AUTOMOTIVE IGNITION SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION TO IGNITION SYSTEM:

 An ignition system generates a spark or heat an electrode to a high temperature to
ignite a fuel air mixture in spark ignition internal combustion engine oil-fired and gas-
fired boilers, rocket engine, etc.
 The widest application for spark ignition internal combustion engine is in petrol
gasoline road vehicle such as cars and motorcycles.
 Compression ignition diesel engines ignite the fuel-air mixture by the heat of
compression and do not need a spark.
 They usually have glow plugs that preheat the combustion chamber to allow starting
in cold weather.

TYPES OF IGNITION SYSTEM:

1) BATTERY COIL IGNITION SYSTEM.

2) ELECTROINC IGNITION SYSTEM.

3) DISTRIBUTOR LESS IGNITION SYSTEM.

1) BATTERY COIL IGNITION SYSTEM:

 A battery ignition system is used in an automobile to produce a spark plug with the help of
batters.
 It is generally used in the 4-wheeler vehicle but now days it is also used in two wheeler
vehicles where a 6or12 volts battery supplies the current to ignition coil.
MAIN PARTS OF BATTERY IGNITION SYSTEM:
 IGNITION SWITCH
 BATTERY
 IGNITION COIL
 BALLAST RESISTOR
 CONTACT BREAKER
 DISTRIBUTOR
 CAPCITOR
 SPARK PLUG.

IGNITION SYSTEM:
 It is used for ON or OFF the engine. One end of the switch is connected with the
primary winding of ignition coil via ballast resistor, and end is connected with the
battery.
 Basically when the key is put inside it and turned the switch in on position then the
circuit is completed (close circuit), and when moved towards the off position than its
work as an open circuit.
 Nowadays, this switch is replaced by the push button, and this system is called a
keyless system.

BATTERY:
 The battery is provided for supply the initial current to the ignition system more
specifically ignition coil. Generally, the voltage of the battery is 6v or 12v or 24v. In
an automobile there are two types of battery use widely, one is lead –acid battery and
another are is the alkaline battery. Although there are zinc acid battery and lithium-
ion battery is used in modern vehicle.

IGNITION COIL:
 The ignition coil acts an electrical power transformer the earliest mechanical ignition
system on a coil to convert the low voltage from the batteries to the high voltage
needed by the spark plugs.
 The ignition coils electrical transforming works on a principal called magnetic
induction. In a tradition transformer, the primary coil receiver’s power, that is direct
current from the batteries.
 However, this change through the primary coil is periodically disrupted. This
distruster is caused by the disrupted in the early distributor based ignition system, and
by a computer to achieve more precise timing in later ignition systems. The
distributor job will be discussed further below.
 The voltage in the primary coil produced a magnetic field.
 The periodical disruption to the current that the primary coil receives causes the
magnetic field.
  Such bis’ movement of the primary coil magnetic field causes the secondary coil to
create one burst of high voltage energy at a time.
 How high the voltage created by the secondary coil is depends on the ratio of the
number of turns in the coil to the number of turns in the secondary coil.
 If the secondary coil has twice as many turns as the primary coil, the output voltage
will be twice the input voltage.
 Thus, to increases the voltage from 12volts to at least 20,000 volts that the spark plug
need, in a car’s ignition coil, the secondary coil has lens of thousands of times as
many turns for primary winding.

BALLAST RESISTOR:
 This is used to limit the current in the ignition circuit and generally made of iron.
 It is placed in series between the ignition switch and ignition coil. However, it is used
in old automobile vehicle.

CONTACT BREAKER:
 The contact breaker is an electrical switch which is regulated by the cam and when
the breaker is open, current flows through the condenser and changes it.

