Original Article Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences.

Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.), No.1, 2019. P.471-510

Available online at Print version ISSN 0970 6577
www.bpasjournals.com Online version ISSN 2320 3226
DOI: 10.5958/2320-3226.2019.00051.1

INTRODUCING THE UPADHYAYA INTEGRAL TRANSFORM

Lalit Mohan Upadhyaya

Author Affiliation:
Department of Mathematics, Municipal Post Graduate College, Mussoorie, Dehradun,
Uttarakhand, India - 248179.
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

*Corresponding Author:
Lalit Mohan Upadhyaya, Department of Mathematics, Municipal Post Graduate College,
Mussoorie, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India - 248179.

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Received on 22.12.2018, Revised on 29.04.2019, Accepted on 17.05.2019

Abstract:
Through this introductory paper we announce to the worldwide mathematics community a new type of
integral transform, which we call the Upadhyaya Integral Transform or, the Upadhyaya transform (UT), in
short. The new transform which we propose to proclaim through this paper, is, in fact a generalized form of
the celebrated Laplace transform. The power of this generalization is that this most general form of the
Laplace transform generalizes and unifies, besides the classical Laplace transform and the Laplace-Carson
transform, most of the very recently introduced integral transforms of this category like, the Sumudu
transform, the Elzaki transform, the Kashuri and Fundo transform, the Mahgoub transform, the ZZ-
transform, the Sadik transform, the Kamal transform, the Natural transform, the Mohand transform, the
Aboodh transform, the Ramadan Group transform, the Shehu transform, the Sawi transform, the Tarig
transform, the Yang transform, etc. We develop the general theory of the Upadhyaya transform in a way
which exactly parallels the existing theory of the classical Laplace transform and also provide a number of
possible generalizations of this transform and thus we prepare a firm ground for future researches in this
field by employing this most generalized, versatile and robust form of the classical Laplace transform – the
Upadhyaya transform – in almost all the areas wherever, the classical Laplace transform and its various
aforementioned variants are currently being employed for solving the vast multitude of problems arising in
the areas of applied mathematics, mathematical physics and engineering sciences and other possible fields
of study inside and outside the realm of mathematics.

Keywords: Upadhyaya transform, Laplace transform, Laplace-Carson transform, Sumudu transform,

Elzaki transform, Kashuri and Fundo transform, Mahgoub transform, ZZ- transform, Sadik transform,
Kamal transform, Natural transform, Mohand transform, Aboodh transform, Ramadan Group transform,
Shehu transform, Sawi transform, Tarig transform, Yang transform.

2010 AMS Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 44A05, 44A10, 44A45, 44A99
Secondary: 60E10.

1. INTRODUCTION

The celebrated Laplace transform was introduced by the French mathematician and physicist Pierre Simon
Laplace (1749–1827). This classical integral transform together with another celebrated transform the Fourier
transform (due to Joseph Fourier (1768–1830)) forms the foundation stone of Operational Calculus, a branch
Introducing the Upadhyaya Integral Transform

of mathematics which has very powerful applications not only in applied mathematics but also in other branches
of science like physics, electrical and mechanical engineering, astronomy, heat transfer, etc. The integral
transforms play a pivotal role in finding the solutions of the initial value problems and the initial-boundary
value problems which are frequently encountered in engineering sciences. Ever since the British electrical
engineer Oliver Heaviside (1850 –1925) first used the Laplace transform to solve ordinary differential equations
encountered by him in his study of electrical circuits, the subject of integral transforms caught sight of
mathematicians and researchers and continues to be a hot field of mathematical research even today. The utility
of the operational calculus methods which solely rest upon the foundation pillars of integral transforms needs
no introduction given the undisputed fact that these methods have found vast applications in the fields of
ordinary and partial differential equations, integral equations, calculus of finite differences, problems in
probability and statistics, the fractional integrals and fractional derivatives. It is well known that the Laplace
transform is a special case of the celebrated Fourier transform in the sense that it can be derived from the latter
for a special class of exponentially decaying functions which are restricted in their definition to the positive part
of the real axis. The Laplace transform of many functions including the elementary functions and higher
transcendental functions have been calculated and tabulated in a number of authoritative standard works of
mathematics, a few of them are [1 – 5]. The theory of the classical Laplace transform can be found in numerous
works. We only mention three here, just only for the sake of reference [6,7,8]. The books mentioned in [7,8] are
very recent contributions to existing vast literature on the subject. Many extensions of the classical Laplace
transform have also appeared in the literature. One very recent extension is the study of Kim and Kim [9], called
the degenerate Laplace transform. Their study was extended by this author in a series of very recent papers [10-
13]. We may also mention that the classical Laplace transform in terms of real symmetric positive definite
matrices and complex Hermitian positive definite matrices can be found in the work of Mathai [14] and in some
references mentioned therein. This book of Mathai also contains Laplace type integrals for many
hypergeometric functions of matrix arguments with real positive definite matrices and Hermitian positive
definite matrices as arguments. The author’s doctoral dissertation [15] also contains Laplace type integrals for
many multiple hypergeometric functions of matrix arguments which are proved by using the Mathai’s matrix
transform technique as discussed by Mathai in [14]. In developing these results, the results for the Laplace
transforms of the hypergeometric functions of one and more scalar variables have played a crucial role. Thus,
in short, we emphasize here that the utility of the classical Laplace transform in mathematics remains much
more even today after about two centuries when they were first employed as effective tools for solving problems
arising in applied mathematics, physics and engineering (see, [7], p.1). This underlines the need of continuous
research in this field and enhancement of our existing knowledge about this celebrated integral transform.

In this paper we proclaim a new generalization of the classical Laplace Transform which we call the Upadhyaya
Integral Transform or the Upadhyaya Transform (UT) for brevity. This generalization is a powerful and
versatile generalization and unification of almost all the variants of the classical Laplace transform that are
extant in the current mathematical research literature. We mention that the Upadhyaya transform, which we
introduce in this paper includes the classical Laplace transform, the Laplace – Carson transform, the Sumudu
transform and most of the very recently introduced variants of the classical Laplace transform, namely, the
Elzaki transform, the Kashuri and Fundo transform, the Mahgoub transform, the ZZ – transform, the Sadik
transform, the Kamal transform, the Natural transform, the Mohand transform, the Aboodh transform, the
Ramadan Group transform, the Shehu transform, the Sawi transform, the Tarig transform and the Yang
transform. The scheme of the paper is as follows: in the first section of the paper we give the definition of the
classical Laplace transform as our preliminary definition. In the second section of the paper we state our
definition of the Upadhyaya transform. In the third section of the paper we provide the mathematical basis for
the Upadhyaya transform and thus give the complex inversion formula for the Upadhyaya transform. In the
fourth section we show how the different variants of the classical Laplace transforms as mentioned above are
special cases of the Upadhyaya transform. In the fifth section we develop the theory of the Upadhyaya
transform parallel to the existing theory of the Laplace transform and also calculate the Upadhyaya transforms
of some frequently used elementary functions. The sixth section is devoted to the n − dimensional
generalization of the Upadhyaya transform and we point out some special cases of this generalization there,
which currently exist in the literature. The seventh section provides the degenerate extension, while the eighth
section provides the modified degenerate extension of the Upadhyaya transform. The matrix generalization of
the Upadhyaya transform to the cases of real symmetric positive definite matrix arguments and the Hermitian
positive definite matrix arguments are discussed respectively in the ninth and tenth sections of the paper.

1.1 Preliminary Definitions

Definition 1.1: Functions of Exponential Order: (see, for example, [7, p. 150]) A function F ( t ) is said to
be of exponential order a ( > 0) on 0 ≤ t < ∞ if there exists a positive constant K such that for all t > T
472 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences
Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Lalit Mohan Upadhyaya

F ( t ) ≤ Ke at . (1.1)

Definition 1.2: The Laplace transform: (see, for example, [6, (1), p.1]). Let F ( t ) be a real valued function
defined on ( −∞, ∞ ) such that F ( t ) = 0 ∀t < 0. The Laplace transform of F ( t ) , represented by

L { F ( t )} , is defined by
∞
L { F ( t ) ; s} = f ( s ) = ∫ e− st F ( t ) dt (1.2)
0
where, the parameter s is a real or complex number and L denotes the Laplace transform operator. Originally
Laplace used this transform around 1780’s while working in probability theory [26] (see also, [27] and [28]).

