Write a java Program to calculate the sum of first and last digit of a number.
10. Write a java program to calculate the sum of even numbers from an array.
Set A:
1.Write a java Program to check whether given number is Prime or Not.
2.Write a java Program to display all the perfect numbers between 1 to n.
3.Write a java Program to accept employee name from a user and display it in reverse order.
4.Write a java program to display all the even numbers from an array. (Use Command Line
arguments)
5. Write a java program to display the vowels from a given string.

Set B:
1. Write a java program to accept n city names and display them in ascending order.
2. Write a java program to accept n numbers from a user store only Armstrong numbers in an array
and display it.
3. Write a java program to search given name into the array, if it is found then display its index
otherwise display appropriate message.
4. Write a java program to display following pattern:
5
45
345
2345
12345
5. Write a java program to display following pattern:
1
01
010
1010

Set C:
1. Write a java program to count the frequency of each character in a given string.
2. Write a java program to display each word in reverse order from a string array.
3. Write a java program for union of two integer array.
4. Write a java program to display transpose of given matrix.
5. Write a java program to display alternate character from a given string.
Assignment Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: WellDone [ ]

Signature of Instructor
Assignment No. 2: Classes, Objects and Methods

Class: Collection of objects is called class.

Syntax to create a Class:
A keyword class is used to create a class.
class Classname
{
//Variable declaration
//Method declaration
}

For Example: Number.java

class Number
{
int x=10; //variable declaration
}

Object: Objects have states and behaviors. It is defined as an instance of a class. An object
contains an address and takes up some space in memory. Classes create objects and objects use
methods to communicate between them.
Syntax to create an Object:
An object is created for a class by using the class name and new keyword.
For Example:
ClassName objectName=new ClassName();
Number Obj=new Number();

Instance variables and methods are accessed by using objects.

objectname.variableName; //Accessing variable
objectname.methodName(); // Accessing a class method

For Example: Java Program to demonstrate Class & Object.

class Number
{
int a,b;
void disp()
{
System.out.println(a+ " " + b);
}
}
class CDemo // Main Class
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
 Number obj=new Number();
obj.a=10;
obj.b=20;
obj.disp();
}
}

Constructor:
A constructor in Java is a special method that is used to initialize objects of the class. The
constructor is called when an object of a class is created. Constructor has same name as the class
itself. Constructors have no explicit return type.

Types of Constructor:
a. Default/No-argument constructor: A constructor that has no parameter is known as
default constructor.
b. Parameterized constructor: A constructor that takes parameter is known as parameterized
constructor.

Constructor Overloading:
Constructor overloading is a technique of having more than one constructor with different
parameter lists. The compiler differentiates these constructors depending on the number of
parameters in the list and their types.

For Example: Java Program to demonstrate Constructor overloading.

class Number
{
int num;
Number() //Default Constructor
{
num=10;
}
Number(int a) //Parameterized Constructor
{
num=a;
}
void Display()
{
System.out.println(“num = “ +num);
}
}
class CDemo // Main Class
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Number obj1=new Number(); //invokes Default constructor
Number obj2=new Number(50); //invokes Parameterized constructor
obj1.Display();
obj2.Display();
}
}

Method Overloading:
A class having two or more methods with the same name but different parameters is called as
method overloading. It is used to perform similar task but on different input parameters.

For Example: Java Program to implement Method Overloading concept.

class Overload
{
int add(int a, int b)
{
int ans=a+b;
System.out.println("Result= “ +ans);
}
int add(int a, int b, int c)
{
int ans=a+b+c;
System.out.println("Result= “ +ans);

}
}
class MethodOverloading
{
public static void main (String args[])
{
Overload obj = new Overload();
obj.add(10,20);
obj.add(10, 20,30);
}
}
Recursion:
A method that calls itself is known as a recursive method and this process is known as
recursion. In java Recursion is a process in which a method calls itself continuously.

class RecFibbonacci
{
int fib(int n)
{
if(n==0)
return 0;
else if (n==1)
return 1;
else
return fib(n-1)+fib(n-2);
}

public static void main(String args[])

{
int n,i;
n=Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
RecFibbonacci R=new RecFibbonacci();
for(i=0;i<=n;i++)
{
System.out.println(R.fib(i));
}

}
}

Passing Object as Parameter:

When primitive type is passed to a method, it is passed by value. But when an object is
passed to a method, then it is known as call-by-reference. The updation done with in method will
be reflected in the object.
Syntax:
methodName(Object obj)

Returning Objects:
In java, a method can return any type of data, including objects.
Syntax:
ObjectName methodName();
The new operator:
The new operator is used in Java to create new objects. It can also be used to create an array
object.
Syntax to create object using new operartor
ClassName object=new ClassName();

The Array of Objects

Syntax :
Class_name [] objArray;
or
Class_name objArray[];
Example:
Student[] S;
or
Student S[] ;
Declare and instantiate the array of objects
Class obj[]= new Class[array_length]
Ex. Student S[] = new student[2];
It will create an array of objects ‘S’ with 2 elements/object references.
Imp Note that once an array of objects is instantiated; the individual elements of the array of
objects need to be created using new.

For Example: Java Program to demonstrate Array of Object.

import java.util.*;
class Student
{
int sid;
String Sname;
void accept(int id, String name)
{
sid=id;
Sname=name;
}
void display()
{
System.out.println("Sid = " +sid);
System.out.println("Sname= " + Sname);
}
}
class ArrayObjectEx
{
public static void main(String args[])
 {
Scanner S=new Scanner(System.in);
Student S1[]=new Student[3];

for(int i=0; i<3;i++)

{
S1[i]=new Student();
System.out.println("Enter id");
S1[i].sid=S.nextInt();
System.out.println("Enter Sname");
S1[i].Sname=S.next();
S1[i].accept(S1[i].sid, S1[i].Sname);
}
for(int i=0; i<3;i++)
{
S1[i].display();
}
}
}

this keyword:
In java, this is a reference variable that refers to the current object. If there are many objects and
user don’t know which object is currently active then this keyword is used to refer current object.
Syntax:
this.varName;
where, varName is the name of an instance variable.

For Example: Java Program to demonstrate this keyword.

public class Number
{
int x;
public Number (int x)
{
this.x = x;
}
 public static void main(String[] args)
{
Number Obj = new Number (5);
System.out.println("Value of x = " + Obj.x);
}
}
Static Keyword:
The static keyword is used for memory management. It is applied with variables,
methods, blocks and nested classes. Static keyword belongs to the class than an instance of the
class.

The static is used with variable and method.

Static Variable:
Static variable is declared using static keyword. The static variable gets memory only
once in the class area at the time of class loading and it is shared by all objects of its class.
Syntax:
static datatype varName;

For Example: Java Program to demonstrate static variable.

class Number
{
static int count=0;

Demo()
{
count++;
System.out.println(count);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Number N1=new Number ();
Number N2=new Number ();
Number N3=new Number ();
}
}

Static Method:
Static method is declared using static keyword. It is called using class name. A static
method can access static data member and can change the value of it.
For Example: Java Program to get the cube of a given number using the static method.
class Number
{
static int cube(int x)
{
return x*x*x;
}

public static void main(String args[])

{
int result;
result = Number.cube(5);
System.out.println(result);
}
}

finalize() method:
finalize() is the method of Object class(java.lang.Object). This method is called just before
an object is garbage collected. finalize() method overrides to dispose system resources, perform
clean-up activities and minimize memory leaks. finalize() method releases system resources
before the garbage collector runs for a specific object. JVM allows finalize() to be invoked only
once per object.
Syntax:
protected void finalize() throws Throwable

For Example: Java Program to demonstrate finalize() method.

public class Number
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Number obj = new Number();
System.out.println(obj.hashCode());
obj = null;
System.gc(); // calling garbage collector
System.out.println("end of garbage collection");
}
protected void finalize()
{
System.out.println("finalize method called");
}
}
Nested class:
A class defined within another class is called as nested class. A nested class is a member
of its Outer class. Nested /Inner class can access all the members of outer class including private
data members and methods. Outer class does not have access to the members of the nested/Inner
class.
Syntax:
class OuterClass
{
class NetsedClass
{
---
---
}
}
For Example: Java Program to demonstrate nested class concept.
class Outer
{
int x =10;
class Inner
{
int y=20;
void display()
{
System.out.println("x= " + x);
System.out.println("y= " + y);
}
}
void show()
{
Inner I =new Inner();
System.out.println("Outer Show ");
I.display();
}
}
class NestedEx
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Outer O =new Outer();
O.show();
}
}
Inner class:
A non-static class that is created inside a class but outside a method is called member inner class.
Inner class can access the private data members & methods of outer class directly. It is used to
group classes and interfaces in one place.

For Example: Java Program to demonstrate Inner class concept.

class Outer
{
int x=30;
class Inner
{
void disp()
{
System.out.println("Inner class " +x); //x is acessed directly
}
}
void show()
{
Inner o=new Inner();
o.disp();
}
}
class InnerDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Outer obj=new Outer();
obj.show();
Outer.Inner obj2=new Inner();
obj2.disp();
}
}

Anonymous Classes:
A class that has no name is known as anonymous inner class. Anonymous class is always
inner class. It is defined inside another class. It is always child class of Some Parent class. They
can extend a class or implements an interface. It can be used to override method of class or
interface.
For Example: Java Program to demonstrate Anonymous class concept.
class Number
{
public void display()
 {
System.out.println("I am in Number class");
}
}

class AnonymousDemo
{
public void createC()
{
Number N = new Number ()
{
public void display()
{
System.out.println("I am in anonymous class.");
}
};
N.display();
}
}
class Demo
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
AnonymousDemo obj = new AnonymousDemo();
obj.createC();
}
}

Practice Set:
1. Write a Java program to for the implementation of reference variable.
2. Write a Java program to keep the count of object created of a class. Display the count
each time when the object is created.
3. Write a Java program to convert integer primitive data. (use toString()).
4. Write a Java program to calculate sum of digits of a number using Recursion.
5. Write a Java program to for the implementation of this keyword.

Set A:
1. Write a Java program to calculate power of a number using recursion.
2. Write a Java program to display Fibonacci series using function.
3. Write a Java program to calculate area of Circle, Triangle & Rectangle.(Use Method
Overloading)
4. Write a Java program to Copy data of one object to another Object.
 5. Write a Java program to calculate factorial of a number using recursion.
Set B:
1. Define a class person(pid,pname,age,gender). Define Default and parameterised
constructor. Overload the constructor. Accept the 5 person details and display it.(use this
keyword).
2. Define a class product(pid,pname,price). Write a function to accept the product details, to
display product details and to calculate total amount. (use array of Objects)
3. Define a class Student(rollno,name,per). Create n objects of the student class and Display
it using toString().(Use parameterized constructor)
4. Define a class MyNumber having one private integer data member. Write a default
constructor to initialize it to 0 and another constructor to initialize it to a value. Write
methods isNegative, isPositive. Use command line argument to pass a value to the object
and perform the above tests.
Set C:
1. Define class Student(rno, name, mark1, mark2). Define Result class(total, percentage)
inside the student class. Accept the student details & display the mark sheet with rno,
name, mark1, mark2, total, percentage. (Use inner class concept)
2. Write a java program to accept n employee names from user. Sort them in ascending
order and Display them.(Use array of object nd Static keyword)
3. Write a java program to accept details of ‘n’ cricket players(pid, pname, totalRuns,
InningsPlayed, NotOuttimes). Calculate the average of all the players. Display the details
of player having maximum average.
4. Write a java program to accept details of ‘n’ books. And Display the quantity of given
book.

Assignment Evaluation:

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: WellDone [ ]

Signature of Instructor
Assignment No. 3: Inheritance, Package and Collection

The mechanism of deriving a new class from an old class is called as Inheritance. Old class is
called as Superclass or Base class and the new derived class is called as Subclass or Derived
class. It is also defined as the process where one class acquires the properties (methods and
fields) of another class. The keyword extends is used to inherit the properties of a base/super
class in derived/sub class.

Syntax:
class Superclass
{
// Superclass data variables
// Superclass member functions
}
class Subclass extends Superclass
{
// Subclass data variables
// Subclass member functions
}

Types of inheritance:
A) Single Inheritance:
One subclass is derived from only one superclass is called as single inheritance.

B
Syntax:
class ClassA
{
..... .....
}
class ClassB extends ClassA
{
..... .....
 }

B) Multilevel Inheritance:
A subclass is derived from another derived class is called as Multilevel inheritance.

C
Syntax:
class ClassA
{ ..... ..... }
class ClassB extends ClassA
{ ..... ..... }
class ClassC extends ClassB
{ ..... ..... }

C) Hierarchical Inheritance:
More than one clasees are derived from a single superclass is called as Hierarchical
Inheritance.

B C D

Syntax:
class ClassA
{ ..... ..... }
class ClassB extends ClassA
{ ..... ..... }
class ClassC extends ClassA
{ ..... ..... }
class ClassD extends ClassA
{ ..... ..... }

Inheritance in constructor:
In Java, constructor of base class with no argument gets automatically called in derived class
constructor. The parameterized constructor of parent class is called explicitly by using
super keyword. Base class constructor call must be the first line in derived class.

For example: Java Program to demonstrate Inheritance in Constructor.

class Superclass
{
int x;
Superclass (int m)
{
x = m;
}
}
class Subclass extends Superclass
{
int y;
Subclass (int m, int n)
{
super(m);
y = n;
}
void Display()
{
System.out.println("x = " + x + " y = " + y);
}
}
public class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Subclass obj = new Subclass (10, 20);
obj.Display();
}
}

Method Overriding in Java:

The subclass contains the same method name and type as that of the Superclass is called as
method overriding. It is used to provide specific implementation of a particular method of
superclass. It helps to achieve runtime polymorphism.

For example: Java Program to demonstrate overriding.

class Superclass
{
int a;
Superclass(int x)
{
a=x;
}
void Display()
{
System.out.println("a= " +a);
}
}
class Subclass extends Superclass
{
int b;
Subclass(int x, int y)
{
super(x);
b = y;
}
void Display()
{
System.out.println("a= " + a + "b= " + b);
}
}
class MethodOverDemo
{
public static void main(String arg[])
{
Subclass obj = new Subclass(10, 20);
obj.Display();
}
}

Use of super
Super keyword is used by subclass to refer its immediate superclass.
Super keyword is used -
1. To invoke the superclass variables: To access the data members of super class when
both superclass and subclass contains member with same name.
Syntax: super.variableName;

For example: Java Program to invoke the superclass variable.

class SuperClass
{
int x=100;
}
 class SubClass extends SuperClass
{
int x=200;
void display()
{
System.out.println("Super Class: x = " + super.x);
System.out.println("Sub Class: x = " + x);
}
}
class SuperVariable
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
SubClass S2= new SubClass();
S2.display();
}
}

2. To invoke the superclass methods: To access the method of superclass when subclass
has overridden that method.
Syntax: super.methodName(arguments);

For example: Java Program to invoke the superclass method.

class Superclass
{
int x=100;
void display()
{
System.out.println("Super Class: x = " + x);
}
}
class Subclass extends Superclass
{
int x=200;
void display()
{
super.display();
System.out.println("Sub Class: x = " + x);
}
}
 class SuperMethod
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Subclass S2= new Subclass();
S2.display();
}
}

3. To invoke the superclass constructor: To explicitly call the constructor of superclass.

Syntax: super.constructorName(arguments);

For example: Java Program to invoke the superclass constructor.

class Superclass
{
int a;
Superclass(int x)
{
a=x;
}
void Display()
{
System.out.println("a= " +a);
}
}
class Subclass extends Superclass
{
int b;
Subclass(int x, int y)
{
super(x);
b = y;
}
void Display()
{
System.out.println("a= " + a + "b= " + b);
}
}
class SuperConstructor
{
public static void main(String arg[])
{
 Subclass obj = new Subclass(10, 20);
obj.Display();
}
}

final keyword:
In java final keyword is used with:
1. Variable: If any variable is declared as final, the value of final variable cannot be changed
throughout the program. It works as constant.
For Example: final int SIZE=10;
2. Method: If any method is declared final, it canot be overridden in subclass.
For Example: final void Display(){…}
3. Class: If any class is declared as final, it cannot be extended/inherited.
For Example: final class Superclass{…}

For example: Java Program to demonstrate final variable.

class FinalVarDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
final int x=10;
System.out.println("Final x= " + x);
x=20; // Error: It will raise an error because final variable cannot be
reinitialized.
System.out.println("Final x= " + x);
}
}

For example: Java Program to demonstrate final method.

class Superclass
{
final void display()
{
System.out.println("Super Class: this cannot be overiden");
}
}
class Subclass extends Superclass
{
void display1()
{
System.out.println("Sub Class");
}
}
class FinalMethodDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Subclass obj=new Subclass();
obj.display();
obj.display1();
}
}

For example: Java Program to demonstrate final class.

final class Superclass
{
void display()
{
System.out.println("This is a final method.");
}
}
class Subclass extends Superclass
{
void display()
{
System.out.println("The final method is overridden.");
}
}
class FinalClass
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Subclass obj = new Subclass();
obj.display();
}
}
Output will be:
C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_221\bin>javac FinalClass.java
FinalClass.java:9: error: cannot inherit from final Superclass
class Subclass extends Superclass
^
1 error
Abstract class:
An abstract class is a class in which one or more methods are declared, but not defined i.e it
contains abstract methods. Abstract class cannot be instantiated. An abstract class can contain
variables, meth
For example: Java Program to demonstrate abstract class.
abstract class Superclass
{
abstract void display(); //abstract method
}

class Subclass extends Superclass

{
Subclass ()
{
System.out.println("Sub Class Constructor ");
}
void display()
{
System.out.println("Subclass ");
}
}
class AbstractClassDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Subclass obj=new Subclass ();
obj.display();
}
}

Interface:
An interface looks like a class but it is not a class. Is is a collection of only abstract methods and
static final variables. Interface cannot be instantiated. An interface does not contain constructor.
Interface is used to achieve Multiple Inheritance & abstraction.
Syntax to define an interface in java:
interface InterfaceName
{
...
//members declaration;
//method declaration;
...
}
Syntax to implement inteface:
class className implements InterfaceName
{
...
body-of-the-class
...
}
“implements” keyword is used to inherit interface in interface/class.

For example: Java Program to demonstrate interface.

interface I1
{
void display();
}

class Demo implements I1

{
public void display()
{
System.out.println("Intreface Demo ....");
}
}

class InterfaceDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Demo D=new Demo();
D.display();
}
}

Interface inheritance
Interface inheritance is used when a class wants to implement more than one interface. List of
interfaces are seprated using comma implemented by the class. Multiple inheritance is possible
using interfaces but not by using class.

Syntax to implement multiple interfaces:

class className implements InterfaceName1 extends InterfaceName2, InterfaceName3 ...
{
...
body-of-the-class
...
}
For example: Java Program to demonstrate Interface inheritance.
interface Interface1
{
public void Display1();
}

interface Interface2
{
public void Display2();
}

interface Interface3 extends Interface1,Interface2

{
public void Display3();
}

public class InfInheritanceDemo implements Interface3

{
public void Display1()
{
System.out.println("Display1");
}
public void Display2()
{
System.out.println("Display2");
}
public void Display3()
{
System.out.println("Display3");
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Interface3 obj = new InfInheritanceDemo();
obj.Display1();
obj.Display2();
obj.Display3();
}
}

Dynamic method dispatch:

Dynamic method dispatch is the mechanism in which a call to an overridden method is
resolved at run time instead of compile time. This is an important concept because of how Java
implements run-time polymorphism.
Java uses the principle of ‘a superclass reference variable can refer to a subclass object’ to
resolve calls to overridden methods at run time. When a superclass reference is used to call an
overridden method, Java determines which version of the method to execute based on the type of
the object being referred to at the time call.
For Example: Java Program to demonstrate Dynamic Method Dispatch.
class A
{
void Display1()
{
System.out.println("I am in A's Display method");
}
}

class B extends A
{
void Display1() // overriding Display1()
{
System.out.println("I am in B's Display method");
}
}

class C extends A
{
void Display1() // overriding Display1()
{
System.out.println("I am in C's Display method");
}
}

class DispatchDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
A a = new A();
B b = new B();
C c = new C();

A ref; // obtain a reference of type A

ref = a; // ref refers to an A object
ref.Display1(); // calling A's version of Display1()

ref = b; // now ref refers to a B object

ref.Display1(); // calling B's version of Display1()

ref = c; // now ref refers to a C object

ref.Display1(); // calling C's version of Display1()
}
}
Access Control:
Access modifiers define the scope of the class and its members (data and methods).
Private No Modifier Protected Public
Same Class Yes Yes Yes Yes
Same package subclass No Yes Yes Yes
Same package non-subclass No Yes Yes Yes
Different package subclass No No Yes Yes
Different package non-subclass No No No Yes

Packages:
A java package is a group of similar types of classes, interfaces and sub-packages.In Java,
Package is categorized in two forms:
a. User-defined package
b. Predefined package

User-defined package: The package created by user is called user-defined package. To create
user defined package, Java uses a file system directory to store them just like folders on your
computer:
Example
└── root/bin
└── mypackage
└── MyPackageClass.java
First we create a directory mypackage (name should be same as the name of the package).
Then create the MyPackageClass.java inside the directory with the first statement being
the package names. To create a package, package keyword is used.
Syntax:
package packagename;

For example:
package mypackage;
class MyPackageClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("This is my package!");
}
}
Keyword import is used to use a class or a package from the library.
Syntax:
import package.name.Class; // Import a single class
import package.name.*; // Import the whole package
For Example: Java Program to demonstrate package concept.
package abc;
public class A
{
public void disp()
{
System.out.println("A Class");
}
}

package abc;
public class B
{
public void disp()
{
System.out.println("B Class");
}
}

import abc.*;
class PackageDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
A obj1 =new A();
obj1.disp();
B obj2 =new B();
obj2.disp();
}
}

Predefined packages: Predefined packages in java are developed by Sun Microsystem. It is also
called as built-in packages. It contains large number of predefined classes, interfaces, and
methods that are used by the programmer to perform any task in the program.
Key points about predefined Packages:
1. Java predefined supports a group of packages that contains a group of classes and
interfaces. These classes and interfaces consist of a group of methods.
For example, Java language contains a package called java.lang which contains string
class, StringBuffer class, StringBuilder class, all wrapper classes, runnable interface, etc.
String class contains a number of methods such as length(), toUpperCase(),
toLowerCase() etc.
2. Java contains 14 predefined packages which are main packages. These 14 predefined
packages contain nearly 150 sub-packages that consist of a minimum of 7 thousand
classes. These 7 thousand classes contain approx 7 lakhs methods.
Collection:
A collection is an object that groups multiple elements into a single unit i.e. single unit of
objects. Collections are used to store, retrieve, manipulate, and communicate aggregate
aggreg data.
Collection Framework:
The collection framework is the collection of classes and interfaces.
A Java collection framework provides architecture to store and manipulate a group of objects. A
Java collection framework includes the following:
1. Interfaces
2. Classes
3. Algorithm

The List of interfaces:

 Collection
 Set
 List
 Map
 SortedMap
 Enumeration

The List of classes:

 ArrayList
 LinkedList
 HashSet
 TreeSet

Algorithm: Algorithm refers to the methods which are used to perform operations such as
searching and sorting, on objects that implement collection interfaces.
Interfaces: Collection, List, Set
Collection Interface:
The group of data or the set of data which is binding in a unit in object form that unit is called
Collection. Collection is an interface present at topmost position in collection framework.
For the implementation of collection interface any class can be used which is at last level as leaf
node in collection framework.
For Example:
Collection c=new HashSet()
Collection c=new ArrayList()
Collection c=new Vector()

Sr. No. Methods with Description

1. boolean add(Object obj)
Adds obj to the invoking collection. Returns true if obj is added to the
collection. Returns false if obj is already a member of the collection, or if the
collection does not allow duplicates.
2. boolean addAll(Collection c)
Adds all the elements of c to the invoking collection. Returns true if the
operation succeeds (i.e., the elements were added). Otherwise, returns false.
3. void clear( )
Removes all elements from the invoking collection.
4. boolean contains(Object obj)
Returns true if obj is an element of the invoking collection. Otherwise,
returns false.
5. boolean containsAll(Collection c)
Returns true if the invoking collection contains all elements of c. Otherwise,
returns false.
6. boolean equals(Object obj)
Returns true if the invoking collection and obj are equal. Otherwise, returns
false.
7. int hashCode( )
Returns the hash code for the invoking collection.
8. boolean isEmpty( )
Returns true if the invoking collection is empty. Otherwise, returns false.
9. Iterator iterator( )
Returns an iterator for the invoking collection.
10. boolean remove(Object obj)
 Removes one instance of obj from the invoking collection. Returns true if
the element was removed. Otherwise, returns false.
11. boolean removeAll(Collection c)
Removes all elements of c from the invoking collection. Returns true if the
collection changed (i.e., elements were removed). Otherwise, returns false.
12. boolean retainAll(Collection c)
Removes all elements from the invoking collection except those in c.
Returns true if the collection changed (i.e., elements were removed).
Otherwise, returns false.
13. int size( )
Returns the number of elements held in the invoking collection.
14. Object[ ] toArray( )
Returns an array that contains all the elements stored in the invoking
collection. The array elements are copies of the collection elements.
15. Object[ ] toArray(Object array[ ])
Returns an array containing only those collection elements whose type
matches that of array.

For Example: Java Program to accept n city names from user and display it.
import java.util.*;
public class CollDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int i,n;
String cn;
Collection c=new ArrayList();
Scanner ob=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println ("How Many");
n=ob.nextInt ();
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
System.out.println ("City Name");
cn=ob.next();
c.add(cn);
}
System.out.println ("Entered Data is " + c);
}
}
List interface:
The List interface extends Collection and declares the behavior of a collection that stores a
sequence of elements. Elements can be inserted or accessed by their position in the list, using a
zero-based index. A list may contain duplicate elements.
Sr. No. Methods with Description
1. void add(int index, Object obj)
Inserts obj into the invoking list at the index passed in index. Any pre-
existing elements at or beyond the point of insertion are shifted up. Thus, no
elements are overwritten.
2. boolean addAll(int index, Collection c)
Inserts all elements of c into the invoking list at the index passed in index.
Any pre-existing elements at or beyond the point of insertion are shifted up.
Thus, no elements are overwritten. Returns true if the invoking list changes
and returns false otherwise.
3. Object get(int index)
Returns the object stored at the specified index within the invoking
collection.
4. int indexOf(Object obj)
Returns the index of the first instance of obj in the invoking list. If obj is not
an element of the list, .1 is returned.
5. int lastIndexOf(Object obj)
Returns the index of the last instance of obj in the invoking list. If obj is not
an element of the list, .1 is returned.
6. ListIterator listIterator( )
Returns an iterator to the start of the invoking list.
7. ListIterator listIterator(int index)
Returns an iterator to the invoking list that begins at the specified index.
8. Object remove(int index)
Removes the element at position index from the invoking list and returns
the deleted element. The resulting list is compacted. That is, the indexes of
subsequent elements are decremented by one
9. Object set(int index, Object obj)
Assigns obj to the location specified by index within the invoking list.
10. List subList(int start, int end)
Returns a list that includes elements from start to end. in the invoking list.
Elements in the returned list are also referenced by the invoking object.
List interface has been implemented in various classes like ArrayList or LinkedList, etc.
For Example: Java Program to demonstrate List Interface.
import java.util.*;
class ListDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
List C=new ArrayList();

C.add("aa");
C.add("bb");
C.add("cc");
C.add(2,"ee");

System.out.println(C);
System.out.println("get = "+ C.get(2));
System.out.println("IndexOf = "+ C.indexOf("ee"));
System.out.println("Last IndexOf = " + C.lastIndexOf("ee"));
C.remove(2);
System.out.println("After Remove element at 4" +C);

C.set(1,"xx");
System.out.println("After replace " +C);
System.out.println("Size " + C.size());
System.out.println(C.subList(2,3));
}
}

Set interface:
A Set is a Collection that cannot contain duplicate elements. It models the mathematical set
abstraction. The Set interface contains only methods inherited from Collection and adds the
restriction that duplicate elements are prohibited.
Sr. No. Methods with Description
1. add( )
Adds an object to the collection
2. clear( )
Removes all objects from the collection
3. contains( )
Returns true if a specified object is an element within the collection
4. isEmpty( )
Returns true if the collection has no elements
5. iterator( )
Returns an Iterator object for the collection which may be used to retrieve
an object
6. remove( )
Removes a specified object from the collection
7. size( )
Returns the number of elements in the collection
Set have its implementation in various classes like HashSet, TreeSet, LinkedHashSet.
For Example: Java Program to demonstrate Set Interface.
import java.util.*;
class SetDemo
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Set C1 = new HashSet ();
C1.add(2);
C1.add(3);
System.out.println("Set1: " + C1);

Set C2 = new HashSet ();

C2.add(1);
C2.add(2);
System.out.println("Set2: " + C2);

C2.addAll(C1);
System.out.println("Union is: " + C2);
}
}

Navigation: Enumeration, Iterator, ListIterator

Enumeration:
The enumeration() method of java.util.Collections class is used to return an enumeration over the
specified collection. This method takes the collection c as a parameter for which an enumeration
is to be returned. This method returns an enumeration over the specified collection.
Syntax:
public static Enumeration enumeration(Collection C)

For Example: Java program to demonstrate enumeration() method.

import java.util.*;
public class EnumDemo
{
public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception
{
try
{
List<Integer> arrlist = new ArrayList<Integer>();
arrlist.add(20);
arrlist.add(30);
arrlist.add(40);
System.out.println("List: " + arrlist);
Enumeration<Integer> e = Collections.enumeration(arrlist);
 System.out.println("\nEnumeration over list: ");
while (e.hasMoreElements())
System.out.println("Value is: " + e.nextElement());
}

catch (IllegalArgumentException e)
{
System.out.println("Exception thrown : " + e);
}
catch (NoSuchElementException e)
{
System.out.println("Exception thrown : " + e);
}
}
}

Iterator interface:
‘Iterator’ is an interface which belongs to collection framework. It allows us to traverse the
collection, access the data element and remove the data elements of the collection.
java.util package has public interface Iterator and contains following methods:
Sr. No. Methods with Description
1. boolean hasNext()
It returns true if Iterator has more element to iterate.
2. Object next()
It returns the next element in the collection until the hasNext () method
return true. This method throws NoSuchElementException’ if there is no
next element.
3. void remove()
It removes the current element in the collection. This method throws
‘IllegalStateException’ if this function is called before next( ) is invoked.

For Example: Java program to accept n employee names through command line and display
them.
import java.util.*;
class IteratorDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int i,n;
String str;
Integer obj;
Collection c=new ArrayList ();
 n=args.length;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
c.add(args[i]);
}
Iterator it=c.iterator ();
while(it.hasNext())
{
str = (String)it.next();
System.out.println (str);
}
}
}

ListIterator:
Iterator interface is used to traverse List or Set interface in forward direction only, ListIterator
interface traverse List or Set interface in both the directions (backward and forward). ListIterator
interface is inherited from Iterator interface.
Sr. No. Methods with Description
1. void add(E e):
Inserts the specified element into the list.
2. boolean hasNext():
Returns true if this ListItrator has more elements when traversing the list in
the forward direction.
It returns the next element in the collection until the hasNext () method return
true. This method throws NoSuchElementException’ if there is no next
element.
3. boolean hasPrevious():
Returns true if this ListIterator has more elements when traversing the list in
the reverse direction.
4. E next():
Returns the next element in the list and advances the cursor position.
5. int nextIndex():
Returns the index of the element that would be returned by a subsequent call
to next().
6. E previous():
Returns the previous element in the list and moves the cursor position
backwards.
int previousIndex():
Returns the index of the element that would be returned by a subsequent call
to previous().
 7. void remove():
Removes from the list the last element that was returned by next() or
previous().
8. void set(E e):
Replaces the last element returned by next() or previous() with the specified
element.
9. E next():
Returns the next element in the list and advances the cursor position.

For Example: Java program to accept N students names from user and display them in reverse
order.
import java.util.*;
class ListDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int i,n;
String sn;
Scanner ob=new Scanner (System.in);
List l=new LinkedList();
System.out.println (“How Many”);
n=ob.nextInt ();
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
System.out.println (“Student Name”);
sn=ob.next();
l.add(sn);
}
ListIterator lst=l.listIterator ();
while(lst.hasPrevious())
{
sn=(String)lst.previous();
}
}
}

Classes: LinkedList, ArrayList, Vector, HashSet

LinkedList:
The LinkedList class extends AbstractSequentialList and implements the List interface. It
provides a linked-list data structure.
The LinkedList class supports two constructors.
 LinkedList( ) : Builds an empty linked list:
  LinkedList(Collection c) : Builds a linked list that is initialized with the elements of the
collection c.
Sr. No. Methods with Description
1. void add(int index, Object element)
Inserts the specified element at the specified position index in this list.
Throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the specified index is out of range
(index < 0 || index > size()).
2. boolean add(Object o)
Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
3. boolean addAll(Collection c)
Appends all of the elements in the specified collection to the end of this list,
in the order that they are returned by the specified collection's iterator.
Throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null.
4. boolean addAll(int index, Collection c)
Inserts all of the elements in the specified collection into this list, starting at
the specified position. Throws NullPointerException if the specified
collection is null.
5. void addFirst(Object o)
Inserts the given element at the beginning of this list.
6. void addLast(Object o)
Appends the given element to the end of this list.
7. void clear()
Removes all of the elements from this list.
8. Object clone()
Returns a shallow copy of this LinkedList.
9. boolean contains(Object o)
Returns true if this list contains the specified element. More formally,
returns true if and only if this list contains at least one element e such that
(o==null ? e==null : o.equals(e)).
10. Object get(int index)
Returns the element at the specified position in this list. Throws
IndexOutOfBoundsException if the specified index is out of range (index <
0 || index >= size()).
11. Object getFirst()
Returns the first element in this list. Throws NoSuchElementException if
this list is empty.
12. Object getLast()
Returns the last element in this list. Throws NoSuchElementException if
this list is empty.
13. int indexOf(Object o)
Returns the index in this list of the first occurrence of the specified element,
 or -1 if the List does not contain this element.
14. int lastIndexOf(Object o)
Returns the index in this list of the last occurrence of the specified element,
or -1 if the list does not contain this element.
15. ListIterator listIterator(int index)
Returns a list-iterator of the elements in this list (in proper sequence),
starting at the specified position in the list. Throws
IndexOutOfBoundsException if the specified index is out of range (index <
0 || index >= size()).
16. Object remove(int index)
Removes the element at the specified position in this list. Throws
NoSuchElementException if this list is empty.
17. boolean remove(Object o)
Removes the first occurrence of the specified element in this list. Throws
NoSuchElementException if this list is empty. Throws
IndexOutOfBoundsException if the specified index is out of range (index <
0 || index >= size()).
18. Object removeFirst()
Removes and returns the first element from this list. Throws
NoSuchElementException if this list is empty.
19. Object removeLast()
Removes and returns the last element from this list. Throws
NoSuchElementException if this list is empty.
20. Object set(int index, Object element)
Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with the specified
element. Throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the specified index is out
of range (index < 0 || index >= size()).
21. int size()
Returns the number of elements in this list.
22. Object[] toArray()
Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in the correct
order. Throws NullPointerException if the specified array is null.
23. Object[] toArray(Object[] a)
Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in the correct
order; the runtime type of the returned array is that of the specified array.

For Example: Java program to demonstrate LinkedList interface.

import java.util.*;
class LinkedListDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
 {
int i,n;
String sn;
Scanner ob=new Scanner (System.in);
List l=new LinkedList ();
System.out.println ("How Many");
n=ob.nextInt ();
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
System.out.println ("Enter Data");
sn=ob.next();
l.add(sn);
}
System.out.println ("Entered Data " + l);
}
}

ArrayList:
The ArrayList class extends AbstractList and implements the List interface. ArrayList supports
dynamic arrays that can grow as needed. Standard Java arrays are of a fixed length. After arrays
are created, they cannot grow or shrink, which means that user must know in advance how many
elements an array will hold. Array lists are created with an initial size. When this size is
exceeded, the collection is automatically enlarged. When objects are removed, the array may be
shrunk.
The ArrayList class supports three constructors.
 ArrayList( ) : Builds an empty array list.
 ArrayList(Collection c) : Builds an array list that is initialized with the elements of the
collection c.
 ArrayList(int capacity) : Builds an array list that has the specified initial capacity. The
capacity is the size of the underlying array that is used to store the elements. The capacity
grows automatically as elements are added to an array list.
Sr. No. Methods with Description
1. void add(int index, Object element)
Inserts the specified element at the specified position index in this list.
Throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the specified index is out of range
(index < 0 || index > size()).
2. boolean add(Object o)
Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
3. boolean addAll(Collection c)
Appends all of the elements in the specified collection to the end of this
list, in the order that they are returned by the specified collection's iterator.
Throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null.
4. boolean addAll(int index, Collection c)
Inserts all of the elements in the specified collection into this list, starting
at the specified position. Throws NullPointerException if the specified
collection is null.
5. void clear()
Removes all of the elements from this list.
6. Object clone()
Returns a shallow copy of this ArrayList.
7. boolean contains(Object o)
Returns true if this list contains the specified element. More formally,
returns true if and only if this list contains at least one element e such that
(o==null ? e==null : o.equals(e)).
8. void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity)
Increases the capacity of this ArrayList instance, if necessary, to ensure
that it can hold at least the number of elements specified by the minimum
capacity argument.
9. Object get(int index)
Returns the element at the specified position in this list. Throws
IndexOutOfBoundsException if the specified index is out of range (index
< 0 || index >= size()).
10. int indexOf(Object o)
Returns the index in this list of the first occurrence of the specified
element, or -1 if the List does not contain this element.
11. int lastIndexOf(Object o)
Returns the index in this list of the last occurrence of the specified element,
or -1 if the list does not contain this element.
12. Object remove(int index)
Removes the element at the specified position in this list. Throws
IndexOutOfBoundsException if index out of range (index < 0 || index >=
size()).
13. protected void removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex)
Removes from this List all of the elements whose index is between
fromIndex, inclusive and toIndex, exclusive.
14. Object set(int index, Object element)
Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with the specified
element. Throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the specified index is out
of range (index < 0 || index >= size()).
15. int size()
Returns the number of elements in this list.
16. Object[] toArray()
Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in the correct
 order. Throws NullPointerException if the specified array is null.
17. Object[] toArray(Object[] a)
Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in the correct
order; the runtime type of the returned array is that of the specified array.
18. void trimToSize()
Trims the capacity of this ArrayList instance to be the list's current size.
For Example: Java program to demonstrate ArrayList interface using command Line argument.
import java.util.*;
class ArrayListDemo
{
public static void main (String args[])
{
int i,n;
n=args.length;
ArrayList l=new ArrayList ();
for (i=0; i<n; i++)
{
l.add(args[i]);
}
System.out.println (l);
}
}

Vector:
Vector is a class belongs to package java.util used to store the data in object form.The generic
dynamic array is called Vector. Vector implements a dynamic array. It is similar to ArrayList,
but with two differences:
o Vector is synchronized.
o Vector contains many legacy methods that are not part of the collections framework.
Vector proves to be very useful if you don't know the size of the array in advance or you just
need one that can change size over the life time of a program.
Sr. No. Constructor
1. Vector( )
This constructor creates a default vector, which has an initial size of 10.
2. Vector(int size)
This constructor accepts an argument that equals to the required size, and
creates a vector whose initial capacity is specified by size.
3. Vector(int size, int incr)
This constructor creates a vector whose initial capacity is specified by size
and whose increment is specified by incr. The increment specifies the
number of elements to allocate each time that a vector is resized upward.
 4. Vector(Collection c)
This constructor creates a vector that contains the elements of collection c.