DISTRIBUTOR:
 Here’s law the distributor creates the atone mentioned predict, discrete charges
supplied to the primary ignition coil. The distributor contains a “breaker point” that
grounds the primary coils circuit.
 This point is connected to the ground by a lever.
 The lever gets moved by a cam connected to the distributor shaft.
 That opens the primary coil circuit and causes the collapse that triggers the high voltage
bursts in the secondary coil in addition while the battery an ignition coil provide the power
the distributor does an important job that determining precisely where and when that power
goes to each spark plug.
 There are two types of distributor.
 CARBON BRUSH TYPE:
 It is consists of carbon brush which is slides over the metallic section embedded in the
Distributor cap.
 GAP TYPE
 In this type the rotor arm is passed through the metallic section of the distributor cap but it
does not touch the surface of the distributor cap that whey it is called gap type distributor.

CAPACITOR:
  A capacitor is a storing device where electrical energy is stored it is fitted parallel to the
contact breaker when the current drops then it supplied the additional current so that the
Spark is produced.
 It is made of two metal plates separated by air or any other insulating material.

SPARK PLUG:
 Spark plug is another important part of battery ignition system here the actual spark is
Generated for the combustion of fuel or charge.
 If there is more than one spark plug exists then each one is connected separately with the each
one is connected separately with the distributor and gives the spark in the sequence.

WORKING OF BATTERY IGNITION SYSTEM:

 In battery ignition system when the ignition switch is turned on then the
Current will flows to the primary circuit through ballast register primary winding and contact
breaker.
 The flowing current induced a magnetic field around the primary winding the more current
we supply the more magnetic field will generate.
 At a certain time the contact breaker opens the current is flowing through the primary winding
section.
 Due to this immense amount of voltage the capacitor comes into the charging state when the
capacitor charged full then it starts delivering the current towards the battery due to this
reverse flowing of the current and already induced magnetic field in the primary winding a
very high voltage of 15000v to 30000v as generated in the secondary winding.
 This high voltage current the transferred to the distributor via high tension cable where
already a rotor rotate inside the distributor cap and has metallic segments bedded on it.
 So when its starts rotating then at a certain stage it opens the contact breaker point which
allows the high voltages current to transferred to the spark plug through the metallic
segments.
 So when the high voltage current reaches the spark plug then its generates high intensity of
spark inside the engine cylinder which allows the combustion fuel to burn.

ADVANTAGES:
 These are the following advantages of battery ignition system.
 The intensity of spark is good.
 It can also provide a high concentration of spark even in low engine speed or starting of
engine. The maintenance of this ignition system is very less compared to others.

DISADVANTAGES:
 Efficiency decreased with a reduction in spark intensity.
 Occupies more space.
 Need periodic maintenance is needed for battery only.
APPLICATIONS:
 Battery ignition system is used in automobile to produce the spark so that combustion fuel
can be burned.

ELECTRONIC IGNITION SYSTEM:

 An electronic ignition system is a type of ignition system that works electronic circuit usually
by transmitter the transistor are controlled by sensor to generate electric pulses which when
generate a high voltage spark that can burn the lean mixture and provides a battery economy
and lower emission.
 The electronic ignition system is fully controlled electronically. The electronic ignition
system is vastly used in aircraft engines bikes motorcycles and cars as it performs the same
purpose as other type of ignition system on them.
 The functions of an electronic ignition system is remaining the same as produce a high
voltage spark to the spark plug so that the fuel air mixture can be burn or ignite.
 Because sensors are used in the system it improves reliability and mileage and decreases
emission.

COMPONENTS:
 BATTERY
 IGNITION SWITCH
 ELECTRONIC CONTROL MODULE
 ARMATURE
 IGNITION COIL
 DISTRIBUTOR
 SPARK PLUG

BATTERY:
 A battery is an electrochemical system it stress energy and whenever required it gives.
 Battery plays on important role here it is having two terminals positive (+) and negative (-).
 The positive terminal is connected to the key the negative terminal is connected to the ground.

IGNITION SWITCH:
 It is connected just after battery.
 Ignition switch works like on and of the system when it turns on the power supplied from
Battery and when it is off the power not supplying.