2. THE UPADHYAYA INTEGRAL TRANSFORM (or, THE UPADHYAYA TRANSFORM)

For the sake of most general situations, we first define three complex parameters λ1, λ2 , λ3 as below:

m1 m3 m5
 r1 i  r3 i   r5 i 
∑ i 1 
a z ∑ i 3 
c z  ∑ ki z5 
λ1 =  i=0  , λ =  i =0
m2 2
 , λ =  i =0
m4 3

m6
(2.1)
 r2
  r4
  r6

 ∑ bi z2   ∑ di z 4   ∑ li z6 
i i i

 i =0   i =0   i =0 
where, mi and ri are nonnegative integers ( i = 1,2, …,6 ) and ai , bi , ci , d i , ki , li are complex constants.
Depending upon the situation at hand, we can also choose the parameters λ1 , λ2 , λ3 and the constants
ai , bi , ci , di , ki , li to be real numbers also. The above choice of the parameters ensures the broadest form of
generalization of the classical Laplace transform so that it encompasses almost all the existing variants of the
Laplace transform that are currently in vogue in the mathematical research literature or may appear in the future.

Definition 2.1: The Upadhyaya Integral Transform: Suppose the real valued function F ( t ) belongs to the
set of functions defined by

{ }
t
j
A = F ( t ) : ∃M ,η1 and /or η 2 > 0, F ( t ) < Me , if t ∈ ( −1) × [ 0, ∞ ) , j = 1, 2.
ηj
(2.2)

where, the constant M is finite while η1 and η2 may not exist simultaneously. We define the function
F ( t ) such that F ( t ) = 0 for t < 0 . The Upadhyaya transform (UT) of the function F ( t ) is defined as
∞
U { F ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3} = u ( λ1, λ2 , λ3 ) = λ1 ∫ e− λ2t F ( λ3t ) dt (2.3)
0

provided this integral converges and the parameters λ1 , λ2 , λ3 are given by (2.1). Here, we call U the
Upadhyaya Transform Operator.

3. THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE UPADHYAYA TRANSFORM

It is well known that the celebrated Fourier integral formula simultaneously provided not only the definitions of
the Laplace transform as well as the inverse Laplace transform but also granted a method to evaluate the inverse
Laplace transform of a function by means of evaluating a complex contour integral by the use of the Cauchy’s
residue theorem and by suitably deforming the contour of integration in the complex plane. The Upadhyaya
transform being a generalized form of the Laplace transform, therefore, we venture now to provide a
mathematical basis for the Upadhyaya transform proclaimed above by us.
The Fourier integral formula for a function f1 ( x ) defined on −∞ < x < ∞ is given by
(see [7, (3.2.1), p. 144])
1 ∞ ∞
f1 ( x ) =
2π ∫−∞
eikx dk ∫ e−ikt f1 ( t ) dt.
−∞
(3.1)

473 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences

Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Introducing the Upadhyaya Integral Transform

If we choose in the above equation f1 ( x ) = 0 in −∞ < x < 0 and put f1 ( x ) = e F ( λ3 x ) H ( x ) , where,

− cx

c is a positive fixed number, λ3 given by (2.1) and H ( x ) is the Heaviside unit step function defined by (see,
[7], (2.3.8), p. 22 and (2.3.9), p.23)
1, x > 0
H ( x) =  (3.2)
0, x < 0
and in the general form by
1, x > a
H ( x − a) =  (3.3)
0, x < a
for a fixed real number a . Now the Fourier integral formula (3.1) yields,
1 ∞ ikx ∞
e − cx F ( λ3 x ) H ( x ) =
2π ∫ −∞
e dk ∫−∞
e− ikt e − ct F ( λ3t ) H ( t ) dt (3.4)

Applying the definition of H ( x ) from (3.2) in (3.4) gives

1 ∞ ( c+ik ) x ∞
F ( λ3 x ) = ∫
2π −∞
e dk ∫ e −( c+ik )t F ( λ3t ) dt
0
(3.5)

We substitute c + ik = λ2 (so that, idk = d λ2 , with i = −1 ) then (3.5) renders

1 c+i∞ λ2x d λ2 ∞ − λ2t
2π ∫c−i∞ i ∫0
F ( λ3 x ) = e e F ( λ3t ) dt (3.6)

Or, for the parameter λ1 defined by (2.1), (3.6) can be rewritten as

1
eλ2 x d λ2 λ1 ∫ e− λ2t F ( λ3t ) dt  .
c +i ∞ ∞
F ( λ3 x ) = ∫
2π iλ1 c−i∞ 
 0 
Noting that the expression within the square brackets of the last equation is the Upadhyaya transform
U { F ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 } = u ( λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ) of the function F ( t ) ((2.3) above), we at once get the following
complex inversion formula for the Upadhyaya transform from the above equation as
1 c + i∞
F ( λ3 x ) = U −1 {u ( λ1 , λ2 , λ3 )} = ∫
2π iλ1 c−i∞
eλ2 x u ( λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ) d λ2 . (3.7)

−1
We call the operator U in the above equation the inverse Upadhyaya transform operator. It may be noted
from (3.7) that instead of recovering the original function F ( x ) from it we get the function F ( λ3 x ) . This is
due to the fact that in the definition of the Upadhyaya transform the argument of the function is multiplied by
λ3 . The original function F ( x ) can be easily recovered from the function F ( λ3 x ) given by (3.7) by the
simple application of the transformation x → x / λ3 to it.

4. RELATION OF THE UPADHYAYA TRANSFORM TO THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM AND ITS

OTHER EXTANT VARIANTS

We now show how the Laplace transform and its other variants which are currently available in the research
literature of mathematics follow as the special cases of the Upadhyaya transform defined by (2.3) supra.

4.1 The Laplace transform

The classical Laplace transform defined by (1.2) can be easily seen to follow from (2.3) if we choose
λ1 = 1 = λ3 and λ2 = s in (2.3). From (2.1) this can be achieved in many ways by suitably choosing the
values of the non-negative integers and the complex constants. The details being trivial we do not mention them
here. Thus we have,
U { F ( t ) ;1, s,1} = u (1, s,1) = L { F ( t )} = f ( s ) .

474 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences

Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Lalit Mohan Upadhyaya

4.2 The Laplace – Carson transform

This transform is sometimes also referred to as the ‘ s − multiplied’ form of the Laplace transform and it is
defined by
∞
LLC {F ( t ) ; s} = f LC ( s ) = s ∫ e− st F ( t ) dt (4.1)
0
for the same conditions as are mentioned with the definition of the Laplace transform in (1.2) above. The
subscript ‘LC’ attached to L and f on the left hand side in (4.1) is used by us here to signify that it is the
Laplace – Carson transform of F ( t ) (see [49], see also, [30, (1.5), p.168]). It is easy to infer from (2.3) that
for the choice of parameters λ1 = λ2 = s and λ3 = 1 in it, we obtain (4.1) which gives us that
U { F ( t ) ; s, s,1} = u ( s, s,1) = LLC { F ( t )} = f LC ( s ) .
We find it worth mentioning here that the Laplace – Carson transform perhaps appeared in the mathematical
literature around 1948 as remarked by Elzaki et al. [16, p. 2]. Deakin [17] tells us that this transform was earlier
more preferred to the usual definition (1.2) of the Laplace transform than at the present times because this form
was more conveniently suited for working with ‘the Older Heaviside Operational Calculus’ by making a
reference to his work [18]. He also points out that by the time he wrote this letter (1995-1997) to the Editor of
the International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology the Laplace – Carson transform
retained ‘a considerable place in the Russian literature’ by referring to the work of Ditkin and Prudnikov [19]!