Methods:
Sr. No. Methods with Description
1. void add(int index, Object element)
Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this Vector.
2. boolean add(Object o)
Appends the specified element to the end of this Vector.
3. boolean addAll(Collection c)
Appends all of the elements in the specified Collection to the end of this
Vector, in the order that they are returned by the specified Collection's
Iterator.
4. boolean addAll(int index, Collection c)
Inserts all of the elements in in the specified Collection into this Vector at
the specified position.
5. void addElement(Object obj)
Adds the specified component to the end of this vector, increasing its size
by one.
6. int capacity()
Returns the current capacity of this vector.
7. void clear()
Removes all of the elements from this vector.
8. Object clone()
Returns a clone of this vector.
9. boolean contains(Object elem)
Tests if the specified object is a component in this vector.
10. boolean containsAll(Collection c)
Returns true if this vector contains all of the elements in the specified
Collection.
11. void copyInto(Object[] anArray)
Copies the components of this vector into the specified array.
12. Object elementAt(int index)
Returns the component at the specified index.
13. Enumeration elements()
Returns an enumeration of the components of this vector.

For Example: Java program to display all the files having extension .java.
import java.util.*
class VectDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int i,n;
n=args.length;
Vector v=new Vector ();
String str[]=new String[n];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
v.addElement (args[i]);
}

v.copyInto (str);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(str[i].endsWith(“.java”)==0)
{
System.out.println(str[i]);
}
}
}
}

Map Classes:
Following are the two main classes of the Map Class:
A) HashMap:
A HashMap contains values based on the key. It implements the Map interface and extends
AbstractMap class. It contains only unique elements. It may have one null key and multiple
null values. It maintains no order.

For Example: Java program to demonstrate HashMap.

import java.util.*;
class TestCollection
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
HashMap<Integer,String> hm=new HashMap<Integer,String>();
hm.put(100,"Amit");
hm.put(101,"Vijay");
hm.put(102,"Rahul");
for(Map.Entry m:hm.entrySet())
 {
System.out.println(m.getKey()+" "+m.getValue());
}
}
}

B) TreeMap:
A TreeMap contains values based on the key. It implements the NavigableMap interface and
extends AbstractMap class. It contains only unique elements. It cannot have null key but can
have multiple null values. It is same as HashMap instead maintains ascending order.
For Example: Java program to demonstrate TreeMap.
import java.util.*;
class TestCollection
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
TreeMap<Integer,String> hm=new TreeMap<Integer,String>();
hm.put(100,"Amit");
hm.put(102,"Ravi");
hm.put(101,"Vijay");
hm.put(103,"Rahul");
for(Map.Entry m:hm.entrySet())
{
System.out.println(m.getKey()+" "+m.getValue());
}
}
}

For Example: Java program to demonstrate hash table.

import java.util.*;

class HashtableSalary
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Hashtable H=new Hashtable();

H.put("Amit", "10000");
H.put("Sumit", "20000");
H.put("Akshay","30000");

Enumeration E;
E=H.keys();
 while(E.hasMoreElements())
{
String k=(String)E.nextElement();
System.out.println( k + " : " + H.get(k) );
}

Scanner S=new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.println("enter Employee name to search : ");
String Ename=S.next();
E=H.keys();
while(E.hasMoreElements())
{
String s=(String)E.nextElement();

if(Ename.equals(s))
{
System.out.println(s+" value="+H.get(s));
break;
}
}

}
}

Practice Set:
1. Create abstract class Shape with abstract method area().Write a Java program to
calculate are of Rectangle and Triangle.(Inherit Shape class in classes Rectangle and
Triangle )
2. Create a class Teacher(Tid, Tname, Designation, Salary, Subject). Write a Java program
to accept the details of ‘n’ teachers and display the details of teacher who is teaching
Java Subject.(Use array of Object)
3. Create a class Doctor(Dno, Dname, Qualification, Specialization). Write a Java program
to accept the details of ‘n’ doctors and display the details of doctor in ascending order by
doctor name.
4. Write a Java program to accept ‘n’ employee names through command line, Store them
in vector. Display the name of employees starting with character ‘S’.
5. Create a package Mathematics with two classes Maximum and Power. Write a java
program to accept two numbers from user and perform the following operations on it:
a. Find Maximum of two numbers.
b. Calculate the power(XY);

Set A:
1. Write a java program to calculate area of Cylinder and Circle.(Use super keyword)
 2. Define an Interface Shape with abstract method area(). Write a java program to calculate
an area of Circle and Sphere.(use final keyword)
3. Define an Interface “Integer” with a abstract method check().Write a Java program to
check whether a given number is Positive or Negative.
4. Define a class Student with attributes rollno and name. Define default and parameterized
constructor. Override the toString() method. Keep the count of Objects created. Create
objects using parameterized constructor and Display the object count after each object is
created.
5. Write a java program to accept ‘n’ integers from the user & store them in an ArrayList
collection. Display the elements of ArrayList collection in reverse order.
Set B:
1. Create an abstract class Shape with methods calc_area() & calc_volume(). Derive two
classes Sphere(radius)& Cone(radius, height) from it. Calculate area and volume of both.
(Use Method Overriding)
2. Define a class Employee having private members-id, name, department, salary. Define
default & parameterized constructors. Create a subclass called Manager with private
member bonus. Define methods accept & display in both the classes. Create n objects of
the manager class & display the details of the manager having the maximum total
salary(salary+bonus).
3. Construct a Linked List containg name: CPP, Java, Python and PHP. Then extend your
program to do the following:
i. Display the contents of the List using an iterator
ii. Display the contents of the List in reverse order using a ListIterator.
4. Create a hashtable containing employee name & salary. Display the details of the
hashtable. Also search for a specific Employee and display salary of that employee.
5. Write a package game which will have 2 classes Indoor & Outdoor. Use a function
display() to generate the list of player for the specific game. Use default & parameterized
constructor.
Set C:
1. Create a hashtable containing city name & STD code. Display the details of the
hashtable. Also search for a specific city and display STD code of that city.
2. Construct a Linked List containing name: red, blue, yellow and orange. Then extend your
program to do the following:
Display the contents of the List using an iterator
Display the contents of the List in reverse order using a ListIterator.
Create another list containing pink & green. Insert the elements of this list between blue
& yellow.
3. Define an abstract class Staff with members name &address. Define two sub classes
FullTimeStaff(Departmet, Salary) and PartTimeStaff(numberOfHours, ratePerHour).
Define appropriate constructors. Create n objects which could be of either FullTimeStaff
or PartTimeStaff class by asking the user’s choice. Display details of FulltimeStaff and
PartTimeStaff.
 4. Derive a class Square from class Rectangle. Create one more class Circle. Create an
interface with only one method called area(). Implement this interface in all classes.
Include appropriate data members and constructors in all classes. Write a java program to
accept details of Square, Circle & Rectangle and display the area.
5. Create a package named Series having three different classes to print series:
i. Fibonacci series
ii. Cube of numbers
iii. Square of numbers
Write a java program to generate ‘n’ terms of the above series.

Assignment Evaluation:

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: WellDone [ ]

Signature of Instructor
 Assignment No. 4 : File and Exception Handling
Exception:
Exceptions are generated when an error condition occur during the execution of a method. It is
possible that a statement might throw more than one kind of exception. Exception can be
generated by Java-runtime
runtime system or they can be manually generated by cod
code.
e. Error-Handling
Error
becomes a necessary while developing an application to account for exceptional situations that
may occur during the program execution, such as
a) Run out of memory
b) Resource allocation Error
c) Inability to find a file
d) Problems in Network connectivity

Abnormal condition of a program that terminates its execution is called Exception.

Exception Types:
In Java, exception is an event that occurs during the execution of a program and disrupts the
normal flow of the program's instructions. Bugs or errors that we don't want and restrict our
program's normal execution of code are referred to as exceptions.

Exceptions can be categorized into two ways:

1. Built-in Exceptions
o Checked Exception
o Unchecked Exception
2. User-Defined
Defined Exceptions
Built-in Exception
Exceptions that are already available in Java libraries are referred to as built-in exception. These
exceptions are able to define the error situation so that we can understand the reason of getting
this error. It can be categorized into two broad categories, i.e., checked
exceptions and unchecked exception.

Checked Exception
Checked exceptions are called compile-time exceptions because these exceptions are checked at
compile-time by the compiler. The compiler ensures whether the programmer handles the
exception or not. The programmer should have to handle the exception; otherwise, the system
has shown a compilation error.

Unchecked Exception
The unchecked exceptions are just opposite to the checked exceptions. The compiler will not
check these exceptions at compile time. In simple words, if a program throws an unchecked
exception, and even if we didn't handle or declare it, the program would not give a compilation
error. Usually, it occurs when the user provides bad data during the interaction with the program.

Exception Handling:
There are two ways to handle an exception:
a) One can try the "risky" code, catch the exception, and do something about it, after which
the transmission of the exception come to an end
b) One can mark that this method throws that exception, in which case the Java runtime
engine will throw the exception back to the method.
So, if one uses a method in code that is marked as throwing a particular exception,
the compiler will not allow that code unless user handle the exception. If the exception
occurs in a try block, the JVM looks to the catch block(s) that follow to see if any of them
equivalent the exception type. The first one that matches will be executed. If none match,
then this methods ends, and execution jumps to the method that called this one, at the
point the call was made.
Using try…catch:
If a method is going to resolve potential exception internally, the line of code that could
generate the exception is placed inside a try block there may be other code inside the try block,
before and/or after the risky line(s) - any code that depends upon the risky code's success should
be in the try block, since it will automatically be skipped if the exception occurs.
Syntax of try:
try
{
code
risky/unsafe code
code that depends on the risky code succeeding
}
 There is usually at least one catch block immediately after the try block a catch block must
specify what type of exception it will catch.
Syntax of catch:
catch (ExceptionClassName exceptionObjectName)
{
code using methods from exceptionObjectName
}
Example 1: Java Program to count number of valid and invalid Integers.

class ExcDemo
{
public static void main (String args[])
{
int i, n, vcnt=0, icnt=0,m;
n=args.length;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
try
{
m=Integer.parseInt (args[i]);
vcnt++;
}
catch(Exception obj)
{
icnt++;
}
}
System.out.println (“Valid Integers are “ + vcnt);
System.out.println (“Invalid Integers are “ + icnt);
}
}

Example 2: Java program to accept a number from user and calculate the sum of 1 st and
last digit of that number.
import java.io.*;
class SumDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int n, a, b, s=0;
try
{
 BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader (new InputStreamReader
(System.in));
System.out.println (“Enter the Number”);
n=Integer.parseInt (br.readLine ());
a=n%10;
while (n>0)
{
b=n%10;
n=n/10;
}
s=a+b;
System.out.println (“Sum Is “ + s);
}
}

finally Block:
To guarantee that a line of code runs, whether an exception occurs or not, use a finally
block after the try and catch blocks. The code in the finally block will almost always execute,
even if an unhandled exception occurs; in fact, even if a return statement is encountered
Syntax:
try
{
Risky code/ unsafe code block
}
catch (ExceptionClassName exceptionObjectName)
{
Code to resolve problem
}
finally
{
Code that will always execute
}

Example: Java program to demonstrate finally block.

class FinDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a=5,b=0,c;
try
{
c=a/b;
 System.out.println(c);
}
catch ( Exception obj)
{
System.out.println (“Error Is “ + obj);
}
finally
{
System.out.println (“You are in finally Block”);
}
}
}

throw:
It is used to throw a user defined exception. User Defined Exception can be defined by inheriting
Exception class in User defined Exception class.

class MyException extends Exception {}

Syntax:
It can be thrown by using throw keyword.
throw ThrowableObj;

Example 1: Java program to check whether given name is valid or not.

import java.io.*;
class NameValExc extends Exception{}
class ExcDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int i,n,flag=0;
String nm;
char ch;
try
{
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader (new InputStreamReader
(System.in));
System.out.println (“Enter Your Name”);
nm=br.readLine();
n=nm.length();
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
 ch=nm.charAt(i);
if(!(Character.isLetter(ch)))
{
throw new NameValExc();
flag=0;
}
else
flag=1;
}
if(flag==1)
System.out.println (“Name Is Valid”);
}
catch(NameValExc obj)
{
System.out.println (“Name Is Invalid”);
}
}
}

Example 2: Java program to check given number is valid or not. If it is valid then display its
factors, otherwise display appropriate message.
import java.io.*;
class ZeroNumExc extends Exception{}
class ZeroNumDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int n,i;
try
{
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader (System.in));
System.out.println(“Enter a Number”);
n=Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());
if(n==0)
{
throw new ZeroNumExc();
}
else
{
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{
if(n%i==0)
 System.out.println (i);
}
}
}
catch (ZeroNumExc obj)
{
System.out.println(“Number Is Zero”);
}
catch (Exception ob)
{
System.out.println (“Number Is Invalid”);
}
}
}

throws:
The throws statement is used by a method to specify the types of exceptions the method
throws. If a method is capable of raising an exception that it does not handle, the method must
specify that the exception have to be handled by the calling method. This is done using the
throws statement.

Syntax:
[< access specifier >] [< modifier >] < return type > < method name >
[< arg list >] [throws <exception list >]

File Handling:
File: It is collection of data in byte form. File is used to store the data in proper way. File
handling in Java is defined as reading and writing data to a file. The particular file class from the
package called java.io allows us to handle and work with different formats of files.
In Java, a File is an abstract data type. A named location used to store related information
is known as a File. There are several File Operations like creating a new File, getting
information about File, writing into a File, reading from a File and deleting a File.

Stream
A series of data is referred to as a stream. In Java, Stream is classified into two types, i.e., Byte
Stream and Character Stream.
Byte Stream
Byte Stream classes are used to read bytes from the input stream and write bytes to the
output stream. In other words, we can say that ByteStream classes read/write the data of 8-bits.
8
We can store video, audio, characters, etc., by using ByteStream classes. These classes
cl are part
of the java.io package.

The ByteStream classes are divided into two types of classes, i.e., InputStream and
OutputStream. These classes are abstract and the super classes of all the Input/Output stream
classes.

The List of Byte Stream classess are :

Stream class Description
BufferedInputStream Used for Buffered Input Stream.
BufferedOutputStream Used for Buffered Output Stream.
DataInputStream Contains method for reading java standard datatype
An output stream that contain method for writing java
DataOutputStream
standard data type
FileInputStream Input stream that reads from a file
FileOutputStream Output stream that write to a file.
InputStream Abstract class that describe stream input.
OutputStream Abstract class that describe stream output.
PrintStream Output Stream that contain print() and println() method
Methods of InputStream Classes:

Method Description

This method is abstract in the Input Stream class, so it has to be

defined in a subway. This method returns the next byte
read() available as stream int. Once the stream is getting towards an
end, the method gives -1. An exception of type IOException
will be thrown if an I/O error occurs.

It reads byte from the successive streams to the array. The

maximum of array.length bytes will be read. This method will
read(byte[]
not return the data until the stream gets to the end. If the
array)
method will reach the end then it will not return the end of
bytes.

read(byte[]
array, int
offset, int It works the same as the previous methods except the length.
length)

Methods of OutputStream Classes:

Sr.No. Method & Description

void close() This method closes this output stream and
releases any system resources associated with this
stream.
void flush() This method flushes this output stream and forces
any buffered output bytes to be written out.
void write(byte[] b) This method writes b.length bytes from the
specified byte array to this output stream.
void write(byte[] b, int off, This method writes len bytes from the specified
int len) byte array starting at offset off to this output
stream.
abstract void write(int b) This method writes the specified byte to this
output stream.
Example 1: Java program to display the data from a file. (Use command Line argument)

import java.io.*;
class FileRead
{
public static void main (String args[]) throws Exception
{
int b;
FileInputStream fin=new FileInputStream (args[0]);
while((b=fin.read())!=-1)
{
System.out.print ((char)b);
}
fin.close();
}
}
Example 2: Java program to copy the data from one file into another file.
import java.io.*;
class FileReadWrite
{
public static void main (String args[]) throws Exception
{
int b;
FileInputStream fin=new FileInputStream (args[0]);
FileOutputStream fout=new FileOutputStream (args[1]);
while((b=fin.read())!=-1)
{
fout.write(b);
}
fin.close();
fout.close();
}
}

Character Stream Classes:

The java.io package provides CharacterStream classes to overcome the limitations of ByteStream
classes, which can only handle the 8-bit bytes and is not compatible to work directly with the
Unicode characters. CharacterStream classes are used to work with 16-bit Unicode characters.
They can perform operations on characters, char arrays and Strings.
However, the CharacterStream classes are mainly used to read characters from the source and
write them to the destination. For this purpose, the CharacterStream classes are divided into two
types of classes, I.e., Reader class and Writer class.

The List of Character Stream classes:

Stream class Description
BufferedReader Handles buffered input stream.
BufferedWriter Handles buffered output stream.
FileReader Input stream that reads from file.
FileWriter Output stream that writes to file.
InputStreamReader Input stream that translate byte to character
OutputStreamReader Output stream that translate character to byte.
PrintWriter Output Stream that contain print() and println() method.
Reader Abstract class that define character stream input
Writer Abstract class that define character stream output

Methods of Reader classes are:

Method Description

int read() This method returns the integral representation of the next character
present in the input. It returns -1 if the end of the input is encountered.

int read(char This method is used to read from the specified buffer. It returns the total
buffer[]) number of characters successfully read. It returns -1 if the end of the
input is encountered.

int read(char This method is used to read the specified nChars from the buffer at the
buffer[], int loc, int specified location. It returns the total number of characters successfully
nChars) read.

void mark(int nchars) This method is used to mark the current position in the input stream until
nChars characters are read.

void reset() This method is used to reset the input pointer to the previous set mark.

long skip(long This method is used to skip the specified nChars characters from the
nChars) input stream and returns the number of characters skipped.

boolean ready() This method returns a boolean value true if the next request of input is
ready. Otherwise, it returns false.

void close() This method is used to close the input stream. However, if the program
attempts to access the input, it generates IOException.
Methods of Writer classes are:

Method Description

void write() This method is used to write the data to the output stream.

void write(int i) This method is used to write a single character to the output stream.

void write(char This method is used to write the array of characters to the output stream.
buffer[])

void write(char This method is used to write the nChars characters to the character array
buffer [],int loc, int from the specified location.
nChars)

void close () This method is used to close the output stream. However, this generates
the IOException if an attempt is made to write to the output stream after
closing the stream.

void flush () This method is used to flush the output stream and writes the waiting
buffered characters.

Example 1: Java program to read the data from a file.

import java.io.*;
class FileRead
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
char[] array = new char[100];
try
{
FileReader input = new FileReader ("input.txt");
input.read(array);
System.out.println ("Data in the file:");
System.out.println(array);
input.close();
}
catch (Exception e)
{
e.getStackTrace ();
}
}
}
Example 2 : Java program to write data into the file.
import java.io.*;
class FileWrite
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String data = "This is the data in the output file";
try
{
FileWriter output = new FileWriter("output.txt");
output.write (data);
System.out.println("Data is written to the file.");
output.close ();
}
catch (Exception e)
{
e.getStackTrace ();
}
}
}

File class:
It is related with characteristics of a file such as name, size, location etc.
Syntax:
File f=new File (“Path”);

Methods of File Class:

Method Description

createTempFile(String prefix, It creates an empty file in the default temporary-file directory, using
String suffix) the given prefix and suffix to generate its name.

createNewFile() It atomically creates a new, empty file named by this abstract

pathname if and only if a file with this name does not yet exist.

canWrite() It tests whether the application can modify the file denoted by this
abstract pathname.String[]

canExecute() It tests whether the application can execute the file denoted by this
abstract pathname.
canRead() It tests whether the application can read the file denoted by this
abstract pathname.

isAbsolute() It tests whether this abstract pathname is absolute.

isDirectory() It tests whether the file denoted by this abstract pathname is a

directory.

isFile() It tests whether the file denoted by this abstract pathname is a normal
file.

getName() It returns the name of the file or directory denoted by this abstract
pathname.

getParent() It returns the pathname string of this abstract pathname's parent, or

null if this pathname does not name a parent directory.

toPath() It returns a java.nio.file.Path object constructed from the this abstract

path.

toURI() It constructs a file: URI that represents this abstract pathname.

listFiles() It returns an array of abstract pathnames denoting the files in the

directory denoted by this abstract pathname

getFreeSpace() It returns the number of unallocated bytes in the partition named by

this abstract path name.

list(FilenameFilter filter) It returns an array of strings naming the files and directories in the
directory denoted by this abstract pathname that satisfy the specified
filter.

mkdir() It creates the directory named by this abstract pathname.

Example 1: Java Program to create a new File.

import java.io.*;
class FileDemo
{
public static void main (String args[])
{
try
{
File file = new File ("DYP.txt");
if (file.createNewFile())
{
 System.out.println ("New File is created!");
}
else
{
System.out.println ("File already exists.");
}
}
catch (IOException e)
{
System.out.println (e);
}
}
}

Example 2: Java program to display details of files from a given directory.

import java.io.*;
class FileDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
File dir=new File(“E:/Satyavan");
File files[]=dir.listFiles();
for(File file:files)
{
System.out.println (file.getName()+" Can Write: "+file.canWrite()+"
Is Hidden: "+file.isHidden ()+" Length: "+file.length()+" bytes");
}
}
}

Example 3: Write a java program to delete a given file.

import java.io.*;
class FileDel
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
File file = new File("file.txt");
boolean value = file.delete();
if(value)
{
System.out.println ("The File is deleted.");
 }
else
{
System.out.println ("The File is not deleted.");
}
}
}

Example 4: Java program to rename a given file.

import java.io.*;
class FileRename
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
File file = new File("oldName");
try
{
file.createNewFile();
}
catch(Exception e)
{
e.getStackTrace();
}
File newFile = new File("newName");
boolean value = file.renameTo(newFile);
if(value)
{
System.out.println("The name of the file is changed.");
}
else
{
System.out.println("The name cannot be changed.");
}
}
}
Practice Set:
1. Write a java program to accept the data from a user and write it into the file.
2. Write a java program to display ASCII values of the characters from a file.
3. Write a java program to count number of digits, spaces and characters from a file.
4. Write a java program to accept a number from user if it is non-zero then check whether it
is Armstrong or not, otherwise throws user defined Exception “Number is Invalid”.
5. Write a java program to check whether given file is hidden or not.
6. Write a java program to display name and size of the given files.

Set A:

1. Write a java program to count the number of integers from a given list.(Use command
line arguments).
2. Write a java program to check whether given candidate is eligible for voting or not.
Handle user defined as well as system defined Exception.
3. Write a java program to calculate the size of a file.
4. Write a java program to accept a number from a user, if it is zero then throw user defined
Exception “Number is Zero”. If it is non-numeric then generate an error “Number is
Invalid” otherwise check whether it is palindrome or not.
5. Write a java program to accept a number from user, If it is greater than 100 then throw
user defined exception “Number is out of Range” otherwise do the addition of digits of
that number. (Use static keyword)

Set B:
1. Write a java program to copy the data from one file into another file, while copying
change the case of characters in target file and replaces all digits by ‘*’ symbol.
2. Write a java program to accept string from a user. Write ASCII values of the characters
from a string into the file.
3. Write a java program to accept a number from a user, if it less than 5 then throw user
defined Exception “Number is small”, if it is greater than 10 then throw user defined
exception “Number is Greater”, otherwise calculate its factorial.
4. Write a java program to display contents of a file in reverse order.
5. Write a java program to display each word from a file in reverse order.

Set C:

1. Write a java program to accept list of file names through command line. Delete the files
having extension .txt. Display name, location and size of remaining files.
2. Write a java program to display the files having extension .txt from a given directory.
3. Write a java program to count number of lines, words and characters from a given file.
4. Write a java program to read the characters from a file, if a character is alphabet then
reverse its case, if not then display its category on the Screen. (whether it is Digit or
Space)
5. Write a java program to validate PAN number and Mobile Number. If it is invalid then
throw user defined Exception “Invalid Data”, otherwise display it.

Assignment Evaluation:

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: WellDone [ ]

Signature of Instructor
Assignment No. 5: Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

Graphical User Interface elements are implemented in two java packages – AWT and
Swing. Swing is the newer package and swing classes are based on AWT classes. In
this assignment we will learn three important concepts of java Applet, AWT, Event and
Swing Programming

APPLET: Applets are small java programs which are executed and displayed in a java
compatible web browser.

Applet Lifecycle

Creating an applet
All applets are subclasses of the java.applet.Applet class. You can also create an
applet by extending the javax.swing.JApplet class. The syntax is:

class MyApplet extends Applet

{
//applet methods
}
Applet methods:
Method Description Example
init( ) Automatically called to perform initialization of
public void init()
the applet. Executed only once. {
//initialisation
}
start( ) Called every time the applet moves into sight on public void start()
the Web browser to allow the applet to start up {
its normal operations. //Code
}
stop( ) Called every time the applet moves out of sight public void stop()
on the Web browser to allow the applet to shut {
off expensive operations. //Code
}
destroy( ) Called when the applet is being unloaded from the public void destroy()
page to perform final release of resources when {
the applet is no longer used // Code
}
paint() Called each time the applets output needs to be public void
redrawn. paint(Graphics g)
{
//Display Statements
}

Running an applet
1. Compile the applet code using javac
2. Use the java tool – appletviewer to view the applet (embed the APPLET tag
in comments in the code)
3. Use the APPLET tag in an HTML page and load the applet in a browser

Using appletviewer:
1. Write the HTML APPLET tag in comments in the source file.
2. Compile the applet source code using javac.
3. Use appletviewer ClassName.class to view the applet.
Using browser:
1. Create an HTML file containing the APPLET tag.
2. Compile the applet source code using javac.
3. In the web browser, open the HTML file.

The APPLET tag

< APPLET
[CODEBASE = appletURL]
CODE = appletClassFile
[ALT = alternateText]
[ARCHIVE = archiveFile]
[NAME = appletInstanceName]
WIDTH = pixels
HEIGHT = pixels
[ALIGN = alignment]
[VSPACE = pixels]
[HSPACE = pixels]
>
[< PARAM NAME = AttributeName VALUE = AttributeValue />]
</APPLET>
 Attribute Value Meaning
align left Specifies the alignment of an applet according
to
right surrounding elements
top
bottom
middle
baseline
alt text Specifies an alternate text for an applet
archive URL Specifies the location of an archive file
code URL Specifies the file name of a Java applet
codebase URL Specifies a relative base URL for applets
specified in the code attribute
height pixels Specifies the height of an applet
hspace pixels Defines the horizontal spacing around an
applet
name name Defines the name for an applet (to use in
scripts)
vspace pixels Defines the vertical spacing around an applet
width pixels Specifies the width of an applet
The mandatory attributes are CODE, HEIGHT and WIDTH.
Examples:

1. <applet code=MyApplet width=200 height=200 archive="files.jar">

</applet>

2. <applet code=Simple.class width=100 height=200 codebase=”example/”>

</applet>

Passing parameters to applets

The PARAM tag allows us to pass information to an applet when it starts running.
A parameter is a NAME – VALUE pair. Every parameter is identified by a name
and it has a value.
< PARAM NAME = AttributeName VALUE = AttributeValue />

Example:
<APPLET NAME = "MyApplet.class" WIDTH = 100 HEIGHT = 100>
<PARAM NAME = "ImageSource" VALUE = "project/images/">
<PARAM NAME = "BackgroundColor" VALUE = "0xc0c0c0">
<PARAM NAME = "FontColor" VALUE = "Red">
</APPLET>

Example: Using getParameter()

String dirName = getParameter(“ImageSource”);
Color c = new Color( Integer.parseInt(getParameter(“BackgroundColor”)));
 Sr Method Description
No
1 public abstract void drawString(String str, int Used to draw specified string.
x, int y)
2 public void drawRect(int x, int y, int width, int Used to draw a rectangle of specified
height) width and height.
3 public abstract void fillRect(int x, int y, int Used to draw a rectangle with a default
width, int height) colourof specified width and height.
4 public abstract void drawOval(int x, int y, int Used to draw oval of specified width and
width, int height) height.

5 public abstract void fillOval(int x, int y, int Used to draw oval with a default colour
width, int height) of specified width and height.

6 public abstract void drawLine(int x1, int y1, Used for drawing lines between the point
int x2, int y2) (x1, x1) and (x2, y2).

7 public abstract booleandrawImage(Image img,

Used for drawing a specified image.
int x, int y, ImageObserver observer)

8 public abstract void drawArc(int x, int y, int

Used for drawing a circular arc.
width, int height, intstartAngle, intarcAngle)

9 public abstract void fillArc(int x, int y, int

Used for filling circular arc.
width, int height, intstartAngle, intarcAngle)

10 public abstract void setColor(Color c) Used to set a colour to the object.

11 public abstract void setFont(Font font) Used to set font.

12 public void paint(Graphics g) The paint() method draws the applet.

13 The repaint() method is used to force

public void repaint()
redrawing of the applet.

14 public void update() The update() method redraws only

a portion of the applet.
15 String getParameter(String Parameter); The Applet can retrieve information
about the parameters using the
getParameter() method.

Example 1: Program to demonstrate Applet Lifecycle.

import java.applet.*;
 public class AppletLifeCycle extends Applet
{
public void init()
{
System.out.println("Applet is Initialized");
}
public void start()
{
System.out.println("Applet is being Executed");
}
public void stop()
{
System.out.println("Applet execution has Stopped");
}
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
System.out.println("Painting the Applet...");
}
public void destroy()
{
System.out.println("Applet has been destroyes..!”); ha
}
}

// AppletLifecycle.html
<html>
<body>
<applet code =” AppletLifeCycle” width=200 height=60>
</applet>
<//body>
</html>

 Compile the above program using

javac AppletLifeCycle.java

 Execute the applet using

appletviewer AppletLifeCycle.html

Example 2: Java Program to demonstrate simple applet.

import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.Graphics;
// HelloWorld class extends Applet
public class HelloWorldApplet extends Applet
{
// Overriding paint() method
public void paint (Graphics g)
{
g.drawString ("Hello World", 20, 20);
}
}

Example 3: Java Program to show status using applet.

import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
/*
<applet code ="StatusWindow" width=300 height=50>
</applet>
*/
public class StatusWindow extends Applet
{
public void init ()
{
setBackground (Color.cyan);
}
public void paint (Graphics g)
{
g.drawString ("This is in the applet window", 10, 20);
showStatus ("This is shown in the status window.");
}
}

Example 4: Sample Program Passing Parameters to Applet.

import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.Graphics;
/*
<applet code="ParamDemo" width="300" height="300">
<param name=fontName value=Welcome>
</applet>
*/
public class ParamDemo extends Applet
{
String fontName;
public void init ()
{
 fontName = getParameter ("pname");
if (fontName == null)
{
fontName = "Welcome to Applet Window";
fontName = "Hello " + fontName;
}
}
public void paint (Graphics g)
{
g.drawString (fontName, 0, 10);
}
}

Example 5: Program to draw rectangle.

import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.*;
public class MyApplet extends Applet
{
int height, width;
public void init()
{
height = getSize().height;
width = getSize().width;
setName("MyApplet");
}
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
g.drawRoundRect(10, 30, 120, 120, 2, 3);
}
}

Example 6: Program to draw different Shapes.

import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.*;
public class GraphicsDemo1 extends Applet
{
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
g.setColor(Color.black);
g.drawString("Welcome to TYBBA_CA",50, 50);
g.setColor(Color.blue);
g.fillOval(170,200,30,30);
 g.drawArc(90,150,30,30,30,270);
g.fillArc(270,150,30,30,0,180);
g.drawLine(21,31,20,300);
g.drawRect(70,100,30,30);
g.fillRect(170,100,30,30);
g.drawOval(70,200,30,30);
}
}

AWT Hierarchy:

AWT Controls in Java: Controls are components that allow a user to interact with your
application in various ways. The AWT supports the following types of controls:

1. Labels: The easiest control to use is a label. A label contains a string and is an object of type
Label. Labels are passive controls that do not support any interaction with the user.
Creating Label : Label l = new Label(String);
Label Constructors:
1. Label() throws HeadlessException: It creates a blank label.
2. Label(String str) throws HeadlessException: It creates a label that contains the string
specified by str.
3. Label(String str, int how): It creates a label that contains the string specified by str
using the alignment specified by how. The value of how must be one of these three
constants: LEFT, Label.RIGHT, Label.CENER.
Label Methods:
1. void setText(String str): It is used to set or change the text in a label by using the
setText() method. Here, str specifies the new label.
2. String getText(): It is used to obtain the current label by calling getText() method. Here,
the current label is returned.
3. void setAlignment(int how): It is used to set the alignment of the string within the label
by calling setAlignment() method. Here, how is one of the alignment constants?
 4. int getAlignment(): It is used to obtain the current alignment, getAlignment() is called.

2. AWT Buttons Control: The most widely used control is Button. A button is a component
that contains a label and that generates an event when it is pressed.
Creating Button : Button b = new Button(String label);

Button Constructors:
1. Button() throws HeadlessException: It creates an empty button.
2. Button(String str) throws HeadlessException: It creates a button that contains str as a
label.

Button Methods :
1. void setLabel(String str): You can set its label by calling setLabel(). Here, str is the new
Label for the button.
2. String getLabel(): You can retrieve its label by calling getLabel() method.

3. Canvas Control in java: Canvas encapsulates a blank window upon which you can draw in
an application or receive inputs created by the user.
Canvas Constructor:
1. Canvas() : Constructs a new Canvas.
2. Canvas (GraphicsConfiguration config) : Constructs a new Canvas given a
GraphicsConfiguration object.
Canvas Methods:
1. void addNotify(): It is used to create the peer of the canvas.
2. void createBufferStrategy(int numBuffers): It is used to create a new strategy for
multi-buffering on this component.
3. BufferStrategy getBufferStrategy(): It is used to return the BufferStrategy used by this
component.

4. Checkbox Control in java: This component is used to display Checkbox.

Creating Checkbox : Checkbox cb = new Checkbox(Label);

Checkbox Constructor
1. Checkbox() throws HeadlessException: Creates a checkbox whose label is initially
blank. The state of the checkbox is unchecked.
2. Checkbox(String str) throws HeadlessException: Creates a checkbox whose label is
specified by str. The state of the checkbox is unchecked.
3. Checkbox(String str, Boolean on) throws HeadlessException: It allows you to line the
initial state of the checkbox. If one is true, the checkbox is initially checked; otherwise,
it’s cleared.
4. Checkbox(String str, Boolean on, CheckboxGroup cbGroup) throws
HeadlessException or Checkbox(String str, CheckboxGroup cbGroup, Boolean on)
throws HeadlessException: It creates a checkbox whose label is specified by str and
whose group is specified by cbGroup. If this checkbox isn’t a part of a gaggle, then
cbGroup must be null. the worth of on determines the initial state of the checkbox.
Methods of Checkbox
1. boolean getState(): To retrieve the present state of a checkbox.
 2. void setState(boolean on): To line its state, call setState(). Here, if one is true, the box is
checked. If it’s false, the box is cleared.
3. String getLabel(): you’ll obtain the present label related to a checkbox by calling
getLabel().
4. void setLabel(String str): To line the label, call setLabel(). The string passed in str
becomes the new label related to the invoking checkbox.

5. CheckboxGroup: Radio Buttons

Creating Radiobutton :
CheckboxGroup cbg = new CheckboxGroup();
Checkbox rb = new Checkbox(Label, cbg, boolean);

CheckboxGroup Methods
1. Checkbox getSelectedCheckbox(): You can determine which checkbox in a group is
currently selected by calling getSelectedCheckbox().
2. void setSelectedCheckbox(Checkbox which): You can set a checkbox by calling
setSelectedCheckbox(). Here, which is the checkbox that you simply want to be selected.
The previously selected checkbox is going to be turned off.

6. AWT Choice Control in Java: This Component is use to create a dropdown list.
Note: Choice only defines the default constructor, which creates an empty list.
Creating Choice : Choice ch = new Choice();

Choice Methods
1. void add(String name): To add a selection to the list, use add(). Here, the name is the name
of the item being added.
2. String getSelectedItem(): It determines which item is currently selected. It returns a string
containing the name of the item.
3. int getSelectedIndex(): It determines which item is currently selected. It returns the index of
the item.
4. int getItemCount(): It obtains the number of items in the list.
5. void select(int index): It is used to set the currently selected item with a zero-based integer
index.
6. void select(String name): It is used to set the currently selected item with a string that will
match a name in the list.
7. String getItem(int index): It is used to obtain the name associated with the item at the given
index. Here, the index specifies the index of the desired items.

7. AWT List Control in Java: This component will display a group of items as a drop-down
menu from which a user can select only one item. The List class provides a compact, multiple-
choice, scrolling selection list.
Creating List : List l = new List(int, Boolean);
List Constructor
1. List() throws HeadlessException: It creates a list control that allows only one item to be
selected at any one time.
2. List(int numRows) throws HeadlessException: Here, the value of numRows specifies
the number of entries in the list that will always be visible.
 3. List(int numRows, boolean multipleSelect) throws HeadlessException: If
multipleSelect is true, then the user may select two or more items a time. If it’s false, then
just one item could also be selected.
Method of Lists
1. void add(String name): To add a selection to the list, use add(). Here, the name is that
the name of the item being added. It adds items to the end of the list.
2. void add(String name, int index): It also adds items to the list but it adds the items at
the index specified by the index.
3. String getSelectedItem(): It determines which item is currently selected. It returns a
string containing the name of the item. If more than one item is selected, or if no
selection has been made yet, null is returned.
4. int getSelectedIndex(): It determines which item is currently selected. It returns the
index of the item. The first item is at index 0. If more than one item is selected, or if no
selection has yet been made, -1 is returned.
5. String[] getSelectedItems(): It allows multiple selections. It returns an array containing
the names of the currently selected items.
6. int[] getSelectedIndexes(): It also allows multiple selections. It returns an array
containing the indexes of the currently selected items.
7. int getItemCount(): It obtains the number of items in the list.
8. void select(int index): It is used to set the currently selected item with a zero-based
integer index.
9. String getItem(int index): It is used to obtain the name associated with the item at the
given index. Here, the index specifies the index of the desired items.