ELECTRONIC CONTROL MODULE:

  It is brain or programmed instruction given to the ignition system which monitors and
Control the timing and intensity of the spark automatically.
 It is the device that receives voltage signals from the armature and set the primary coil to ON
and OFF it can be placed separately outside the distributor or can be place in electronic
control unit box of the vehicle.

ARMATURE:
 Contact breaker points of battery system is replaced by an armature which consists a relator
with teeth vacuum advance and a pick up coil electronic module receives the voltage signals
from the armature in order to make and break the circuit which in turn sets the timing.

IGNIITION COIL: 

 The ignition coil act as the electrical power transformer the earliest mechanical ignition
system on the coil to convert the low voltage from the battery the high voltage needed by
spark plug.
 The ignition coil electrical transformed on a principle called magnetic in dust ion in a
tadeonal power to direct current from batteries.
 How high voltage created by the secondary coil is depending on the ratio of number of turns
in the primary coil to the number of turns in the secondary coil.
 Thus, to inverse the voltage from 12 volt to 20000 volt that the spark plug need in a ignition

DISTRIBUTOR:
 Here how the distributor creating the fore mentioned period discrete charge to the primary
ignition coil the distributor contain a breaker point that ground the primary coil circuit,
 This is connected to ground by iron.
 The lever gets moved by a cam connected distruster shaft.
 Coil the secondary coil has of thousands   of time as many as the primary coil.

SPARK PLUG:

 Spark plug is another important part of battery ignition system here the actually spark is
generated for the combustion for the combustion of fuel or charge.
 It there is more than on a spark plug connected separately with the distributor and spark in the
equated the spark in the sequence.

WORKING:
 When the driver switch on the ignition switch in order to stand a vehicle the current
start time flow the battery through the ignition switch to coil primary winding.
 Which is turn start the armature pick up coil to receive and lead the voltage signal
from armature to the ignition module.
 When   the touch of the rotating cones in front of pitch up coil as shown in fig the
voltage signal.
  A magnetic field is generated in ignition coil to this continuously and break of circuit
make induced an EMF is secondary winding which increase the voltage up the 5000
volts.
 This high voltage is then sent to distribute which has the rotating and distributor
which is set according at the ignition timing.
 When the rotor comes in front of any of the also there of distributor point the
jumping of voltage the air gap front the rotor to distributor point which id the  sent
to adjacent spark plug terminal the high torsional cable voltage difference is
generate between the control electrode cable voltage different.

ADVANTAGE 
 It has fewer moving parts.\
 Low maintenance required
 Less emission generates.

DIS ADVANTAGE 
 Cost
 Despite then grate advantage of electronic system limit still below are the dis advantage of
electronic ignition system.
 DISRTRIBUTOR LESS IGNITION SYSTEM
 Distributor less ignition system is ignition system in which the distributor of electronic
ignition system replaced number of induction coil per cylinder or one coil for pair of cylinder
and the timing of spark as controlled by an ignition control unit acid the engine control unit
which make this system more efficient and accurate.
 Due to use of multiple ignitions coil the provided direct voltage provides direct voltage to
speak plug this system is also known as direct ignition stet.
 NEED OF DISTRIBUTTOR LESS IGNITION SYSTEM
 Electronic ignition system use distributor which is used to the disturbed electronic ignition
system use distributor module to the sparkplug the distributor used is a mechanical device
 having that complete circuit also control the spark timing  which more electrical wear and
tear.
 Electronic ignition system required higher miniatous then distributor less ignition system in
service period electronic ignition system.
 The spark timing in courage electronic ignition system decrease time.
 Theses problem give rise to the development so smooth ignition named distributor less
ignition control unit along with ignition module and the distributor of voltage single to the
spark plug made direct multiple coils.

MAIN COMPONENTS:
 Battery
 Ignition switch
 Ignition coil and ignition module
 Magnetic trigger device
 Spark plug