4.3 The Sumudu Transform

The Sumudu transform was introduced by Watugala [20] in 1993 to solve differential equations and some
problems in control engineering. It was defined for the functions F ( t ) belonging to the set A defined by (2.2)
as below:
1 ∞ −t / u
u ∫0
S { F ( t ) ; u} = S {u} = e F ( t ) dt , u ∈ ( −η1,η 2 ) (4.2)

In the literature it also appears in slightly another form as given below, which is obtained by rewriting (4.2) by
setting v = t / u to get
∞
S { F ( t ) ; u} = S {u} = ∫ e− v F ( uv ) dv, u ∈ ( −η1 ,η2 ) (4.3)
0
Soon after the above paper of Watugala [20], another paper by Weerakoon [21] followed where she applied the
Sumudu transform to solve partial differential equations. It can easily be inferred from (2.3) and (4.2) that when
1
we choose λ1 = λ2 = and λ3 = 1 in (2.3) we obtain (4.2) thereby implying the relation
u
 1 1  1 1 
U  F ( t ) ; , ,1 = u  , ,1  = S { F ( t ) ; u} = S {u}.
 u u  u u 
Similarly, the choice λ1 = λ2 = 1 and λ3 = u in (2.3) gives (4.3), thence implying that
U { F ( t ) ;1,1, u} = u (1,1, u ) = S { F ( t ) ; u} = S {u}.
Watugala [20] proclaimed that the Sumudu transform (4.2) introduced by him was a ‘new integral transform’.
But this claim of Watugala [20] was refuted by Deakin [17] who pointed out that the Sumudu transform defined
by (4.2) could be arrived at from the definition of the Laplace – Carson transform (4.1) ‘by means of the trivial
1
change of the variable’ s = . He concluded that the Sumudu transform “is nothing other than a thinly
u
disguised form of the familiar Laplace transform. Indeed it already has some currency in this form [22, section
2.1]. All the properties demonstrated for the ‘Sumudu transform’ in [20, 21] may very readily be deduced from
the corresponding properties for the standard Laplace transform, and this is an exercise I leave to the reader”.
Deakin [17] also remarked that ‘The origin of the name ‘Sumudu transform’ is nowhere given either in [20] or
[21], nor can I enlighten readers myself. (No author named Sumudu has ever been noticed by Mathematical
Reviews).’ Similar comments are made by Al-Omari and Agarwal [23, p.17] where they write: “While we are in
agreement with most of the claims expounded by Watugala, the transform is not so new as proclaimed; the
Sumudu transform is connected to the s -multiplied Laplace transform. But, this, however, in no way
diminishes its importance or usefulness; Belgacem et al. (2003)” [24]. The present author would like to remark
here that over the past twenty six years the integral transform named Sumudu transform has been applied to

475 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences

Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Introducing the Upadhyaya Integral Transform

study a wide variety of phenomenon by a number of different authors and it has gained wide acceptance in the
mathematical research literature and many research papers written on this topic and its applications have now
found place in the records of the world’s two topmost and the most prestigious research databases of
mathematics, viz. the Mathematical Reviews/MathSciNet of the American Mathematical Society, USA and the
zbMATH (formerly, Zentralblatt MATH), Germany of the European Mathematical Society, for both of whom
this author is a permanent reviewer. The author would like to mention here only just two papers, the reference
numbers [23] and [25], in this connection only for instance. In the light of this discussion and the
aforementioned remarks of the very respected learned authors of the reference nos. [17] and [23], as far as this
author is aware of at present, now, this author would like to share here his personal experience and motivation
for writing this paper. Most humbly he would like to inform the respected readers of this paper that the Founder
Editor-in-Chief and the current Managing Editor of this Journal, Prof. Dr. A.K. Sharma, who himself is also a
great teacher for this author as well as one of his greatest mentors, had entrusted the responsibility of reviewing
a manuscript for possible publication in this journal sometimes back. While going through that manuscript this
author was introduced for the first time to one of the variants of Laplace transform introduced recently by an
author whose results and definition were made use of in that manuscript. It was just out of curiosity that this
author chose to pursue the field of study that he was exposed to for the first time. This led to this author’s first
time introduction with the numerous other variants of the classical Laplace transform that have appeared in the
literature so far and are mentioned in the abstract of this paper. Having felt the need that all these various
varieties of new Laplace transforms can be suitably combined together and fused into a more compact form
which is a generalization of the classical Laplace transform, this author decided to introduce this most versatile
and robust generalization of the classical Laplace transform, which he prefers to call the Upadhyaya Integral
Transform, or the Upadhyaya Transform (UT) for brevity, in the memory of his late father Dr. Urba Datt
Upadhyaya, who being a teacher and researcher himself, had initiated this author into the study of mathematics
during this author’s early formative years and who had always encouraged and inspired this author to keep
contributing something new to this subject till he breathed his last in the year 2013. The only reason for this
disclosure is the inspiration drawn by this author from reading the work of the very learned and this author’s
very respected mathematician Prof. M.A.B. Deakin [17] of Monash University, Clayton, Australia and the very
learned and respected authors of the reference no. [23]. This author would also most humbly like to request the
respected readers of this paper that as they go through the details of the theory of the Upadhyaya transform as
developed in the next section of this paper, they will notice that all the results established here are parallel to the
corresponding results of the existing theory of the Laplace transform and the above quoted remarks of the
respected Prof. Deakin [17] in the context of the Sumudu transform of Watugala [20] may also apply very well
here and most of the respected readers and critics of this paper may naturally ask the question ‘Why, a new
integral transform with a new name is introduced whose kernel is essentially the same – the exponential
function – which is also the kernel of the classical Laplace transform?’ This author’s only humble response to
all such queries of the learned readers and critics of this paper is that this author is very much hopeful that in the
coming years the readers, the researchers from allied branches of study like applied physics, engineering and the
mathematicians worldwide would apply the results developed here to almost all the phenomena wherever the
various types of integral transforms mentioned in the abstract of this paper have been very fruitfully applied
during the recent years. It is only after going through the vast number of research papers that have appeared in
the topics concerning the various integral transforms as mentioned in the abstract and introductory section of
this paper, the present author decided to put forth this unification and generalization of all these integral
transforms as mentioned supra. Now, concluding these pertinent remarks, we proceed ahead to mention the
other integral transforms which follow as the special cases of the Upadhyaya transform.

4.4 The Natural Transform

The Natural transform was introduced by Khan and Khan [29] in 2008. For the functions F ( t ) belonging to
the set A defined by (2.2) the natural transform is defined by (see also, [29, (1), p.127])
∞
ℕ  F ( t ) H ( t ) ; s, u  = ℕ +  F ( t ) ; s, u  = R + ( s, u ) = ∫ e − st F ( ut ) dt , ( u, s ) ∈ ( −η1,η 2 ) (4.4)
0
(see, [31, (3.2), p.80] and [30, (3), p.4]). A simple comparison between (2.3) and (4.4) leads us to the conclusion
that the choice λ1 = 1, λ2 = s and λ3 = u in (2.3) gives (4.4) and we thus have

U { F ( t ) ;1, s, u} = u (1, s , u ) = ℕ +  F ( t ) ; s, u  = R + ( s, u ) .

4.5 The Elzaki Transform

This transform was introduced in 2011 by Elzaki [32]. For the functions F ( t ) belonging to the set A defined
by (2.2) the Elzaki transform is defined by (see [32, (2), p. 57])
476 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences
Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Lalit Mohan Upadhyaya

∞
E  F ( t ) ; v  = T ( v ) = v ∫ e− t /v F ( t ) dt , v ∈ (η1,η 2 ) (4.5)
0
By using the change of variable t = vu in (4.5), it may also be rewritten as (see, [16, (2-2), p.2])
∞
E  F ( t ) ; v  = T ( v ) = v 2 ∫ e − t F ( vt ) dt , v ∈ (η1 ,η 2 ) (4.6)
0

1
With the choice λ1 = v, λ2 = and λ3 = 1 in (2.3) we get (4.5) thereby implying that
v
 1   1 
U  F ( t ) ; v , ,1 = u  v, ,1  = E  F ( t ) ; v  = T ( v ) .
 v   v 
2
Similarly, the choice of λ1 = v , λ2 = 1 and λ3 = v in (2.3) we arrive at (4.6) which is suggestive of the
relation
U { F ( t ) ; v 2 ,1, v} = u ( v 2 ,1, v ) = E  F ( t ) ; v  = T ( v ) .