8. AWT Scroll Bar Control in java: This component is used to create a ScrollBar.
Creating Scrollbar : Scrollbar sb = new Scrollbar();
Scrollbar Constructor:
1. Scrollbar() throws HeadlessException: It creates a vertical scrollbar.
2. Scrollbar(int style) throws HeadlessException: It allows you to specify the
orientation of the scrollbar. If style isScrollbar.VERTICAL, a vertical scrollbar is
created. If a style is Scrollbar.HORIZONTAL, the scroll bar is horizontal.
3. Scrollbar(int style, int initialValue, int thumbSize, int min, int max) throws
HeadlessException: Here, the initial value of the scroll bar is passed in initialValue.
The number of units represented by the peak of the thumb is passed in thumbSize.
The minimum and maximum values for the scroll bar are specified by min and max.

Scrollbar Methods:
1. void setValues(int initialValue, int thumbSize, int min, int max): It is used to set the
parameters of the constructors.
2. int getValue(): It is used to obtain the current value of the scroll bar. It returns the
current setting.
3. void setValue(int newValue): It is used to set the current value. Here, newValue
specifies the new value for the scroll bar. When you set a worth, the slider box inside the
scroll bar is going to be positioned to reflect the new value.
4. int getMaximum(): It is used to retrieve the minimum values. They return the requested
quantity. By default, 1 is the increment added to the scroll bar.
5. int getMaximun(): It is used to retrieve the maximum value. By default, 1 is the
increment subtracted from the scroll bar.
9. AWT TextComponent Control in Java: The TextComponent class is the superclass of any
component that permits the editing of some text. A text component embodies a string of text.
There are two types of TextComponent: TextField, TextArea
1. TextField: The TextField component will allow the user to enter some text. It is used to
implements a single-line text-entry area, usually called an edit control.
Creating TextField : TextFielf tf = new TextField(size);
TextField Constructors:
1. TextField() throws HeadlessException: It creates a default textfield.
2. TextField(int numChars) throws HeadlessException: It creates a textfield
that is numChars characters wide.
3. TextField(String str) throws HeadlessException: It initializes the textfield
with the string contained in str.
4. TextField(String str, int numChars) throws HeadlessException: It initializes
a text field and sets its width.
TextField Methods:
1. String getText(): It is used to obtain the string currently contained in the text
field.
2. void setText(String str): It is used to set the text. Here, str is the new String.
3. void select(int startIndex, int endIndex): It is used to select a portion of the
text under program control. It selects the characters beginning at startIndex and
ending at endIndex-1.
4. String getSelectedText(): It returns the currently selected text.
5. boolean isEditable(): It is used to determine editability. It returns true if the
text may be changed and false if not.
6. void setEditable(boolean canEdit): It is used to control whether the contents
of a text field may be modified by the user. If canEdit is true, the text may be
changed. If it is false, the text cannot be altered.
7. void setEchoChar(char ch): It is used to disable the echoing of the characters
as they are typed. This method specifies a single character that the TextField
will display when characters are entered.
8. boolean echoCharIsSet(): By this method, you can check a text field to see if
it is in this mode.
9. char getEchochar(): It is used to retrieve the echo character.

2. TextArea: Sometimes one line of text input isn’t enough for a given task. To handle
these situations, the AWT includes an easy multiline editor called TextArea.
Creating TextArea : TextArea ta = new TextArea();
TextArea Constructor:
1. TextArea() throws HeadlessException: It creates a default textarea.
2. TextArea(int numLines, int numChars) throws HeadlessException: It
creates a text area that is numChars characters wide. Here, numLines specifies
the height, in lines of the text area.
3. TextArea(String str) throws HeadlessException: It initializes the text area
with the string contained in str.
 4. TextArea(String str, int numLines, int numChars) throws
HeadlessException: It initializes a text field and sets its width. Initial text can
be specified by str.
5. TextArea(String str, int numLines, int numChars, int sBars) throws
HeadlessException: Here, you can specify the scroll bars that you want the
control to have. sBars must be one of these values :
1. SCROLLBARS_BOTH
2. SCROLLBARS_NONE
3. SCROLLBARS_HORIZONTAL_ONLY
4. SCROLLBARS_VERTICAL_ONLY

TextArea Methods: TextArea is a subclass of TextComponent. Therefore, it supports

the getText( ), setText( ), getSelectedText( ), select( ), isEditable( ), and
setEditable( ) methods described in the TextField section. TextArea adds the following
methods:
1. void append(String str): It appends the string specified by str to the end of the
current text.
2. void insert(String str, int index): It inserts the string passed in str at the specified
index.
3. voidReplaceRange(String str, int startIndex, int endIndex): It is used to replace
the text. It replaces the characters from startIndex to endIndex-1.

Example: Java Program to display a simple calculator using AWT

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class Calculator extends Frame implements ActionListener
{
Button on,clear,addn,subn,muln,divn,end,equal;
TextField input;
Panel pan1,pan2;
int no1,no2,ans;
char oper;
public Calculator ()
{
pan1= new Panel();
pan2=new Panel();
addn=new Button("+");
subn=new Button("-");
muln=new Button("*");
divn=new Button("/");
equal=new Button("=");
end=new Button("Exit");
on=new Button("On");
clear=new Button("Clear");
input=new TextField();
pan1.add(addn);
pan1.add(subn);
pan1.add(muln);
 pan1.add(divn);
pan1.add(equal);

pan2.add(on);
pan2.add(clear);
pan2.add(end);

setLayout(new BorderLayout());
add(input,"North");
add(pan1,"Center");
add(pan2,"South");

input.setEnabled(false);
addn.setEnabled(false);
subn.setEnabled(false);
muln.setEnabled(false);
divn.setEnabled(false);

addn.addActionListener(this);
subn.addActionListener(this);
muln.addActionListener(this);
divn.addActionListener(this);
equal.addActionListener(this);
end.addActionListener(this);
on.addActionListener(this);
clear.addActionListener(this);

setTitle("ArithMetic Calculator");
setSize(400,400);
setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
new Ass15().show();

}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
{
Button btn= (Button)e.getSource();
if(btn==end)
{
System.exit(0);
}
if(btn==addn || btn==subn || btn==muln || btn==divn)
{
no1=Integer.parseInt(input.getText());
oper=btn.getLabel().charAt(0);
}
 if(btn==equal)
{
no2=Integer.parseInt(input.getText());
switch(oper)
{
case '+' :
ans=no1 + no2;
break;
case '-' :
ans=no1 - no2;
break;
case '*' :
ans=no1 * no2;
break;
case '/' :
ans=no1 / no2;
break;
}
input.setText(Integer.toString(ans));
}
if(btn==clear)
{
input.setText("");
input.requestFocus();
}
if(btn==on)
{
input.setEnabled(true);
addn.setEnabled(true);
subn.setEnabled(true);
muln.setEnabled(true);
divn.setEnabled(true);

}
}
}

Swing Architecture:
The design of the Swing component classes is based on the Model-View-Controller
architecture, or MVC.
1. The model stores the data.
2. The view creates the visual representation from the data in the model.
3. The controller deals with user interaction and modifies the model and/or the
view.
Swing Class Heirarchy:

Layout Manager: The job of a layout manager is to arrange components on a container.

Each container has a layout manager associated with it. To change the layout manager for a
container, use the setLayout() method.

Syntax:
setLayout(LayoutManager obj)

Types of Layout Managers: AWT package provides following types of Layout Managers
1. Flow Layout
2. Border Layout
3. Card Layout
4. Grid Layout
5. Grid Bag Layout

Examples:
JPanel p1 = new JPanel()
p1.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
p1.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
p1.setLayout(new GridLayout(3,4));

1. Flow Layout: This layout will display the components in sequence from left to right, from top
to bottom.
Costructor:
FlowLayout f1 = new FlowLayout();
FlowLayout f1 = new FlowLayout(int align);
FlowLayout f1 = new FlowLayout(int align, int hgap, int vgap);

For Example : Java Program to demonstrate Flow Layout Manager

import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
public class FlowLayoutDemo
{
JFrame f;
FlowLayoutDemo ()
{
f = new JFrame ();
JLabel l1 = new JLabel ("Enter Name");
JTextField tf1 = new JTextField (10);
JButton b1 = new JButton ("SUBMIT");
f.add (l1);
f.add (tf1);
f.add (b1);
f.setLayout (new FlowLayout (FlowLayout.RIGHT));
//setting flow layout of right alignment
f.setSize (300, 300);
f.setVisible (true);
}
public static void main (String[]args)
{
new FlowLayoutDemo ();
}
}

Output:

2. Border Layout: This layout will display the components along the border of the
container. This layout contains five locations. Locations are North, South, East, west, and Center.
The default region is the center.
Costructor:
BorderLayout bl = new BorderLayout();
BorderLayout bl = new BorderLayout(int vgap, int hgap);
For Example : Java Program to demonstrate Border Layout Manager.
import java.awt.*;
public class BorderLayoutDemo
{
public static void main (String[]args)
{
Frame f1 = new Frame ();
f1.setSize (250, 250);
Button b1 = new Button ("Button1");
Button b2 = new Button ("Button2");
Button b3 = new Button ("Button3");
Button b4 = new Button ("Button4");
Button b5 = new Button ("Button5");
f1.add (b1, BorderLayout.NORTH);
f1.add (b2, BorderLayout.EAST);
f1.add (b3, BorderLayout.WEST);
f1.add (b4, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
f1.add (b5);
f1.setVisible (true);
}
}

Output:

3.Card Layout: A card layout represents a stack of cards displayed on a container. At a time
only one card can be visible and each can contain the only component.
Costructor
CardLayout cl = new CardLayout();
CardLayout cl = new CardLayout(int hgap, int vgap);
To add the components in CardLayout we use add method:
add(“Cardname”, Component);
Methods of CardLayout
1. first(Container): It is used to flip to the first card of the given container.
2. last(Container): It is used to flip to the last card of the given container.
3. next(Container): It is used to flip to the next card of the given container.
4. previous(Container): It is used to flip to the previous card of the given container.
5. show(Container, cardname): It is used to flip to the specified card with the given name.

For Example: Java Program to demonstrate Card Layout Manager.

import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.JButton;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class CardLayoutDemo extends JFrame implements ActionListener
{
JButton b1, b2, b3, b4, b5;
CardLayout cl;
Container c;
CardLayoutDemo ()
{
b1 = new JButton ("Button1");
b2 = new JButton ("Button2");
b3 = new JButton ("Button3");
b4 = new JButton ("Button4");
b5 = new JButton ("Button5");
c = this.getContentPane ();
cl = new CardLayout (10, 20);
c.setLayout (cl);
c.add ("Card1", b1);
c.add ("Card2", b2);
c.add ("Card3", b3);
b1.addActionListener (this);
b2.addActionListener (this);
b3.addActionListener (this);
setVisible (true);
setSize (400, 400);
setTitle ("Card Layout");
setDefaultCloseOperation (JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
}
public void actionPerformed (ActionEvent ae)
{
cl.next (c);
}
 public static void main (String[]args)
{
new CardLayoutDemo ();
}
}
Output:

4. Grid Layout: The layout will display the components in the format of rows and columns
statically. The container will be divided into a table of rows and columns.
Costructor:
GridLayout gl = new GridLayout(int rows, int cols);
GridLayout gl = new GridLayout(int rows, int cols, int vgap, int hgap);
For Example: Java Program to demonstrate Grid Layout Manager.
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
public class GridLayoutDemo
{
public static void main (String[]args)
{
Frame f1 = new Frame ();
f1.setSize (250, 250);
GridLayout ob = new GridLayout (2, 2);
f1.setLayout (ob);
Panel p1 = new Panel ();
Label l1 = new Label ("Enter name");
TextField tf = new TextField (10);
Button b1 = new Button ("Submit");
p1.add (l1);
p1.add (tf);
p1.add (b1);
f1.add (p1);
Panel p2 = new Panel ();
f1.add (p2);
 Panel p3 = new Panel ();
f1.add (p3);
Label l2 = new Label ("Welcome to Java");
f1.add (l2);
f1.setVisible (true);
}
}
Output:

5. Grid Bag Layout: This layout is the most efficient layout that can be used for displaying
components by specifing the location, the size, etc.
Costructor:
GridBagLayout gbl = new GridBagLayout();
Instance variables to manipulate the GridBagLayout object Constraints are:

Variable Role
gridx and gridy These contain the coordinates of the origin of the grid. They allow a at
a specific position of a component positioning. By default,
they have GrigBagConstraint. RELATIVE value which indicates that a
component can be stored to the right of previous
gridwidth, Define how many cells will occupy component (height and width). by The
gridheight default is 1. The indication is relative to the other components of the line
or the column. The GridBagConstraints.REMAINDER value specifies that the
next component inserted will be the last of the line or the current column. the
value GridBagConstraints. RELATIVE up the component after the last
component of a row or column.
fill Defines the fate of a component smaller than the grid cell.
GridBagConstraints. NONE retains the original size: Default
GridBagConstraints. HORIZONTAL expanded horizontally
GridBagConstraints.VERTICAL GridBagConstraints.BOTH expanded vertic
ally expanded to the dimensions of the cell
ipadx, ipady Used to define the horizontal and vertical expansion f components. not works
if expansion is required by fill. The default value is (0,0).
anchor When a component is smaller than the cell in which it is inserted, it can be
positioned using this variable to define the side from which the control
should be aligned within the
cell. Possible variables NORTH, NORTHWEST, NORTHEAST,
SOUTH, SOUTHWEST, SOUTHEAST, WEST and EAST
weightx, Used to define the distribution of space in case of change of dimension
weighty

For Example: Java Program to demonstrate GridBag Layout Manager.

import java.awt.*;
class GridBagLayoutExample extends Frame
{
GridBagLayoutExample()
{
Label lblName = new Label("Name");
TextField txtName =new TextField(10);
Label lblcomments = new Label("Comments");
TextArea TAreaComments=new TextArea(6,15);
Button btnSubmit = new Button("Submit");
setLayout(new GridBagLayout());
GridBagConstraints gc =new GridBagConstraints();
add(lblName,gc,0,0,1,1,0,0);
add(txtName,gc,1,0,1,1,0,20);
add(lblcomments,gc,0,1,1,1,0,0);
add(TAreaComments,gc,1,1,1,1,0,60);
add(btnSubmit,gc,0,2,2,1,0,20);
}
void add(Component comp,GridBagConstraints gc,int x,int y,int w,int h,int wx,int wy)
{
gc.gridx = x;
gc.gridy = y;
gc.gridwidth = w;
gc.gridheight= h;
gc.weightx = wx;
gc.weighty = wy;
add(comp,gc);
}
}
class GridBagLayoutJavaExample
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
 GridBagLayoutExample frame = new GridBagLayoutExample();
frame.setTitle("GridBagLayout in Java Example");
frame.setSize(300,200);
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}

Output:

Container in Swing:
1. JFrame – This is a top-level container which can hold components and containers like
panels.

Constructors:
JFrame()
JFrame(String title)

Methods:
Method Description
setSize(int width, int height) Specifies size of the frame in pixels
setLocation(int x, int y) Specifies upper left corner

setVisible(boolean visible) Set true to display the frame

setTitle(String title) Sets the frame title
setDefaultCloseOperation(int mode) Specifies the operation when frame is closed.
The modes are:
JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE
JFrame.DO_NOTHING_ON_CLOSE
JFrame.HIDE_ON_CLOSE
JFrame.DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE

pack() Sets frame size to minimum size required to

hold components
 2. JPanel – This is a middle-level container which can hold components and can
be added to other containers like frame and panels.

Constructors:
public javax.swing.JPanel(java.awt.LayoutManager, boolean);
public javax.swing.JPanel(java.awt.LayoutManager);
public javax.swing.JPanel(boolean);
public javax.swing.JPanel();

Component used in Swing:

1. Label : With the JLabel class, you can display unselectable text and images.

Constructors-
JLabel(Icon i) JLabel(Icon I , int n)
JLabel(String s) JLabel(String s, Icon i, int n)
JLabel(String s, int n) JLabel()

The int argument specifies the horizontal alignment of the label's contents within its
drawing area; defined in the SwingConstants interface (which JLabel implements): LEFT
(default), CENTER, RIGHT, LEADING, or TRAILING.
Methods-

Method Description
void setText(String), String getText() Set or get the text displayed by the label

void setIcon(Icon) , Icon getIcon() Set or get the image displayed by the label.

void setDisabledIcon(Icon) Set or get the image displayed by the label when it's
Icon getDisabledIcon() disabled. If you don't specify a disabled image, then the
look-and-feel creates one by manipulating the default
image.

void setHorizontalAlignment(int) Set or get where in the label its contents should be
void setVerticalAlignment(int) placed. For vertical alignment: TOP, CENTER (the
int getHorizontalAlignment() default), and BOTTOM.
int getVerticalAlignment()

2. Button: A Swing button can display both text and an image. The underlined letter in
each button's text shows the mnemonic which is the keyboard alternative.
Constructors-
JButton(Icon I)
JButton(String s)
JButton(String s, Icon I)
Methods-
void setDisabledIcon(Icon) void setPressedIcon(Icon)

void setSelectedIcon(Icon) void setRolloverIcon(Icon)

String getText() void setText(String)

Event- ActionEvent

3. Check boxes : This component allows the user to select multiple items from a group of items.
It is used to create a CheckBox. It is used to turn an option ON or OFF.
Constructors-
JCheckBox(Icon i)
JCheckBox(Icon i,booean state)
JCheckBox(String s)
JCheckBox(String s, boolean state)
JCheckBox(String s, Icon i)
JCheckBox(String s, Icon I, boolean state)
Methods-
void setSelected(boolean state) String getText()
void setSelected(boolean state) String getText()
void setText(String s)
Event- ItemEvent

4. Radio Buttons: This component allows the user to select only one item from a group
item. By using the JRadioButton component you can choose one option from multiple
options.

Constructors-
JRadioButton(): It is used to create an unselected radio button with no text.
JRadioButton(Label): It is used to create an unselected radio button with specified text.
JRadioButton(Label, boolean): It is used to create a radio button with the specified text
and selected status.

Creating a ButtonGroup:
ButtonGroup():This class is used to place multiple RadioButton into a single group. So
the user can select only one value from that group. We can add RadioButtons to the
ButtonGroup by using the add method.

Constructor: ButtonGroup bg = new ButtonGroup();

Methods:
void add(AbstractButton) Adds a button to the group
void remove(AbstractButton) Removes a button from the group.
 Example:
JRadioButton jrb = new JRadioButton();
ButtonGroup bg = new ButtonGroup();
add(jrb);

5. Combo Boxes: This component will display a group of items as a drop-down menu
from which one item can be selected. At the top of the menu the choice selected by the
user is shown. It basically inherits JComponent class. We can add the items to the
ComboBox by using the addItem() method.

Constructor:
JComboBox(): It is used to create a JComboBox with a default data model.
JComboBox(Object[] items): It is used to create a JComboBox that contains the
elements in the specified array.
JComboBox(Vector<?> items): It is used to create a JComboBox that contains the
elements in the specified Vector.
Methods:
void addItem(Object) int getItemCount()
Object getItemAt(int) Object getSelectedItem()

Event- ItemEvent

6. List: The object of List class represents a list of text items. With the help of the List
class, user can choose either one item or multiple items. It inherits the Component class.
Constructor- JList(ListModel)

List models-

1. SINGLE_SELECTION - Only one item can be selected at a time.

When the user selects an item, any previously selected item is
deselected first.
2. SINGLE_INTERVAL_SELECTION- Multiple, contiguous items
can be selected. When the user begins a new selection range, any
previously selected items are deselected first.
3. MULTIPLE_INTERVAL_SELECTION- The default. Any
combination of items can be selected. The user must explicitly
deselect items.

Methods-
boolean isSelectedIndex(int) void setSelectedIndex(int)
void setSelectedIndices(int[]) void setSelectedValue(Object, boolean)
void setSelectedInterval(int, int) int getSelectedIndex()
int getMinSelectionIndex() int getMaxSelectionIndex()
int[] getSelectedIndices() Object[] getSelectedValues()
 Example-
listModel = new
DefaultListModel();
listModel.addElement("India");
listModel.addElement("Japan");
listModel.addElement("France");
listModel.addElement("Denmark");
list = new JList(listModel);

Event- ActionEvent

7. Text Classes: All text related classes are inherited from JTextComponent class

1. JTextField: The JTextField component allows the user to type some text in a single
line. It basically inherits the JTextComponent class.
Constructors-
 JTextField(): It is used to create a new Text Field.
 JTextField(String text): It is used to create a new Text Field initialized with the
specified text.
 JTextField(String text, int columns): It is used to create a new Text field
initialized with the specified text and columns.
 JTextField(int columns): It is used to create a new empty TextField with the
specified number of columns.
Example:
JTextField jtf = new JTextField();
JTextField jtf= new JTextField (20);

2. JPasswordField : Creates a password field. When present, the int argument

specifies the desired width in columns. The String argument contains the field's initial
text. The Document argument provides a custom document for the field.
Constructors-
 JPasswordField(): It is used to construct a new JPasswordField, with a default
document, null starting text string, and column width.
 JPasswordField(int columns): It is used to construct a new empty JPasswordField
with the specified number of columns.
 JPasswordField(String text): It is used to construct a new JPasswordField
initialized with the specified text.
Example:
JPasswordField jpf = new JPasswordField();

Methods:
void setText(String), String getText() Set or get the text displayed by the text field.

char[] getPassword() Set or get the text displayed by the text field.
 void setEditable(boolean), boolean Set or get whether the user can edit the text in the text
isEditable() field.

void setColumns(int); int Set or get the number of columns displayed by the
getColumns() text field. This is really just a hint for computing the
field's preferred width.

int getColumnWidth() Get the width of the text field's columns. This value is
established implicitly by the font.

void setEchoChar(char), char Set or get the echo character i.e. the character
getEchoChar() displayed instead of the actual characters typed by the
user.

Event- ActionEvent

3. JTextArea : Represents a text area which can hold multiple lines of text

Constructors-

JTextArea (int row, int cols)

JTextArea (String s, int row, int cols)
Methods-
void setColumns (int cols) void setRows (int rows)
void append(String s) void setLineWrap (boolean)
Example:
JTextArea jta = new JTextArea();
JTextArea jta = new JTextArea (3, 20);

8. Dialog Boxes:
Types-
1. Modal- won’t let the user interact with the remaining windows of
application until first deals with it. Ex- when user wants to read a file,
user must specify file name before prg. can begin read operation.
2. Modeless dialog box- Lets the user enters information in both, the
dialog box & remainder of application ex- toolbar.

Swing has a JOptionPane class, that lets you put a simple

dialog box. Methods in JOption Class
1. static void showMessageDialog()- Shows a message with ok button.
2. static int showConfirmDialog()- shows a message & gets users options
from set of options.
3. static int showOptionDialog- shows a message & get users options
from set of options.
4. String showInputDialog()- shows a message with one line of user input.
9. Menu: Following table gives idea about Menu componenet

Creating and Setting Up Menu Bars

Constructor or Method Description
JMenuBar() Creates a menu bar.
JMenu add(JMenu) Creates a menu bar.
void Sets or gets the menu bar of an applet, dialog,
setJMenuBar(JMenuBar) frame, internal frame, or root pane.
JMenuBar getJMenuBar()
Creating and Populating Menus
JMenu() Creates a menu. The string specifies the text to
JMenu(String) display for the menu.
Adds a menu item to the current end of the
JMenuItem menu. If the argument is an Action object, then
add(JMenuItem) the menu creates a menu item. If the argument is
JMenuItem add(Action) a string, then the menu automatically creates a
JMenuItem add(String) JMenuItem object that displays
the specified text.
void addSeparator() Adds a separator to the current end of the menu.
JMenuItem Inserts a menu item or separator into the menu at
insert(JMenuItem, int) the specified position. The first menu item is at
JMenuItem insert(Action, position 0, the second at position 1, and so on.
int) void insert(String, int) The JMenuItem, Action, and String arguments
void insertSeparator(int) are treated the same as in
the corresponding add methods.
void remove(JMenuItem) Removes the specified item(s) from the menu. If
void remove(int) the
void removeAll() argument is an integer, then it specifies the
position of the menu item to be removed.
Implementing Menu Items

Creates an ordinary menu item. The icon

JMenuItem() argument, if present, specifies the icon that the
JMenuItem(String) menu item should display. Similarly, the string
JMenuItem(Icon) argument specifies the text that the menu item
JMenuItem(String, Icon) should display. The integer argument specifies
JMenuItem(String, int) the keyboard mnemonic to use. You can specify
any of the relevant VK constants defined in the
KeyEvent class. For example, to specify the A
key, use KeyEvent.VK_A.
JCheckBoxMenuItem() Creates a menu item that looks and acts like a
JCheckBoxMenuItem(String) check box. The string argument, if any, specifies
JCheckBoxMenuItem(Icon) the text that the menu item should display. If
JCheckBoxMenuItem(String, you specify true for the boolean argument, then
Icon) the menu item is initially selected (checked).
JCheckBoxMenuItem(String, Otherwise, the menu item is initially unselected.
boolean)
JCheckBoxMenuItem(String,
Icon,
boolean)

JRadioButtonMenuItem()
JRadioButtonMenuItem(String) Creates a menu item that looks and acts like a
JRadioButtonMenuItem(Icon) radio button. The string argument, if any,
JRadioButtonMenuItem(String, specifies the text that the menu item should
Icon) display. If you specify true for the boolean
JRadioButtonMenuItem(String, argument, then the menu item is initially
boolean) selected. Otherwise, the menu item is initially
JRadioButtonMenuItem(Icon, unselected.
boolean)
JRadioButtonMenuItem(String,
Icon,
boolean)
void setState(boolean)
boolean getState() Set or get the selection state of a check box
(in JCheckBoxMenuItem) menu item.
void setEnabled(boolean) If the argument is true, enable the menu item.
Otherwise, disable the menu item.
Example: Java JMenuItem and JMenu
import javax.swing.*;
class MenuExample
{ JMenu menu, submenu;
JMenuItem i1, i2, i3, i4, i5;
MenuExample()
{
JFrame f= new JFrame("Menu and MenuItem Example");
JMenuBar mb=new JMenuBar();
menu=new JMenu("Menu");
submenu=new JMenu("Sub Menu");
i1=new JMenuItem("Item 1");
i2=new JMenuItem("Item 2");
i3=new JMenuItem("Item 3");
i4=new JMenuItem("Item 4");
i5=new JMenuItem("Item 5");
menu.add(i1); menu.add(i2); menu.add(i3);
submenu.add(i4); submenu.add(i5);
menu.add(submenu);
mb.add(menu);
f.setJMenuBar(mb);
 f.setSize(400,400);
f.setLayout(null);
f.setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
new MenuExample();
}
}
10. JTable Class: he JTable class is used to display data in tabular form. It is composed of
rows and columns.

Constructors:

JTable():Creates a table with empty cells.

JTable(Object[][] rows, Object[] columns): Creates a table with the specified data
Example:
import javax.swing.*;
public class TableExample
{
JFrame f;
TableExample()
{
f=new JFrame();
String data[][]={ {"101","Amit","670000"},
{"102","Jai","780000"},
{"101","Sachin","700000"}
};
String column[]={"ID","NAME","SALARY"};
JTable jt=new JTable(data,column);
jt.setBounds(30,40,200,300);
JScrollPane sp=new JScrollPane(jt);
f.add(sp);
f.setSize(300,400);
f.setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new TableExample();
}
}
Output:

Event Handling: Event handling is an important part of GUI based applications. Events are
generated by event sources. A mouse click, Window closed, key typed etc. are examples of
events. All java events are sub-classes of java.awt.AWTEvent class.

Java has two types of events:

1. Low-Level Events: Low-level events represent direct communication from user. A low level
event is a key press or a key release, a mouse click, drag, move or release, and so on. Following
are low level events.

Event Description
ComponentEvent Indicates that a component object (e.g. Button, List, TextField) is
moved, resized,
rendered invisible or made visible again.
FocusEvent Indicates that a component has gained or lost the input focus.
KeyEvent Generated by a component object (such as TextField) when a key is
pressed,
released or typed.
MouseEvent Indicates that a mouse action occurred in a component. E.g. mouse is
pressed,
releases, clicked (pressed and released), moved or dragged.
ContainerEvent Indicates that a container’s contents are changed because a component
was added
or removed.
WindowEvent Indicates that a window has changed its status. This low level event is
generated by a Window object when it is opened, closed, activated,
deactivated, iconified,
deiconified or when focus is transferred into or out of the Window.

2. High-Level Events: High-level (also called as semantic events) events

encapsulate the meaning of a user interface component. These include
following events.

Event Description
ActionEvent Indicates that a component-defined action occurred. This high-
level event is generated by a component (such as Button) when the
component-specific action
 occurs (such as being pressed).

AdjustmentEvent The adjustment event is emitted by Adjustable objects like

scrollbars.
ItemEvent Indicates that an item was selected or deselected. This high-level
event is
generated by an ItemSelectable object (such as a List) when an
item is selected or deselected by the user.
TextEvent Indicates that an object’s text changed. This high-level event is
generated by an
object (such as TextComponent) when its text changes.

The following table lists the events, their corresponding listeners and the method to
add the listener to the component.
Event Event Source Event Listener Method to add listener to

event source

Low-level Events

ComponentEvent Component ComponentListener addComponentListener()

FocusEvent Component FocusListener addFocusListener()

KeyEvent Component KeyListener addKeyListener()

MouseEvent Component MouseListener addMouseListener()

MouseMotionListener addMouseMotionListener()

ContainerEvent Container ContainerListener addContainerListener()

WindowEvent Window WindowListener addWindowListener()

High-level Events

ActionEvent Button List MenuItem ActionListener addActionListener()

TextField

ItemEvent Choice CheckBox ItemListener addItemListener()

CheckBoxMenuItem

List

AdjustmentEvent Scrollbar AdjustmentListener addAdjustmentListener()

TextEvent TextField TextListener addTextLIstener()

TextArea

Listener Methods:
Methods Description

ComponentListener

componentResized(ComponentEvent e) Invoked when component’s size changes.

componentMoved(ComponentEvent e) Invoked when component’s position changes.

componentShown(ComponentEvent e) Invoked when component has been made visible.

componentHidden(ComponentEvent e) Invoked when component has been made invisible.

FocusListener

focusGained(FocusEvent e) Invoked when component gains the keyboard focus.

focusLost(FocusEvent e) Invoked when component loses the keyboard focus.

KeyListener

keyTyped(KeyEvent e) Invoked when a key is typed.

keyPressed(KeyEvent e) Invoked when a key is pressed.

keyReleased(KeyEvent e) Invoked when a key is released.

MouseListener

mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) Invoked when a mouse button is clicked (i.e. pressed

and released) on a component.

mousePressed(MouseEvent e) Invoked when a mouse button is pressed on a

component.

mouseReleased(MouseEvent e) Invoked when a mouse button is released on a

component.

mouseEntered(MouseEvent e) Invoked when a mouse enters a component.

mouseExited(MouseEvent e) Invoked when a mouse exits a component.

MouseMotionListener
mouseDragged(MouseEvent e) Invoked when a mouse button is pressed on a
component and then dragged.

mouseMoved(MouseEvent e) Invoked when a the mouse cursor is moved on to a

component but mouse button is not pressed.

ContainerListener

componentAdded(ContainerEvent e) Invoked when a component is added to the container.

componentRemoved(ContainerEvent e) Invoked when a component is removed from the

container.

WindowListener

windowOpened(WindowEvent e) Invoked the first time a window is made visible

windowClosing(WindowEvent e) Invoked when the user attempts to close the window

from the window’s system menu.

windowClosed(WindowEvent e) Invoked when a window has been closed as the result of

calling dispose on the window.

windowIconified(WindowEvent e) Invoked when a window is changed from a normal to a

minimized state.

windowDeiconified(WindowEvent e) Invoked when a window is changed from minimized to

normal state.

windowActivated(WindowEvent e) Invoked when the window is set to be the active

window.

windowDeactivated(WindowEvent e) Invoked when the window is no longer the active

window.

ActionListener

actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) Invoked when an action occurs.

ComponentListsner

itemStateChanged(ActionEvent e) Invoked when anitem has been selected oe deselected by

the user.

AdjustmentListener

adjustmentValueChanged(ActionEvent Invoked when the value of the adjustable has changed.

e)

TextListener

textValueChanged(ActionEvent e) Invoked when the value of the text has changed.

Adapter Classes: All high level listeners contain only one method to handle the high-level
events. But most low level event listeners are designed to listen to multiple event subtypes (i.e.
the MouseListener listens to mouse-down, mouse-up, mouse-enter, etc.). AWT provides a set of
abstract “adapter” classes, which implements each listener interface. These allow programs to
easily subclass the Adapters and override only the methods representing event types they are
interested in, instead of implementing all methods in listener interfaces.

The Adapter classes provided by AWT are as follows:

java.awt.event.ComponenentAdapter
java.awt.event.ContainerAdapter
java.awt.event.FocusAdapter
java.awt.event.KeyAdapter
java.awt.event.MouseAdapter
java.awt.event.MouseMotionAdapter java.awt.event.WindowAdapter

Example: Program to close window

// importing the necessary libraries
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;

public class AdapterExample

{
Frame f; // object of Frame
// class constructor
AdapterExample()
{
// creating a frame with the title
f = new Frame ("Window Adapter");
// adding the WindowListener to the frame overriding the windowClosing () method
f.addWindowListener (new WindowAdapter()
{
public void windowClosing (WindowEvent e)
{
f.dispose();
}
 });
// setting the size, layout and
f.setSize (400, 400);
f.setLayout (null);
f.setVisible (true);
}

public static void main(String[] args)

{
new AdapterExample();
}
}

Example 1: Sample Program to understand JLabel Swing Control in Java:

import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;

public class JLabelDemo extends JFrame

{
JLabel jl;
JLabelDemo ()
{
jl = new JLabel ("Good Morning");
Container c = this.getContentPane ();
c.setLayout (new FlowLayout ());
c.setBackground (Color.blue);
Font f = new Font ("arial", Font.BOLD, 34);
jl.setFont (f);
jl.setBackground (Color.white);
c.add (jl);
this.setVisible (true);
this.setSize (400, 400);
this.setTitle ("Label");
this.setDefaultCloseOperation (JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
}
public static void main (String[]args)
{
new JLabelDemo ();
}
}
Example 2: Java Program to understand the above-discussed Swing Controls.
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class SwingDemo2 extends JFrame implements ActionListener
{
JRadioButton eng, doc;
ButtonGroup bg;
JTextField jtf;
JCheckBox bcd, ccb, acb;
JTextArea jta;
SwingDemo2 ()
{
eng = new JRadioButton ("Engineer");
doc = new JRadioButton ("Doctor");
bg = new ButtonGroup ();
bg.add (eng);
bg.add (doc);
jtf = new JTextField (20);
bcd = new JCheckBox ("Bike");
ccb = new JCheckBox ("Car");
acb = new JCheckBox ("Aeroplane");
jta = new JTextArea (3, 20);
Container c = this.getContentPane ();
c.setLayout (new FlowLayout ());

// Registering the listeners with the components

eng.addActionListener (this);
doc.addActionListener (this);
bcd.addActionListener (this);
ccb.addActionListener (this);
acb.addActionListener (this);
c.add (eng);
c.add (doc);
c.add (jtf);
c.add (bcd);
c.add (ccb);
c.add (acb);
c.add (jta);
this.setVisible (true);
this.setSize (500, 500);
this.setTitle ("Selection Example");
 this.setDefaultCloseOperation (JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
}
public void actionPerformed (ActionEvent ae)
{
if (ae.getSource () == eng)
{
jtf.setText ("You are an Engineer");
}
if (ae.getSource () == doc)
{
jtf.setText ("You are an Doctor");
}
String str = " ";
if (bcd.isSelected ())
{
str += "Bike\n";
}
if (ccb.isSelected ())
{
str += "Car\n";
}
if (acb.isSelected ())
{
str += "Aeroplane\n";
}
jta.setText (str);
}
public static void main (String[]args)
{
new SwingDemo2 ();
}
}

Example 3: Java Program to understand JButton and Border controls.

import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;
public class JButtonDemo extends JFrame
{
private JButton button[];
private JPanel panel;
public JButtonDemo ()
{
 setTitle ("JButton Borders");
panel = new JPanel ();
panel.setLayout (new GridLayout (7, 1));
button = new JButton[7];
for (int count = 0; count < button.length; count++)
{
button[count] = new JButton ("Button " + (count + 1));
panel.add (button[count]);
}
button[0].setBorder (BorderFactory.createLineBorder (Color.blue));
button[1].setBorder (BorderFactory.createBevelBorder (0));
button[2].setBorder (BorderFactory.createBevelBorder (1, Color.red, Color.blue));
button[3].setBorder (BorderFactory.createBevelBorder (1, Color.green,
Color.orange,Color.red, Color.blue));
button[4].setBorder (BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder (10, 10, 10, 10));
button[5].setBorder (BorderFactory.createEtchedBorder (0));
button[6].setBorder (BorderFactory.createTitledBorder ("Titled Border"));
add (panel, BorderLayout.CENTER);
setSize (400, 300);
setDefaultCloseOperation (JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
setLocationRelativeTo (null);
setVisible (true);
}
public static void main (String[]args)
{
new JButtonDemo ();
}
}

Example 4: Sample Program to understand JComboBox control in Java

import javax.swing.*;
public class JComboBoxDemo
{
JFrame f;
JComboBoxDemo ()
{
f = new JFrame ("ComboBox Example");
String country[] ={ "Hyderabad", "Chennai", "Bengaluru", "Mumbai", "Delhi" };
JComboBox cb = new JComboBox (country);
cb.setBounds (50, 50, 90, 20);
f.add (cb);
f.setLayout (null);
 f.setSize (400, 500);
f.setVisible (true);
}
public static void main (String[]args)
{
new JComboBoxDemo ();
}
}

Example 5: Sample Program to understand JTabbedPane control in Java

import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;
public class JTabbedPaneDemo
{
public static void main (String args[])
{
JFrame frame = new JFrame ("Technologies");
JTabbedPane tabbedPane = new JTabbedPane ();
JPanel panel1, panel2, panel3, panel4, panel5;
panel1 = new JPanel ();
panel2 = new JPanel ();
panel3 = new JPanel ();
panel4 = new JPanel ();
panel5 = new JPanel ();
tabbedPane.addTab ("Cricket", panel1);
tabbedPane.addTab ("Badminton ", panel2);
tabbedPane.addTab ("Football", panel3);
tabbedPane.addTab ("Basketball ", panel4);
tabbedPane.addTab ("Tennis", panel5);
frame.add (tabbedPane);
frame.setDefaultCloseOperation (JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
frame.setSize (550, 350);
frame.setVisible (true);
}
}

Example 6: Sample Program to understand JPasswordFiled Swing control in Java

import javax.swing.*;
public class JPasswordFieldDemo
{
public static void main (String[]args)
{
 JFrame f = new JFrame ("Password Field Example");
JPasswordField value = new JPasswordField ();
JLabel l1 = new JLabel ("Password:");
l1.setBounds (20, 100, 80, 30);
value.setBounds (100, 100, 100, 30);
f.add (value);
f.add (l1);
f.setSize (300, 300);
f.setLayout (null);
f.setVisible (true);
}
}
Practice Set:
1. Develop an applet that draws a circle. The dimension of the applet should be 500 * 300
pixels the circle should be centered the applet and have a radius of 100 pixels. Display
your name centered in a circle(using drawOval() method)
2. Write a program to create a frame using AWT. Implement mouseClicked(),
mouseEntered() and mouseExited() events. Frame should become visible when mouse
enters it.
3. Write a program to display a string in frame window with pink colour as background.
4. Write a program to create two buttons named “Red” and “Blue”. When a button is
pressed the background colour should be set to the colour named by the button’s label.
5. Write a program which responds to KEY_TYPED event and updates the status window
with message (“Typed character is: X”). Use adapter class for other two events.
6. Write a program to create two buttons labeled ‘GetInfo’ and ‘GetCGPA’. When button
‘GetInfo’ is pressed, it displays your personal information (Name, Course, Roll No,
College) and when button ‘GetCGPA’ is pressed, it displays your CGPA in previous
semester.