4.6 The Aboodh Transform

K.S. Aboodh [33] introduced this transform in 2013. For the functions F ( t ) belonging to the set A defined in
(2.2) the Aboodh transform is defined by (see [33, (2), p.36])
1 ∞ − vt
v ∫0
A  F ( t ) ; v  = K ( v ) = e F ( t ) dt , η1 ≤ v ≤ η2 . (4.7)

1
If we put λ1 = , λ2 = v and λ3 = 1 in (2.3) we at once arrive at (4.7) thus implying the relation
v
 1  1 
U  F ( t ) ; , v,1 = u  , v,1  = A  F ( t ) ; v  = K ( v ) .
 v   v 
4.7 The Kashuri and Fundo Transform
This transform was also introduced in the year 2013 by Kashuri and Fundo [34]. For a function F ( t )
belonging to the set A defined by (2.2) the Kashuri and Fundo transform is defined by
1 ∞ − t / v2
v ∫0
K  F ( t ) ; v  = k ( v ) = e F ( t ) dt , v ∈ ( −η1 ,η2 ) . (4.8)
t
η 2j
where, F ( t ) ≤ Me , j = 1, 2 (see [28, (6), p. 6] and [27, (2.11), p. 266]). A plain comparison of (2.3) with
1 1
(4.8) shows that the choice of and λ3 = 1 in (2.3) leads us to (4.8) thereby showing that
λ1 = , λ2 =
v v2
 1 1  1 1 
U  F ( t ) ; , 2 ,1 = u  , 2 ,1 = K  F ( t ) ; v  = k ( v ) .
 v v  v v 
4.8 The ZZ Transform
The ZZ transform was introduced in 2016 by Zain Ul Abadin Zafar [35]. For the function F ( t ) in the set A
defined by (2.2) the ZZ transform is defined by (see [35, (1), p. 1605])
∞
H  F ( t ) ; u, s  = Z ( u, s ) = s ∫ e− st F ( ut ) dt. (4.9)
0

We can at once observe that for the choice of λ1 = s , λ2 = s and λ3 = u in (2.3) gives (4.9) thus giving us the
relation
U { F ( t ) ; s, s, u} = u ( s, s, u ) = H  F ( t ) ; u, s  = Z ( u, s ) .
4.9 The Ramadan Group Transform
The Ramadan Group Transform was introduced in 2016 by Raslan et al. [36]. For the functions F ( t ) belonging
to the set A defined by (2.2) the Ramadan Group Transform is defined by (see [27, (2.16), p. 267])
477 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences
Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Introducing the Upadhyaya Integral Transform

∞
RG  F ( t ) ; v, s  = U ( v, s ) = ∫ e− st F ( vt ) dt , v ∈ (η1 ,η 2 ) . (4.10)
0

We see that the choice of λ1 = 1, λ2 = s and λ3 = v in (2.3) leads us to (4.10) thus establishing that
U { F ( t ) ;1, s, v} = u (1, s, v ) = RG  F ( t ) ; v, s  = U ( v, s ) .
It is pertinent to mention here that the Ramadan Group transform is exactly the same as the Natural transform
introduced in 2008 (see also [28, p.9]).

4.10 The Mahgoub Transform (in fact, The Laplace-Carson Transform)

This transform was introduced in 2016 by Mahgoub [37]. For the functions F ( t ) belonging to the set A
defined by (2.2) the Mahgoub transform is defined by (see, [37, (2), p. 392])
∞
M  F ( t ) ; v  = H ( v ) = v ∫ e −vt F ( t ) dt , v ∈ [η1 ,η 2 ]. (4.11)
0
We remark here that the Mahgoub transform is not at all a new transform but it is exactly the same as the
Laplace –Carson transform mentioned in the subsection 4 (see, (4.1), perhaps the learned author was not aware
of the Laplace-Carson transform). As in the case of the Laplace- Carson transform, by setting λ1 = v, λ2 = v
and λ3 = 1 in (2.3) , we can at once obtain (4.11) which shows that
U { F ( t ) ; v, v,1} = u ( v, v,1) = M  F ( t ) ; v  = H ( v ) .

4.11 The Kamal Transform

A.K.H. Seedeg [38] introduced the Kamal transform in 2016. For the functions F ( t ) belonging to the set A
defined by (2.2) the Kamal transform is defined by (see, [38, (2), p. 452])
∞
K  F ( t ) ; v  = G ( v ) = ∫ e −t /v F ( t ) dt , v ∈ [η1,η 2 ]. (4.12)
0

1
The choice of the parameters λ1 = 1, λ2 = and λ3 = 1 in (2.3) gives us (4.12) thus establishing that
v
 1   1 
U  F ( t ) ;1, ,1 = u 1, ,1 = K  F ( t ) ; v  = G ( v ) .
 v   v 
4.12 The Mohand Transform
M.M.A. Mahgoub [39] introduced this transform in 2017, while in 2016 he had introduced the Mahgoub (in
fact, he had reintroduced only the earlier well – known version of the Laplace-Carson transform) transform [37].
For the functions F ( t ) belonging to the set A defined by (2.2) the Mohand transform is defined by (see, [39,
(2), p. 114])
∞
M  F ( t ) ; v  = R ( v ) = v 2 ∫ e − vt F ( t ) dt , v ∈ [η1 ,η2 ] . (4.13)
0
2
We can see that the parameters λ1 = v , λ2 = v and λ3 = 1 in (2.3) generates (4.13), to prove that

U { F ( t ) ; v 2 , v,1} = u ( v 2 , v,1) = M  F ( t ) ; v  = R ( v ) .
2
We mention here that for setting the value of the parameter λ1 in (2.1) equal to v we can also have a choice
m1 = 1 = m2 , z1 = v, a2 = 1, a0 = a1 = a3 = a4 = … = ar1 = 0 and b0 = 1, bi = 0 ( i = 1,…, r2 ) besides
other possible choices also. The reader would now be able to see that how our expressions for defining the
parameters λ1 , λ2 , λ3 in (2.1) are justified for giving the definition of the Upadhyaya transform in (2.3) so that
it generalizes the Laplace transform of one variable defined by (1.2) in the broadest possible sense.

4.13 The Tarig Transform

The Tarig transform was introduced by T.M. Elzaki and S.M. Elzaki [40-42] in 2011. For the functions F ( t )
belonging to the set A defined by (2.2) the Tarig transform is defined by (see, [41, (1), p. 3230] and [43, (1), p.
13982])
478 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences
Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Lalit Mohan Upadhyaya

1 ∞ − t /u 2
u ∫0
T  F ( t ) ; u  = E1 [ u ] = e F ( t ) dt , u ≠ 0 (4.14)

1 1
For the choice of the parameters λ1 = , λ2 = and λ3 = 1 in (2.3) generates (4.13), to prove that
u u2
 1 1  1 1 
U  F ( t ) ; , 2 ,1 = u  , 2 ,1  = T  F ( t ) ; u  = E1 [u ].
 u u  u u 
1
We can also see that for the choice of the parameter λ2 equal to 2 in the Tarig transform we can see from
u
(2.1) that the choice m3 = m4 = 1, c0 = 1, ci = 0(i = 1,…, r3 ), z4 = u , d 2 = 1, d 0 = d1 =
1
d3 = d 4 = … = d r4 = 0 . Similarly, we can argue for the choice of the parameter λ1 equal to in the Tarig
u
transform by setting the values of the various constants and other quantities involved in (2.1). There can also be
other choices for the values of the various constants and quantities in (2.1) to achieve these desired values of λ1
and λ2 for the Tarig transform. Our aim for this discussion here is only to highlight the importance of (2.1)
where the parameters λ1 , λ2 and λ3 are defined in such a manner which ensures that our definition (2.3)
includes almost all the known and yet unknown variants of the classical Laplace transform defined by (1.2).

4.14 The Sadik Transform

The Sadik transform was defined in 2018 by S.A. Shaikh [44]. For the functions F ( t ) belonging to the set A
defined by (2.2) the Sadik transform is defined by (see, [44, (1), p. 101])
1 ∞
S  F ( t ) ; vα , β  = F ( vα , β ) =
α

vβ ∫
0
e −tv F ( t ) dt (4.15)

where, v is a complex variable, α is any nonzero real number and β is any real number. We can see that the
1 α
choice of the parameters λ1 = β , λ2 = v and λ3 = 1 in (2.3) gives us (4.15) to show that
v
 1   1 
U  F ( t ) ; β , vα ,1 = u  β , vα ,1  = S  F ( t ) ; vα , β  = F ( vα , β ) .
 v  v 
As remarked in the case of the Tarig and Mohand transforms above, we can see that we can suitably choose the
values of the various constants and other quantities in (2.1) to obtain the desired values of the parameters
λ1 , λ2 , λ3 so that (4.15) becomes a special case of (2.3). When α in (4.15) becomes any nonzero real number
(i.e. other than a positive integer) we can remove the restriction that m3 is a nonnegative integer. In that case we
can say that m3 = α in (2.1) is any nonzero real number (positive, negative, rational or irrational, as the case
may be) and can take in it z3 = v, c1 = 1, c0 = c2 = c3 = … = cr3 = 0, m4 = 1, d 0 = 1, d i = 0 ( i = 1, …, r4 ) to
α
make λ2 = v . Similar suitable choices of the constants and other quantities involved in (2.1) can be made to
1
give λ1 = .
vβ
4.15 The Yang Transform
The Yang transform was introduced in 2016 by X.-J. Yang [45]. For the functions F ( t ) belonging to the set
A defined by (2.2) the Yang transform is defined by (see, [45, (6), p. S640])
∞
Y  F ( t ) ;ϖ  = Φ [ϖ ] = ∫ e −t /ϖ F ( t ) dt (4.16)
0

1
We can easily see that the choice λ1 = 1, λ2 = and λ3 = 1 for the parameters in (2.3) leads us to (4.16)
ϖ
thereby showing that
479 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences
Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Introducing the Upadhyaya Integral Transform

 1   1 
U  F ( t ) ;1, ,1 = u  1, ,1 = Y  F ( t ) ;ϖ  = Φ [ϖ ].
 ϖ   ϖ 
4.16 The Shehu Transform
This transform was introduced very recently in this year itself (2019) by Shehu Maitama and Weidong Zhao
[30]. For the functions F ( t ) belonging to the set A defined by (2.2) the Shehu transform is defined by (see,
[30, (2.1), p. 170])
∞
S  F ( t ) ; s, u  = V ( s, u ) = ∫ e− st /u F ( t ) dt (4.17)
0

s
It is easy to discern that the choice λ1 = 1, λ2 = and λ3 = 1 for the parameters in (2.3) produces (4.17) to
u
give the relation
 s   s 
U  F ( t ) ;1, ,1 = u  1, ,1 = S  F ( t ) ; s, u  = V ( s, u ) .
 u   u 
4.17 The Sawi Transform
Mahgoub [46], who had earlier introduced the Mahgoub transform and the Mohand transform as discussed
above, introduced this transform in this very year, i.e. 2019. For the functions F ( t ) belonging to the set A
defined by (2.2) the Sawi transform is defined by (see, [46, (2), p. 81])
1 ∞
S  F ( t ) ; v  = R ( v ) =
v2 ∫
0
e− t / v F ( t ) dt , t ∈ [η1,η 2 ]. (4.18)

It may be quickly noted that the Sawi transform introduced in 2019 turns out to be a special case of the Sadik
transform introduced in 2018, as (4.18) follows from (4.15) for β = 2 and α = −1. A simple inspection tells
1 1
us that the choice λ1 = 2
, λ2 = and λ3 = 1 for the parameters in (2.3) produces (4.18) to show that
v v
 1 1  1 1 
U  F ( t ) ; 2 , ,1 = u  2 , ,1 = S  F ( t ) ; v  = R ( v ) .
 v v  v v 
4.18 The Barne’s Polynomial Integral Transform
This Polynomial Integral Transform was given by Benedict Barnes [47] in 2016. He defined it like this: if
F ( x ) be a function defined for x ≥ 1, then the Barne’s Polynomial integral transform of F ( x ) is defined by
(see [47, Theorem 1, p.142])
∞
B  F ( x ) ; s  = F ( s ) = ∫ x − s −1 F ( ln x ) dx (4.19)
1
provided the integral converges. We can see that this integral transform is nothing but only a simple
transformation of the classical Laplace transform (1.2) under the mere change of variable t = ln x . Similar
remarks about this integral transform are made by Nuruddeen et al. [28] when they write “ …Barnes (2016)
[47] developed the polynomial integral transform, which we see it as a mere Laplace transform in another
transformation” (see [28, p.2]) and also, “ … the polynomial integral transforms by B. Barnes (2016) which we
see it as just mere Laplace transform in different transformation as he admitted too in his article” (see [28, p.
12]). We remark that for the same change of variable, i.e. t = ln x , the Upadhyaya transform (2.3) renders the
following form
∞
U { F ( ln x ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3 } = u ( λ1, λ2 , λ3 ) = λ1 ∫ x − λ2 −1F ( λ3 ln x ) dx (4.20)
1
provided the integral converges. The comparison between (4.20) and (4.19) at once shows that the Barne’s
Polynomial integral transform (4.19) also follows as a special case of the Upadhyaya transform (or more
appropriately, we may call it the Upadhyaya Polynomial Transform (UPT) in order to keep the mathematical
terminology identical with that of B. Barne’s [47]) (4.20) when we set λ1 = 1, λ2 = s, λ3 = 1 in it to deduce
that

480 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences

Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Lalit Mohan Upadhyaya

U { F ( ln x ) ;1, s,1} = u (1, s,1) = B  F ( x ) ; s  = F ( s ) .

4.19 The Atangana-Kilicman Integral Operator Transform (AKIOT)

Abdon Atangana and Adem Kilicman [48] introduced the Atangana-Kilicman Integral Operator Transform
(AKIOT) in 2013 and gave its properties and applied it to solve certain types of fractional ordinary differential
equations (FODEs) and fractional partial differential equations (FPDEs). They defined it as follows:
If F ( x ) be a function which is continuous in the open interval ( 0,∞ ) , whose Laplace transform is

differentiable n times, then, the Atangana-Kilicman Integral Operator Transform (AKIOT) of F ( x ) of order
n is defined by
∞
M n  F ( x ) ; s  = M n ( s ) = ∫ e− sx x n F ( x ) dx (4.21)
0

(see [48, (3), p.2]). We observe that the Upadhyaya transform (2.3) under the transformation t → t F ( t )
n

transforms into the following form (which we may call the Upadhyaya Integral Operator Transform (UIOT) in
order to make the terminology identical with that used by Atangana and Kilicman [48]) of F ( x ) of order n
is defined by :
∞
U {t n F ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3 , n} = u ( λ1 , λ2 , λ3 , n ) = λ1λ3n ∫ e− λ2t t n F ( λ3t ) dt (4.22)
0

Now a simple comparison of (4.22) with (4.21) shows that for the choice of the parameters λ1 = 1, λ2 = s,
λ3 = 1, n → n and the change of the dummy variable t → x in (4.22) leads one to (4.21) thence showing that
the AKIOT of F ( x ) of order n follows as a special case of UIOT of order n as
U { x n F ( x ) ;1, s,1, n} = u (1, s,1, n ) = M n  F ( x ) ; s  = M n ( s ) .