Set A:
1. Write a program that asks the user's name, and then greets the user by name. Before
outputting the user's name, convert it to upper case letters. For example, if the user's
name is Raj, then the program should respond "Hello, RAJ, nice to meet you!".
2. Write a program that reads one line of input text and breaks it up into words. The
words should be output one per line. A word is defined to be a sequence of letters.
Any characters in the input that are not letters should be discarded. For example, if
the user inputs the line He said, "That's not a good idea." then the output of the
program should be
He
said
thats
not
 a
good
idea
3. Write a program that will read a sequence of positive real numbers entered by the
user and will print the same numbers in sorted order from smallest to largest. The
user will input a zero to mark the end of the input. Assume that at most 100 positive
numbers will be entered.
4. Create an Applet that displays the x and y position of the cursor movement using
Mouse and Keyboard. (Use appropriate listener).
5. Create the following GUI screen using appropriate layout managers.

Set B:
1. Write a java program to implement a simple arithmetic calculator. Perform appropriate
validations.

2. Write a java program to implement following. Program should handle appropriate

events.

3. Write an applet application to draw Temple.

 4. Write an applet application to display Table lamp. The color of lamp should get
change in random color.
5. Write a java program to design email registration form.( Use maximum Swing
component in form).

Set C:
1. Write a java program to accept the details of employee employee eno,ename, sal and
display it on next frame using appropriate even .
2. Write a java program to display at least five records of employee in JTable.( Eno, Ename
,Sal).
3. Write a java Program to change the color of frame. If user clicks on close button then the
position of frame should get change.
4. Write a java program to display following screen.

5. Write an applet application to display smiley and sad face.

Assignment Evaluation:

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: WellDone [ ]

Signature of Instructor
Section-II

MongoDB
Assignment No. 1: MongoDB Basics

MongoDB Installation Steps:

Follow these steps to install MongoDB Community Edition using the MongoDB Installer
wizard.
Download the installer.
Download the MongoDB Community .msi installer from the following link:
➤ MongoDB Download Center
(https://www.mongodb.com/try/download/community?tck=docs_server)
Run the MongoDB installer.
For example, from the Windows Explorer/File Explorer:
a. Go to the directory where you downloaded the MongoDB installer (.msi file). By default,
this is your Downloads directory.
b. Double-click the .msi file.
Follow the MongoDB Community Edition installation wizard.
The wizard steps you through the installation of MongoDB and MongoDB Compass.
a. Choose Setup Type
You can choose either the Complete (recommended for most users) or Custom setup
type. The Complete setup option installs MongoDB and the MongoDB tools to the
default location. The Custom setup option allows you to specify which executables are
installed and where.
b. Service Configuration
Starting in MongoDB 4.0(or current version), you can set up MongoDB as a Windows
service during the install or just install the binaries.
MongoDB ServiceMongoDB
The following installs and configures MongoDB as a Windows service.
Starting in MongoDB 4.0(or current version), you can configure and start MongoDB as a
Windows service during the install, and the MongoDB service is started upon successful
installation.

1
 o Select Install MongoD as a Service MongoDB as a service.
o Select either:
▪ Run the service as Network Service user (Default)
This is a Windows user account that is built-in to Windows
or
▪ Run the service as a local or domain user
▪ For an existing local user account, specify a period (i.e. .) for
the Account Domain and specify the Account Name and
the Account Password for the user.
▪ For an existing domain user, specify the Account Domain,
the Account Name and the Account Password for that user.
o Service Name. Specify the service name. Default name is MongoDB. If you
already have a service with the specified name, you must choose another name.
o Data Directory. Specify the data directory, which corresponds to the --dbpath. If
the directory does not exist, the installer will create the directory and sets the
directory access to the service user.
o Log Directory. Specify the Log directory, which corresponds to the --logpath. If
the directory does not exist, the installer will create the directory and sets the
directory access to the service user.

c. Install MongoDB Compass

Optional. To have the wizard install MongoDB Compass, select Install MongoDB
Compass (Default).
d. When ready, click Install.

2
Database, Collection and Documents in MongoDB:
Databases, collections, documents are important parts of MongoDB without them you are not
able to store data on the MongoDB server. A Database contains a collection, and a collection
contains documents and the documents contain data in the form of key-value pair, they are
related to each other.

Database
In MongoDB, a database contains the collections of documents. One can create multiple
databases on the MongoDB server.
Command to view database : >show dbs
It gives list of databases that are present in your MongoDB server.
Command to create a database : >use database_name
This command actually switches you to the new database if the given name does not exist and
if the given name exists, then it will switch you to the existing database. Now at this stage, if
you use the show command to see the database list, you will find that your new database is not
present in that database list because, in MongoDB, the database is actually created when you
start entering data in that database.
Command to check currently selected database : >db
Command to delete database : >db.dropDatabase()
This command drop/delete a database. If you have not selected any database, then by default it
will delete ‘test’ database. To delete specific database first switch to that database using ‘use’
command and then give ‘dropDatabase’ command.

Collection
Collections are just like tables in relational databases, they also store data, but in the form of
documents. A single database is allowed to store multiple collections.
As we know that MongoDB databases are schemaless, it is not necessary in a collection that
the schema of one document is similar to another document. Or in other words, a single
collection contains different types of documents. Create a collection to store documents.
Command to create collection implicitly: >db.collection_name.insertOne({..})
Here, in a single command you can insert a document and create a collection implicitly.
insertOne() function is used to store single document in the specified collection. And in the
curly braces {} we store our data or document.
Command to create collection explicitly: >db.createCollection(“student”)
Command to display the collections from database: >show collections
Command to delete a Collection: >db.student.drop()

Document
In MongoDB, the data records are stored as BSON documents. Here, BSON stands for binary
representation of JSON(JavaScript Object Notation) documents, although BSON contains
more data types as compared to JSON. The document is created using key-value pairs and the
value of the field can be of any BSON type.
Command to insert a single document at a time:
>db.collection_name.insertOne({field1: value1, field2: value2, ...., fieldN: valueN})
Command to insert many documents at a time:
>db.collection_name.insertMany([{document 1},{document 2}…{document N}])

3
Command to query data from MongoDB collection:
>db.collection_name.find(query, projection)
Here the first parameter is query which is optional. It specifies the query selection criteria
using query operators. Second parameter is projection which is also optional, which
specifies the fields return using projection operators. In projection parameter {field:1 or true}
shows that the field is included in result and {field:0 or false} shows that the field is excluded
from result.
Command to display first document of the collection:
>db.collection_name.findOne(query, projection)
Command to display the documents of the collection in a well-formatted way:
>db.collection_name.find().pretty()

Example:
Use the mongo command to connect with a MongoDB database
C:\Program Files\MongoDB\Server\5.0\bin>mongo

Use following command to list out databases that are present in your MongoDB server.
> show dbs
admin 0.000GB
config 0.000GB
local 0.000GB

This command switches you to the new database which you want to create.
> use mydatabase
switched to db mydatabase

Using following command you can check currently selected database. Before creating
collection and inserting document make sure that currently selected database is your own
database. In MongoDB default database is test.
> db
mydatabase

After this, if you give a command “show dbs”, it will not show your newly created database
because in MongoDB the database is actually created when you start entering data in that
database.

> show dbs

admin 0.000GB
config 0.000GB
local 0.000GB

Use following command to create new collection named “student” under database “mydatabase”
and to insert a new document inside it.
>db.student.insertOne({"_id":1, "Sname":"Manisha Kadam", "class":"TYBBA_CA",
"Contact_details":{"e-mail": "[email protected]", "phone":"9876543210"}})
{ "acknowledged" : true, "insertedId" : 1 }

4
Once data will get added inside your database “show dbs” command will list out your newly
created database “mydatabase”.
> show dbs
admin 0.000GB
config 0.000GB
local 0.000GB
mydatabase 0.000GB

Use following command to display the documents of “student” collection in a well-formatted

way.
> db.student.find().pretty()
{
"_id" : 1,
"Sname" : "Manisha Kadam",
"class" : "TYBBA_CA",
"Contact_details" : {
"e-mail" : "[email protected]",
"phone" : "9876543210"
}
}
Use following command to display the list of collections present in currently selected database.
> show collections
student

MongoDB Data modeling:

The main challenge in data modeling is balancing the needs of the application, the performance
characteristics of the database engine, and the data retrieval patterns. When designing data
models, always consider the application usage of the data (i.e. queries, updates, and processing
of the data) as well as the inherent structure of the data itself.

Flexible Schema
Unlike SQL databases, Data in MongoDB has a flexible schema. The documents in the same
collection do not need to have the same set of fields or structure. Common fields in a
collection’s documents may hold different types of data. To change the structure of the
documents in a collection, such as add new fields, remove existing fields, or change the field
values to a new type, update the documents to the new structure.
This flexibility facilitates the mapping of documents to an entity or an object. Each document
can match the data fields of the represented entity, even if the document has substantial variation
from other documents in the collection.

MongoDB Data Model Design

MongoDB provides two types of data models:
i) Embedded data model
ii) Normalized data model.
Based on the requirement, you can use either of the models while preparing your document.

5
i) Embedded Data Model
In this model, you can have (embed) all the related data in a single document, it is also known as
de-normalized data model. Embedding provides better performance for read operations, as well
as the ability to request and retrieve related data in a single database operation. Embedded data
models make it possible to update related data in a single atomic write operation.

For example, assume we are getting the details of students in three different documents namely,
Personal_details, Contact and, Address, you can embed all the three sub documents in a single
one as shown below –
{
_id: <ObjectId101>,
Stud_ID: "S1001",
Personal_details:{
First_Name: "Pramod",
Last_Name: "Mane",
Date_Of_Birth: "1999-07-17"
},
Contact_details: {
e-mail: "[email protected]",
phone: "9876543210"
},
Address: {
city: "Pune",
Area: "Wakad",
State: "Maharashtra"
}
}

ii) Normalized Data Model

In this model, you can refer the sub documents in the original document, using references. For
example, you can re-write the above document in the normalized model as:
Employee:
{
_id: <ObjectId101>,
Stud_ID: "S1001"
}
Personal_details:
{
_id: <ObjectId102>,
studDocID: " ObjectId101",
First_Name: "Pramod",
Last_Name: "Mane",
Date_Of_Birth: "1999-07-17"
}

6
Contact_details:
{
_id: <ObjectId103>,
studDocID: "ObjectId101",
e-mail: "[email protected]",
phone: "9876543210"
}
Address:
{
_id: <ObjectId104>,
studDocID: " ObjectId101",
city: "Pune",
Area: "Wakad",
State: "Maharashtra"
}

Use Embedded Data Models:

• when you have "contains" relationships between entities.
• when you have one-to-many relationships between entities. In these relationships the
"many" or child documents always appear with or are viewed in the context of the "one"
or parent documents.

Use Normalized Data Models:

• when embedding would result in duplication of data but would not provide sufficient read
performance advantages to outweigh the implications of the duplication.
• to represent more complex many-to-many relationships.
• to model large hierarchical data sets.

Considerations while designing Schema in MongoDB

• Design your schema according to user needs.
• Combine objects into one document if you will use them together. Otherwise separate
them, but while doing this make sure there should not be need of joins.
• Duplicate the data but limited, because disk space is cheap as compare to compute time.
• Do joins while write, not on read.
• Optimize your schema for most frequent use cases.
• Do complex aggregation in schema.

Analogy between RDBMS and MongoDB Data Model:

RDBMS MongoDB
Database Database
Table Collection
Tuple/Row Document
Column Field
Table Join Embedded Documents
Primary Key Primary Key (Default Key _id provided by
MongoDB itself)

7
Modeling relationships between documents:

One-to-one Relationship:

Method 1: Embedded Document

In the "student" collection, Contact_details and Class are often required along with the student's
information. Hence it is embedded in the student document. Using this method, an application
can retrieve the whole student information in single query.

>db.student.insertOne({"_id":1, "Sname":"Nitin Bhor", "class":"TYBBA_CA",

"Contact_details":{"e-mail": "[email protected]", "phone": "9876543210"}})

Method 2: Subset Pattern Method

The "student" collection contains basic information about students, whereas "student_details"
collection contains less frequently accessed data about a student and it also contains a field
"student_id" which is a reference to "_id" field of the "student" collection. This method improves
read performance.

>db.student.insertOne({"_id":1, "Sname":"Nitin Bhor", "class":"TYBBA_CA",

"Contact_details":{e-mail: "[email protected]", phone: "9876543210"}})

>db.student_details.insertOne({"_id":101, "student_id":1,"age":20,"city": "Pune"})

One-to-Many Relationship:

Method 1: Embedded Document

If the application often requires the contact details of student along with name, then the best
choice would be to embed the Contact_details data in student data. Here student has two contact
details.
>db.student.insertOne({"_id":1, "Sname":"Priya Kale", "class":"TYBBA_CA",
"Contact_details":[{e-mail: "[email protected]", phone: "9876543210"},
{e-mail: "[email protected]", phone: "9876501234"}]})

Method 2: Subset Pattern method

Instead of storing all the contact details of a student in a document, you can split the information
in two collections, namely student and student_contact. Here a reference to student collection is
maintained by adding student_id field in student_contact collection and student has two contact
details.
>db.student.insertOne({"_id":1, "Sname":"Priya Kale", "class":"TYBBA_CA"})

>db.student_contact.insertOne({"_id":101, "student_id":1, "e-mail":

"[email protected]", "phone": "9876543210"})
>db.student_contact.insertOne({"_id":102, "student_id":1, e-mail: "[email protected]",
phone: "9876501234"})

8
Modeling tree structures in MongoDB:
MongoDB allows different ways to use tree data structures to model large hierarchical or nested
data relationship.

Consider the following hierarchy of categories for all following models:

Model Tree Structures with Parent References

This model describes a tree-like structure in MongoDB documents by storing references to
"parent" nodes in children nodes. The Parent References pattern stores each tree node in a
document; in addition to the tree node, the document stores the id of the node's parent.

The following example models the tree using Parent References, storing the reference to the
parent category in the field parent:
>db.categories.insertMany( [
{ _id: "MongoDB", parent: "Databases" },
{ _id: "dbm", parent: "Databases" },
{ _id: "Databases", parent: "Programming" },
{ _id: "Languages", parent: "Programming" },
{ _id: "Programming", parent: "Books" },
{ _id: "Books", parent: null }
])
• The query to retrieve the parent of a node is fast and straightforward:
>db.categories.findOne( { _id: "MongoDB" } ).parent
• You can query by the parent field to find its immediate children nodes:
>db.categories.find( { parent: "Databases" } )

Model Tree Structures with Child References

This model describes a tree-like structure in MongoDB documents by storing references in the
parent-nodes to children nodes. The Child References pattern stores each tree node in a
document; in addition to the tree node, document stores in an array the id(s) of the node's
children.

9
The following example models the tree using Child References, storing the reference to the
node's children in the field children:
>db.categories.insertMany( [
{ _id: "MongoDB", children: [] },
{ _id: "dbm", children: [] },
{ _id: "Databases", children: [ "MongoDB", "dbm" ] },
{ _id: "Languages", children: [] },
{ _id: "Programming", children: [ "Databases", "Languages" ] },
{ _id: "Books", children: [ "Programming" ] }
])
• The query to retrieve the immediate children of a node is fast and straightforward:
>db.categories.findOne( { _id: "Databases" } ).children
• You can query for a node in the children field to find its parent node as well as its
siblings:
>db.categories.find( { children: "MongoDB" } )
The Child References pattern provides a suitable solution to tree storage as long as no operations
on subtrees are necessary. This pattern may also provide a suitable solution for storing graphs
where a node may have multiple parents.

Model Tree Structures with Array of Ancestors

This model describes a tree-like structure in MongoDB documents using references to parent
nodes and an array that stores all ancestors. The Array of Ancestors pattern stores each tree node
in a document; in addition to the tree node, document stores in an array the id(s) of the node's
ancestors or path.

The following example models the tree using Array of Ancestors. In addition to the
ancestors field, these documents also store the reference to the immediate parent category in the
parent field.
>db.categories.insertMany( [
{ _id: "MongoDB", ancestors: [ "Books", "Programming", "Databases" ], parent: "Databases" },
{ _id: "dbm", ancestors: [ "Books", "Programming", "Databases" ], parent: "Databases" },
{ _id: "Databases", ancestors: [ "Books", "Programming" ], parent: "Programming" },
{ _id: "Languages", ancestors: [ "Books", "Programming" ], parent: "Programming" },
{ _id: "Programming", ancestors: [ "Books" ], parent: "Books" },
{ _id: "Books", ancestors: [ ], parent: null }
])
• The query to retrieve the ancestors or path of a node is fast and straightforward:
>db.categories.findOne( { _id: "MongoDB" } ).ancestors
• You can query by the field ancestors to find all its descendants:
>db.categories.find( { ancestors: "Programming" } )
The Array of Ancestors pattern provides a fast and efficient solution to find the descendants and
the ancestors of a node by creating an index on the elements of the ancestors field. This
makes Array of Ancestors a good choice for working with subtrees. The Array of
Ancestors pattern is slightly slower than the Materialized Paths pattern but is more
straightforward to use.

10
Model Tree Structures with Materialized Paths
This model describes a tree-like structure in MongoDB documents by storing full relationship
paths between documents.
The Materialized Paths pattern stores each tree node in a document; in addition to the tree node,
document stores as a string the id(s) of the node's ancestors or path. Although the Materialized
Paths pattern requires additional steps of working with strings and regular expressions, the
pattern also provides more flexibility in working with the path, such as finding nodes by partial
paths.

The following example models the tree using Materialized Paths, storing the path in the
field path; the path string uses the comma ‘,’ as a delimiter:
>db.categories.insertMany( [
{ _id: "Books", path: null },
{ _id: "Programming", path: ",Books," },
{ _id: "Databases", path: ",Books,Programming," },
{ _id: "Languages", path: ",Books,Programming," },
{ _id: "MongoDB", path: ",Books,Programming,Databases," },
{ _id: "dbm", path: ",Books,Programming,Databases," }
])
• You can query to retrieve the whole tree, sorting by the field path:
>db.categories.find().sort( { path: 1 } )
• You can use regular expressions on the path field to find the descendants
of Programming:
>db.categories.find( { path: /,Programming,/ } )
• You can also retrieve the descendants of Books where the Books is also at the topmost
level of the hierarchy:
>db.categories.find( { path: /^,Books,/ } )

Model Tree Structures with Nested Sets

This model describes a tree like structure that optimizes discovering subtrees at the expense of
tree mutability. The Nested Sets pattern identifies each node in the tree as stops in a round-trip
traversal of the tree. The application visits each node in the tree twice; first during the initial trip,
and second during the return trip. The Nested Sets pattern stores each tree node in a document; in
addition to the tree node, document stores the id of node's parent, the node's initial stop in the
left field, and its return stop in the right field.

11
The following example models the tree using Nested Sets:
>db.categories.insertMany( [
{ _id: "Books", parent: 0, left: 1, right: 12 },
{ _id: "Programming", parent: "Books", left: 2, right: 11 },
{ _id: "Languages", parent: "Programming", left: 3, right: 4 },
{ _id: "Databases", parent: "Programming", left: 5, right: 10 },
{ _id: "MongoDB", parent: "Databases", left: 6, right: 7 },
{ _id: "dbm", parent: "Databases", left: 8, right: 9 }
])
You can query to retrieve the descendants of a node:
>var databaseCategory = db.categories.findOne( { _id: "Databases" } );
>db.categories.find( { left: { $gt: databaseCategory.left }, right: { $lt: databaseCategory.right } } );

The Nested Sets pattern provides a fast and efficient solution for finding subtrees but is
inefficient for modifying the tree structure. As such, this pattern is best for static trees that do not
change.

12
MongoDB Data Types:
MongoDB supports many data types. Some of them are

• String − This is the most commonly used data type to store the data. String in MongoDB
must be UTF-8 valid.
• Integer − This type is used to store a numerical value. Integer can be 32 bit or 64 bit
depending upon your server.
• Boolean − This type is used to store a Boolean (true/ false) value.
• Double − This type is used to store floating point values.
• Arrays − This type is used to store arrays or list or multiple values into one key. The
array is created using square brackets.
• Timestamp − This type is used to store timestamp and value of this data type is 64 bit.
This can be handy for recording when a document has been modified or added.
• Object − This data type is used for embedded documents.
• Null − This type is used to store a Null value.
• Date − This data type is used to store the current date or time in UNIX time format. You
can specify your own date time by creating object of Date and passing day, month, year
into it.
• Object ID − This data type is used to store the document’s ID.
• Binary data − This data type is used to store binary data.
• Code − This data type is used to store JavaScript code into the document.
• Regular expression − This data type is used to store regular expression.

Inserting and Saving Documents:

The save() method uses either the insert or the update command internally. If you don't specify
_id in the document then save() method will work same as insert() method. If you specify _id
then it will replace whole data of document containing _id as specified in save() method.

Saving a New Document without Specifying an _id Field

If the document does not contain an _id field, then the save() method calls the insert() method.
During the operation, the mongo shell will create an ObjectId and assign it to the _id field.

In the following example, save() method performs an insert since the document passed to the
method does not contain the _id field:
>db.student.save({sname: “Vinaya Sane”, percentage:90})

During the insert, the shell will create the _id field with a unique ObjectId value,
The ObjectId values are specific to the machine and time when the operation is run. As such,
your values may differ from those in the example.

Saving a New Document Specifying an _id Field

If the document contains an _id field, then the save() method is equivalent to an update with
the upsert option set to true and the query predicate on the _id field.

13
In the following example, save() performs an update with upsert:true since the document
contains an _id field:
>db.student.save({_id:100, sname: “Vinaya Sane”, percentage:90})

If the _id field holds a value that does not exist in the collection, the update operation results in
an insertion of the document. The results of these operations are identical to an update() method
with the upsert option set to true.

Bulk Insert:
In MongoDB, the Bulk.insert() method is used to perform insert operations in bulk or in other
words it is used to insert multiple documents in one go.

Unordered Insertion of documents:

Use following commands to make an object of Bulk using initializeUnorderedBulkOp() and
use Bulk.insert() to insert multiple documents. Here, the initializeUnorderedBulkOp() method
is used to generate an unordered list that MongoDB runs in bulk. If an error occurs during the
processing of one of the write operations, MongoDB will continue to process remaining write
operations in the list.

var bulk = db.student.initializeUnorderedBulkOp();

bulk.insert( { first_name: "Maya", last_name: "Jadhav" } );
bulk.insert( { first_name: "Pooja", last_name: "Patil" } );
bulk.insert( { first_name: "Ram", last_name: "Pawar" } );
bulk.insert( { first_name: "Vedant", last_name: "Jagtap" } );
bulk.insert( { first_name: "Supriya", last_name: "Mane" } );
bulk.execute();

With an unordered operations list, MongoDB can execute in parallel the write operations in the
list and in any order. If the order of operations matter,
use db.collection.initializeOrderedBulkOp() instead.

Ordered Insertion of documents:

Use following commands to make an object of Bulk using initializeOrderedBulkOp() and use
Bulk.insert() to insert multiple documents. Here, the initializeOrderedBulkOp() method is used
to generate an ordered list that MongoDB runs in bulk. If an error occurs during the processing
of one of the write operations, MongoDB will return without processing any remaining write
operations in the list.

var bulk = db.student.initializeOrderedBulkOp();

bulk.insert( { first_name: "Maya", last_name: "Jadhav" } );
bulk.insert( { first_name: "Pooja", last_name: "Patil" } );
bulk.insert( { first_name: "Ram", last_name: "Pawar" } );
bulk.insert( { first_name: "Vedant", last_name: "Jagtap" } );
bulk.insert( { first_name: "Supriya", last_name: "Mane" } );
bulk.execute();

With an ordered operations list, MongoDB executes the write operations in the list serially.
14
Practice Set:
1. Create a database named ‘Society’. Create collection named ‘Buildings’ in it. This
collection should contain a document. Inside this document, we have a field named
‘committee for buildings’ which contains another document and this document contain
three fields(i.e, Manager, Secretary, Member) with their values.
2. Create a database in Mongo DB called DB. Create a collection Employee in it. Use
Bulk.insert() to insert at least 5 documents. Check if all the documents are inserted
correctly.
3. Create a collection to embed the 3 courses document inside the Institute document like
i. (“Institute_name":
ii. "Contact":
iii. "Address":
iv. "Courses": )
that maintains all the related data in a single document. Courses should contain fields like
Course_id, Course_name & Fees.

Set A:
1. Create a database in Mongo DB called usermanaged, drop it and create it again. Check
which database you are currently in.
2. Create a collection called customers in usermanaged database created and insert the
document below. Check if the document is inserted correctly.
{ "firstName":"John",
"lastName":"West",
"email":"[email protected]",
"phone":"032345432134",
"BusinessType": ["Sell", "Sugar", "Drinks"],
"Reference":100,
"Company":"Coca-Cola"}
Write a MongoDB query to display all the documents in the collection

3. Create a database named ‘tybbaca’. Create collection named ‘Courses’ in it. This
collection should contain a document. Inside this document, we have a field named
‘name’ which contains another document and this document contain three fields (i.e,
first, middle, last) with their values.

Set B:

1. Create a database in Mongo DB called myDatabase. Create a collection student in it. Use
Bulk.insert() to insert at least 5 documents. Check if all the documents are inserted
correctly.
2. Create a collection to embed the 2 address document inside the user document like
(“contact":
"dob":
"name":
"address": )
that maintains all the related data in a single document.

15
 3. Write and run mongo DB query to models the following tree using Parent References and
store the reference to the parent category in the field parent

Run a query to retrieve the descendants of a node Pune.

Set C:
1. Write and run mongo DB query to create following tree

For above tree query the parent field to list type of Electronics Gadgets
i) Write and run mongo DB queries to create tree structure with child references and
ancestors for above tree.
ii) Write and run mongo DB query to retrieve the children of Televisions gadgets
iii) Write and run mongo DB query to find parent node and siblings of Laptop

Assignment Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

Signature of Instructor

16
Assignment No. 2 : MongoDB Operators

MongoDB Operators:
Operators are special symbols that tell the compiler or interpreter to carry out specific
mathematical or logical manipulations. Basically, all sorts of operators are available in
MongoDB as we have in other programming languages.

Different Types of MongoDB Operators

1) MongoDB Comparison Operators
Comparison operators are used to compare two expressions and fetch data(documents) from the
MongoDB database (collections) based on their usage in filters.
Various comparison operators in MongoDB are –

Name Meaning Description

$eq Equal To It matches values that are equal to the value specified in
the query
$ne Not Equal To (!=) It matches all values that are not equal to the value
specified in the query.
$gt Greater Than (>) It matches values that are greater than the value specified
in the query.
$gte Greater Than Equal To It matches values that are greater than or equal to the
(>=) value specified in the query.
$lt Less Than (<) It matches values that are less than the value specified in
the query.
$lte Less Than Equal To It matches values that are less than or equal to the value
(<=) specified in the query.
$in In (Available in) It matches any of the values that exist in an array
specified in the query.
$nin Not In (Not available in) It matches values that do not exist in an array specified in
the query.

Consider following student collection to understand MongoDB comparison, logical and

element operators:
>db.student.insert({"stud_id":1, "stud_name": "Maya", "class": "TYBBA_CA",
"percentage":80})
>db.student.insert({"stud_id":2, "stud_name": "Pooja", "class": "TYBBA_CA",
"percentage":50})
>db.student.insert({"stud_id":3, "stud_name": "Ram", "class": "SYBBA_CA", "percentage":90})
>db.student.insert({"stud_id":4, "stud_name": "Vedant", "class": "SYBBA_CA",
"percentage":85})
>db.student.insert({"stud_id":5, "stud_name": "Supriya", "class": "TYBBA_CA",
"percentage":56})
>db.student.insert({"stud_id":6, "stud_name": "Smita", "class": "TYBBA_CA", "percentage":90,
"contact":9876543210})

17
a) $eq
Display the students from TYBBA_CA class.
>db.student.find({"class":{$eq:"TYBBA_CA"}})

b) $ne
Display Name of students not having TYBBA_CA class.
> db.student.find({"class":{$ne:"TYBBA_CA"}},{"_id":0, "stud_name":1})

c) $gt
Display the students having percentage greater than 80
>db.student.find({"percentage":{"$gt":80}})

d) $gte
Display the students having percentage greater than or equal to 80
>db.student.find({"percentage":{"$gte":80}})

e) $in
Display the students having percentage either 80 or 90.
>db.student.find({"percentage":{$in:[80,90]}})

f) $nin
Display the students who do not have percentage either 80 or 90.
>db.student.find({"percentage":{$nin:[80,90]}})

2) MongoDB Logical Operators

These MongoDB operators are used to perform logical operations on the given expressions. They
help to make a decision based on multiple conditions.
Various logical operators in MongoDB are –

Name Description
$and It returns all documents that match the conditions of both expressions.
$or It returns all documents that match the conditions of either expression.
$nor It returns all documents that do not match the conditions of either
expression
$not It inverts the effect of a query expression and returns documents
that do not match the query expression.

a) $and
Display students having percentage less than 80 and class TYBBA_CA
>db.student.find({$and:[{"percentage":{"$lt":80}},{"class":"TYBBA_CA"}]})

b) $or
Display students having percentage 80 or class SYBBA_CA.
>db.student.find({$or:[{"percentage":80},{"class":"SYBBA_CA"}]})

18
c) $nor
Display students not having percentage 80 or class SYBBA_CA.
>db.student.find({$nor:[{"percentage":80},{"class":"SYBBA_CA"}]})

d) $not
Display students not having the class as TYBBA_CA.
>db.student.find({"class":{$not:{$eq:"TYBBA_CA"}}})

3) MongoDB Element Operators

The next operators in MongoDB operators are element query operators. There are two operators
under this category – $exists & $type.

Name Description
$exists It returns documents that have a specific field.
$type It returns documents if field is of a specified type.

a) $exists
Display document having “contact” element.
>db.student.find({"contact":{"$exists":true}},{"_id":0})

b) $type
Display documents where “stud_id” is of type “String”.
>db.student.find({"stud_id":{$type:"string"}})

4) MongoDB Array Operators

There are operators specified for projections for the documents having arrays. Below are the 3
operators in Array Query Operators –

Name Description
$all It returns documents from a collection if it matches all values in the
specified array.
$size It returns documents from the collection to match an array with the
provided number of elements in it.
$elemMatch It returns documents if they Match more than one component (all
specified $elemMatch conditions) within an array element.

Consider following student collection to understand MongoDB array operators:

>db.classtest.insert({ "testResults" : [{ "subject" : "Maths", "marks" : 95 }, {"subject" :

"English", "marks" : 80} ], "tags" : ["Maths", "English" ]})
>db.classtest.insert({ "testResults" : [{ "subject" : "Maths", "marks" : 90 }, {"subject" :
"Science", "marks" : 80} ], "tags" : ["Maths", "Science" ]})

19
>db.classtest.insert({ "testResults" : [{ "subject" : "Maths", "marks" : 95 }, {"subject" :
"Science", "marks" : 80}, {"subject" : "English", "marks" : 80}], "tags" : ["Maths", "Science",
"English" ]})

a) $size
Display documents where there are 3 elements in testResults array.
> db.classtest.find({"testResults":{$size:3}})

b) $all
Display all the documents having Maths and English both in tags.
> db.classtest.find({"tags":{$all:["Maths","English"]}})

c) $elemMatch
Display documents where the subject is Maths and marks are greater than or equal to 95.
> db.classtest.find( { "testResults": { $elemMatch: { "subject" : "Maths", "marks":{$gte:95}}}})

Pattern Matching in MongoDB

MongoDB provides the functionality to search a pattern in a string during a query using
following symbols.

Symbol Syntax Meaning

^ /^pattern/ It matches with the beginning of the string.
$ /pattern$/ It matches with the ending of the string.
.* /.*pattern.*/ It matches with the substring appearing in the given field.

1) Display student details whose name start with “Ra” pattern.

>db.student.find({"stud_name": /^Ra/},{“_id”:0})

2) Display student details whose name end with “ya” pattern.

>db.student.find({"stud_name": /ya$/},{“_id”:0})

3) Display student details whose name has a substring “pri” in it.

>db.student.find({"stud_name": /.*pri.*/},{“_id”:0})

Document Validation:
To Create a document for the practical life we need to apply the document validators for the
collection, means if we want to create the table with some rules and regulations like this field is
accept only this data type, this field values must met some requirements like this then document
validators are very essential.
MongoDB provides the capability to validate documents during updates and insertions.
Validation rules are specified on a per-collection basis using the validator option, which takes a
document that specifies the validation rules or expressions.

20
Example:
Create a collection name 'address' with the following rules

Field Details
firstname string type
lastname string type
emailId string type must be of tutorialtous.com domain
country string only of (UK,INDIA)
pincode String type min and max chars 5

Now validator is as follows

>db.createCollection("address",{
validator:{
firstname:{$type:"string"},
lastname:{$type:"string"},
emailid:{$type:"string",$regex:/@gmail\.com/},
country:{$in:["UK","INDIA"]},
pincode:{$type:"string",$regex:/...../}
}})

Valid Insertions for above collection:

>db.address.insert({firstname:"Maya",lastname:"Jadhav",emailid:"[email protected]",country:"
INDIA",pincode:"400001"})

Invalid Insertions for above collection:

>db.address.insert({firstname:"Dravid",lastname:"Rahul",emailid:"Maya_gmail.com",pincode:"
400001",country:"IN"})

21
Practice Set:
1) Write and run Mongo DB Query to create inventory collection with the following
documents
{ _id: 1, item: { name: "ab", code: "123" }, qty: 15, tags: [ "A", "B", "C"
]}
{ _id: 2, item: { name: "cd", code: "123" }, qty: 20, tags: [ "B" ] }
{ _id: 3, item: { name: "ij", code: "456" }, qty: 25, tags: [ "A", "B" ] }
{ _id: 4, item: { name: "xy", code: "456" }, qty: 30, tags: [ "B", "A" ] }
{ _id: 5, item: { name: "mn", code: "000" }, qty: 20, tags: [ [ "A", "B" ],
"C" ] }

Query the inventory collection to select all documents where the value of the qty field
equals 20.
Query the inventory collection to select all documents where the tags array equals exactly
the specified array or the tags array contains an element that equals the array [ "A", "B" ].

Set A:
1. Write and run Mongo DB Query to create products collection with the following
documents
([
{ "_id" : 1, "name" : "xPhone", "price" : 799, "releaseDate" : ISODate("2011-05-
14T00:00:00Z"), "spec" : { "ram" : 4, "screen" : 6.5, "cpu" : 2.66 }, "color" : [ "white",
"black" ], "storage" : [ 64, 128, 256 ] },
{ "_id" : 2, "name" : "xTablet", "price" : 899, "releaseDate" : ISODate("2011-09-
01T00:00:00Z"), "spec" : { "ram" : 16, "screen" : 9.5, "cpu" : 3.66 }, "color" : [ "white",
"black", "purple" ], "storage" : [ 128, 256, 512 ] },
{ "_id" : 3, "name" : "SmartTablet", "price" : 899, "releaseDate" : ISODate("2015-01-
14T00:00:00Z"), "spec" : { "ram" : 12, "screen" : 9.7, "cpu" : 3.66 }, "color" : [ "blue" ],
"storage" : [ 16, 64, 128 ] },
{ "_id" : 4, "name" : "SmartPad", "price" : 699, "releaseDate" : ISODate("2020-05-
14T00:00:00Z"), "spec" : { "ram" : 8, "screen" : 9.7, "cpu" : 1.66 }, "color" : [ "white",
"orange", "gold", "gray" ], "storage" : [ 128, 256, 1024 ] },
{ "_id" : 5, "name" : "SmartPhone", "price" : 599, "releaseDate" : ISODate("2022-09-
14T00:00:00Z"), "spec" : { "ram" : 4, "screen" : 9.7, "cpu" : 1.66 }, "color" : [ "white",
"orange", "gold", "gray" ], "storage" : [ 128, 256 ] }
])

select all documents where the price is less than 699 or greater than 799.

2. For above collection Find documents where:

i) the price field is not greater than 699.
ii) do not contain the price field.

22
3. Create a collection named mycol in db and insert 3 documents like:
{
title: "MongoDB Overview",
description: "MongoDB is no SQL database",
by: "M.Sc.(CA)",
url: " http://www.dypacs.com ",
tags: ["mongodb", "database", "NoSQL"],
likes: 100
},
{
title: "NoSQL Database",
description: "NoSQL database doesn't have tables",
by: "T.Y.B.C.A (Science)",
url: "http://www.dypacs.com",
tags: ["mongodb", "database", "NoSQL"],
likes: 20,
comments: [
{
user:"user1",
message: "My first comment",
dateCreated: new Date(2021-11-10),
like: 10
}
]
}

Set B:

1. Write MongoDB query for above collection to find all the tutorials written by ‘M. Sc.
(CA)’ and whose title is 'MongoDB Overview'.

2. Write MongoDB query for above collection to show the documents that have likes greater
than 10 and whose title is either 'MongoDB Overview' or by is ‘T.Y.B.C.A (Science)’.