4.20 The Hankel Transform

The well known Hankel transform is defined by (see [30, (1.6), p.168] or, [7, (7.2.8), p.345])
∞
H v  F ( r ) ; s  = Fv ( s ) = ∫ rJ v ( sr ) F ( r ) dr (4.23)
0

1
where, denotes the Bessel function of the first kind of order v with v ≥ − . If we choose the function F ( t )
2
in the definition of the Upadhyaya transform (2.3) as tJ v ( st ) F ( t ) then we get
∞
U {tJ v ( st ) F ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 , v} = u ( λ1, λ2 , λ3 , v ) = λ1 ∫ e − λ2t . ( λ3t ) .J v ( sλ3t ) F ( λ3t ) dt (4.24)
0
It can be seen that (4.23) follows from (4.24) for the change of the dummy variable t → r in the latter with the
choice of parameter values λ1 = 1, λ2 = 0, λ3 = 1, v = v to yield the Hankel transform (4.23) as the following
special case of (4.24)
U {tJ v ( st ) F ( t ) ;1, 0,1, v} = u (1, 0,1, v ) = H v  F ( r ) ; s  = Fv ( s ) .
4.21 The L2 − Transform of Yürekli and Sadek
Yürekli and Sadek [52] introduced the L2 − transform in 1991 which is defined as (see also, [53, (1.6), p. 2 of
21])
∞
L2 { f ( x ) ; y} = Fɶ ( y ) = ∫ xe− x y f ( x ) dx, ℜ ( y ) > 0.
2 2
(4.25)
0

 f x , x≥0
t = x 2 in (2.3) and define F ( t ) = F ( x 2 ) =  ( )
1
If we set λ1 = , λ2 = y 2 , λ3 = 1 and , we
2 0, otherwise
obtain
 1  1 ∞ 22 ∞
U  F ( x 2 ) ; , y 2 ,1 = ∫ e− y x F (1 ⋅ x 2 ) ⋅ 2 xdx = ∫ xe − y x f ( x ) dx = L2 { f ( x ) ; y} = Fɶ ( y ) .
2 2

 2  2 0 0

481 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences

Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Introducing the Upadhyaya Integral Transform

It can now be observed from (4.20), (4.22), (4.24) and (4.25) that by a suitable choice of the function F ( t )
and the values of the parameters λ1 , λ2 , λ3 we can also extract several other known and unknown integral
transforms from the basic definition (2.3) of the Upadhyaya transform.

5. DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEORY OF THE UPADHYAYA INTEGRAL TRANSFORM

We now begin the process of development of the theory of the Upadhyaya integral transform (UT) defined by
(2.3) above. Since the UT is one of the broadest possible generalizations of the Laplace transform defined by
(1.2), we develop the theory of the UT parallel to the existing theory of the Laplace transform. We point out that
all the results which we deduce below in this section reduce to the corresponding known results for the Laplace
transform when we set the values of the parameters λ1 , λ2 , λ3 in them as λ1 = 1, λ2 = s and λ3 = 1. This is
only natural because the Upadhyaya transform (2.3) is a generalization of the Laplace transform (1.2) as seen in
the subsection 4.1 earlier. We further record here that as we have shown in the fourth section of this paper that a
number of extant variants of the Laplace transforms are special cases of the Upadhyaya transform, therefore
with those respective special cases as mentioned there all the results being developed in this section of the paper
will reduce to the corresponding known or yet unknown results for these various variants of the Laplace
transforms. Hence our results for the Upadhaya transform being developed here may be viewed as the most
generalized results developed till date in the existing theory of the Laplace transforms.

5.1 A sufficient condition for the existence of the UT

Theorem 5.1 If the function F ( t ) is continuous or piecewise continuous in every finite interval ( 0,T ) and of
exponential order a for t ≥ T , then the UT of F ( t ) defined by (2.3) exists for all λ2 for which
ℜ ( λ2 − aλ3 ) > 0 where, ℜ ( λ2 − aλ3 ) denotes the real part of the complex number λ2 − aλ3.
Proof We can write (2.3) as below:
T ∞
U { F ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 } = u ( λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ) = λ1 ∫ e − λ2t F ( λ3t ) dt + λ1 ∫ e − λ2t F ( λ3t ) dt (5.1)
0 T

Since F ( t ) is continuous or piecewise continuous in every finite interval ( 0,T ) , therefore, the first integral
on the right hand side of (5.1) exists. We now only need to ensure the existence of the second integral on the
right hand side of (5.1) in order that the UT of F ( t ) exists. For that we observe that
∞ ∞ ∞
λ1 ∫ e− λ t F ( λ3t ) dt ≤ λ1
2
∫ e − λ2t F ( λ3t ) dt ≤ λ1 ∫ e− λ2t F ( λ3t ) dt.
T T T

Since, F ( t ) is of exponential order a for t ≥ T , from the Definition 1.1 there exists a positive constant K
such that for all t > T such that F ( t ) ≤ Ke , which gives
at

∞ ∞ ∞
λ1 ∫ e− λ t F ( λ3t ) dt < K λ1
2
∫ e− λ2t .eaλ3t dt < K λ1 ∫ e −(λ2 −aλ3 )t dt
T T 0

K λ1
= , if ℜ ( λ2 − aλ3 ) > 0.
( λ2 − aλ3 )
This shows that the second integral on the right hand side of (5.1) also exists if ℜ ( λ2 − aλ3 ) > 0 .
■

5.2 The Upadhyaya – Laplace Duality

Theorem 5.2 Suppose that for a function F ( t ) both the Upadhyaya and Laplace transforms exist for the sets of
parameters, say, λ1 , λ2 , λ3 and λ1' , λ2' , λ3' . Then the following relations hold
λ1  λ  λ λ  λ 
U { F ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3} = u ( λ1, λ2 , λ3 ) = L  F ( t ) ; 2  = 1 f  2  , ℜ  2  > 0. (5.2)
λ3  λ3  λ3  λ3   λ3 

482 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences

Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Lalit Mohan Upadhyaya

 λ'   λ'  λ' λ'  λ' 

L  F ( t ) ; 2'  = f  2'  = 3' U { F ( t ) ; λ1' , λ2' , λ3' } = 3' u ( λ1' , λ2' , λ3' ) , ℜ  2'  > 0. (5.3)
 λ3   λ3  λ1 λ1  λ3 
Proof To see (5.2) we consider the UT of F ( t ) and recall (2.3) as
∞
U { F ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 } = u ( λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ) = λ1 ∫ e− λ2t F ( λ3t ) dt
0

in which we substitute u = λ3t to get

λ1 ∞ − λ u/λ
λ3 ∫0
U { F ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 } = u ( λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ) = e F ( u ) du
2 3

λ1  λ  λ λ  λ 
= L F (t ) ; 2  = 1
f  2  , if ℜ  2  > 0.
λ3  λ3  λ3 λ3   λ3 
For obtaining (5.3) we consider the Laplace transform of F ( t ) and using (1.2) write

 λ'   λ'  ∞ ' '

L  F ( t ) ; 2'  = f  2'  = ∫ e− λ2t / λ3 F ( t ) dt
 λ3   λ3 
0

'
wherein we put t = λ3v to see
 λ'   λ'  λ'
L  F ( t ) ; 2'  = f  2'  = λ3' ∫ e −λ2v F ( λ3' v ) dv = 3'  λ1' ∫ e− λ2v F ( λ3' v ) dv 
∞ ' ∞ '

λ3  
λ1  
  λ3 
0 0

λ' λ'  λ' 

= 3' U { F ( t ) ; λ1' , λ2' , λ3' } = 3' u ( λ1' , λ2' , λ3' ) , if ℜ  2'  > 0.
λ1 λ1  λ3 
 λ' 
Note that in the last equality above the quantity ℜ  2'  > 0 enters automatically as we have assumed that
 λ3 
 λ' 
L  F ( t ) ; 2'  exists. ■
 λ3 
As per the convention prevalent in the current mathematical research literature (see, for example, [23, (2.7), pp.
18-19]; [50, Theorem 2.3.1 on p.3, Theorem 3.1.1, Theorem 3.2.1 and Theorem 3.3.1 on p.4, Theorem 3.4.1
and Theorem 4.1.1 on p. 5, Theorem 4.2.1 and Theorem 4.3.1 on p.6 and Theorem 4.4.1 on p.7]; [51, p.1, 2,
Section 3 and (3.2) on p. 5, Second Entry of Table 5.1 on p.18]) we call the relations (5.2) and (5.3) above the
Upadhaya-Laplace Duality Relations (ULD). It is also pertinent to mention here that similar other duality
relations between the Upadhyaya transform and other extant variants of the Laplace transforms as mentioned in
the preceding section of this paper also exist and they can be established along the similar lines. This will be the
subject of one of the future papers of this author.