3. Write MongoDB query to create MongoDB posts collection. Each post document has a
title, author and a comments array field. Each element of the comments array represents a
user with some basic information like country, name, isGuest, and country. Insert at least 5
documents in it with your own data. Retrieve all posts where at least one comment is made
by a user with name John.

23
Set C:
1. Write Mongo DB query to create Employee collection which has the Field names of
“Employeeid” and “EmployeeName”. Let’ also assume that we have the following
documents in our collection.
Employee id Employee Name
22 NewMartin
2 Mohan
3 Sameer
4 MohanR
100 Saurabh
6 Gurang

i) Find all Employee Names which have the characters ‘Sa’ in it.
ii) Display all documents in reversed sorted order
2. create a collection projects with required fields and validation as below:
• name — string
• status — enum [inProgress, Completed]
• client — object
("projects", {
validator:{
$jsonSchema: {
bsonType: "object",
required: ["name", "status", "client"],
properties: {
name: {
bsonType: "string",
description: "Project name is required field"
},
status: {
enum: ["inProgress", "Completed"],
description: "Status can only be from one of the enum values"
},
client: {
bsonType: "object",
required: ["name"],
properties:{
name: {
bsonType: "string",
description: "Client name is required"
},
phone: {
bsonType: "string",
maximum: 10,
minimum: 8,
description: "Phone number maximum should be 10 digits long"

24
 }
}
}
}
}
}
})
i) Try to inserts values which violates the validation
ii) Try to execute above query with valid values

Assignment Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

Signature of Instructor

25
Assignment No. 3 : Update and Delete operation in MongoDB

Update Operations in MongoDB

The update operations are used to update or modify the existing document in the collection. You
can perform update operations using the following methods provided by the MongoDB:

Method Description
update() It is used to update the values in the existing document in the
collections of MongoDB
updateOne() It is used to update a single document in the collection that satisfies
the given criteria.
It is used to update multiple documents in the collection that satisfy
updateMany() the given criteria.
It is used to replace single document in the collection that satisfy the
replaceOne() given criteria.
It is used to updates the first matched document in the collection that
findOneAndUpdate() matches the selection criteria, it returns document.
It is used to find a matching element, replaces it with the provided
findOneAndReplace() element, and passes the returned doc to the callback.

update()
The update() method updates the values in the existing document in the collections of
MongoDB. When you update your document the value of the _id field remains unchanged. By
default, the db.collection.update() method updates a single document. Include the option multi:
true to update all documents that match the given query. This method can be used for a single
updating of documents as well as multi documents.
Example:
a) Update the name of the student whose name has “Maya” value to “Mayra”.
>db.student.update({stud_name:"Maya"},{$set:{stud_name:"Mayra"}})
Here, the first parameter is the document whose value to be changed {stud_name: “Maya”} and
the second parameter is set keyword means to set(update) the following matched key value with
the older key value. The value of the key must be of the same data type that was defined in the
collection.
b) Update the percentage of the document whose stud_name is “Pooja” to 60.
>db.student.update({stud_name:"Pooja"},{$set:{percentage:60}}

updateOne()
In MongoDB, updateOne() method updates a first matched document within the collection
based on the given query. This method updates one document at a time and can also add new
fields in the given document.

Example:
a) Update the percentage of the student whose name is “Pooja”
>db.student.updateOne({stud_name: "Pooja"}, {$set:{percentage:60}})

26
b) Insert a new field in the document using the updateOne method
>db.student.updateOne({stud_name: "Supriya"}, {$set:{contact:9876543201}})
Here, a new field is added, i.e., contact:9876543201 in the document of a student whose name is
“Supriya”.

updateMany()
The updateMany() method updates all the documents in MongoDB collections that match the
given query. This method can also add new fields in the document. Specify an empty
document({}) in the selection criteria to update all collection documents.

Example:
a) Update all the matched documents whose percentage is greater than 90 to remark: “Excellent”
>db.student.updateMany({percentage:{$gt:90}},{$set:{remark:"Excellent"}})

replaceOne()
The replaceOne() method replaces the first matching document in the collection that matches
the given query, using the replacement document.
Example:
a) Replace the document with stud_id as 3 to new document having stud_name: "Ramesh", class:
"TYBBA_CA", percentage:92.
>db.student.replaceOne({"stud_id":3}, {"stud_id":3, "stud_name": "Ramesh", "class":
"TYBBA_CA", "percentage":92})

findOneAndUpdate()
The findOneAndUpdate() method updates the first matched document in the collection that
matches the selection criteria. If more than one document matched the selection criteria then it
updates only the first matched document. This method will return the original document but if
we want to return the updated document then we have to set the value of the
returnNewDocument parameter to true.
Difference between findOneAndUpdate() and updateOne() is, findOneAndUpdate returns a
document whereas updateOne does not, it just returns the _id if it has created a new document.
Example:
a) Update the percentage of the student whose name is “Smita”
>db.student.findOneAndUpdate ({stud_name: "Smita"}, {$set:{percentage:95}})

Update the value of the embedded document:

Insert following document in student collection to update value of embedded document Marks.
Here Marks is an embedded document.
>db.student.insert({"stud_id":7, "stud_name": "Pratibha", "class": "TYBBA_CA",
"Marks":{"English": 90, "Science":80}})

b) Update the Science marks of the student whose name is “Pratibha” to 85.
>db.student.findOneAndUpdate({stud_name:"Pratibha"},{$set:{ "Marks.Science":85}})

27
findOneAndReplace()
The findOneAndReplace() method replaces the first matched document based on the given
selection criteria. By default, this method returns the original document. To return the
replacement document, set the value of the returnNewDocument option to true.
Example:
a) Replace the first matched document whose percentage is 90 and return replaced document.
>db.student.findOneAndReplace({percentage:90},{"stud_id":3, "stud_name": "Ramesh",
"class": "TYBBA_CA", "percentage":92},{returnNewDocument:true})

MongoDB – Field Update Operators

MongoDB provides different types of field update operators to update the values of the fields of
the documents that match the specified condition. The following table contains the field update
operators:
Operator Description
$currentDate This operator is used to set the value of a field to current date, either as a
Date or a Timestamp.
$inc This operator is used to increment the value of the field by the specified
amount.
$max This operator is used only to update the field if the specified value is greater
than the existing field value.
$min This operator is used only to update the field if the specified value is less
than the existing field value
$mul This operator is used to multiply the value of the field by the specified
amount.
$rename This operator is used to rename a field.
$setOnInsert This operator is used to set the value of a field if an update results in an
insert of a document. It has no effect on update operations that modify
existing documents.

Consider following Employee collection to understand MongoDB field update operators:

>db.Employee.insert({"emp_name":{"fname":"Varad", "lname":"Mane"},
"emp_details":{"age":30,"contact":11111111,"salary":40000},"dept":"Account","exp_yr":4,"doj
":ISODate(),"points":[6,8]});
>db.Employee.insert({"emp_name":{"fname":"Mahendra", "lname":"Pawar"},
"emp_details":{"age":25,"contact":22222222,"salary":30000},"dept":"HR","exp_yr":3,"doj":ISO
Date(),"points":[2,6,7]});
>db.Employee.insert({"emp_name":{"fname":"Pallavi", "lname":"Patil"},
"emp_details":{"age":29,"contact":33333333,"salary":25000},"dept":"Finance","exp_yr":3,"doj"
:ISODate(),"points":[5,7]});
>db.Employee.insert({"emp_name":{"fname":"Geeta", "lname":"Jagtap"},
"emp_details":{"age":28,"contact":44444444,"salary":30000},"dept":"Developement","exp_yr":
2,"doj":ISODate(),"points":[4,8,6]});
>db.Employee.insert({"emp_name":{"fname":"Samir", "lname":"Jadhav"},
"emp_details":{"age":30,"contact":55555555,"salary":40000},"dept":"Developement","exp_yr":
4,"doj":ISODate(),"points":[8,7]});

28
$currentDate operator:
In the example, we are updating the value of “doj” field of an employee’s document whose first
name is Pallavi.
>db.Employee.updateOne({"emp_name.fname": "Pallavi"}, {$currentDate: {doj: true}})

$inc operator:
In this example, we are updating the salary field of an employee’s document whose name is
Geeta.
>db.Employee.update({"emp_name.fname": "Geeta"}, {$inc: {"emp_details.salary": 5000}})

$max operator:
In this example, we are comparing values (or numbers) of the salary fields with the specified
value, i.e., 40000. Here, the specified value is greater than the current value. So, $max operator
updates the value of the salary field with the help of update() method to 40000.
>db.Employee.update({"emp_name.fname": "Mahendra"}, {$max: {"emp_details.salary":
40000}})

$min operator:
In this example, we are comparing values (or numbers) of the salary fields with the specified
value, i.e, 35000. Here, the specified value is less than the current value. So, $min operator
updates the value of the salary field with the help of update() method to 35000.
>db.Employee.update({"emp_name.fname": "Mahendra"}, {$min: {"emp_details.salary":
35000}})

$mul operator:
In this example, we are multiplying the value of salary field by 2 in the document who matches
the specified condition, i.e., emp_name = “Samir”.
>db.Employee.update({"emp_name.fname": "Samir"}, {$mul: {"emp_details.salary": 2}})

$rename operator:
In this example, we are renaming the name of dept field to section in the employee’s document
whose first name is “Varad”.
>db.Employee.update({"emp_name.fname": "Varad"}, {$rename: {"dept": "section"}})

$setOnInsert:
In this example, we are creating a new document in the Example collection with the help of
update() method by setting the value of an upsert field to true and using $setOneInsert operator
assign the values to embedded fields i.e., in the document.
>db.Employee.update({"emp_name.fname": "Pramod", "exp_yr": 5}, {$setOnInsert:
{"emp_details.age": 27, "emp_details.contact": 66666666}},{upsert: true})

29
MongoDB - array update operators:
MongoDB provides different types of array update operators to update the values of the array
fields in the documents.

Operator Description
$push It adds an item to an array.
$pop It removes the first or last item of an array.
$pull It removes all array elements that match a specified query.
$pullAll It removes all matching values from an array.
$ It acts as a placeholder to update the first element that matches condition.
$addToSet It adds elements to an array only if they do not already exist in the set.

a) MongoDB – $push Operator

$push operator is used to append a specified value to an array. We can use the
following modifiers with the $push operator:

Modifier Description
$each It is used to append multiple values to the array field.
$slice It is used to limit the number of array items and require the use of the $each
modifier.
$sort It is used to order items of the array and require the use of the $each modifier.
$position It is used to add items in an array by specifying position and require the use of the
$each modifier.

Consider following Contributor collection to understand MongoDB array update

operators:
>db.Contributor.insert({"Cont_name":"Rahul", "Branch":"CSE", "Join_year":2020,
"Language":["C", "Java", "C++"],
"Articles":[{"Language":"C++","tArticles":30,"pArticles":20},{"Language":"Java","tArticles":6
0,"pArticles":40}], "Per_details": {"age":25, "Sem_Marks":[60,70,67,71]}});
>db.Contributor.insert({"Cont_name":"Amol", "Branch":"CSE", "Join_year":2019,
"Language":["Java", "C++","PHP"],
"Articles":[{"Language":"Java","tArticles":40,"pArticles":30},{"Language":"PHP","tArticles":5
0,"pArticles":50}], "Per_details": {"age":26, "Sem_Marks":[72,83,85,74]}});
>db.Contributor.insert({"Cont_name":"Dinesh", "Branch":"CSE", "Join_year":2020,
"Language":["Python","Java","PHP"],
"Articles":[{"Language":"Python","tArticles":40,"pArticles":40},{"Language":"Java","pArticles
":50}], "Per_details": {"age":24, "Sem_Marks":[92,84,81,88]}});
>db.Contributor.insert({"Cont_name":"Radha", "Branch":"CSE", "Join_year":2018,
"Language":["Java","C"],
"Articles":[{"Language":"Java","tArticles":50,"pArticles":40},{"Language":"C","tArticles":60}]
,"Per_details": {"age":25, "Sem_Marks":[78,82,91,90]}});
>db.Contributor.insert({"Cont_name":"Neha", "Branch":"CSE", "Join_year":2019,
"Language":["Python","Java"],
"Articles":[{"Language":"Python","tArticles":40,"pArticles":60},{"Language":"Java","tArticles"
:40,"pArticles":30}],"Per_details": {"age":26, "Sem_Marks":[77,79,85,83]}});

30
Appending a single value to an array:
In this example, we are appending a single value, i.e., “C” to an array field, i.e., Language field
in the document whose Cont_name is “Neha”.
> db.Contributor.update({Cont_name: "Neha"}, {$push: {Language: "C"}})

Appending multiple values to an array:

In this example, we are appending multiple values, i.e., [“C++”, “PHP”] to an array field, i.e.,
Language field in the document whose Cont_name is “Radha”.
> db.Contributor.update({Cont_name: "Radha"}, {$push: {Language: {$each: ["C++",
"PHP"]}}})

Use of $each, $sort and $slice modifiers with $push operator:

In this example, we are using multiple modifiers like $each, $sort, and $slice with $push
operator.
> db.Contributor.update({Cont_name: "Rahul"}, {$push: { Language: { $each: ["PHP",
"Python"], $sort: 1, $slice:4}}})

Use of $position modifiers with $push operator:

$position modifier is used to specify the location in the array at which the $push operator inserts
items. Without $position modifier $push operator insert items at the end of the array.

Adding items at the start of the array:

In this example, we are adding items, i.e., [“C”, “C++”] in the beginning (i.e., position 0 )of the
Language field.
>db.Contributor.update({Cont_name: "Neha"}, {$push: { Language: { $each: ["C", "C++"],
$position: 0}}})

Adding items to the middle of the array:

In this example, we are adding items, i.e., [“Java”] in the middle (i.e., position 2 ) of the
Language field.
>db.Contributor.update({Cont_name: "Neha"},{$push: { Language: { $each: [ Java"],
$position: 2}}})

b) MongoDB – $pop Operator

$pop operator is used to remove the first or the last item from the array.

Removing first item from the array:

In this example, we are removing the first element of the Language field in the document whose
Cont_name is “Rahul”, by setting the value of $pop operator to -1.
> db.Contributor.update({Cont_name: "Rahul"}, {$pop: { Language: -1}})

Removing last item from the array:

In this example, we are removing the last element of the Language field in the document whose
Cont_name is “Rahul”, by setting the value of $pop operator to 1.
> db.Contributor.update({Cont_name: "Rahul"}, {$pop: {Language: 1}})

31
c) MongoDB – $pull Operator
$pull operator is used to remove all the instances of the value or the value that matches the
specified condition from the existing array.

Removing all the elements that equal to the specified value:

In this example, we are removing the specified elements, i.e., [“C”, “C++”] from the Language
field of all documents.
> db.Contributor.update({},{$pull: {Language: {$in: ["C", "C++"]}}}, {multi: true})

Removing all the elements that match the specified condition:

In this example, we are removing semester marks that are less than and equal to ($lte) 75 from
the Per_details.Sem_Marks field in the document whose Cont_name is “Amol”.
>db.Contributor.update({Cont_name: "Amol"}, {$pull: {"Per_details.Sem_Marks": {$lte:
75}}})

Removing elements from the array of documents:

In this example, we are removing Language: “Java” and tArticles: 40 items from the array of
documents, i.e., Articles field.
> db.Contributor.update({},{$pull: {Articles: {Language: "Java", tArticles: 40}}}, {multi: true})

d) MongoDB – $pullAll Operator

$pullAll operator is used to remove all instances of the specified values from an existing array. It
is different from $pull operator, $pull operator removes items by specifying a query, whereas
$pullAll operator removes items that matches the listed values.

Removing items from an array using $pullAll operator:

In this example, we are removing items specified in the list, i.e., [“Python”, “PHP”] from the
language field with the help of $pullAll operator.
> db.Contributor.update({Cont_name: "Dinesh"}, {$pullAll: {Language: ["Python", "PHP"]}})

e) MongoDB – Positional Operator ($)

Positional operator ($) recognizes an element in an array to update without explicitly specifying
the position of that item in the array.

Updating values in the array using $ operator:

In this example, we are updating the first item whose value is “Java” to “PHP” in the language
field with the help of $ operator, because we don’t know the position of the item in the array.
> db.Contributor.updateOne({Cont_name: "Neha", Language: "Java"}, {$set: {"Language.$":
"PHP"}})
Here, the $ operator is working as a placeholder for the first match of the update query
document.

f) MongoDB – $addToSet Operator

If you use $each modifier with $addToSet operator, then it adds multiple values to an array field
if the specified value does not present in the array field.

32
Using $each modifier with $addToSet operator:
In this example, we are updating a contributor’s document whose Cont_name is Radha
using $each modifier with $addToSet operator. Here, this operation only adds “PHP” in the
Language field and does not add “C” because it is already exists in the Language field.
>db.Contributor.update({Cont_name: "Radha"},{$addToSet: {Language: {$each:
["C","PHP"]}}})

Delete Operations in MongoDB

The delete operation is used to delete or remove the documents from a collection. You can
perform delete operations using the following methods provided by the MongoDB:

Method Description
deleteOne() It is used to delete a single document from the collection that satisfies
the given criteria.
deleteMany() It is used to delete multiple documents from the collection that satisfy
the given criteria.
findOneAndDelete() It is used to delete the first matching document in the collection that
matches the filter
remove() It can remove one or all documents that matches the filter.

deleteOne()
The deleteOne() method deletes the first document from the collection that matches the given
selection criteria. It will delete/remove a single document from the collection
Example:
a) Delete the first matched document whose percentage is less than 40.
>db.student.deleteOne({percentage:{$lt:40}})

deleteMany()
In MongoDB, you are allowed to delete the existing documents from the collection
using deleteMany() method. This method deletes multiple documents from the collection
according to the filter.

Example:
a) Delete multiple documents whose percentage is less than 40:
>db.student.deleteMany({percentage:{$lt:40}})

b) Delete all documents from student collection.

>db.student.deleteMany({})

findOneAndDelete()

The findOneAndDelete() method deletes a single document based on the selection criteria from
the collection. It deletes the first document from the collection that matches the given filter query
expression.

33
Difference between findOneAndDelete() and deleteOne() is, findOneAndDelete() deletes single
documents from the collection on the basis of a filter as well as it returns the deleted document
whereas deleteOne() removes single document from the collection.
Example:
a) Find and Delete the first student document whose stud_name is “Maya”.
>db.student.findOneAndDelete({stud_name:"Maya"})

remove()
The remove() method removes documents from the database. It can remove one or all
documents from the collection that matches the given query expression. If you pass an empty
document({}) in this method, then it will remove all documents from the specified collection.
Example:
a) Remove all the documents whose stud_name is “Pooja”.
>db.student.remove({stud_name: "Pooja"})

b) Remove all the documents from student collection.

>db.student.remove({})

DropMongoDB collection
In MongoDB, drop() method is used to drop a collection from a database. It completely removes
a collection from the database and does not leave any indexes associated with the dropped
collections.
Example:
>db.student.drop()
It will return true if student collection is deleted successfully.

Drop MongoDB database

In MongoDB dropDatabase() command is used to drop a existing database.
Example:
>db.dropDatabase()
We do not specify any database name in this command, because this command deletes the
currently selected database. If you have not selected any database, then it will delete default 'test'
database.

34
Practice Set:
For a collection “College” created in a database containing documents with fields
{College_id, College_name, Faculty, Subjects, Salary}
With multiple documents
1. Update subject allocated to given faculty
2. Increase salary by Rs. 1000 of all faculty
3. Display all updated documents

Set A:
Consider a collection "User" which contains documents with the same structure like this
one:
{
"_id" : ObjectId("57cc58333d496dc219c09c2c"),
"firstname" : "Ninad",
"lastname" : "Nikam",
"email" : "[email protected]",
"password" : "d9729feb74992cc3482b350163a1a010",
"last_login" : "2015-01-07",
"note" : "Always pays in time, very good customer!",
"address" :
{
"country" : "India",
"street" : "Nagar Road",
"zip" : "62717"
}
}
1. Replace a single existing document entirely with other data
2. Replace the document for current firstname field that you have taken in your document
3. Insert some other similar documents in it.

Set B:

In above Collection
1. Finds the first document whose firstname field is equal "Ninad" and updates the lastname
field to "Patil".
2. Update multiple fields of a document.
3. Increase the zip code of a user by one.

Set C:

Consider the following document in the students collection whose grades element value
is an array of embedded documents:
{
_id: 4,
grades: [

35
 { grade: 80, mean: 75, std: 8 },
{ grade: 85, mean: 90, std: 5 },
{ grade: 85, mean: 85, std: 8 }
]
}

1. Update the std field of the first array element that matches the grade equal to 85
2. Delete array element with grade 80

Assignment Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

Signature of Instructor

36
Assignment No. 4: MongoDB Cursor

Cursor in MongoDB:

In MongoDB, when the find() method is used to find the documents present in the given
collection, then this method returned a pointer which will points to the documents of the
collection, now this pointer is known as cursor. Or in other words we can say that a cursor is a
pointer, and using this pointer we can access the document. By default, cursor iterates
automatically, but you can iterate a cursor manually also.

To display all the documents present in the student collection we use following query
>db.student.find().pretty()
This find() method return a cursor which contain all documents present in the student collection.

In MongoDB, the find() method return the cursor, now to access the document we need to iterate
the cursor. In the mongo shell, if the cursor is not assigned to a var keyword then the mongo
shell automatically iterates the cursor up to 20 documents. MongoDB also allows you to iterate
cursor manually. So, to iterate a cursor manually simply assign the cursor return by the find()
method to the var keyword Or JavaScript variable.
Example:
>var mycursor = db.student.find({stud_name: "Supriya"}).pretty()
Here, we iterate the cursor manually to find the document whose student name is “Supriya”. So,
we assigned the cursor returned by the find() method to the JavaScript variable(i.e. mycursor).

a) next() and hasNext()

We can use cursor next() method to access the next document. Here hasNext() method returns
true if the cursor has more documents and can be iterated.
Example:
>var mycursor = db.student.find({stud_id:{$gt:3}});
> while(mycursor.hasNext()){
... print(tojson(mycursor.next()))
... }
In this example we exclusively took the cursor to start with the stud_id > 3. So it skipped first
three documents and retrieves the remaining documents. Here, print(tojson()) method is used to
display the result. You can also use printjson() method to display the result.

b) forEach()
We can also use forEach() method to iterate the cursor. This function applies a JavaScript
function to each document from the cursor.
Example:
>var mycursor = db.student.find({stud_name: "Supriya"})
>mycursor.forEach(printjson)
Here, first we store the cursor returned by the find() method in the mycursor variable. Now, we
use forEach() method to iterate the cursor and display the resultant document using printjson.

37
c) toArray()
In mongo shell, you are allowed to iterate the cursor and display the resultant document in the
array using toArray() method.
Example:
>var mycursor = db.student.find()
>var docs = mycursor.toArray()
>var resultdoc = docs[0]

Here, first we assign the returned cursor to the var mycursor, in the next we create an array from
the resultant cursor using toArray() method and assign the result to the var docs. Now we access
the documents according to their index e.g. var resultdoc = docs[0], here we display a document
whose index is 0.

d) count()
To know how many documents are present in a collection use the count() method, which returns
the total number of documents are present in the given collection.
Example:
>db.student.find().count()

e) limit()
The limit() method helps to fetch limited records from a collection. Suppose we have multiple
documents, but we want to have topmost or only 2 documents, then by using the limit() method,
we can achieve that.
Example:
>db.student.find().limit(2)
Here, we only display the first two documents from the student collection.

f) skip()
During the display of documents, we may require to skip few documents due to various reasons.
Method skip() helps to display results after skipping a number of documents.
>db.student.find().skip(2)
Here, it will return the result set after skipping first two documents from student collection.

g) size()
The cursor.size() method will be helpful to return a count of the number of documents which got
as the output from db.collection.find() query after applying any cursor.skip() and cursor.limit()
methods. Basically, it will filter for the given condition and find the size of the cursor.
Example:
>db.student.find({class:"TYBBA_CA"}).size()

h) sort()
Use sort() method to sort the documents. It you want to sort the documents in ascending, then set
the value of the field to 1 and in descending, then set it to -1.
Example:
>db.student.find().sort({stud_id:-1})
Here, we sort all the documents present in the student collection in descending order.

38
i) explain()
Use explain() method to report on the query execution plan for a cursor.
Example:
>db.student.find({stud_id:{$gt:3}}).explain('executionStats')

j) pretty()
Use pretty() method to display the result fetched by a cursor in well-formatted way.
Example:
>db.student.find({stud_id:{$gt:3}}).pretty()

39
Practice Set:
Insert the following data into the “Employee” collection with multiple documents containing
following fields
{
“emp_id”:
"Name" :
"City" :
"Salary" :
}
i) Count all the documents of a collection
ii) Find the details of the top 2 employees living in a particular city.
iii) Skips the first 3 documents from the result and prints the remaining documents.

Set A:
1. For created database warehouse containing a collection of products with multiple
documents having fields {“product_id” : ,"name": ,"brand":, "type": ,"price":,
"warranty_years":, "available": "true"},
i) Check if the cursor object has more documents to return or not
ii) Return the next document in a cursor
iii) Insert a new document having, name = “Cable TV Basic Service Package",
"type" : "tv", "monthly_price" : 50, "term_years" : 2, "cancel_penalty" : 25,
"sales_tax" : "true", "additional_tariffs" : [ { "kind" : "federal tariff", "amount" : {
"percent_of_service" : 0.06 } }, { "kind" : "misc. tariff", "amount" : 2.25 } ]
2. For above created database
i) sort all the documents present in the products collection in ascending &
descending order
ii) Find how many documents are present in a collection
iii) Display topmost or only 3 documents
3. For above created database
i) Display the result fetched by a cursor in well-formatted way.
ii) Report on the query execution plan for a cursor
iii) Display all document by skipping first

Set B:
1. For created database warehouse containing a collection of products display the
product_id which are not available in warehouse
2. Modify the availability of product having name phone
3. Replace the document with product_id 5 to a new document "name" : "Phone Extended
Warranty", "type" : "warranty", "price" : 38, "warranty_years" : 2, "for" : [ "ac3", "ac7",
"ac9", "qp7", "qp8", "qp9" ]
Set C:
1. For created database warehouse containing a collection of products remove the warranty
of particular product
2. Delete all documents from collection which warranty_years less than 2 years

40
Assignment Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

Signature of Instructor

41
Assignment No. 5 : MongoDB Index and Aggregation

MongoDB Index

Indexes provide users with an efficient way of querying data. When querying data without
indexes, the query will have to search for all the records within a database to find data that match
the query.
In MongoDB, querying without indexes is called a collection scan. A collection scan will:
• Result in various performance bottlenecks
• Significantly slow down your application
Fortunately, using indexes fixes both these issues. By limiting the number of documents to be
queried, you’ll increases the overall performance of the application.

Indexes are special data structures that store a small part of the Collection’s data in a way that
can be queried easily. Indexes store the values of the indexed fields outside the table or
collection and keep track of their location in the disk. These values are used to order the indexed
fields, this ordering helps to perform equality matches efficiently.

Consider following student collection to understand MongoDB Indexing:

>db.student.insert({"stud_id":1, "stud_name": "Maya", "class": "TYBBA_CA",

"percentage":80});
>db.student.insert({"stud_id":2, "stud_name": "Pooja", "class": "TYBBA_CA",
"percentage":50});
>db.student.insert({"stud_id":3, "stud_name": "Ram", "class": "SYBBA_CA",
"percentage":90});
>db.student.insert({"stud_id":4, "stud_name": "Vedant", "class": "SYBBA_CA",
"percentage":85});
>db.student.insert({"stud_id":5, "stud_name": "Supriya", "class": "TYBBA_CA",
"percentage":56});

Creating indexes
When creating documents in a collection, MongoDB creates a unique index using the _id field.
MongoDB refers to this as the Default _id Index. This default index cannot be dropped from the
collection.

When creating an index, you need to define the field to be indexed and the direction of the key (1
or -1) to indicate ascending or descending order. Another thing to keep in mind is the index
names. By default, MongoDB will generate index names by concatenating the indexed keys with
the direction of each key in the index using an underscore as the separator. For example:
{stud_name: 1} will be created as stud_name_1. The best option is to use the name option to
define a custom index name when creating an index.

42
Let’s create an index using the name field in the student collection and name it as student name
index.

>db.student.createIndex(
{stud_name: 1},
{name: "student name index"}
)

Finding indexes
You can find all the available indexes in a MongoDB collection by using the getIndexes method.
Following command will return all the indexes in a student collection.
>db.student.getIndexes()

The output contains the default _id index and the user-created index student name index.

Dropping indexes
To delete an index from a collection, use the dropIndex method while specifying the index
name to be dropped.

Following command will remove the user-created index with the index name student name
index.
>db.student.dropIndex("student name index")
or
>db.student.dropIndex({stud_name:1})

The dropIndexes command can also drop all the indexes excluding the default _id index.
>db.student.dropIndexes()

Common MongoDB index types

MongoDB provides different types of indexes that can be utilized according to user needs. Here
are the most common ones:
• Single field index
• Compound index
• Multikey index

Single field index

These user-defined indexes use a single field in a document to create an index in an ascending or
descending sort order (1 or -1). In a single field index, the sort order of the index key does not
have an impact because MongoDB can traverse the index in either direction.
>db.student.createIndex({stud_name:1})

The above index will sort the data in ascending order using the stud_name field. You can use
the sort() method to see how the data will be represented in the index.
>db.student.find({},{_id:0}).sort({stud_name:1})

43
Compound index
You can use multiple fields in a MongoDB document to create a compound index. This type of
index will use the first field for the initial sort and then sort by the preceding fields.
>db.student.createIndex({class: 1, percentage: -1})

In the above compound index, MongoDB will:

• First sort by the class field
• Then, within each class value, sort by percentage
The index would create a data structure similar to the following:
>db.student.find({},{_id:0}).sort({class:1, percentage:-1})

Multikey index
MongoDB supports indexing array fields. When you create an index for a field containing an
array, MongoDB will create separate index entries for every element in the array. These multikey
indexes enable users to query documents using the elements within the array.
MongoDB will automatically create a multikey index when encountered with an array field
without requiring the user to explicitly define the multikey type.

>db.student.insert({"stud_id":1, "stud_name": "Maya", "class": "TYBBA_CA",

"Sem_Marks":[84, 71, 99, 90] , "remark": "Excellent"});
>db.student.insert({"stud_id":2, "stud_name": "Pooja", "class": "TYBBA_CA", " Sem_Marks
":[74, 66, 45, 67]});
>db.student.insert({"stud_id":3, "stud_name": "Ram", "class": "SYBBA_CA", " Sem_Marks
":[70, 78, 81, 86]});
>db.student.insert({"stud_id":4, "stud_name": "Vedant", "class": "SYBBA_CA", " Sem_Marks
":[72, 93, 81, 90],"remark": "Excellent"});
>db.student.insert({"stud_id":5, "stud_name": "Supriya", "class": "TYBBA_CA", " Sem_Marks
":[90, 76, 97, 80],"remark": "Excellent"});

Now create an index using the Sem_Marks field.

>db.student.createIndex({Sem_Marks:1})

The above code will automatically create a Multikey index in MongoDB. When you query for a
document using the array field (Sem_Marks), MongoDB will search for the first element of the
array defined in the find() method and then search for the whole matching query.

>db.student.find({Sem_Marks: [70, 78, 81, 86]}, {_id: 0})

Initially, MongoDB will use the multikey index for searching documents where the Sem_Marks
array contains the first element (70) in any position. Then, within those selected documents, the
documents with all the matching elements will be selected.

44
Geospatial Index
MongoDB provides two types of indexes to increase the efficiency of database queries when
dealing with geospatial coordinate data:
• 2d indexes that use planar geometry which is intended for legacy coordinate pairs used in
MongoDB 2.2 and earlier.
• 2dsphere indexes that use spherical geometry.
>db.<collection_name>.createIndex( { <location Field> : "2dsphere" } )

Text index
The text index type enables you to search the string content in a collection.
>db.<collection_name>.createIndex( { <Index Field>: "text" } )

Hashed index
MongoDB Hashed index type is used to provide support for hash-based sharding functionality.
This would index the hash value of the specified field.
>db.<collection_name>.createIndex( { <Index Field> : "hashed" } )

MongoDB index properties

You can enhance the functionality of an index further by utilizing index properties.
Sparse index
The MongoDB sparse property allows indexes to omit indexing documents in a collection if the
indexed field is unavailable in a document and create an index containing only the documents
which contain the indexed field.
>db.student.createIndex({remark:1},{sparse: true})

Here, if you create an index using the remark field, it will index only three documents as the
remark field is present only in three documents.

Partial index
The partial index functionality allows users to create indexes that match a certain filter condition.
Partial indexes use the partialFilterExpression option to specify the filter condition.
>db.student.createIndex({stud_name:1},
{partialFilterExpression: {percentage: { $gte: 80}}})

Here, command will create an index for the stud_name field but will only include documents in
which the value of the percentage field is greater than or equal to 80.

Unique index
The unique property enables users to create a MongoDB index that only includes unique values.
This will:
• Reject any duplicate values in the indexed field
• Limit the index to documents containing unique values
>db.student.createIndex({stud_name:1},{unique: true})

Here, created index will limit the indexing to documents with unique values in the stud_name
field.

45
Aggregation in MongoDB

In MongoDB, aggregation operations process the data records/documents and return computed
results. It collects values from various documents and groups them together and then performs
different types of operations on that grouped data like sum, average, minimum, maximum, etc to
return a computed result.

MongoDB provides three ways to perform aggregation

1. Aggregation pipeline
2. Map-reduce function
3. Single-purpose aggregation

Aggregation pipeline

In MongoDB, the aggregation pipeline consists of stages and each stage transforms the
document. It is a multi-stage pipeline, so in each state, the documents taken as input and produce
the resultant set of documents now in the next stage(id available) the resultant documents taken
as input and produce output, this process is going on till the last stage.

Stages: Each stage starts from stage operators which are:

Operator Description
$match It is used for filtering the documents can reduce the amount of documents that are
given as input to the next stage.
$project It is used to select some specific fields from a collection.
$group It is used to group documents based on some value.
$sort It is used to sort the document that is rearranging them
$skip It is used to skip ‘n’ number of documents and passes the remaining documents
$limit It is used to pass first ‘n’ number of documents thus limiting them.
$unwind It is used to unwind documents that are using arrays i.e. it deconstructs an array
field in the documents to return documents for each element.
$out It is used to write resulting documents to a new collection

Expressions: It refers to the name of the field in input documents for e.g. { $group : { _id :
“$id”, total:{$sum: “$fare”}}} here $id and $fare are expressions.
Here in $group _id is Mandatory field, $out must be the last stage in the pipeline and $sum:1 will
count the number of documents and $sum:”$fare” will give the sum of total fare generated per
id.

46
Accumulators: These are basically used in the group stage

Accumulator Description
sum It sums numeric values for the documents in each group
count It counts total numbers of documents
avg It calculates the average of all given values from all documents
min It gets the minimum value from all the documents
max It gets the maximum value from all the documents

Example:
>db.student.insert({"stud_id":1, "stud_name": "Maya", "age":25,"section": "A",
"subjects":["Python","Java"]});
>db.student.insert({"stud_id":2, "stud_name": "Pooja", "age":20,"section": "B",
"subjects":["PHP"]});
>db.student.insert({"stud_id":3, "stud_name": "Ram", "age":27,"section": "A",
"subjects":["C++","Python","Java"]});
>db.student.insert({"stud_id":4, "stud_name": "Vedant", "age":35,"section": "B",
"subjects":["PHP","Java"]});
>db.student.insert({"stud_id":5, "stud_name": "Supriya", "age":28,"section": "A",
"subjects":["Python","Java","C++","PHP"]});

Display only student name and class field of student collection

>db.student.aggregate( [ { $project : { _id: 0, stud_name : 1 , age : 1 } } ] );
In this example the _id field is excluded and stud_name, and the age field is included in its
output documents.

Displaying the total number of students in one section only

>db.student.aggregate([{$match:{section:"B"}},{$count:"Total student in sec:B"}])
In this example, for taking a count of the number of students in section B we first filter the
documents using the $match operator, and then we use the $count accumulator to count the
total number of documents that are passed after filtering from the $match.

Displaying the total number of students in both the sections and maximum age from both
section
>db.student.aggregate([{$group: {_id:"$section", total_st: {$sum:1}, max_age:{$max:"$age"} }
}])
In this example, we use $group to group, so that we can count for every other section in the
documents, here $sum sums up the document in each group and $max accumulator is applied on
age expression which will find the maximum age in each document.

Displaying details of students whose age is greater than 30 using match stage
>db.student.aggregate([{$match:{age:{$gt:30}}}])
In this example, we display students whose age is greater than 30. So we use
the $match operator to filter out the documents.

47
Sorting the students information on the basis of age
>db.student.aggregate([{'$sort': {'age': 1}}])
In this example, we are using the $sort operator to sort in ascending order we provide ‘age’:1 if
we want to sort in descending order we can simply change 1 to -1 i.e. ‘age’:-1.

Displaying details of a student having the largest age in the section – B

>db.student.aggregate([{$match:{section:"B"}},{'$sort': {'age': -1}},{$limit:1}])
In this example, first, we only select those documents that have section B, so for that, we use
the $match operator then we sort the documents in descending order using $sort by setting
‘age’:-1 and then to only show the topmost result we use $limit.

Unwinding students on the basis of subject

Unwinding works on array here in our collection we have array of subjects (which consists of
different subjects inside it like Python, Java, PHP, etc) so unwinding will be done on that i.e. the
array will be deconstructed and the output will have only one subject not an array of subjects
which were there earlier.
>db.student.aggregate([{$unwind:"$subjects"}])

Map Reduce
Map reduce is used for aggregating results for the large volume of data. Map reduce has two
main functions one is a map that groups all the documents and the second one is the
reduce which performs operation on the grouped data.
Syntax:
>db.collectionName.mapReduce(mappingFunction, reduceFunction, {out:'Result'});

Example:
>db.student.insert({"stud_id":1, "stud_name": "Maya", "age":25, "class": "TYBBA_CA",
"percentage":80});
>db.student.insert({"stud_id":2, "stud_name": "Pooja", "age":20, "class": "TYBBA_CA",
"percentage":50});
>db.student.insert({"stud_id":3, "stud_name": "Ram", "age":27, "class": "SYBBA_CA",
"percentage":90});
>db.student.insert({"stud_id":4, "stud_name": "Vedant", "age":35, "class": "SYBBA_CA",
"percentage":85});
>db.student.insert({"stud_id":5, "stud_name": "Supriya", "age":20, "class": "TYBBA_CA",
"percentage":40});

Find total percentage in each age group.

>var mapfun = function(){emit(this.age, this.percentage)}
>var reducefun = function(key, values){return Array.sum(values)}
>db.student.mapReduce(mapfun, reducefun, {'out':'Result'})

Here, we will create two variables first mapfun which will emit age as a key (expressed as “_id”
in the output) and percentage as value this emitted data is passed to our reducefun, which takes
key and value as grouped data, and then it performs operations over it. After performing
reduction the results are stored in a collection here in this case the collection is Result.

48
To view the output, give following command
>db.Result.find()

Single Purpose Aggregation

It is used when we need simple access to document like counting the number of documents or for
finding all distinct values in a document. It simply provides the access to the common
aggregation process using the count() and distinct().

Example:
Displaying distinct ages
>db.student.distinct("age")
Here, we use a distinct() method that finds distinct values of the specified field i.e., age.

Counting the total numbers of documents

>db.student.count()
Here, we use count() to find the total number of the document, unlike find() method it does not
find all the document rather it counts them and return a number.

49
Practice Set:
For a collection, Movies created in your database with fields Movie_id, title, director, actors,
num_of_award, box_office business in crores with multiple documents
i) Find movie which made highest business
ii) Find movies which received maximum awards
iii) Find movies which received no awards

Set A:
For a collection people created in your database containing the following type of documents:
{
"_id": 1,
"person": { name: "John", surname: "Brown" },
"age": 34,
"city": "New York"
}
1. Define, a single field index on the age field and also drop created index
2. Define, a multiple field index on the age field for descending and city field for ascending
order.
3. Write mongo DB queries that will use the index both for retrieving the documents and for
sorting. Also, retrieves all the indexes in the collection.

Set B:
In the collection created in your database you have the following data:
{
_id:
book_title: ,
description: ,
author:,
url:,
tags: ['mongodb', 'database', 'NoSQL'],
likes: 100
}
with multiple documents.
1. Display a list stating how many books are written by each author.
2. Gets the maximum likes of the corresponding values from all documents in the
collection for each author.
3. Calculates the average likes of all given values from all documents in the
collection for each author.
Set C:
1. For above collection created in database use map reduce function to
i) Find total likes received to each author.
ii) Calculate total likes received to authors except “Mongo DB” book.

50
Assignment Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

Signature of Instructor

51
 Section – II
Python Programming

1
Assignment 1: Introduction to Basic Python
Basic Python:
Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose programming. Python
features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It supports multiple programming
paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional and procedural, and has a large and
comprehensive standard library.

How to Install Python (Environment Set-up):

In order to become Python developer, the first step is to learn how to install or update Python on a local
machine or computer. Now, we will discuss the installation of Python on windows operating systems.

Visit the link https://www.python.org/downloads/ to download the latest release of Python. In this process,
we will install Python 3.8.6 on our Windows operating system. When we click on the above link, it will
bring us the following page.

Step - 1: Select the Python's version to download.

Click on the download button.

Step - 2: Click on the Install Now

Double-click the executable file, which is downloaded; the following window will open. Select Customize
installation and proceed. Click on the Add Path check box, it will set the Python path automatically.

We can also click on the customize installation to choose desired location and features. Other important
thing is install launcher for the all user must be checked.

2
Step - 3 Installations in Process

Starting the Interpreter:

After installation, the python interpreter lives in the installed directory. By default it is
/usr/local/bin/python. X in Linux/Unix and C:\PythonXX in Windows, where the 'X' denotes the version
number. To invoke it from the shell or the command prompt we need to add this location in the search
path. Search path is a list of directories (locations) where the operating system searches for executables.
For example,
In Windows command prompt, we can type set path=%path%;c:\python33 (python33 means version 3.3, it
might be different in your case) to add the location to path for that particular session.
Python Use:
Python is used by hundreds of thousands of programmers and is used in many places. Python has many
standard library which is made up of many functions that come with Python when it is installed. On the
Internet there are many other libraries available that make it possible for the Python language to do more
things. These libraries make it a powerful language; it can do many different things.
Some things that Python is often used for are:
 Web development
 Game programming
 Desktop GUIs
 Scientific programming
 Network programming.

First Python Program:

This is a small example of a Python program. It shows "Hello World!" on the screen. Type the following
code in any text editor or an IDE and save as helloWorld.py
print ("Hello world!")
Now at the command window, go to the location of this file. You can use the cd command to change
directory. To run the script, type python helloWorld.py in the command window. We should be able to see
the output as follows:
Hello world!

Immediate/Interactive mode:
Typing python in the command line will invoke the interpreter in immediate mode. We can directly type in
Python expressions and press enter to get the output.
>>> is the Python prompt. It tells us that the interpreter is ready for our input. Try typing in 1 + 1 and press
enter. We get 2 as the output. This prompt can be used as a calculator. To exit this mode type exit() or
quit() and press enter.
Type the following text at the Python prompt and press the Enter
>>> print "Hello World"
3
2. Script Mode Programming
Invoking the interpreter with a script parameter begins execution of the script and continues until the script
is finished. When the script is finished, the interpreter is no longer active.
Let us write a simple Python program in a script. Python files have extension .py. Type the
following source code in a test.py file −
print"Hello World"
We assume that you have Python interpreter set in PATH variable. Now, try to run this program as follows
$ python test.py
This produces the following result −
Hello, Python!

3. Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

We can use any text editing software to write a Python script file.
We just need to save it with the .py extension. But using an IDE can make our life a lot easier. IDE is a
piece of software that provides useful features like code hinting, syntax highlighting and checking, file
explorers etc. to the programmer for application development. Using an IDE can get rid of redundant tasks
and significantly decrease the time required for application development.
IDEL is a graphical user interface (GUI) that can be installed along with the Python programming
language and is available from the official website. We can also use other commercial or free IDE
according to our preference, the PyScripter IDE can be used for testing. It is free and open source.

Python Comments:
In Python, there are two ways to annotate your code.
Single-line comment – Comments are created simply by beginning a line with the hash (#) character, and
they are automatically terminated by the end of line.
For example:
#This would be a comment in Python

Multi-line comment:
Multi lined comment can be given inside triple quotes.
‘’’This is
example of
multiline comments ‘’’

Indentation:
Most of the programming languages like C, C++, Java use braces { } to define a block of code. Python
uses indentation. A code block (body of a function, loop etc.) starts with indentation and ends with the first
unindented line. The amount of indentation is up to you, but it must be consistent throughout that block.
The enforcement of indentation in Python makes the code look neat and clean. This results into Python
programs that look similar and consistent. In Python, indentation is used to declare a block. If two
statements are at the same indentation level, then they are the part of the same block.

Standard Data Types

Python has five standard data types −
 Numbers
 String
4
  List
 Tuple
 Dictionary

Python Numbers: Integers, floating point numbers and complex numbers falls under Python numbers
category. They are defined as int, float and complex class in Python.
Python supports four different numerical types
 int (signed integers)
 long (long integers, they can also be represented in octal and hexadecimal)
 float (floating point real values)
 complex (complex numbers)

Python Strings: Strings in Python are identified as a contiguous set of characters represented in the
quotation marks. Python allows for either pairs of single or double quotes.
Example: str=’Hello all’

Python Lists:
Lists are the most versatile of Python's compound data types. A list contains items can be of
different data types separated by commas and enclosed within square brackets ([]).
list_obj=['table', 59 ,2.69,“chair”]

Python Tuples:
A tuple is another sequence immutable data type that is similar to the list. A tuple consists of a number of
values separated by commas and enclosed in parentheses ( ( ) ).
Example:
tuple_obj=(786,2.23, “college” )

Python Dictionary
Python's dictionaries are kind of hash table type. They work like associative arrays or hashes found in Perl
and consist of key-value pairs.
Dictionaries are enclosed by curly braces ({ })
Example:dict_obj={'roll_no': 15,'name':’xyz’,'per': 69.88}

Python Operators:
Python language supports the following types of operators.
 Arithmetic Operators
 Comparison (Relational) Operators
 Operators
 Logical Operators
 Bitwise Operators
 Membership Operators
 Identity Operators
Arithmetic, logical, Relational operators supported by Python language are same as other languages like
C,C++.

i. Arithmetic Operators:
The new arithmetic operators in python are,
5
 a) ** (Exponent) - Performs exponential (power) calculation on operators
Example: a**b =10 to the power 20
b) // (Floor Division) - The division of operands where the result is the quotient in which
the digits after the decimal point are removed. But if one of the operands is negative, the
result is floored, i.e., rounded away from zero (towards negative infinity)
Example: 9//2 = 4 and 9.0//2.0 = 4.0, -11//3 = -4, -11.0//3 = -4.0

ii. Logical operators:

Logical operators are the and, or, not operators.
a) and - True if both the operands are true
b) or - True if either of the operands is true
c) not - True if operand is false (complements the operand)

iii. Relational / Comparison operators:

== (equal to), != (not equal to ), < (less than),<= (Less than or equal to ), > (greater than)
and >= (Greater than or equal to) are same as other language relational operators.
The new relational operator in python is, <>- If values of two operands are not equal, the condition
becomes true.
Example: (a <> b) is true. This is similar to != operator.

iv. Operators: The following are operators in python which are

same as in C, C++. =, +=, - =, *=, /=, %=, **=, //=

v. Bitwise Operators: The following are bitwise operators in python which are same as in
C,C++. &(bitwise AND), |(bitwise OR) ,^ (bitwise XOR),~ (bitwise NOT ),<<( bitwise left
shift ), >>( bitwise right shift )

vi. Membership operators:

in and not in are the membership operators; used to test whether a value or variable is in a
sequence.
in - True if value is found in the sequence
not in - True if value is not found in the sequence

vii. Identity operators:

is and is not are the identity operators both are used to check if two values are located on the
same part of the memory. Two variables that are equal does not imply that they are identical.
is - True if the operands are identical
is not - True if the operands are not identical

Decision making Statement:

Python programming language provides following types of decision making statements.
i. If statement: It is similar to that of other languages
Syntax
if expression:
statement(s)

ii. IF...ELIF...ELSE Statements:

Syntax
6
 if expression:
statement(s)
else:
statement(s)
iii. nested IF statements:
In a nested if construct, you can have an if...elif...else construct inside
another if...elif...else construct.
Syntax
if expression1:
statement(s)
elif expression2:
statement(s)
elif expression3:
statement(s)
else:
statement(s)

Python Loops:
i. while loop:
A while loop statement in Python programming language repeatedly executes a target
statement as long as a given condition is true.
Syntax
while expression:
statement(s)
Example:
count=0
while(count <3):
print('The count is:', count)
count= count +1

ii. for loop:

It has the ability to iterate over the items of any sequence, such as a list or a string.
Syntax
for iterating_var in sequence:
statements(s)
Example:
for x in'Hi':
print x

Command Line Arguments:

You can get access to the command line parameters using the sys module. len(sys.argv) contains the
number of arguments. To print all of the arguments simply execute str(sys.argv)
import sys
print('Arguments:', len(sys.argv))
print('List:', str(sys.argv))

7
 Python Input and Output:
The functions like input() and print() are widely used for standard input and output operations
respectively.

Python Output Using print() function:

We use the print() function to output data to the standard output device (screen).
For example
>>>print(“Python is very easy”) Output: Python is very easy
>>> a=5
>>> print(“The value of a is “,a) Output: The value of a is 5
In the second print() statement, we can notice that a space was added between the string and the value of
variable a. This is by default. The actual syntax of the print() function is
print(*objects, sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout, flush=False)
Here, objects is the value(s) to be printed.
The sep separator is used between the values. It defaults into a space character.
After all values are printed, end is printed. It defaults into a new line.
The file is the object where the values are printed and its default value is sys.stdout (screen).
>>>print(1,2,3,4) output: 1 2 3 4
>>>print(1,2,3,4,sep='*') Output:1*2*3*4
>>>print(1,2,3,4,sep='#',end='&') Output: 1#2#3#4&

Python Input: The function input() is used to accept the input from user Syntax of input function is
input(string)

Eg. >>>num=input(“Enter any number=“)

>>> print(num)
Output: Enter any number=10
10

In python each input is accepted in the form of string. To convert it into number we can use int() or float()
function
Eg. >>>num1=int(input(“Enter any Number”))
>>>num2=float(input(“Enter anyNumber”))

Assignments:

Practice Set:
1. A cashier has currency notes of denomination 1, 5 and 10. Write python script to accept the amount to
be withdrawn from the user and print the total number of currency notes of each denomination the
cashier will have to give.
2. Write a python script to accepts annual basic salary of an employee and calculates and displays the
Income tax as per the following rules.
Basic: < 2,50,000 Tax = 0
Basic: 2,50,000 to 5,00,000 Tax = 10%
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 Basic: > 5,00,000 Tax = 20
3. Write python script to accept the x and y coordinate of a point and find the quadrant in which the
point lies.
4. Write a python script to accept the cost price and selling price from the keyboard. Find out if the
seller has made a profit or loss and display how much profit or loss has been made.

Set A:

1. Write python script to calculate sum of digits of a given input number.

2. Write python script to check whether a input number is Armstrong number or not.
3. Write python script to check whether a input number is perfect number of not.
4. Write a program to calculate XY
5. Write a program to check whether a input number is palindrome or not.
6. Write a program to calculate sum of first and last digit of a number.

Set B:

1. Write a program to accept a number and count number of even, odd, zero digits within that number.
2. Write a program to accept a binary number and convert it into decimal number.
3. Write a program which accepts an integer value as command line and print “Ok” if value is between 1 to
50 (both inclusive) otherwise it prints ”Out of range”
4. Write a program which accept an integer value ‘n’ and display all prime numbers till ‘n’.
5. Write python script to accept two numbers as range and display multiplication table of all numbers within
that range.

Set C:
1. Write a python script to generate the following pattern upto n lines
1
1 2 1
1 2 3 2 1
1 2 3 4 3 2 1

Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Need Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

Signature of the Instructor

9
Assignment 2: Working with String and List
Python String:
In python string is sequence of characters enclosed either in single, double or triple quotes
Ex. str1=“Python”; str2=‘Hi’; str3=‘‘‘Hi’’’;
String “Python” will be stored from index 0 as shown in following figure
0 1 2 3 4 5
P y t h o n

Following are the methods of accessing string in python

>>>print(str1) #output: Python
>>>print(str1[0]) #output: P
>>>for i in str:
print(i,end=“ “) #output: P y t h o n
>>>for i in range(len(str1)):
print(str1[i],end=“ “) #output: P y t h o n

Types of Strings:
There are two types of Strings supported in Python:
a) Single line String- Strings that are terminated within a single line are known as Single line Strings.
Eg:>>> text1=‘hello’
b) Multi line String: A piece of text that is spread along multiple lines is Multiple line String.
There are two ways to create Multiline Strings:
1. Adding black slash at the end of each line.
Eg: >>> text1='hello\
user'
>>> text1 #output: hellouser
2. Using triple quotation marks:
Eg: >>> str2='''welcome
to
SSSIT'''
>>> print str2
# output: welcome
to
SSSIT
String Operators:
1. + : It is concatenation operator used to connect two strings
Ex: str1=“Hi”; str2=“Hello”;
print(str1+str2) #output: HiHello
print(str2+str1) #output: HelloHi
2. * : It is repetition operator used to connect multiple copies of the same string with itself
Ex: str=“Python”
print(str*3) #output: PythonPythonPython
3. [ ] : It is slice operator used to access character of a string from specific index
Ex: print(str[4]) #output: o
4. [:] :It is called as rang slice operator used to access substring of string from the specific range

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 Ex: print(str[2:4]) #output: th
5. in: It is membership operator which return True if substring is available in specified string, False
otherwise
Ex. str=“Python”;
print(“th” in str) #output: True
print(“a” in str) #output: False
6. not in: it is also membership operator which return true if a substring does not available in
specified string, True otherwise
Ex. print(“Py” not in str) #output: False
print(“xyz” not in str) #output: True
7. r/R: It is used to specify raw string. Raw string are string which treat backslash(\) as a string literal.
Ex. Print(“Hi\nHello”) #output: Hi
Hello
print(r”Hi\nHello”) #output: Hi\nHello

Escape Characters:
Following table is a list of escape or non-printable characters that can be represented with
backslash notation.
An escape character gets interpreted; in a single quoted as well as double quoted strings.
Backslash Notation

\a Bell or alert
\b Backspace
\cx or \C-x Control-x
\f Formfeed
\M-\C-x Meta-Control-x
\n Newline
\r Carriage return
\s Space
\t tab
\nnn Octal notation, where n is in the range 0.7
\v Vertical tab
\x Character x

Built in string Methods:

Method Description
capitalize() Converts the first character to upper case
casefold() Converts string into lower case
center() Returns a centered string
count() Returns the number of times a specified value occurs in a string
encode() Returns an encoded version of the string
endswith() Returns true if the string ends with the specified value

11
expandtabs() Sets the tab size of the string
find() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the position of where it was found
format() Formats specified values in a string
format_map() Formats specified values in a string
index() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the position of where it was found
isalnum() Returns True if all characters in the string are alphanumeric
isalpha() Returns True if all characters in the string are in the alphabet
isascii() Returns True if all characters in the string are ascii characters
isdecimal() Returns True if all characters in the string are decimals
isdigit() Returns True if all characters in the string are digits
isidentifier() Returns True if the string is an identifier
islower() Returns True if all characters in the string are lower case
isnumeric() Returns True if all characters in the string are numeric
isprintable() Returns True if all characters in the string are printable
isspace() Returns True if all characters in the string are whitespaces
istitle() Returns True if the string follows the rules of a title
isupper() Returns True if all characters in the string are upper case
join() Converts the elements of an iterable into a string
ljust() Returns a left justified version of the string
lower() Converts a string into lower case
lstrip() Returns a left trim version of the string
maketrans() Returns a translation table to be used in translations
partition() Returns a tuple where the string is parted into three parts
replace() Returns a string where a specified value is replaced with a specified value
rfind() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the last position of where it was found
rindex() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the last position of where it was found
rjust() Returns a right justified version of the string
rpartition() Returns a tuple where the string is parted into three parts

12
rsplit() Splits the string at the specified separator, and returns a list
rstrip() Returns a right trim version of the string
split() Splits the string at the specified separator, and returns a list
splitlines() Splits the string at line breaks and returns a list
startswith() Returns true if the string starts with the specified value
strip() Returns a trimmed version of the string
swapcase() Swaps cases, lower case becomes upper case and vice versa
title() Converts the first character of each word to upper case
translate() Returns a translated string
upper() Converts a string into upper case
zfill() Fills the string with a specified number of 0 values at the beginning

Python List:
A list can be defined as a collection of values or items of different types.
The items in the list are separated with the comma (,) and enclosed with the square brackets [].
Ex. >>> List=[10,20,"Hi","Hello",4.5]
>>> print(List) #output: [10, 20, 'Hi', 'Hello', 4.5]
>>> for i in List:
print(i,end=" “) #output: 10 20 Hi Hello 4.5
>>> for i in range(len(List)):
print(List[i],end=" “) #output: 10 20 Hi Hello 4.5
>>>print("%d,%d,%s,%s,%f"%(List[0], List[1], List[2], List[3], List[4]))
#output: 10,20,Hi,Hello,4.500000
List indexing and splitting:
The elements of the list can be accessed using the slice operator [].
The index starts from 0 and goes to length - 1. The first element of the list is stored at the 0th index, the
second element of the list is stored at the 1st index, and so on.
Consider the following example.

13
The negative indices are counted from the right.
The last element (right most) of the list has the index -1,
1, its adjacent left element is present at the index -2
and soo on until the left most element is encountered.

Ex. >>> print(List[-1]) #output: 5

Updating List Values: List values can be updated by using the slice and operator.
Ex. >>>list=[1,2,3,4]
>>>print(list) #: [1,2,3,4]
>>>list[2]=45
>>>print(list) #:[1,2,45,4]
>>>list[1:3]=[55,56]
>>>print(list) #:[1,55,56,4]

Deleting List Element:

The list elements can be deleted by using the del keyword.
>>> list=[10,20,30,40]
>>> print(list) #[10, 20, 30, 40]
>>> del list[0]
>>> print(list) # [20, 30, 40]
>>> del list[2]
>>> print(list) # [20, 30]
Python List Operator:
The concatenation (+) and repetition (*) operator work in the same way as they were working with the
strings.
Ex. >>>L1=[10,20,30];
>>>L2=[40,50]
>>>print(L1*2) #[10,20,30,10,20,30]
>>>print(L1+L2) #[10,20,30,40,50]
Membership operator in and not in can also be used to perform operation on list
Ex. >>>L1=[10,20,30]
>>> print (20 in L1) #True
>>>print (40 in L1) #False
>>>print(50 not in L1) #True
>>>print(30 not in L1) #False
Adding elements to the list:
 Python provides append() function by using which we can add an element to the list. However, the
append() method can only add the value to the end of the list.
 Ex.>>>L1.append(40)
>>>print(L1) #[10,20,30,40]
Removing specific elements from the list:
 remove() method is used to delete specific element for list
Ex. >>>L1=[10,20,30]
>>>print(L1) # [10,20,30]

14
 >>> L1.remove(20)
>>>print(L1) #[10,30]
Python List Built-in functions:
1. cmp(list1, list2): used to compare two list. The function return 0 if both the list are same,-1
otherwise
Ex. >>>L1=[10,20]; L2=[20,30]; L3=[10,20]
>>>cmp(L1,L2) # -1
>>>cmp(L1,L3) #0
2. len(list): It is used to calculate the length of the list.
>>>print(len(L1)) #2
3. max(list): It returns the maximum element of the list.
4. min(list): It returns the minimum element of the list.
Ex. >>>L1=[16,3,24,12]
>>>print(max(L1)) #24
>>>print(min(L1)) #3
5. list(seq): It converts any sequence to the list.
Ex. >>>str=“Python”
>>>L1=list(str)
>>>print(L1) #[‘P’,’y’,’t’,’h’,’o’,’n’]
6. list.count(obj.): It returns the number of occurrences of the specified object in the list.
Ex. >>>L1=[10,20,40,10,20]
>>>print(L1.count(20)) #2
7. list.extend(seq): The sequence represented by the object seq is extended to the list.
Ex. >>> L1=[10,20]; str=“abc”
>>>print(L1) #[10,20]
>>>print(L1.extend(str)) #[10,20,’a’,’b’,’c’]
8. list.index(obj): It returns the lowest index in the list that object appears.
Ex. >>>L1=[10,20,30,20]
>>> print(L1.index(20)) #1
9. list.insert(index, obj): The object is inserted into the list at the specified index.
Ex >>>L1=[10,20,30]
>>>L1.insert(2,40)
>>>print(L1) #[10,20,40,30]
10. list.pop(): It removes and returns the last object of the list.
Ex >>>L1=[10,20,30]
>>print(L1.pop()) #30
11. list.reverse(): It reverses the list.
Ex. >>>print(L1.reverse()) # [30 20 10]
12. list.sort(): It sorts the list

Indexing, Slicing:
we will focus on indexing and slicing operations over Python’s lists.
Indexing:
In Python, list is just like arrays in other scripting languages. It allows you to store set of items in one place
and access an item by its index. In python list, index starts form 0
Ex. City=[‘Pune’, ’Mumbai’, ‘Nasik’, ‘Nagpur’]
Each item in the list have value and index. First value of the list city is ‘Pune’ having index 0, second item
in the list is ‘Mumbai’ having index 1 and so on
15
To accsess the element by index we use square brackets
>>> print(city[0], city[2]) #’Pune’ ‘Nasik’
Negative indexing:
Python list also support negative indexing system.
In negative indexing system last element of the list corresponds to index -1, second last element
correspond to -2 and so on
>>> print(city[-1],city[-2]) # ‘Nagpur’ ‘Nasik’
Indexing not only used for accessing the content of a list but also it is possible to change list content using
an operation
Ex. >>> print(city) #[‘Pune’, ’Mumbai’, ‘Nasik’, ‘Nagpur’]
>>> city[0]=“Pimpri’
>>>print(city) #[‘Pimpri’, ’Mumbai’, ‘Nasik’, ‘Nagpur’]
>>> city[-1]=‘Jalgaon’
>>> print(city) #[‘Pimpri’, ’Mumbai’, ‘Nasik’, ‘Jalgaon’]
Deletion:
We can also easily delete any element from the list by using indexing and del statement
Ex. >>>print(city) #[‘Pune’, ’Mumbai’, ‘Nasik’, ‘Nagpur’]
>>> del city[0]
>>> print(city)#[’Mumbai’, ‘Nasik’, ‘Nagpur’]
>>> del city(-2)
>>> print(city) #[’Mumbai’,‘Nagpur’]
Slice Notation:
As it was shown, indexing allows you to access/change/delete only a single cell of a list.
Using slice notation we can access/change/delete sublist of the list.
The full slice syntax is [start: stop: step]
Start refers to the index of the element which is used as a start of our slice.
Stop refers to the index of the element we should stop just before to finish our slice.
Step allows you to take each nth-element within a start: stop range.
Ex. >>>L=[10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80]
>>>print(L[2:6]) # [30,40,50,60]
>>>print(L[:4]) #[10,20,30,40]
>>>print(L[0:]) #[10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80]
>>>print(L[:]) #[10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80]
>>>print(L[-6:4]) #[30,40]
>>>print(L[-3:]) #[60,70,80]
>>>print(L[1:-1]) #[20,30,40,50,60,70]
>>>print(L[-5:-2]) #[40,50,60]
>>>print(L[1:8:2]) #[20,40,60]
>>>print(L[: :3]) #[10,30,60]
>>>print(L[-2:1:-3]) #[70,40]

Slicing and Coping List:

>>>L1=[10,20,30,40,50,60]
>>>L2=L1[1:4]
>>>print(L2) #[20,,30,40]
Slice :
>>>L1[:3]=[7,8,9]
>>>print(L1) #[7,8,9,40,50,60]
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Replace and Resize part of the list:
It’s also possible to replace a bigger chunk with a smaller number of items:
>>>L1=[10,20,30,40,50,60]
>>>L1[:3]=[1]
>>>print(L1) #[1,40,50,60]
We can also replace part of list with bigger chunk
>>>L1=[10,20,30,40,50,60]
>>>L1[:3]=[6,7,8,9,25]
>>>print(L1) #[6,7,8,9,25,40,50,60]
Slice Deletion:
We can use del statement to remove a slice out of a list:
>>>L1=[10,20,30,40,50,60]
>>>del L1[2:5]
>>>print (L1) #[10,20,60]
 We can also provide step parameter to slice and remove each n-th element:
>>>L1=[10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80]
>>>del L1[ : : 2]
>>>print(L1) #[20,40,60,80]

Assignments:

Practice Set
1. Write a python script to create a list and display the list element in reverse order
2. Write a python script to display alternate characters of string from both the direction.
3. Write a python program to count vowels and consonants in a string.

Set A
1. Write a python script which accepts 5 integer values and prints “DUPLICATES” if any of the
values entered are duplicates otherwise it prints “ALL UNIQUE”. Example: Let 5 integers are (32,
45, 90, 45, 6) then output “DUPLICATES” to be printed.
2. Write a python script to count the number of characters (character frequency) in a string. Sample
String : google.com'. Expected Result : {'o': 3, 'g': 2, '.': 1, 'e': 1, 'l': 1, 'm': 1, 'c': 1}
3. Write a Python program to remove the characters which have odd index values of a given string.
4. Write a program to implement the concept of stack using list
5. Write a Python program to get a string from a given string where all occurrences of its first char
have been changed to '$', except the first char itself. Sample String: 'restart' Expected Result :
'resta$t'

Set B

1. Write a Python program to get a string made of the first 2 and the last 2 chars from a given a string.
If the string length is less than 2, return instead of the empty string.
Sample String : 'General12'
Expected Result : 'Ge12'
Sample String : 'Ka'
Expected Result : 'KaKa'
Sample String : ' K'
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 Expected Result : Empty String

2. Write a Python program to get a single string from two given strings, separated by a space and
swap the first two characters of each string.
Sample String : 'abc', 'xyz'
Expected Result : 'xycabz'
3. Write a Python program to count the occurrences of each word in a given sentence.
4. Write a program to implement the concept of queue using list
5. Write a python program to count repeated characters in a string.
Sample string: 'thequickbrownfoxjumpsoverthelazydog'
Expected output:
o4
e3
u2
h2
r2
t2
Set C:

1. Write a binary search function which searches an item in a sorted list. The function should return
the index of element to be searched in the list.

Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Need Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

Signature of the Instructor

18
Assignment 3: Working With Tuples, Sets and Dictionaries

Python Tuple:
A Tuple is a collection of Python objects separated by commas or written in round brackets.
Ex >>>T1=“Hi”, “Hello”
>>>print(T1) #output: ( ‘Hi’, ‘Hello’)
>>>T2=(10,20,4.5,”Monday”)
>>>print(T2) #output: (10,20,4.5,’Mondy’)
Tuples are sequences, just like lists. The differences between tuples and lists are, the tuples cannot be
changed unlike lists and tuples use parentheses, whereas lists use square brackets.
>>>print(T1[0]) #’Hi’
>>>print(T1[-1]) #’Hello’
>>>T1[0]=“Bye” #Error

Change Tuple Values:

Once a tuple is created, you cannot change its values. Tuples are unchangeable, or immutable
For changing tuple values you can convert the tuple into a list, change the list, and convert the list back
into a tuple.
Ex
>>>T1=(“Hi”, “Hello”) #Tuple T1
>>> T1[0]=“Bye” #Error
>>>T2=list(T1) #Converting Tuple T1 to list T2
>>>T2[0]=“Bye” #Updating List T2
>>>T1=tuple(T2) #Converting List T2 to tuple T1
>>>print(T1) #(‘Bye’, ‘Hello’)
The empty tuple is written as two parentheses containing nothing − >>> tup1 = ();
To write a tuple containing a single value you have to include a comma, even though there is only one
value - >>>tup1 = (50,);
Like string indices, tuple indices start at 0, and they can be sliced, concatenated, and so on.
Different ways of accessing Tuple
>>>T1=(10,20,30,40)
>>>print(T1) #(10,20,30,40)
>>>print(T1[0]) #10
>>>for i in T1:
print(i,end= “ “) #10 20 30 40
>>>for i in range(len(T1)):
print(T1[i],end= “ “) #10 20 30 40
>>>print(“%f”%T1[0]) #10.000

Python Tuple Operator:

The concatenation (+) and repetition (*) operator work in the same way as they were working with the
strings.
Ex. >>>T1=(10,20,30);
>>>L2=(40,50)
>>>print(L1*2) #(10,20,30,10,20,30)
>>>print(L1+L2) #(10,20,30,40,50)

19
Membership operator in and not in can also be used to perform operation on list
Ex. >>>T1=[10,20,30]
>>> print (20 in T1) #True
>>>print (40 in T1) #False
>>>print(50 not in T1) #True
>>>print(30 not in T1) #False

Add Items:
Once a tuple is created, you cannot add items to it. Tuples are unchangeable.
Remove Items:
Note: You cannot remove items in a tuple.
Tuples are unchangeable, so you cannot remove items from it, but you can delete the tuple completely:
The del keyword can delete the tuple completely
Ex. >>>T1=(10,20)
>>>del T1
In-Built Tuple Functions:
1. cmp(): Python tuple method cmp() compares elements of two tuples.
syntax: cmp(tuple1, tuple2)
cmp function return 0 if two tuples are same, 1 if elements of first tuple is greater than elements of
second tuple, otherwise -1
2. len(tuple): It is used to calculate the length of the tuple
>>>T1=(10,20,30)
>>>print(len(T1)) #3
3. max(Tuple): It returns the maximum element of the tuple.
4. min(Tuple): It returns the minimum element of the tuple.
>>>print(max(T1) #30
>>>print(min(T1)) #10
5. sum(tuple): Return sum of all elements within tuple
>>> print(sum(T1)) #60
6. all(tuple): it returns True if all the items in the tuple are true, otherwise it returns false. If the tuple is
empty, the function also returns true.
>>>T1=(10,20,30) T2=(10,0,20)
>>>print(all(T1)) #True
>>>print(all(T2)) #False
7. any(): Python any() function accepts iterable (list, tuple, dictionary etc.) as an argument and return true
if any of the element in iterable is true, else it returns false. If iterable is empty then any() method
returns false.
>>>print(any(T1)) #True
8. tuple(seq): It converts any sequence to the tuple.
>>>str=“Python”
>>>T1=tuple(str)
>>>print(T1) #(‘P’,’y’,’t’,’h’,’o’,’n’)
9. tuple.count(obj.): It returns the number of occurrences of the specified object in the tuple.
>>>L1=(10,20,40,10,20)
>>>print(L1.count(20)) #2
10. tuple.index(obj): It retuurns the lowest index in the tuple that object appears.
>>>T1=(10,20,30,20)
>>> print(T1.index(20)) #1
20
Packing and Unpacking:
In tuple packing, we place value into a new tuple while in tuple unpacking we extract those values back
into variables.
Ex >>> t=(101,”Nilesh”,80.78) #tuple packing
>>> (rollno, name, marks)=t #tuple unpacking
>>> print(rollno) # 101
>>>print(name, marks) #Nilesh 80.78

Python Set:
The set in python can be defined as the unordered collection of various items enclosed within the curly
braces. The elements of the set can not be duplicate. The elements of the python set can not be
changed.There is no index attached to the elements of the set, i.e., we cannot directly access any element of
the set by the index. However, we can print them all together or we can get the list of elements by looping
through the set.

Creating a set:
The set can be created by enclosing the comma separated items with the curly braces.
Python also provides the set method which can be used to create the set by the passed sequence.

Creating set using curly brackets:

>>> city={"Pune", "Mumbai", "Nashik"}
>>> print(city) # {'Pune', 'Nashik', 'Mumbai'}
>>> for i in city:
print(i, end=“ “) # Pune Nashik Mumbai
Creating set using set() method:
>>> names=set([“Shubham”, “Nilesh”, “Pranav”])
>>>print(names) #{'Pranav', 'Shubham', 'Nilesh'}

Adding items to the set:

Python provides the add() method which can be used to add some particular item to the set.
>>> names.add("Rajesh")
>>> print(names) #{'Pranav', 'Shubham', 'Rajesh', 'Nilesh'}
To add more than one item in the set, Python provides the update() method.
>>> print(city) #{'Pune', 'Nashik', 'Mumbai'}
>>> city.update(["Jalgaon","Nagpur","Satara"])
>>> print(city)
# {'Satara', 'Jalgaon', 'Pune', 'Mumbai', 'Nagpur', 'Nashik'}
Removing items from the set:
Python provides discard() method which can be used to remove the items from the set.
>>> city.discard("Mumbai")
>>> print(city) # {'Satara', 'Jalgaon', 'Pune', 'Nagpur', 'Nashik'}
Python also provide the remove() method to remove the items from the set.
>>> print(city) #{'Satara', 'Jalgaon', 'Pune', 'Nagpur', 'Nashik'}
>>> city.remove("Satara")
>>> print(city) #{'Jalgaon', 'Pune', 'Nagpur', 'Nashik'}
We can also use the pop() method to remove the item. However, this method will always remove the first
item.
21
 >>> print(city) #{'Jalgaon', 'Pune', 'Nagpur', 'Nashik'}
>>> city.pop() #'Jalgaon‘
Python provides the clear() method to remove all the items from the set.
>>> print(city) #{'Nashik', 'Dhule'}
>>> city.clear()
>>> print(city) #set()

Difference between discard() and remove():

If the item to be deleted from the set using discard() doesn't exist in the set, the python will not give the
error.
On the other hand, if the item to be deleted from the set using remove() doesn't exist in the set, the python
will give the error.

Union of two Sets:

The union of two sets are calculated by using the or (|) operator. The union of the two sets contains the all
the items that are present in both the sets.
Ex. >>>s1={1,2,3}; s2={3,4,5}
>>>s3=s1|s3
>>>print(s3) #{1,2,3,4,5}
Python also provides the union() method which can also be used to calculate the union of two sets.
>>> print(s1.union(s2)) #{1,2,3,4,5}

Intersection of two sets:

The & (intersection) operator is used to calculate the intersection of the two sets in python.
The intersection of the two sets are given as the set of the elements that common in both sets.
Ex >>> s1={"Pune","Mumbai","Jalgaon"}
>>> s2={"Nahik","Pune","Nagpur","Jalgaon"}
>>> s3=s1&s2
>>> print(s3) #{'Jalgaon', 'Pune'}
 using intersection() method
>>>s3=s1.intersection(s2)
>>>print(s3) #{'Jalgaon', 'Pune’}

The intersection_update() method:

The intersection_update() method removes the items from the original set that are not present in both the
sets (all the sets if more than one are specified).
The Intersection_update() method is different from intersection() method since it modifies the original set
by removing the unwanted items, on the other hand, intersection() method returns a new set.
Ex >>> a={1,2,3,4,5}
>>> b={3,5,7,8,9}
>>> a.intersection_update(b)
>>> print(a) #{3, 5}

Difference of two sets:

The difference of two sets can be calculated by using the subtraction (-) operator.
The resulting set consists of all the elements form set 1 which are not available in set2
Ex >>> a={1,2,3,4}
>>> b={3,5,4,8}
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 >>> c=a-b
>>> print(c) #{1, 2}
>>>print(b-a) #{5,8}
using difference() method
>>>print(a.difference(b)) #{1,2}

The difference_update():
The set difference_update() method modifies the existing set.
If (A – B) is performed, then A gets modified into (A – B), and if (B – A) is performed, then B gets
modified into ( B – A).
Ex. >>>a={1,2,3,4,5}; b={3,4,5,6}
>>>a.difference_update(b)
>>>print(a) #{1,2}

The symmetric_difference():
This in-built function of Python Set helps us to get the symmetric difference between two sets, which is
equal to the elements present in either of the two sets, but not common to both the sets.
>>>print(a.symmetirc_difference(b)) #{1,2,6}

The symmetric_difference_update method:

symmetric_difference() method returns a new set which contains symmetric difference of two sets.
The symmetric_difference_update() method updates the set calling symmetric_difference_update() with
the symmetric difference of sets.
>>>a={1,2,3,4}; b={2,3,6,7}
>>>a.symmetric_difference_update(b)
>>>print(a) #{1,4,6,7}

issuperset() in Python:
The issuperset() method returns True if all elements of a set A occupies set B which is passed as an
argument and returns false if all elements of B not present in A.
This means if A is a superset of B then it returns true; else False
Syntax: A.issuperset(B) checks whether A is a superset of B or not. True if A is a superset of B; otherwise
false.
Ex >>>A={1,2,3,4,5}; B={2,3,4}
>>>A.issuperset(B) #True
>>>B.issuperset(A) #False
issubset() in python:
returns true if first set is a subset of seconds set otherwise false
>>> A.issubset(B) #False
>>>B.issubset(A) #True

isdisjoint() function in Python:

Two sets are said to be disjoint when their intersection is null.
In simple words they do not have any common element in between them.
Syntax: seta.isdisjoint(setb)
>>>a={1,2,3}; b={3,4,5}; c={7,8,9}
>>>a.isdisjoint(b) #False
>>>a.isdisjoint(c) #True
23
Set comparisons:
Python allows us to use the comparison operators i.e., <, >, <=, >= , == with the sets by using which we
can check whether a set is subset, superset, or equivalent to other set.
The boolean True or False is returned depending upon the items present inside the sets.
Ex >>>a={1,2,3,4}; b={1,2,3}; c={1,2,3};
>>>print(a>b) #True
>>>print(a<b) #False
>>>print(b>a) #False
>>>print(a==b) #False
>>>print(b==c) #True
>>>print(a>=b) #True

Python Dictionary:
Dictionary in Python is an unordered collection of items in the form of key-value pair.
Dictionary holds key : value pair.
Each key-value pair in a Dictionary is separated by a colon :, whereas each item is separated by a
‘comma’.
Keys of a Dictionary must be unique and of immutable data type such as Strings, Integers and tuples, but
the values associated with key can be repeated and be of any type.
In Python, a Dictionary can be created by placing sequence of elements within curly {} braces, separated
by ‘comma’.
Ex >>> d={1 : ‘Hi’, 2 : ‘Hello’, 3: ‘Hello’}
>>>print(d) #{1 : ‘Hi’, 2 : ‘Hello’, 3: ‘Hello’}

Different ways of accessing dictionary

>>> d={“Rollno”:101, “Name”:“Nilesh”, “Marks”:80.75}
1. Printing whole dictionary using print() method :
>>>print(d)
{“Rollno”:101,“Name”:“Nilesh”, “Marks”: 80.75}
2. Accessing Individual value using index:
>>>print(d[“Name”]) #Nilesh
3. for loop to print all the keys of a dictionary
>>>for x in d:
print(x, end=“ ”) # Name Rollno Marks
4. for loop to print all the values of the dictionary
>>>for x in d:
print(d[x],end= “ ”) # Nilesh 101 80.75
5. for loop to print the values of the dictionary by using values() method
>>> for i in d.values()
print(i, end=“ “) # Nilesh 101 80.75
6. for loop to print the items of the dictionary by using items() method:
>>> for in d.items()
print(i)
#output: (‘Name’, ‘Nilesh’)
(‘RollNo’, 101)
(‘Marks’, 80.75)
7. For loop to print key value pair:
24
>>> for k,v in d.items():
print(k,v)
#output: Name Nilesh
Rollno 101
Marks 80.75
8. Printing individual values of dictionary using format specifier:
>>> d={“Rollno”:101, “Name”:“Nilesh”, “Marks”:80.75}
>>> print("Roll No=%d"%d["Rollno"])
Roll No=101
>>> print("Name of student=%s"%d["Name"])
Name of student=Nilesh
>>> print("Marks Obtained=%f"%d["Marks"])
Marks Obtained=80.750000
Dictionary can also be created by the built-in function dict(). An empty dictionary can be created by just
placing to curly braces{}.
>>>D={ } # empty dictionary
>>>D=dict({1:”Hi”,2:”Hello”})
>>>print(D) #{1:”Hi”,2:”Hello”}
Note – Dictionary keys are case sensitive, same name but different cases of Key will be treated
distinctly.