5.3 Upadhyaya Transforms of Some Elementary Functions

In view of (3.7), if we disallow null functions (see, [6, p.9 and p.42]) we can see that the inverse Upadhyaya
transform of a given function is unique. The same can be calculated from (3.7) by finding the sum of residues of
the integrand utilizing the Residue Theorem (see [6, (24), p. 143 and Chapter 7]). Now we calculate the
Upadhyaya transform of some elementary functions which are often utilized in various branches of mathematics
and also occur frequently in the problems of physics and engineering. The Upadhyaya transform of the
trigonometric and hyperbolic functions will be given in the sequel.
a
For finding the UT of t where a is any complex number, we have from (2.3),
∞ ∞
U {t a ; λ1, λ2 , λ3} = λ1 ∫ e− λ2t ( λ3t ) dt = λ1λ3a ∫ e− λ2t t a dt
a
0 0
(5.4)
λ λ Γ ( a + 1)
a
= 1 3
, ℜ ( λ2 ) > 0, ℜ ( a ) > −1.
λ2a+1
From (5.4) follows that

483 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences

Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Introducing the Upadhyaya Integral Transform

 1  ta
U −1  a+1 ; λ1, λ2 , λ3  = , ℜ ( λ2 ) > 0, ℜ ( a ) > −1. (5.5)
 λ1λ3 Γ ( a + 1)
a
 λ2
Some special cases of (5.4) and (5.5) are as follows:
When a = n, n ∈ ℕ ( the set of natural numbers) it follows from (5.4) and (5.5) at once that
λ1λ3n n!
U {t n ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 } = , ℜ ( λ2 ) > 0 (5.6)
λ2n+1
and
 1  tn
U −1  n+1 ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3  = n
, ℜ ( λ2 ) > 0. (5.7)
 λ2  λ1λ3 n !
When a = 0 (5.4) and (5.5) give
λ1
U {1; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 } = , ℜ ( λ2 ) > 0. (5.8)
λ2
and
1  1
U −1  ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3  = , ℜ ( λ2 ) > 0. (5.9)
 λ2  λ1

5.4 The Linearity Property of UT

Theorem 5.3 Let F1 ( t ) , F2 ( t ) be two functions with UTs u1 ( λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ) and u 2 ( λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ) relative to the
parameters λ1 , λ2 , λ3 and c1 , c2 be any constants then
U {c1F1 ( t ) + c2 F2 ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3 } = c1U { F1 ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3 } + c2 U { F2 ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3}
(5.10)
= c1u1 ( λ1, λ2 , λ3 ) + c2 u 2 ( λ1 , λ2 , λ3 )
Proof This result follows immediately from (2.3) by using the property of linearity of integrals. It can be easily
extended to the case of more than two functions. ■

5.5 First Shifting (First Translation) of UT

{ }
Theorem 5.4 If U F ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 = u ( λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ) then

U {eat F ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3} = U { F ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 − aλ3 , λ3} = u ( λ1, λ2 − aλ3 , λ3 ) (5.11)

Proof Using (2.3) we write the left hand side of (5.11) as
∞ ∞
{ }
U {eat F ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3} = λ1 ∫ e− λ2t e aλ3t F ( λ3t ) dt = λ1 ∫ e
−( λ2 − aλ3 )t
F ( λ3t ) dt
0 0

= U {F ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 − aλ3 , λ3} = u ( λ1, λ2 − aλ3 , λ3 )

■
Example 5.5 As an illustration of the first shifting theorem of UT we find the UT of the function
t a ebt
, ℜ ( b ) > −1 . From (5.4) and (5.11) follows that
Γ ( a + 1)
 t a ebt   t a 
U ; λ1, λ2 , λ3  = U  ; λ1, λ2 − bλ3 , λ3 
 Γ ( a + 1)   Γ ( a + 1) 
(5.12)
λ1λ3a
= a +1
, ℜ ( λ2 − bλ3 ) > 0, ℜ ( a ) > −1.
( λ2 − bλ3 )
which also renders the companion result for the inverse UT of the above function as
 1  t a ebt
U −1  a +1
; λ1 , λ2 , λ3  = , ℜ ( λ2 − bλ3 ) > 0, ℜ ( a ) > −1. (5.13)
 Γ ( a + 1) λ1λ3
a
 ( λ2 − bλ3 )
484 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences
Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Lalit Mohan Upadhyaya

A special case of (5.12) deserves special mention. When a = 0, (5.12) reduces to

λ1
U {ebt ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3} = , ℜ ( λ2 − bλ3 ) > 0. (5.14)
( λ2 − bλ3 )
and the inverse UT formula for recovering the original function is
 1  ebt
U −1  ; λ1, λ2 , λ3  = , ℜ ( λ2 − bλ3 ) > 0. (5.15)
 ( λ2 − bλ3 )  λ1
If we set b = ik i = ( )
−1 in (5.14) we see that
λ1
U {eikt ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3} = , ℜ ( λ2 − ik λ3 ) > 0.
( λ2 − ik λ3 )
ikt
Noting that e = cos kt + i sin kt and the linearity property of UT (Theorem 5.3) in the above relation yields
λ1 ( λ2 + ik λ3 ) λ ( λ + ik λ )
U {cos kt ; λ1, λ2 , λ3} + i U {sin kt ; λ1, λ2 , λ3} = = 1 2 2 2 23 .
( λ2 − ik λ3 )( λ2 + ik λ3 ) λ2 + k λ3
Now equating the real and imaginary parts this last relation at once admits
λ1λ2
U {cos kt ; λ1, λ2 , λ3} = , ℜ ( λ2 − ik λ3 ) > 0 (5.16)
λ + k 2λ32
2
2
and
k λ1λ3
U {sin kt ; λ1, λ2 , λ3} = , ℜ ( λ2 − ik λ3 ) > 0. (5.17)
λ + k 2λ32
2
2
for which the corresponding formulae of inverse UT for recovering the original functions are respectively
 λ  cos kt
U −1  2 2 2 2 ; λ1, λ2 , λ3  = , ℜ ( λ2 − ik λ3 ) > 0 (5.18)
 λ2 + k λ3  λ1
and
 1  sin kt
U −1  2 2 2
; λ1, λ2 , λ3  = , ℜ ( λ2 − ik λ3 ) > 0. (5.19)
 λ2 + k λ3  k λ1λ3
For finding the UT of the hyperbolic functions we proceed as below:
∞ λ1 ∞
U {sinh at; λ1 , λ2 , λ3} = λ1 ∫ e− λ2t sinh ( aλ3t ) dt =
0 2∫ 0
( )
e − λ2t e aλ3t − e − aλ3t dt

λ1
(e ( ) dt = λ2  λ −1aλ 1 
∞ − λ2 − aλ3 )t −( λ2 + aλ3 )t

2∫
1
= −e − ,
0
2 3 λ2 + aλ3 
for ℜ ( λ2 − aλ3 ) > 0 and ℜ ( λ2 + aλ3 ) > 0 , which on simplification yields,
aλ1λ3
U {sinh at; λ1, λ2 , λ3} = , ℜ ( λ2 ± aλ3 ) > 0. (5.20)
λ − a 2λ32
2
2
The inverse UT formula corresponding to the last result is
 1  sinh at
U −1  2 2 2
; λ1, λ2 , λ3  = , ℜ ( λ2 ± aλ3 ) > 0. (5.21)
 λ2 − a λ3  aλ1λ3
Similarly, we can show that
λ1λ2
U {cosh at; λ1, λ2 , λ3} = , ℜ ( λ2 ± aλ3 ) > 0. (5.22)
λ − a 2λ32
2
2
and

485 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences

Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Introducing the Upadhyaya Integral Transform

 λ  cosh at
U −1  2 2 2 2 ; λ1, λ2 , λ3  = , ℜ ( λ2 ± aλ3 ) > 0. (5.23)
 λ2 − a λ3  λ1
Following Spiegel [6, p.3] we provide yet another example of the first shifting of UT below:

λ1λ2
Example 5.6 From (5.16) we can write U {cos 2t ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3} = which in view of (5.11) at once
λ + 4λ32
2
2

λ1 ( λ2 + λ3 )
{ −t
}
yields that U e cos 2t ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 = U {cos 2t ; λ1 , λ2 + λ3 , λ3} = 2
. It can be seen that
( λ2 + λ3 ) + 4λ32
in the special case when λ1 = 1, λ2 = s, λ3 = 1 , when the UT reduces to the Laplace transform, this expression
( s + 1) = L e −t cos 2t ; s as given in [6, p.3].
{ }
gives U e cos 2t;1, s,1 = U {cos 2t;1, s + 1,1} =
−t
2 { }
( s + 1) + 4
It can also be seen here that, as an illustration of the Upadhyaya-Laplace Duality relation (5.3), we can also
−t
obtain the UT of the function e cos 2t with respect to the parameters λ1' , λ2' , λ3' given that its Laplace

transform with respect to the parameter s is

( s + 1) . To that end we start from the left hand side of (5.3)
2
( s + 1) + 4
as follows
λ2'
+1
 λ' 
L e −t cos 2t ; 2'  =
λ3'
=
( λ2' + λ3' ) λ3'
 λ3   λ ' 2 (
2
λ2' + λ3' ) + 4λ3' 2
2
 ' + 1 + 4
 λ3 

λ3'  ( λ2 + λ3 ) λ1  λ3'
' ' '

= = ' U {e −t cos 2t ; λ1' , λ2' , λ3' }.