Updating Dictionary:
You can update a dictionary by adding a new entry or a key-value pair, modifying an existing entry, or
deleting an existing entry
Ex. >>> d={1: “One”, 2: “Two”}
>>>print(d) #{1: 'One', 2: 'Two‘}
>>>d[2]=“Twelve”
>>>print(d) #{1: 'One', 2: 'Tweleve'}
>>>d[3]=“Three”
>>>print(d) #{1: 'One', 2: 'Tweleve', 3: 'Three'}

Delete Dictionary Elements:

You can either remove individual dictionary elements or clear the entire contents of a dictionary.
You can also delete entire dictionary in a single operation.
Ex. >>> del d[2]
>>> print(d) #{1: 'One', 3: 'Three'}
Removing all elements for dictionary
>>> print(d) #{1: 'One', 3: 'Three'}
>>>d.clear() # remove all entries in dict
>>>print(d) #{ }
>>>del d # delete entire dictionary
>>>print(d) #Error

Properties of Dictionary:
1. In the dictionary, we can not store multiple values for the same keys.
If we pass more than one values for a single key, then the value which is last assigned is
considered as the value of the key.
>>>d={"RN":101,"Name":"Suresh","Marks":80,"Name":"Rajesh"}
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 >>> print(d) #{'Name': 'Rajesh', 'RN': 101, 'Marks': 80}
2. In python, the key cannot be any mutable object.
We can use numbers, strings, or tuple as the key but we can not use any mutable object like the list
as the key in the dictionary.
3. Dictionary keys are case sensitive- Same key name but with the different case are treated as
different keys in Python dictionaries.

Built-in Dictionary functions:

1. len(): It is used to calculate the length of the dictionary.
Ex >>>d={1: “One”, 2: “Two”}
>>>print(len(d)) #2
2. str(dict.): It converts the dictionary into the printable string
>>>s=print(str(d))
>>>print(s) #{1: ‘One', 2: 'Two'}
>>>type(s) # <class 'str'>
3. copy(): It returns a shallow copy of the dictionary.
Ex >>>d1={1: “One”, 2: “Two”}
>>> d2=d1.copy()
>>>print(d2) #{1: “One”, 2: “Two”}
4. keys(): It returns all the keys of the dictionary.
>>> L=list(d1.keys())
>>>print(L) #[1, 2]
5. values(): It returns all the values of the dictionary.
>>>L=list(d1.values())
>>>print(L) #['One', 'Two']
6. popitem(): It remove and returns first item of the dictionary
>>> print(d1.popitem()) #(1: “One”)
>>> print(d1) #{2: “Two”}
7. pop(key): This method removes the specified item from the dictionary and return the value of
specified key.
>>>x=d1.pop(1)
>>>print(x) # One
8. Update(): The update() method inserts the specified items to the dictionary.
Ex >>>print(d)
{'Name': 'Shubham', 'RollNo': 101, 'Marks': 80}
>>> d.update({"Address":"Pimpri"})
>>> print(d)
{'Address': 'Pimpri', 'Name': 'Shubham', 'RollNo': 101, 'Marks': 80}

Assignments:
Practice Set:
1. Write a Python program to add and remove operation on set.
2. Write a Python program to do iteration over sets.
3. Write a Python program to find the length of a set.
4. Write a Python program to create a tuple with numbers and print one item.
5. Write a Python script to add a key to a dictionary.
Sample Dictionary : {0: 10, 1: 20}
Expected Result : {0: 10, 1: 20, 2: 30}
26
Set A:

1. Write a Python program to find maximum and the minimum value in a set.
2. Write a Python program to add an item in a tuple.
3. Write a Python program to convert a tuple to a string.
4. Write a Python program to create an intersection of sets.
5. Write a Python program to create a union of sets.
6. Write a Python script to check if a given key already exists in a dictionary.
7. Write a Python script to sort (ascending and descending) a dictionary by value.

Set B:
1. Write a Python program to create set difference and a symmetric difference.
2. Write a Python program to create a list of tuples with the first element as the number and second
element as the square of the number.
3. Write a Python program to unpack a tuple in several variables.
4. Write a Python program to get the 4th element from front and 4th element from last of a tuple.
5. Write a Python program to find the repeated items of a tuple.
6. Write a Python program to check whether an element exists within a tuple.
7. Write a Python script to concatenate following dictionaries to create a new one. Sample
Dictionary : dic1={1:10, 2:20} dic2={3:30, 4:40} dic3={5:50,6:60}
Expected Result : {1: 10, 2: 20, 3: 30, 4: 40, 5: 50, 6: 60}

Set C:
1. Write a Python program to create a shallow copy of sets.
2. Write a Python program to combine two dictionary adding values for common keys.
d1 = {'a': 100, 'b': 200, 'c':300}
d2 = {'a': 300, 'b': 200, 'd':400}
Sample output: Counter({'a': 400, 'b': 400, 'd': 400, 'c': 300})

Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Need Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

Signature of the Instructor

27
Assignment 4: Working with Functions, Modules and Packages

Functions in Python:
Function is named, independent block of statements that perform a specific task and may return a value to
the calling program.
Function is block of reusable code which can be called whenever required

Creating a function:
In python, we can use def keyword to define the function. Syntax is as follows
def my_function():
function-code
return <expression>
The function block is started with the colon (:) and all the same level block statements remain at the same
indentation.
A function can accept any number of parameters that must be the same in the definition and function
calling.

Function calling
In python, a function must be defined before the function calling otherwise the python interpreter gives an
error.
Once the function is defined, we can call it from another function or the python prompt.
To call the function, use the function name followed by the parentheses.
def my_function(): #function code
print(“Python is very esasy”)
my_function() #calling function
#output: Python is very easy
Function Arguments:
You can call a function by using the following types of arguments −
1. Required arguments
2. Keyword arguments
3. Default arguments
4. Variable-length arguments

Python Required Arguments:

When we call a function with some values, these values get assigned to the arguments according to their
position.
These are the arguments which are required to be passed at the time of function calling with the exact
match of their positions in the function call and function definition.
If either of the arguments is not provided in the function call, or the position of the arguments is changed,
then the python interpreter will show the error.

Python Keyword Argument:

Python allows functions to be called using keyword arguments. When we call functions in this way, the
order (position) of the arguments can be changed. This kind of function call will enable us to pass the
arguments in the random order.
Following calls to the above function are all valid and produce the same result.
28
 def sum(a,b):
print(a,b,a+b)
sum(2,3) # Required argument output : 2 3 5
sum(b=2,a=5) # Keyword argument output: 5 2 7

Python Default Arguments:

Function arguments can have default values in Python.
We can provide a default value to an argument by using the operator (=).
Any number of arguments in a function can have a default value. But once we have a default argument, all
the arguments to its right must also have default values.
This means to say, non-default arguments cannot follow default arguments.
def greet(name,msg=“Good Morning”):
print(msg,name)
greet(“Nilesh”, “HI”) #HI Nilesh
greet(“Suresh”, “Hello”) #Hello Suresh
greet(“Ramesh”) #Good Morning Ramesh

Variable length Arguments: (Packing Argument)

Sometimes we may not know the number of arguments to be passed in advance.
In such cases, Python provides us the flexibility to pass any number of arguments which are treated as
tuples at the function call.
However, at the function definition, we have to define the name of argument preceded with * def
greet(*names):
for i in names: #output:
print(“Hi”,i) Hi Nilesh
Hi Ramesh
greet(“Nilesh”, “Ramesh”, “Suresh”) Hi Suresh

Python Anonymous function lambda:

In Python, anonymous function means that a function is without a name.
The lambda keyword is used to create anonymous functions. It has the following syntax:
lambda arguments : expression
This function can have any number of arguments but only one expression, which is evaluated and returned.
You need to keep in your knowledge that lambda functions are syntactically restricted to a single
expression.
Ex. >>>a=lambda x, y : x+y
>>>print(a(3,4)) #7

Recursion:
Recursion is the process of defining something in terms of itself.
The function which calls itself is called as recursion.
A function can call other functions. It is even possible for the function to call itself. These type of construct
are termed as recursive functions.
following is recursive function to calculate sum of digits of a input number
def sumofd(n):
if n==0:
return 0
else
29
 return n%10+sumofd(n//10)
N=int(input(“Enter any Number =“)) #123
print(“Sum of digits= “,sumofd(N)) #Sum of Digits=7

Unpacking argument lists:

We can use * to unpack the list elements so that all elements of list can be passed as different parameters.
Consider a situation where we have a function that receives four arguments. We want to make call to this
function and we have a list of size 4.
If we simply pass list to the function, the call doesn’t work.
Following program illustrate unpacking of arguments
def myfun(a,b,c,d):
print(a,b,c,d)

L=[1,2,3,4]
myfun(L) #error
myfun(*L) #unpacking of argument using *
output : 1 2 3 4

We use two operators * (for list, string and tuple) and ** (for dictionaries) for unpacking of argument
def Myfun(a,b,c):
print(a,b,c)
T=(10,20,30)
D={‘a’:10, ‘b’:20, ‘c’:30}
Myfun(*T) #10 20 30
Myfun(**D) #10 20 30

Packing Arguments:
When we don’t know how many arguments need to be passed to a python function, we can use Packing to
pack all arguments in a tuple.
def myfun(*a):
print(a)
def fun(**d):
print(d)
myfun(10,20,30) #packing to tuple Output: (10, 20, 30)
fun(x=10, y=20) #packing to dictionary Output:{‘x’:10, ‘y’:20}

Generator Function in Python:

If a function contains at least one yield statement, it becomes a generator function.
Both yield and return statement will return some value from a function.
The difference is that, while a return statement terminates a function entirely, yield statement pauses the
function saving all its states and later continues from there on successive calls.
>>> def gen():
n=1
yield n
n=n+1
yield n
n=n+1
yield n
30
 >>>a=gen()
>>>next(a) #1
>>>next(a) #2
>>>next(a) #3

Python Modules:
A python module can be defined as a python program file which contains a python code including python
functions, class, or variables. In other words, we can say that our python code file saved with the extension
(.py) is treated as the module. We may have a runnable code inside the python module. Modules in Python
provides us the flexibility to organize the code in a logical way. To use the functionality of one module
into another, we must have to import the specific module.
Example
#displayMsg prints a message to the name being passed.
def displayMsg(name):
print("Hi "+name)

Loading the module in our python code. We need to load the module in our python code to use its
functionality. Python provides two types of statements as defined below.
1. The import statement
2. The from-import statement

Example:
import file;
name = input("Enter the name?")
file.displayMsg(name)

The from-import statement:

from < module-name> import <name 1>, <name 2>..,<name n>

calculation.py:
#place the below code in the calculation.py
def summation(a,b):
return a+b
def multiplication(a,b):
return a*b;
def divide(a,b):
return a/b;

Main.py:
from calculation import summation
#it will import only the summation() from calculation.py
a = int(input("Enter the first number"))
b = int(input("Enter the second number"))
print("Sum=",summation(a,b)) #we do not need to specify the module name while accessing
summation()

31
The datetime Module:
The datetime module enables us to create the custom date objects, perform various operations on dates like
the comparison, etc. To work with dates as date objects, we have to import the datetime module into the
python source code.

Example
import datetime
#returns the current datetime object
print(datetime.datetime.now())

The calendar module:

Python provides a calendar object that contains various methods to work with the calendars. Consider the
following example to print the calendar for the last month of 2018.

Example
import calendar;
cal = calendar.month(2020,3)
#printing the calendar of December 2018
print(cal)

Packages:
The packages in python facilitate the developer with the application development environment by
providing a hierarchical directory structure where a package contains sub-packages, modules, and sub-
modules. The packages are used to categorize the application level code efficiently.
Let's create a package named Employees in your home directory.
Consider the following steps.
1. Create a directory with name Employees on path /home.
2. Create a python source file with name ITEmployees.py on the path /home/Employees.
ITEmployees.py
def getITNames():
List = ["John", "David", "Nick", "Martin"]
return List;
3. Similarly, create one more python file with name BPOEmployees.py and create a function
getBPONames().

4. Now, the directory Employees which we have created in the first step contains two python modules. To
make this directory a package, we need to include one more file here, that is __init__.py which contains
the import statements of the modules defined in this directory.

__init__.py
from ITEmployees import getITNames
from BPOEmployees import getBPONames

5. Now, the directory Employees has become the package containing two python modules. Here we must
notice that we must have to create __init__.py inside a directory to convert this directory to a package.
32
6. To use the modules defined inside the package Employees, we must have to import this in our python
source file. Let's create a simple python source file at our home directory (/home) which uses the modules
defined in this package.

Test.py
import Employees
print(Employees.getNames())
Output: ["John", "David", "Nick", "Martin"]

Assignments:

Practice Set:

1. Write a Python program to print Calendar of specific month of input year using calendar module
2. Write a Python script to display datetime in various formats using datetime module

a. Current date and time

b. Current year
c. Month of year
d. Week number of the year
e. Weekday of the week
f. Day of year
g. Day of the month
h. Day of week
3. Write an anonymous function to find area of circle.

Set A:

1. Write a recursive function which print string in reverse order.

2. Write a python script using function to calculate X Y
3. Define a function that accept two strings as input and find union and intersection of them.
4. Write a recursive function to calculate sum of digits of a given input number.
5. Write generator function which generate even numbers up to n

Set B:

1. Write a python script to generate Fibonacci terms using generator function.

2. Write python script using package to calculate area and volume of cylinder and cuboids.
3. Write a python script to accept decimal number and convert it to binary and octal number using
function.
33
 4. Write a function which print a dictionary where the keys are numbers between 1 and 20
5. (both included) and the values are square of keys
6. Write a generator function which generates prime numbers up to n.

Set C:
1. Write a program to illustrate function duck typing.

Evaluation
0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

Signature of the Instructor

34
Assignment 5: Python Classes and Objects

Python OOPs Concepts:

Like other object oriented programming languages, python is also an object-oriented language allows us to
develop applications using an Object Oriented approach.
In Python, we can easily create and use classes and objects.

Creating classes in python:

In python, a class can be created by using the keyword class followed by the class name and colon.syntax
is as follows.
class class_name:
“ “ “ Optional Doc String” ” ”
#data members
#member function
Documentation string can be accessed using class-name.__doc__ method.
>>>class myclass:
“ “ “ This is example of doc string. ”””
rollno=101
name=“Nilesh”
def display(self):
print(self.rollno, self.name)
>>>s=myclass() #creating object
>>>print(myclass.__doc__) #accessing doc string
>>>s.display() #101 Nilesh
self is used to refers to the current class object. It is always the first argument in the function.

Creating an instance of the class:

The syntax to create the instance of the class is given below
object-name = class-name(arguments)
Ex. class computer:
cpu=None
ram=None
def config(self,a,b):
self.cpu=a
self.ram=b
def display(self):
print(self.cpu,self.ram)
c1=computer()
c2=computer()
c1.config("i3",4)
c1.display() #i3 4
c2.config("i5",6)
c2.display() #i5 6
35
Data abstraction in python:
In python, we can also perform data hiding by adding the double underscore (___) as a prefix to the
attribute which is to be hidden.
After this, the attribute will not be visible outside of the class through the object.
>>> class myclass:
a=10
__b=20
def display(self):
print(self.a, self.__b)
>>> m=myclass()
>>> m.a #10
>>> m.__b #Error
>>> m.display() #10 20
>>> myclass.a #10
>>> myclass.__b #Error

Python Constructor:
A constructor is a special type of method (function) which is used to initialize the instance members of the
class. Constructors can be of two types.
1. Parameterized Constructor
2. Non-parameterized Constructor
Constructor definition is executed when we create the object of this class.

Creating the constructor in python:

In python, the method __init__ simulates the constructor of the class.
This method is called when the class is instantiated.
We can pass any number of arguments at the time of creating the class object, depending upon __init__
definition.
It is mostly used to initialize the class attributes.

Example of parameterized constructor:

>>> class computer:
def __init__(self,a,b):
self.cpu=a
self.ram=b
def display(self):
print(self.cpu,self.ram)

>>> c1=computer("i5",6)
>>> c1.display()
i5 6
>>> c2=computer("i7",8)
>>> c2.display()
i7 8

36
Example of non parameterized constructor
>>> class myclass:
def __init__(self):
print("Object is created")

>>> obj=myclass()
Object is created
Operator Overloading in Python:
The same built-in operator shows different behavior for objects of different classes, this is called Operator
Overloading.
Operator Overloading means giving extended meaning beyond their predefined operational meaning.
For example operator + is used to add two integers as well as join tw
twoo strings and merge two lists.
To perform operator overloading, Python provides some special function or magic function that is
automatically invoked when it is associated with that particular operator.
For example, when we use + operator, the magic method __add__ is automatically invoked in which the
operation for + operator is defined.

37
# Python Program illustrate how to overload an binary + operator
class A:
def __init__(self, a):
self.a = a
def __add__(self, o):
return self.a + o.a
ob1 = A(10)
ob2 = A(20)
ob3 = A(“DYP")
ob4 = A(“College")
print(ob1 + ob2) #30
print(ob3 + ob4) #DYPCollege

# Python program to overload a comparison operators

class A:
def __init__(self, a):
self.a = a
def __gt__(self, other):
if(self.a>other.a):
return True
else:
return False
ob1 = A(2)
ob2 = A(3)
if(ob1>ob2):
print("ob1 is greater than ob2")
else:
print("ob2 is greater than ob1")
Python Method Overloading:
Like other languages (for example method overloading in C++) do, python does not supports
method overloading.
We may overload the methods but can only use the latest defined method.
def product(a, b):
p=a*b
print(p)
def product(a, b, c):
p = a * b*c
print(p)
product(4, 5) #Error
product(4, 5, 5) #14
Assignments:
Practice Set :
1) Write a python program using simple class having class name as Student.
2) Write a python program for Counting the number of students using more objects of a
class.

38
 3) Write a python program for parameterized constructor has multiple parameters along
with the self Keyword.
Set A:

1) Write a Python Program to Accept, Delete and Display students details such as
Roll.No, Name, Marks in three subject, using Classes. Also display percentage of
each student.
2) Write a Python program that defines a class named circle with attributes radius
and center, where center is a point object and radius is number. Accept center and
radius from user. Instantiate a circle object that represents a circle with its center
and radius as accepted input.
3) Write a Python class which has two methods get_String and print_String.
get_String accept a string from the user and print_String print the string in upper
case. Further modify the program to reverse a string word by word and print it in
lower case.
4) Write Python class to perform addition of two complex numbers using binary +
operator overloading.
Set B:
1) Define a class named Rectangle which can be constructed by a length and
width. The Rectangle class has a method which can compute the area and
volume.
2) Write a function named pt_in_circle that takes a circle and a point and returns
true if point lies on the boundry of circle.
3) Write a Python Program to Create a Class Set and Get All Possible Subsets
from a Set of Distinct Integers.
4) Write a python class to accept a string and number n from user and display n
repetition of strings using by overloading * operator.
Set C:
1) Python Program to Create a Class which Performs Basic Calculator Operations.
2) Define datetime module that provides time object. Using this module write a program
that gets current date and time and print day of the week.
Evaluation :
0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

Signature of the Instructor

39
Assignment 6: Inheritance

Introduction:
A language feature would not be worthy of the name “class” without supporting inheritance. The
syntax for a derived class definition looks like this:

class Derived ClassName(BaseClassName):

<statement-1>
.
.
.
<statement-N>

The name BaseClassName must be defined in a scope containing the derived class definition. In
place of a base class name, other arbitrary expressions are also allowed. This can be useful, for
example, when the base class is defined in another module:

class Derived_Class_Name (modname.BaseClassName):

Execution of a derived class definition proceeds the same as for a base class. When the class
object is constructed, the base class is remembered. This is used for resolving attribute
references: if a requested attribute is not found in the class, the search proceeds to look in the
base class. This rule is applied recursively if the base class itself is derived from some other
class.

There’s nothing special about instantiation of derived classes: Derived_Class_Name() creates a

new instance of the class. Method references are resolved as follows: the corresponding class
attribute is searched, descending down the chain of base classes if necessary, and the method
reference is valid if this yields a function object.

Derived classes may override methods of their base classes. Because methods have no special
privileges when calling other methods of the same object, a method of a base class that calls
another method defined in the same base class may end up calling a method of a derived class
that overrides it. (For C++ programmers: all methods in Python are effectively virtual.)

An overriding method in a derived class may in fact want to extend rather than simply replace
the base class method of the same name. There is a simple way to call the base class method
directly: just call BaseClassName.methodname(self, arguments). This is occasionally useful to
clients as well. (Note that this only works if the base class is accessible as BaseClassName in the
global scope.)

Python has two built-in functions that work with inheritance:

40
  Use isinstance() to check an instance’s type: isinstance(obj, int) will be True only
if obj.__class__ is int or some class derived from int.
 Use issubclass() to check class inheritance
inheritance: issubclass(bool, int) is True since bool is a
subclass of int.. However, issubclass(float, int) is False since float is not a subclass of int.
Inheritance is an important aspect of the object
object-oriented
oriented paradigm. Inheritance
Inheritanc provides code
reusability to the program because we can use an existing class to create a new class instead of
creating it from scratch. In python, a derived class can inherit base class by just mentioning the
base in the bracket after the derived cla
class name. Consider the followingsyntaxsyntax to inherit a base
class into the derived class.

Syntax is ,

class derived-class (base class):

<class-suite>

A class can inherit multiple classes by mentioning all of them inside the bracket. Consider the
following
Syntax:
class derive-class(<base class 1>, <base class 2>, ..... <base class n>):
<class - suite>

Example :
class Human:
def speak(self):
print("Human Speaking")
#child class Mohan inherits the base class Human

41
class Mohan(Human):
def sleep(self):
print("Mohan sleeping")
m = Mohan()
m.sleep()
m.speak()

Multi-Level inheritance:
Multi-Level inheritance is possible in python like other object
object-oriented
oriented languages. Multi-level
Multi
inheritance is archived when a derived class inherits another derived class. There is no limit on
the number of levels up to which, the multi
multi-level
level inheritance is archived in python.

The syntax of multi-level

level inheritance is given below.
Syntax

class class1:
<class-suite>
suite>
class class2(class1):
<class suite>
class class3(class2):
<class suite>

Example:
class Human:
def speak(self):
print("Human Speaking")
#The child class Mohan inherits the base class Human
class Mohan(Human):

42
 def sleep(self):
print("Mohan sleeping")
#The child class Kids inherits another child class Dog
class Kids(Mohan):
def eat(self):
print("Eating Rice ...")
k = Kids()
k.sleep()
k.speak()
k.eat()

Multiple inheritance:
Python provides us the flexibility to inherit multiple base classes in the child class.
Python supports a form of multiple inheritance as well. A class definition with multiple base
classes looks like this:

class DerivedClassName(Base1, Base2, Base3):

<statement-1>
.
.
.
<statement-N>

For most purposes, in the simplest cases, you can think of the search for attributes inherited from
a parent class as depth-first, left-to-right, not searching twice in the same class where there is an
overlap in the hierarchy. Thus, if an attribute is not found in DerivedClassName, it is searched
for in Base1, then (recursively) in the base classes of Base1, and if it was not found there, it was
searched for in Base2, and so on.

In fact, it is slightly more complex than that; the method resolution order changes dynamically to
support cooperative calls to super(). This approach is known in some other multiple-inheritance
languages as call-next-method and is more powerful than the super call found in single-
inheritance languages.

Dynamic ordering is necessary because all cases of multiple inheritance exhibit one or more
diamond relationships (where at least one of the parent classes can be accessed through multiple
paths from the bottommost class). For example, all classes inherit from object, so any case of
multiple inheritance provides more than one path to reach object. To keep the base classes from
being accessed more than once, the dynamic algorithm linearizes the search order in a way that
preserves the left-to-right ordering specified in each class, that calls each parent only once, and
that is monotonic (meaning that a class can be subclassed without affecting the precedence order

43
of its parents). Taken together, these properties make it possible to design reliable and extensible
classes with multiple inheritances
inheritances.

The syntax to perform multiple inheritance is given below.

Syntax:

class Base1:
<class-suite>

class Base2:
<class-suite>
.
class BaseN:
<class-suite>

class Derived(Base1, Base2, ...... BaseN):

<class-suite>

Example:

class Calculation1:
def Summation(self,a,b):
return a+b;
class Calculation2:
def Multiplication(self,a,b):
return a*b;
class Derived(Calculation1,Calculation2):
def Divide(self,a,b):
return a/b;
d = Derived()
print(d.Summation(10,20))
print(d.Multiplication(10,20))
print(d.Divide(10,20))

44
Hierarchical Inheritance:
When more than one derived classes are created from a single base this type of inheritance is
called hierarchical inheritance. In this program, we have a parent (base) class and two child
(derived) classes.

Example:

# Base class
class Parent:
def func1(self):
print("This function is in parent class.")

# Derived class1
class Child1(Parent):
def func2(self):
print("This function is in child 1.")

# Derived class2
class Child2(Parent):
def func3(self):
print("This function is in child 2.")

# Driver's code
object1 = Child1()
object2 = Child2()
object1.func1()
object1.func2()
object2.func1()
object2.func3()

45
Hybrid Inheritance:
Inheritance consisting of multiple types of inheritance is called hybrid inheritance.
Example:
# Python program to demonstrate
# hybrid inheritance

class School:
def func1(self):
print("This function is in school.")

class Student1(School):
def func2(self):
print("This function is in student 1. ")

class Student2(School):
def func3(self):
print("This function is in student 2.")

class Student3(Student1, School):

def func4(self):
print("This function is in student 3.")

# Driver's code
object = Student3()
object.func1()
object.func2()

IS-A Relationship and HAS-A Relationship:

One of the advantages of an Object-Oriented programming language is code reuse. There are two
ways we can do code reuse either by the implementation of inheritance (IS-A relationship), or
object composition (HAS-A relationship). Although the compiler and Java virtual machine (JVM)
will do a lot of work for you when you use inheritance, you can also get at the functionality of
inheritance when you use composition.

1) IS-A Relationship :
In object-oriented programming, the concept of IS-A is a totally based on Inheritance, which can
be of two types Class Inheritance or Interface Inheritance. It is just like saying "A is a B type of
thing". For example, Apple is a Fruit, Car is a Vehicle etc. Inheritance is uni-directional. For
example, House is a Building. But Building is not a House.
It is a key point to note that you can easily identify the IS-A relationship. Wherever you see an
extends keyword or implements keyword in a class declaration, then this class is said to have IS-A
relationship.
 IS-A relationship based on Inheritance, which can be of two types Class Inheritance or
Interface Inheritance.

46
 2) HAS-A Relationship
Composition (HAS-A) simply mean the use of instance variables that are references to other
objects. For example Maruti has Engine, or House has Bathroom.
Let’s understand these concepts with an example of Car class.

 Has-a relationship is composition relationship which is a productive way of code reuse.

Assignments:

Practice Set :
1) Write a python program to demonstrate single inheritance using findArea() function.
2) Write a python program that will show the simplest form of inheritance using info()
function.

SET A:
1) Write a python program to demonstrate multilevel inheritance by using Base class name
as “Team” which inherits Derived class name as “Dev”.
2) Write a python program by considering Baseclass as TeamMember and Derived class as
TeamLeader use multiple inheritance concept to demonstrate the code.
3) Write a python program to make use of issubclass () or isinstance() functions to check the
relationships of two classes and instances.
SET B :

1) Write a python program to inherit (Derived class) “course“ from (base class)
“University” Using hybrid inheritance concept.
2) Write a python program to show the Hierarchical inheritance of two or more classes
named as “Square “ & “ Triangle” inherit from a single Base class as “Area “ .
3) Define a class named Shape and its subclass (Square/Circle). The subclass has an init
function which takes an argument (length/radius). Both classes have an area and volume

47
 function which can print the area and volume of the shape where Shape's area is 0 by
default.
4) Python Program to Create a Class in which One Method Accepts a String from
the User and Another method Prints it. Define a class named Country which has
a method called print Nationality. Define subclass named state from Country
which has a method called print State . Write a method to print state, country and
nationality.

SET C :
1) Write a Python Program to depict multiple inheritance when method is overridden in both
classes and check the output accordingly.
2) Write a Python Program to describe a HAS-A Relationship(Composition).

Evaluation
0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

Signature of the Instructor

48
Assignment 7: Exception Handling

What is exception?
The exception is an abnormal condition that halts the execution of the program.
An exception can be defined as an abnormal condition in a program resulting in halting of
program execution and thus the further code is not executed.
Python provides us with the way to handle the Exception so that the other part of the code can be
executed without any disruption.
However, if we do not handle the exception, the interpreter doesn't execute all the code that
exists after that.
Common Exceptions:
A list of common exceptions that can be thrown from a normal python program is given below.
1. ZeroDivisionError: Occurs when a number is divided by zero.
2. NameError: It occurs when a name is not found. It may be local or global.
3. IOError: It occurs when Input Output operation fails.
4. EOFError: It occurs when the end of the file is reached, and yet operations are being
performed.
5. ArithmeticError: Base class for all errors that occur for numeric calculation.
6. OverflowError: Raised when a calculation exceeds maximum limit for a numeric type.
7. KeyboardInterrupt: Raised when the user interrupts program execution, usually by
pressing Ctrl+c.
8. IndexError: Raised when an index is not found in a sequence.
9. KeyError: Raised when the specified key is not found in the dictionary.
10. IOError: Raised when an input/ output operation fails, such as the print statement or the
open() function when trying to open a file that does not exist.

Exception handling in python:

If the python program contains suspicious code that may throw the exception, we must place that
code in the try block. The try block must be followed with the except statement which contains a
block of code that will be executed if there is some exception in the try block.
Syntax:
try:
#block of code
except Exception1:
#block of code
except Exception2:
#block of code

49
We can also use the else statement with the try-except statement in which, we can place the code
which will be executed in the scenario if no exception occurs in the try block.
The syntax to use the else statement with the try-except statement is given below.

try:
#block of code
except Exception1:
#block of code
else:
#this code executes if no except block is executed

The except statement with no exception:

Python provides the flexibility not to specify the name of exception with the except statement.
try:
a = int(input("Enter a:"))
b = int(input("Enter b:"))
c = a/b;
print("a/b = %d"%c)
except:
print("can't divide by zero")
else:
print("Hi I am else block")

Points to remember:
Python facilitates us not to specify the exception with the except statement.
We can declare multiple exceptions in the except statement since the try block may contain the
statements which throw the different type of exceptions.
We can also specify an else block along with the try-except statement which will be executed if
no exception is raised in the try block.

50
Declaring multiple exceptions:
The python allows us to declare the multiple exceptions with the except clause.
Declaring multiple exceptions is useful in the cases where a try block throws multiple
exceptions.
Syntax:
try:
#block of code
except (Exception 1, Exception 2,...,Exception n)
#block of code
else:
#block of code

Example Declaring Multiple Exception:

try:
a=10/0
fp=open(“e:\sms2.txt”,”r”)
except (ArithmeticError, IOError):
print "Arithmetic Exception"
else:
print "Successfully Done"

The try-finally Clause:

You can use a finally: block along with a try: block.
The finally block is a place to put any code that must execute, whether the try-block raised an
exception or not.
The syntax of the try-finally statement is this
try:
# block of code
# this may throw an exception
except Exception:
#Exception code
finally:
# block of code
# this will always be executed

Custom Exception:
The python allows us to create our exceptions that can be raised from the program and caught
using the except clause.

51
Raising exceptions:
An exception can be raised by using the raise clause in python. The syntax to use the raise
statement is given below.
Syntax: raise Exception
To raise an exception, raise statement is used. The exception class name follows it.
#Example User defined exception
a=10
b=12
try:
if b>10:
raise Exception
c=a/b
print("c=",c)
except Exception:
print("Error occur")

The assert Statement:

When it encounters an assert statement, Python evaluates the accompanying expression, which is
hopefully true.
If the expression is false, Python raises an Assertion Error exception.
The syntax for assert is −
assert Expression , “Error Msg”
If the assertion fails, Python uses Argument Expression as the argument for the Assertion Error.
Assertion Error exceptions can be caught and handled like any other exception using the try-
except statement, but if not handled, they will terminate the program and produce a traceback.

Assignments:
Practice Set :

1) write a python program that try to access the array element whose index is out of bound
and handle the corresponding exception.
2) Write a Python program to input a positive integer. Display correct message for correct
and incorrect input.

SET A :
1) Define a custom exception class which takes a string message as attribute.
2) Write a function called oops that explicitly raises a IndexError exception when called. Then
write another function that calls oops inside a try/except statement to catch the error.

52
3) Change the oops function you just wrote to raise an exception you define yourself, called
MyError, and pass an extra data item along with the exception. Then, extend the try
statement in the catcher function to catch this exception and its data in addition to
IndexError, and print the extra data item.

SET B :

1) Define a class Date(Day, Month, Year) with functions to accept and display it. Accept
date from user. Throw user defined exception “invalidDateException” if the date is
invalid.
2) Write text file named test.txt that contains integers, characters and float numbers. Write a
Python program to read the test.txt file. And print appropriate message using exception

SET C:

1) Write a function called safe (func, *args) that runs any function using apply, catches any
exception raised while the function runs, and prints the exception using the exc_type and
exc_value attributes in the sys module. Then, use your safe function to run the oops
function you wrote in Exercises 3. Put safe in a module file called tools.py, and pass it
the oops function interactively. Finally, expand safe to also print a Python stack trace
when an error occurs by calling the built-in print_exc() function in the standard traceback
module (see the Python library reference manual or other Python books for details)

2) Change the oops function in question 4 from SET A to raise an exception you define
yourself, called MyError, and pass an extra data item along with the exception. You may
identify your exception with either a string or a class. Then, extend the try statement in
the catcher function to catch this exception and its data in addition to IndexError, and
print the extra data item. Finally, if you used a string for your exception, go back and
change it be a class instance.

Evaluation
0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

Signature of Instructor

53
 Assignment 8:: Python GUI Programming using Tkinter

Introduction:
Python provides the standard library Tkinter for creating the graphical user interface for desktop
based applications. Developing desktop based applications with python Tkinter is not a complex
task. An empty Tkinter top-level
level window can be created by usin
using
g the following steps.
1. import the Tkinter module.
2. Create the main application window.
3. Add the widgets like labels, buttons, frames, etc. to the window.
4. Call the main event loop so that the actions can take place on the user's computer screen.
Example
# !/usr/bin/python3
from tkinter import *
#creating the application main window.
top = Tk()
#Entering the event main loop
top.mainloop()
Output:

Tkinter widgets:
There are various widgets like button, label,entry, canvas, checkbutton,Radio button, frame etc. that
are used to build the python GUI applications.

Python Tkinter Geometry:

The Tkinter geometry specifies the method by using which, the widgets are represented on display.
The python Tkinter provides the following ggeometry methods.
1. The pack() method
2. The grid() method
3. The place() method

Python Tkinter pack() method:

The pack() widget is used to organize widget in the block. The positions widgets added to the python
application using the pack() method can be controlled by using the various options specified in the
method call.
However, the controls are less and widgets are generally added in the less organized manner. The
syntax to use the pack() is given below.
Syntax: widget.pack(options)
A list of possiblee options that can be passed in pack() is given below.
 expand: If the expand is set to true, the widget expands to fill any space.

54
  Fill: By default, the fill is set to NONE. However, we can set it to X or Y to determine
whether the widget contains any extrextra space.
 size: it represents the side of the parent to which the widget is to be placed on the
window.

Example:
# !/usr/bin/python3
from tkinter import *
parent = Tk()
redbutton = Button(parent, text = "Red", fg = "red")
redbutton.pack( side = LEFT)
greenbutton = Button(parent, text = "Black", fg = "black"))
greenbutton.pack( side = RIGHT )
bluebutton = Button(parent, text = "Blue", fg = "blue")
bluebutton.pack( side = TOP )
blackbutton = Button(parent, text = "Green", fg = "red")
blackbutton.pack( side = BOTTOM)
parent.mainloop()
Output:

Python Tkinter grid() method:

The grid() geometry manager organizes the widgets in the tabular form. We can specify the rows
and columns as the options in the method call. We can also specify the column span (width) or
rowspan(height) of a widget.
This is a more organized way to place the widgets to the python application. The syntax to use
the grid() is given below.
Syntax: widget.grid(options)
A list of possible options that can be passed inside the grid() method is given below.
 Column- The column number in which the widget is to be placed. The leftmost column is
represented by 0.
 Columnspan- The width of the widget. It represents the number of columns up to which,
the column is expanded.
 ipadx, ipady- It represents the number of pixels to pad the widget inside the widget's
border.
 padx, pady- It represents the number of pixels to pad the widget outside the widget's
border.
 Row- The row number in which the wid widget
get is to be placed. The topmost row is
represented by 0.
 Rowspan- The height of the widget, i.e. the number of the row up to which the widget is
expanded.

55
  Sticky- If the cell is larger than a widget, then sticky is used to specify the position of the
widget
et inside the cell. It may be the concatenation of the sticky letters representing the
position of the widget. It may be N, E, W, S, NE, NW, NS, EW, ES.
Example
# !/usr/bin/python3
from tkinter import *
parent = Tk()
name = Label(parent,text = "Name").grid(row = 0, column = 0)
e1 = Entry(parent).grid(row = 0, column = 1)
password = Label(parent,text = "Password").grid(row = 1, column = 0)
e2 = Entry(parent).grid(row = 1, column = 1)
submit = Button(parent, text = "Submit").grid(row = 4, column = 0)
parent.mainloop()
Output:

Python Tkinter place() method:

The place() geometry manager organizes the widgets to the specific x and y coordinates.
Syntax: widget.place(options)
A list of possible options is given below.
 Anchor: It represents the exact position of the widget within the container. The default value
(direction) is NW (the upper left corner)
 bordermode: The default value of the border type is INSIDE that refers to ignore the parent's
inside the border. The other option is OUTSIDE.
 height, width: It refers to the height and width in pixels.
 relheight, relwidth: It is represented as the float between 0.0 and 1.0 indicating the fraction of
the parent's height and width.
 relx, rely: It is represented as the float between 0.0 and 1.0 that is the offset in the horizontal
and vertical direction.
 x, y: It refers to the horizontal and vertical offset in the pixels.
Example
# !/usr/bin/python3
from tkinter import *
top = Tk()
top.geometry("400x250"
"400x250")
name = Label(top, text = "Name").place(x = 30,y = 50)
email = Label(top, text = "Email").place(x = 30, y = 90)
password = Label(top, text = "Password").place(x = 30, y = 130)
e1 = Entry(top).place(x = 80, y = 50)
e2 = Entry(top).place(x = 80, y = 90)
e3 = Entry(top).place(x = 95, y = 130)
top.mainloop()

56
 Output:

Tkinter widgets:
1. Python Tkinter Button:
The button widget is used to add various types of buttons to the python application. Python
allows us to configure the look of the button according to our requirements. Various options
can be set or reset depending upon the requirements. We can also associate a method or
function with a button which is called when the button is pressed. The syntax to use the
button widget is given below
below.
Syntax: W = Button(parent, options)
A list of possible options is given below.

SN Option Description
1 activebackground It represents the background of the button when the mouse hover the
button.
2 activeforeground It represents the font color of the button when the mouse hover the
button.
3 Bd It represents the border width in pixels.
4 Bg It represents the background color of the button.
5 Command It is set to the function call which is scheduled when the function is
called.
6 Fg Foreground color of the button.
7 Font The font of the button text.
8 Height The height of the button. The height is represented in the number of
text lines for the textual lines or the number of pixels for the images.
10 Highlightcolor The color of the highlight when the but button
ton has the focus.
11 Image It is set to the image displayed on the button.
12 justify It illustrates the way by which the multiple text lines are represented. It
is set to LEFT for left justification, RIGHT for the right justification,
and CENTER for the center.
13 Padx Additional padding to the button in the horizontal direction.
14 pady Additional padding to the button in the vertical direction.
15 Relief It represents the type of the border. It can be SUNKEN, RAISED,
GROOVE, and RIDGE.
17 State This option is set to DISABLED to make the button unresponsive. The
ACTIVE represents the active state of the button.
18 Underline Set this option to make the button text underlined.
19 Width The width of the button. It exists as a number of letters for textual

57
 buttons or pixels for image buttons.
20 Wraplength If the value is set to a positive number, the text lines will be wrapped
to fit within this length.

Example:

from tkinter import *

top = Tk()
top.geometry("200x100")

def fun():
messagebox.showinfo("Hello", "Red Button clicked")

b1 = Button(top,text = "Red",command
,command = fun,activeforeground = "red",activebackground
,activebackground = "pink",p
ady=10)
b2 = Button(top, text = "Blue",activeforeground
,activeforeground = "blue",activebackground = "pink",pady=10)
"pink"
b3 = Button(top, text = "Green",activeforeground
,activeforeground = "green",activebackground = "pink",pady
"pink" = 10)
b4 = Button(top, text = "Yellow",activeforeground
,activeforeground = "yellow",activebackground = "pink",pady
"pink" = 10
)
b1.pack(side = LEFT)
b2.pack(side = RIGHT)
b3.pack(side = TOP)
b4.pack(side = BOTTOM)
top.mainloop()
Output:

2. Python Tkinter Entry:

The Entry widget is used to provde the single line text
text-box
box to the user to accept a value from
the user. We can use the Entry widget to accept the text strings from the user. It can only be
used for one line of text from the user. For multiple lines of tex text,
t, we must use the text
widget.The syntax to use the Entry widget is given below.
Syntax: w = Entry (parent, options)
A list of possible options is given below.
SN Option Description
1 bg The background color of the widget.
2 bd The border width of the widget in pixels.
3 cursor The mouse pointer will be changed to the cursor type set to the

58
 arrow, dot, etc.
4 exportselection The text written inside the entry box will be automatically copied to
the clipboard by default. We can set the exportselection to 0 to not
copy this.
5 fg It represents the color of the text.
6 font It represents the font type of the text.
7 highlightbackground It represents the color to display in the traversal highlight region
when the widget does not have the input focus.
8 highlightcolor It represents the color to use for the traversal highlight rectangle that
is drawn around the widget when it has the input focus.
9 highlightthickness It represents a non-negative value indicating the width of the
highlight rectangle to draw around the outside of the widget when it
has the input focus.
10 insertbackground It represents the color to use as background in the area covered by
the insertion cursor. This color will normally override either the
normal background for the widget.
11 insertborderwidth It represents a non-negative value indicating the width of the 3-D
border to draw around the insertion cursor. The value may have any
of the forms acceptable to Tk_GetPixels.
12 insertofftime It represents a non-negative integer value indicating the number of
milliseconds the insertion cursor should remain "off" in each blink
cycle. If this option is zero, then the cursor doesn't blink: it is on all
the time.
13 insertontime Specifies a non-negative integer value indicating the number of
milliseconds the insertion cursor should remain "on" in each blink
cycle.
14 insertwidth It represents the value indicating the total width of the insertion
cursor. The value may have any of the forms acceptable to
Tk_GetPixels.
15 justify It specifies how the text is organized if the text contains multiple
lines.
16 relief It specifies the type of the border. Its default value is FLAT.
17 selectbackground The background color of the selected text.
18 selectborderwidth The width of the border to display around the selected task.
19 selectforeground The font color of the selected task.
20 show It is used to show the entry text of some other type instead of the
string. For example, the password is typed using stars (*).
21 textvariable It is set to the instance of the StringVar to retrieve the text from the
entry.
22 width The width of the displayed text or image.
23 xscrollcommand The entry widget can be linked to the horizontal scrollbar if we want
the user to enter more text then the actual width of the widget.

59
 Example:

# !/usr/bin/python3
from tkinter import *
top = Tk()
top.geometry("400x250")
name = Label(top, text = "Name").place(x
).place(x = 30,y = 50)
email = Label(top, text = "Email").place(x
).place(x = 30, y = 90)
password = Label(top, text = "Password"
"Password").place(x = 30, y = 130)
sbmitbtn = Button(top, text = "Submit"
"Submit",activebackground = "pink", activeforeground = "blue").place
(x = 30, y = 170)
e1 = Entry(top).place(x = 80, y = 50))
e2 = Entry(top).place(x = 80, y = 90))
e3 = Entry(top).place(x = 95, y = 130
130)
top.mainloop()
Output:

Entry widget methods:

Python provides various methods to configure the data written inside the widget. There are the
following methods provided by the Entry widget.
SN Method Description
1 delete(first, last = none) It is used to delete the specified characters inside the widget.
2 get() It is used to get the text written inside the widget.
3 icursor(index) It is used to change the insertion cursor position. We can
specify the index of the character before which, the cursor to
be placed.
4 index(index) It is used to place the cursor to the left of the character written
at the specified index.
5 insert(index,s) It is used to insert the specified string before the character
placed at the specified index.
6 select_adjust(index) It includes the selection of the character present at the
specified index.
7 select_clear() It clears the selection if some selection has been done.
8 select_form(index) It sets the anchor index position to the character specified by
the index.
9 select_present() It returns true if some text in the Entry is selected otherwise
returns false.
10 select_range(start,end) It selects the characters to exist between the specified range.
11 select_to(index) It selects all the characters from the beginning to the specified
index.

60
 12 xview(index) It is used to link the entry widget to a horizontal scrollbar.
13 xview_scroll(number,what) It is used to make the entry scrollable horizontally.

3. Python Tkinter Label:

The Label is used to specify the container box where we can place the text or images. This
widget is used to provide the message to the user about other widgets used in the python
application. There are the various options which can be specified to configure the text or the part
of the text shown in the Label. The syntax to use the Label is given below.
Syntax: w = Label (master, options)
A list of possible options is given below.
SN Option Description
1 anchor It specifies the exact position of the text within the size provided to the
widget. The default value is CENTER, which is used to center the text within
the specified space.
2 bg The background color displayed behind the widget.
3 bitmap It is used to set the bitmap to the graphical object specified so that, the label
can represent the graphics instead of text.
4 bd It represents the width of the border. The default is 2 pixels.
5 cursor The mouse pointer will be changed to the type of the cursor specified, i.e.,
arrow, dot, etc.
6 font The font type of the text written inside the widget.
7 fg The foreground color of the text written inside the widget.
8 height The height of the widget.
9 image The image that is to be shown as the label.
10 justify It is used to represent the orientation of the text if the text contains multiple
lines. It can be set to LEFT for left justification, RIGHT for right
justification, and CENTER for center justification.
11 padx The horizontal padding of the text. The default value is 1.
12 pady The vertical padding of the text. The default value is 1.
13 relief The type of the border. The default value is FLAT.
14 text This is set to the string variable which may contain one or more line of text.
15 textvariable The text written inside the widget is set to the control variable StringVar so
that it can be accessed and changed accordingly.
16 underline We can display a line under the specified letter of the text. Set this option to
the number of the letter under which the line will be displayed.
17 width The width of the widget. It is specified as the number of characters.
18 wraplength Instead of having only one line as the label text, we can break it to the
number of lines where each line has the number of characters specified to this
option.

Example:

# !/usr/bin/python3
from tkinter import *
top = Tk()

61
top.geometry("400x250")
#creating label
uname = Label(top, text = "Username"
"Username").place(x = 30,y = 50)
#creating label
password = Label(top, text = "Password"
"Password").place(x = 30, y = 90)
sbmitbtn = Button(top, text = "Submit"
"Submit",activebackground = "pink", activeforeground = "blue").place
(x = 30, y = 120)
e1 = Entry(top,width = 20).place(x = 100, y = 50)
e2 = Entry(top, width = 20).place(x = 100, y = 90)
top.mainloop()
Output:

4. Python Tkinter Checkbutton:

The Checkbutton is used to track the user's choices provided to the application. In other words,
we can say that Checkbutton is used to implement the on/off selections.
The Checkbutton can contain the text or images. The Checkbutton is mostly used to provide
many choices to the user among which, the user needs to choose the one. It generally implements
many of many selections. The syntax to use the checkbutton is given below.
Syntax: w = checkbutton(master,
on(master, options)
A list of possible options is given below.
SN Option Description
1 activebackground It represents the background color when the checkbutton is under the
cursor.
2 activeforeground It represents the foreground color of the checkbutton when the
checkbutton is under the cursor.
3 bg The background color of the button.
4 bitmap It displays an image (monochrome) on the button.
5 bd The size of the border around the corner.
6 command It is associated with a function to be called when the state of the
checkbutton is changed.
7 cursor The mouse pointer will be changed to the cursor name when it is over
the checkbutton.
8 disableforeground It is the color which is used to represent the text of a disabled
checkbutton.
9 font It represents the font of the checkbutton.
10 fg The foreground color (text color) of the checkbutton.
11 height It represents the height of the checkbutton (number of lines). The default
height is 1.
12 highlightcolor The color of the focus highlight when the checkbutton is under focus.

62
 13 image The image used to represent the checkbutton.
14 justify This specifies the justification of the text if the text contains multiple
lines.
15 offvalue The associated control variable is set to 0 by default if the button is
unchecked. We can change the state of an unchecked variable to some
other one.
16 onvalue The associated control variable is set to 1 by default if the button is
checked. We can change the state of the checked variable to some other
one.
17 padx The horizontal padding of the checkbutton
18 pady The vertical padding of the checkbutton.
19 relief The type of the border of the checkbutton. By default, it is set to FLAT.
20 selectcolor The color of the checkbutton when it is set. By default, it is red.
21 selectimage The image is shown on the checkbutton when it is set.
22 state It represents the state of the checkbutton. By default, it is set to normal.
We can change it to DISABLED to make the checkbutton unresponsive.
The state of the checkbutton is ACTIVE when it is under focus.
24 underline It represents the index of the character in the text which is to be
underlined. The indexing starts with zero in the text.
25 variable It represents the associated variable that tracks the state of the
checkbutton.
26 width It represents the width of the checkbutton. It is represented in the
number of characters that are represented in the form of texts.
27 wraplength If this option is set to an integer number, the text will be broken into the
number of pieces.

Methods:

The methods that can be called with the Checkbuttons are described in the following table.
SN Method Description
1 deselect() It is called to turn off the checkbutton.
2 flash() The checkbutton is flashed between the active and normal colors.
3 invoke() This will invoke the method associated with the checkbutton.
4 select() It is called to turn on the checkbutton.
5 toggle() It is used to toggle between the different Checkbuttons.

Example:
from tkinter import *
top = Tk()
top.geometry("200x200")
checkvar1 = IntVar()
checkvar2 = IntVar()
checkvar3 = IntVar()
chkbtn1 = Checkbutton(top, text = "C", variable = checkvar1, onvalue = 1, offvalue = 0, height = 2,
width = 10)

63
 chkbtn2 = Checkbutton(top, text = "C++", variable = checkvar2, onvalue = 1, offvalue = 0, height
= 2, width = 10)
chkbtn3 = Checkbutton(top, text = "Java", variable = checkvar3, onvalue = 1, offvalue = 0, height =
2, width = 10)
chkbtn1.pack()
chkbtn2.pack()
chkbtn3.pack()
top.mainloop()
Output:

5. Python Tkinter Radiobutton:

The Radiobutton widget is used to implement oneone-of-many
many selection in the python application. It
shows multiple choices to the user out of which, the user can select only one out of them. We can
associate different methods with each of the radiobutton. We can display the multiple line text or
images on the radiobuttons. To keep track the user's selection the radiobutton, it is associated
with a single variable. Each button displays a single value for that particular variable. The syntax
to use the Radiobutton is given below.

Syntax: w = Radiobutton(top, options)

SN Option Description
1 activebackground The background color of the widget when it has the focus.
2 activeforeground The font color of the widget text when it has the focus.
3 anchor It represents the exact position of the text within the widget if the
widget contains more space than the requirement of the text. The
default value is CENTER.
4 bg The background color of the widget.
5 bitmap It is used to display the graphics on the widget. It can be set to any
graphical or image object.
6 borderwidth It represents the size of the border.
7 command This option is set to the procedure which must be called every-time
every
when the state of the radiobutton is changed.
8 cursor The mouse pointer is changed to the specified cursor type. It can be
set to the arrow, dot, etc.
9 font It represents the font type of the widget text.
10 fg The normal foreground color of the widge
widget text.
11 height The vertical dimension of the widget. It is specified as the number
of lines (not pixel).
12 highlightcolor It represents the color of the focus highlight when the widget has
the focus.

64
 13 highlightbackground The color of the focus highlight when the widget is not having the
focus.
14 image It can be set to an image object if we want to display an image on
the radiobutton instead the text.
15 justify It represents the justification of the multi-line text. It can be set to
CENTER(default), LEFT, or RIGHT.
16 padx The horizontal padding of the widget.
17 pady The vertical padding of the widget.
18 relief The type of the border. The default value is FLAT.
19 selectcolor The color of the radio button when it is selected.
20 selectimage The image to be displayed on the radiobutton when it is selected.
21 state It represents the state of the radio button. The default state of the
Radiobutton is NORMAL. However, we can set this to
DISABLED to make the radiobutton unresponsive.
22 text The text to be displayed on the radiobutton.
23 textvariable It is of String type that represents the text displayed by the widget.
24 underline The default value of this option is -1, however, we can set this
option to the number of character which is to be underlined.
25 value The value of each radiobutton is assigned to the control variable
when it is turned on by the user.
26 variable It is the control variable which is used to keep track of the user's
choices. It is shared among all the radiobuttons.
27 width The horizontal dimension of the widget. It is represented as the
number of characters.
28 wraplength We can wrap the text to the number of lines by setting this option
to the desired number so that each line contains only that number
of characters.

Methods: The radiobutton widget provides the following methods.

SN Method Description
1 deselect() It is used to turn of the radiobutton.
2 flash() It is used to flash the radiobutton between its active and normal colors few
times.
3 invoke() It is used to call any procedure associated when the state of a Radiobutton is
changed.
4 select() It is used to select the radiobutton.

Example:
from tkinter import *
def selection():
selection = "You selected the option " + str(radio.get())
label.config(text = selection)

top = Tk()

65
top.geometry("300x150")
radio = IntVar()
lbl = Label(text = "Favourite programming language:")
lbl.pack()
R1 = Radiobutton(top, text="C", variable=radio, value=1,command=selection)
R1.pack( anchor = W )

R2 = Radiobutton(top, text="C++", variable=radio, value=2,command=selection)

R2.pack( anchor = W )

R3 = Radiobutton(top, text="Java", variable=radio, value=3,command=selection)

R3.pack( anchor = W)

label = Label(top)
label.pack()
top.mainloop()
Output:

6. Python Tkinter Frame:

Python Tkinter Frame widget is used to organize the group of widgets. It acts like a container
which can be used to hold the other widgets. The rectangular areas of the screen are used to
organize the widgets to the python application. The syntax to use the Frame widget is given
below.

Syntax: w = Frame(parent, options)

A list of possible options is given below.
SN Option Description
1 bd It represents the border width.
2 bg The background color of the widget.
3 cursor The mouse pointer is changed to the cursor type set to different
values like an arrow, dot, etc.
4 height The height of the frame.
5 highlightbackground The color of the background color when it is under focus.
6 highlightcolor The text color when the widget is under focus.
7 highlightthickness It specifies the thickness around the border when the widget is
under the focus.
8 relief It specifies the type of the border. The default value if FLAT.
9 width It represents the width of the widget.

66
 Example:
from tkinter import *
top = Tk()
top.geometry("140x100")
frame = Frame(top)
frame.pack()
leftframe = Frame(top)
leftframe.pack(side = LEFT)
rightframe = Frame(top)
rightframe.pack(side = RIGHT)
btn1 = Button(frame, text="Submit",, fg="red",activebackground = "red")
btn1.pack(side = LEFT)
btn2 = Button(frame, text="Remove"
"Remove", fg="brown", activebackground = "brown")
btn2.pack(side = RIGHT)
btn3 = Button(rightframe, text="Add"
"Add", fg="blue", activebackground = "blue")
btn3.pack(side = LEFT)
btn4 = Button(leftframe, text="Modify"
"Modify", fg="black", activebackground = "white")
btn4.pack(side = RIGHT)
top.mainloop()
Output:

7. Python Tkinter Listbox:

The Listbox widget is used to display the list items to the user. We can place only text items in
the Listbox and all text items contain the same font and color.
The user can choose one or more items from the list depending upon the configuration. The
syntax to use the Listbox is given below.
w = Listbox(parent, options)
A list of possible options is given below.
SN Option Description
1 bg The background color of the widget.
2 bd It represents the size of the border. Default value is 2 pixel.
3 cursor The mouse pointer will look like the cursor type like dot, arrow, etc.
4 font The font type of the Listbox items.
5 fg The color of the text.
6 height It represents the count of the lines shown in the Listbox. The default
value is 10.
7 highlightcolor The color of the Listbox items when the widget is under focus.
8 highlightthickness The thickness of the highlight.
9 relief The type of the border. The default is SUNKEN.
10 selectbackground The background color that is used to display tthe he selected text.

67
 11 selectmode It is used to determine the number of items that can be selected from
the list. It can set to BROWSE, SINGLE, MULTIPLE, EXTENDED.
12 width It represents the width of the widget in characters.
13 xscrollcommand It is used to let the user scroll the Listbox horizontally.
14 yscrollcommand It is used to let the user scroll the Listbox vertically.

Methods: There are the following methods associated with the Listbox.
SN Method Description
1 activate(index) It is used to select the lines at the specified index.
2 curselection() It returns a tuple containing the line numbers of the selected
element or elements, counting from 0. If nothing is selected,
returns an empty tuple.
3 delete(first, last = It is used to delete the lines which exist in the given range.
None)
4 get(first, last = None) It is used to get the list items that exist in the given range.
5 index(i) It is used to place the line with the specified index at the top of
the widget.
6 insert(index, *elements) It is used to insert the new lines with the specified number of
elements before the specified index.
7 nearest(y) It returns the index of the nearest line to the y coordinate of the
Listbox widget.
8 see(index) It is used to adjust the position of the listbox to make the lines
specified by the index visible.
9 size() It returns the number of lines that are present in the Listbox
widget.
10 xview() This is used to make the widget horizontally scrollable.
11 xview_moveto(fraction) It is used to make the listbox horizontally scrollable by the
fraction of width of the longest line present in the listbox.
12 xview_scroll(number, It is used to make the listbox horizontally scrollable by the
what) number of characters specified.
13 yview() It allows the Listbox to be vertically scrollable.
14 yview_moveto(fraction) It is used to make the listbox vertically scrollable by the
fraction of width of the longest line present in the listbox.
15 yview_scroll (number, It is used to make the listbox vertically scrollable by the
what) number of characters specified.
Example:
# !/usr/bin/python3
from tkinter import *
top = Tk()
top.geometry("200x250")
lbl = Label(top,text = "A list of favourite countries...")
listbox = Listbox(top)
listbox.insert(1,"India")
listbox.insert(2, "USA")
listbox.insert(3, "Japan")

68
 listbox.insert(4, "Austrelia")
lbl.pack()
listbox.pack()
top.mainloop()
Output:

8. Python Tkinter Message:

The Message widget is used to show the message to the user regarding the behaviour of the
python application. The message widget shows the text messages to the user which can not be
edited. The message text contains more than one line. However, the message can only be shown
in the single font. The syntax to use th
the Message widget is given below.
Syntax: w = Message(parent, options)
A list of possible options is given below.
SN Option Description
1 anchor It is used to decide the exact position of the text within the space provided
to the widget if the widget contains more space than the need of the text.
The default is CENTER.
2 bg The background color of the widget.
3 bitmap It is used to display the graphics on the widget. It can be set to any
graphical or image object.
4 bd It represents the size of the border in the pixel. The default size is 2 pixel.
5 cursor The mouse pointer is changed to the specified cursor type. The cursor type
can be an arrow, dot, etc.
6 font The font type of the widget text.
7 fg The font color of the widget text.
8 height The vertical dimension of the message.
9 image We can set this option to a static image to show that onto the widget.
10 justify This option is used to specify the alignment of multiple line of code with
respect to each other. The possible values can be LEFT (left alignment),
CENTER (default), and RIGHT (right alignment).
11 padx The horizontal padding of the widget.
12 pady The vertical padding of the widget.
13 relief It represents the type of the border. The default type is FLAT.
14 text We can set this option to the string so that the widget can represent the
specified text.
15 textvariable This is used to control the text represented by the widget. The textvariable
can be set to the text that is shown in the widget.
16 underline The default value of this option is -1 1 that represents no underline. We can

69
 set this option to an existing number to specify that nth letter of the string
will be underlined.
17 width It specifies the horizontal dimension of the widget in the number of
characters (not pixel).
18 wraplength We can wrap the text to the number of lines by setting this option to the
desired number so that each line contains only that number of characters.
Example:
from tkinter import *
top = Tk()
top.geometry("100x100")
var = StringVar()
msg = Message( top, text = "Welcome to Javatpoint")
msg.pack()
top.mainloop()
Output:

9. Python Tkinter Menubutton:

The Menubutton widget can be defined as the drop-down menu that is shown to the user all the
time. It is used to provide the user a option to select the appropriate choice exist within the
application. The Menubutton is used to implement various types of menus in the python
application. A Menu is associated with the Menubutton that can display the choices of the
Menubutton when clicked by the user. The syntax to use the python tkinter Menubutton is given
below.
Syntax : w = Menubutton(Top, options)
A list of various options is given below.
SN Option Description
1 activebackground The background color of the widget when the widget is under focus.
2 activeforeground The font color of the widget text when the widget is under focus.
3 anchor It specifies the exact position of the widget content when the widget is
assigned more space than needed.
4 bg It specifies the background color of the widget.
5 bitmap It is set to the graphical content which is to be displayed to the widget.
6 bd It represents the size of the border. The default value is 2 pixels.
7 cursor The mouse pointer will be changed to the cursor type specified when
the widget is under the focus. The possible value of the cursor type is
arrow, or dot etc.
8 direction It direction can be specified so that menu can be displayed to the
specified direction of the button. Use LEFT, RIGHT, or ABOVE to

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 place the widget accordingly.
9 disabledforeground The text color of the widget when the widget is disabled.
10 fg The normal foreground color of the widget.
11 height The vertical dimension of the Menubutton. It is specified as the
number of lines.
12 highlightcolor The highlight color shown to the widget under focus.
13 image The image displayed on the widget.
14 justify This specified the exact position of the text under the widget when the
text is unable to fill the width of the widget. We can use the LEFT for
the left justification, RIGHT for the right justification, CENTER for
the centre justification.
15 menu It represents the menu specified with the Menubutton.
16 padx The horizontal padding of the widget.
17 pady The vertical padding of the widget.
18 relief This option specifies the type of the border. The default value is
RAISED.
19 state The normal state of the Mousebutton is enabled. We can set it to
DISABLED to make it unresponsive.
20 text The text shown with the widget.
21 textvariable We can set the control variable of string type to the text variable so
that we can control the text of the widget at runtime.
22 underline The text of the widget is not underlined by default but we can set this
option to make the text of the widget underlined.
23 width It represents the width of the widget in characters. The default value is
20.
24 wraplength We can break the text of the widget in the number of lines so that the
text contains the number of lines not greater than the specified value.

Example
# !/usr/bin/python3
from tkinter import *
top = Tk()
top.geometry("200x250")
menubutton = Menubutton(top, text = "Language", relief = FLAT)
menubutton.grid()
menubutton.menu = Menu(menubutton)
menubutton["menu"]=menubutton.menu
menubutton.menu.add_checkbutton(label = "Hindi", variable=IntVar())
menubutton.menu.add_checkbutton(label = "English", variable = IntVar())
menubutton.pack()
top.mainloop()
Output:

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10. Python Tkinter Menu:
The Menu widget is used to create various types of menus (top level, pull down, and pop up) in
the python application. The top--level
level menus are the one which is displayed just under the title
bar of the parent window. We need to create a new instance of the Menu widget and add various
commands to it by using the add() method. The syntax to use the Menu widget is given below.
Syntax: w = Menu(top, options)
A list of possible options is given below.
SN Option Description
1 activebackground The background color of the widget when the widget is under the
focus.
2 activeborderwidth The width of the border of the widget when it is under the mouse. The
default is 1 pixel.
3 activeforeground The font color of the widget when the widget has the focus.
4 bg The background color of the widget.
5 bd The border width of the widget.
6 cursor The mouse pointer is changed to the cursor type when it hovers the
widget. The cursor type can be set to arrow or dot.
7 disabledforeground The font color of the widget when it is disabled.
8 font The font type of the text of the widget.
9 fg The foreground color of the widget.
10 postcommand The postcommand can be set to any of the function which is called
when the mourse hovers the menu.
11 relief The typ
typee of the border of the widget. The default type is RAISED.
12 image It is used to display an image on the menu.
13 selectcolor The color used to display the checkbutton or radiobutton when they
are selected.
14 tearoff By default, the choices in the menu start taking place from position 1.
If we set the tearoff = 1, then it will start taking place from 0th
position.
15 title Set this option to the title of the window if you want to change the
title of the window.

Methods: The Menu widget contains the following methods.

SN Option Description
1 add_command(options) It is used to add the Menu items to the menu.
2 add_radiobutton(options) This method adds the radiobutton to the menu.
3 add_checkbutton(options) This method is used to add the checkbuttons to the menu.
4 add_cascade(options) It is used to create a hierarchical menu to the parent menu by

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 associating the given menu to the parent menu.
5 add_seperator() It is used to add the seperator line to the menu.
6 add(type, options) It is used to add the specific menu item to the menu.
7 delete(startindex, It is used to delete the menu items exist in the specified range.
endindex)
8 entryconfig(index, It is used to configure a menu item identified by the given
options) index.
9 index(item) It is used to get the index of the specified menu item.
10 insert_seperator(index) It is used to insert a seperator at the specified index.
11 invoke(index) It is used to invoke the associated with the choice given at the
specified index.
12 type(index) It is used to get the type of the choice specified by the index.

Example:

from tkinter import Toplevel, Button, Tk, Menu

top = Tk()
menubar = Menu(top)
file = Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)
file.add_command(label="New")
file.add_command(label="Open")
file.add_command(label="Save")
file.add_command(label="Save as...")
file.add_command(label="Close")
file.add_separator()
file.add_command(label="Exit", command=top.quit)
menubar.add_cascade(label="File", menu=file)
edit = Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)
edit.add_command(label="Undo")
edit.add_separator()
edit.add_command(label="Cut")
edit.add_command(label="Copy")
edit.add_command(label="Paste")
edit.add_command(label="Delete")
edit.add_command(label="Select All")
menubar.add_cascade(label="Edit", menu=edit)
help = Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)
help.add_command(label="About")
menubar.add_cascade(label="Help", menu=help)
top.config(menu=menubar)
top.mainloop()

Output:

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11. Python Tkinter Text:
The Text widget is used to show the text data on the Python application. However, Tkinter
provides us the Entry widget which is used to implement the single line text box. The Text
widget is used to display the multi-line formatted text with various styles and attributes. The Text
widget is mostly used to provide the text editor to the user. The Text widget also facilitates us to
use the marks and tabs to locate the specific sections of the Text. We can also use the windows
and images with the Text as it can also be used to display the formatted text. The syntax to use
the Text widget is given below.
Syntax: w = Text(top, options)
A list of possible options that can be used with the Text widget is given below.
SN Option Description
1 bg The background color of the widget.
2 bd It represents the border width of the widget.
3 cursor The mouse pointer is changed to the specified cursor type, i.e.
arrow, dot, etc.
4 exportselection The selected text is exported to the selection in the window
manager. We can set this to 0 if we don't want the text to be
exported.
5 font The font type of the text.
6 fg The text color of the widget.
7 height The vertical dimension of the widget in lines.
8 highlightbackground The highlightcolor when the widget doesn't has the focus.
9 highlightthickness The thickness of the focus highlight. The default value is 1.
10 highlighcolor The color of the focus highlight when the widget has the focus.
11 insertbackground It represents the color of the insertion cursor.
12 insertborderwidth It represents the width of the border around the cursor. The default
is 0.
13 insertofftime The time amount in Milliseconds during which the insertion cursor
is off in the blink cycle.
14 insertontime The time amount in Milliseconds during which the insertion cursor
is on in the blink cycle.
15 insertwidth It represents the width of the insertion cursor.
16 padx The horizontal padding of the widget.
17 pady The vertical padding of the widget.

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18 relief The type of the border. The default is SUNKEN.
19 selectbackground The background color of the selected text.
20 selectborderwidth The width of the border around the selected text.
21 spacing1 It specifies the amount of vertical space given above each line of
the text. The default is 0.
22 spacing2 This option specifies how much extra vertical space to add
between displayed lines of text when a logical line wraps. The
default is 0.
23 spacing3 It specifies the amount of vertical space to insert below each line of
the text.
24 state It the state is set to DISABLED, the widget becomes unresponsive
to the mouse and keyboard unresponsive.
25 tabs This option controls how the tab character is used to position the
text.
26 width It represents the width of the widget in characters.
27 wrap This option is used to wrap the wider lines into multiple lines. Set
this option to the WORD to wrap the lines after the word that fit
into the available space. The default value is CHAR which breaks
the line which gets too wider at any character.
28 xscrollcommand To make the Text widget horizontally scrollable, we can set this
option to the set() method of Scrollbar widget.
29 yscrollcommand To make the Text widget vertically scrollable, we can set this
option to the set() method of Scrollbar widget.

Methods: We can use the following methods with the Text widget.

SN Method Description
1 delete(startindex, This method is used to delete the characters of the specified range.
endindex)
2 get(startindex, It returns the characters present in the specified range.
endindex)
3 index(index) It is used to get the absolute index of the specified index.
4 insert(index, It is used to insert the specified string at the given index.
string)
5 see(index) It returns a boolean value true or false depending upon whether the
text at the specified index is visible or not.

12. Tkinter messagebox:

The messagebox module is used to display the message boxes in the python applications. There
are the various functions which are used to display the relevant messages depending upon the
application requirements.
The syntax to use the messagebox is given below.
Syntax: messagebox.function_name(title, message [, options])
Parameters:
o function_name: It represents an appropriate message box function.

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 o title: It is a string which is shown as a title of a message box.
o message: It is the string to be displayed as a message on the message box.
o options: There are various options which can be used to configure the message dialog
box.
The two options that can be used are default and parent.

1. default
The default option is used to mention the types of the default button, i.e. ABORT, RETRY, or
IGNORE in the message box.
2. parent
The parent option specifies the parent window on top of which, the message box is to be
displayed.
There is one of the following functions used to show the appropriate message boxes. All the
functions are used with the same syntax but have the specific functionalities.

1. showinfo(): The showinfo() messagebox is used where we need to show some relevant
information to the user.
Example:
# !/usr/bin/python3
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox
top = Tk()
top.geometry("100x100")
messagebox.showinfo("information","Information")
top.mainloop()
Output:

2. showwarning(): This method is used to display the warning to the user. Consider the
following example.
Example:
# !/usr/bin/python3
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox
top = Tk()
top.geometry("100x100")
messagebox.showwarning("warning","Warning")
top.mainloop()
Output:

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 3. showerror(): This method is used to display the error message to the user.
Consider the following example.
Example:
# !/usr/bin/python3
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox

top = Tk()
top.geometry("100x100")
messagebox.showerror("error","Error")
top.mainloop()

Output:

4. askquestion(): This method is used to ask some question to the user which can be
answered in yes or no. Consider the following example.
Example
# !/usr/bin/python3
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox
top = Tk()
top.geometry("100x100")
messagebox.askquestion("Confirm","Are you sure?")
top.mainloop()
Output:

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 5. askokcancel(): This method is used to confirm the user's action regarding some
application activity. Consider the following example.
Example:
# !/usr/bin/python3
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox
top = Tk()
top.geometry("100x100")
messagebox.askokcancel("Redirect","Redirecting you to www.javatpoint.com")
top.mainloop()
Output:

6. askyesno(): This method is used to ask the user about some action to which, the user
can answer in yes or no. Consider the following example.
Example
# !/usr/bin/python3
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox
top = Tk()
top.geometry("100x100")
messagebox.askyesno("Application","Got It?")
top.mainloop()
Output:

7. askretrycancel(): This method is used to ask the user about doing a particular task
again or not. Consider the following example.
Example
# !/usr/bin/python3
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox
top = Tk()
top.geometry("100x100")
messagebox.askretrycancel("Application","try again?")
top.mainloop()
Output:

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Assignments:

Practice Set:
1. Write a Python GUI program to import Tkinter package and create a window and set its
title.
2. Write a Python GUI program to create two buttons exit and hello using tkinter module.
3. Write a Python GUI program to create a Checkbutton widget using tkinter module.
Write a Python GUI program to create three single line text-box to accept a value from
the user using tkinter module.
4. Write a Python GUI program to create three radio buttons widgets using tkinter module.
5. Write a Python GUI program to create a Listbox bar widgets using tkinter module.

Set A:
1. Write Python GUI program to display an alert message when a button is pressed.
2. Write Python GUI program to Create background with changing colors
3. Write a Python GUI program to create a label and change the label font style (font name,
bold, size) using tkinter module.
4. Write a Python GUI program to create a Text widget using tkinter module. Insert a string
at the beginning then insert a string into the current text. Delete the first and last character
of the text.
5. Write a Python GUI program to accept dimensions of a cylinder and display the surface
area and volume of cylinder.
6. Write Python GUI program that takes input string and change letter to upper case when a
button is pressed.

Set B:
1. Write Python GUI program to take input of your date of birth and output your age when a
button is pressed.
2. Write Python GUI program which accepts a sentence from the user and alters it when a
button is pressed. Every space should be replaced by *, case of all alphabets should be
reversed, digits are replaced by ?.
3. Write Python GUI A program to create a digital clock with Tkinter to display the time.
4. Create a program to generate a random password with upper and lower case letters.
5. Write Python GUI program which accepts a number n to displays each digit of number in
words.
6. Write Python GUI program to accept a decimal number and convert and display it to
binary, octal and hexadecimal number.
7. Write Python GUI program to add items in listbox widget to print and delete the selected
items from listbox on button click. Provide two separate button for print and delete.

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 8. Write Python GUI program to add menu bar with name of colors as options to change the
background color as per selection from menu option.
9. Write Python GUI program to accept a number n and check whether it is Prime, Perfect
or Armstrong number or not. Specify three radio buttons.
10. Write a Python GUI program to create a label and change the label font style (font name,
bold, size). Specify separate checkbuttton for each style.
Set C:
1. Write a Python GUI program to implement simple calculator.

Evaluation
0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]
3: Need Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

Signature of Instructor

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