λ1  ( λ2 + λ3 ) + 4λ3  λ1
' ' ' 2 ' 2
 

5.6 Second Shifting (Second Translation) of UT

{ }
Theorem 5.7 Let F ( t ) be a function with UT U F ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 = u ( λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ) . Let

F (t − a ) , t > a
G (t ) =  = F (t − a ) H (t − a )
 0, t < a
where, H ( t − a ) is the Heaviside step function defined by (3.3). Then

U { F ( t − a ) H ( t − a ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 } = e − λ2a / λ3 U {F ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 } = e− λ2a / λ3 u ( λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ) . (5.24)

Proof From the definition of UT (2.3) leads us to
∞
U {G ( u ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 } = λ1 ∫ e − λ2u G ( λ3u ) du.
0
Noting that,
 F ( λ3u − a ) , λ3u > a
G ( λ3u ) = 
 0, λ3u < a
the last expression gives
∞
U {G ( u ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3 } = λ1 ∫ e − λ2u F ( λ3u − a ) du
a / λ3

which on putting v = λ3u − a changes into

486 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences

Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Lalit Mohan Upadhyaya

λ1 − λ a/λ ∞
U {G ( u ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3 } =
λ3
e 2 3
∫
0
e− λ2v/ λ3 F ( v ) dv.

Now substituting v = λ3 w , the above expression finally yields

∞
U {G ( u ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 } = λ1e− λ2a/ λ3 ∫ e− λ2w F ( λ3w ) dw =e− λ2a/ λ3 U {G ( u ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3}.
0
■
Alternative Proof of the Second Shifting Theorem of UT by using the ULD
A shorter proof of (5.24) can be given by invoking the Upadhyaya-Laplace Duality (ULD) (5.3) which gives
that for any function F ( t ) its Laplace transform and UT are connected by the relation

 λ  λ
L  F ( t ) ; 2  = 3 U {F ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3 }. (5.25)
 λ3  λ1
λ2
{
From Speigel [6, (4), p. 3] we have L G ( t ) ; s = e } − as
L {F ( t ) ; s} , which for s →
λ3
gives

 λ   λ 
L G ( t ) ; 2  = e − aλ2 / λ3 L  F ( t ) ; 2  . (5.26)
 λ3   λ3 
Now on using (5.25) on both sides of (5.26) yields
λ3 λ
U {G ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 } = e− aλ / λ 3 U { F ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 }
2 3

λ1 λ1
from where the sought result follows immediately. ■

An illustration of the Second Shifting Theorem of UT is given below:

3!λ1λ33
Example 5.8 Following Spiegel [6, p.4] we consider F ( t ) = t , then U t ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3
3
{ 3
}= λ24
(from (5.6)

), thus (5.24) gives

3!λ1λ33
{ 3
U ( t − 2 ) H ( t − 2 ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3 = } λ 4
2
e −2λ2 / λ3 .

This result reduces in the limiting case (when λ1 = 1, λ2 = s, λ3 = 1 ) to the known result
−2 s
6e
{ 3
L (t − 2) H (t − 2) = } s4
(see Spiegel [6, p.4]).

5.7 Change of Scale Property of UT

{ }
Theorem 5.9 Let U F ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 = u ( λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ) then

 λ λ  λ λ 
U { F ( at ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3} = U  F ( t ) ; 1 , 2 , λ3  = u  1 , 2 , λ3  . (5.27)
 a a  a a 
Proof Let G ( t ) = F ( at ) . Then
∞ ∞
U {G ( u ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 } = λ1 ∫ e− λ2u G ( λ3u ) du = λ1 ∫ e− λ2u F ( aλ3u ) du ,
0 0
which upon putting au = v gives
λ1 ∞  λ λ 
a∫
U { F ( au ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3 } = e −λ2v /a F ( λ3v ) dv = U  F ( v ) ; 1 , 2 , λ3  .
0
 a a 
■
An illustration of the Change of Scale Property of UT now follows:

Example 5.10 Following Spiegel [6, p.3] we consider F ( t ) = sin t which gives

487 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences

Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Introducing the Upadhyaya Integral Transform

λ1λ3
U {sin t ; λ1, λ2 , λ3} = ,
λ + λ32
2
2
thus follows
 λ1 
  λ3 3λ λ
U {sin 3t ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3} =  2
3
= 2 1 3 2.
 λ2  2 λ2 + 9λ3
  + λ3
 3
This expression in the limiting case λ1 = 1, λ2 = s, λ3 = 1 gives the known result (see [6, p.3])
3
U {sin 3t;1, s ,1} = 2 = L {sin 3t ; s} .
s +9
5.8 UT of Derivatives
{ }
Theorem 5.11 If U F ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 = u ( λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ) and if F ( t ) is continuous for 0 ≤ t ≤ N and is of
exponential order for t > N , while F ' ( t ) is sectionally continuous for 0 ≤ t ≤ N then
λ2 λ
U { F ' ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3} = U { F ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3} − 1 F ( 0 ) , (5.28)
λ3 λ3
and
λ1 λ
U { F ' ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3} = U { F ( t ) ; λ2 , λ2 , λ3 } − 1 F ( 0 ) . (5.29)
λ3 λ3
Proof From (2.3) we have
∞
U { F ' ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3} = λ1 ∫ e− λ2t F ' ( λ3t ) dt.
0

Put u = λ3t to get

λ1 ∞ − λ u /λ λ1 λ1λ2 ∞ − λ u /λ
λ3 ∫0 λ32 ∫0
U { F ' ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3} = e 2
F
3
' ( u ) du = − F ( 0 ) + e F ( u ) du
2 3

λ3
which on putting u = λ3t in the last integral yields
λ1 λλ ∞
F ( 0 ) + 1 2 ∫ e− λ t F ( λ3t ) dt
U { F ' ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3} = − 2
(5.30)
λ3 λ3 0
λ
Now (5.28) follows from (5.30) if we take out 2 outside the second integral on the right hand side of (5.30)
λ3
λ
and interpret the remaining expression as U { F ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 } . Similarly, by taking out 1 outside the
λ3
second integral on the right hand side of (5.30) and interpreting the remaining expression as
U { F ( t ) ; λ2 , λ2 , λ3} produces (5.29). ■

Example 5.12 Following Spiegel [6, p.4] we take F ( t ) = cos 3t , which gives F ' ( t ) = −3sin 3t and

F ( 0 ) = 1 then
λ2 λ
U { F ' ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3} = U {−3sin 3t; λ1, λ2 , λ3} = U {cos3t; λ1, λ2 , λ3} − 1 × 1
λ3 λ3
λ1λ22 λ
= − 1.
λ3 ( λ2 + 9λ3 ) λ3
2 2

This result in the limiting case when λ1 = 1, λ2 = s, λ3 = 1 gives the known result (see [6, p.4])
488 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences
Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Lalit Mohan Upadhyaya

s2 −9
U {−3sin 3t ;1, s,1} = −1 +
2
= 2 = L {−3sin 3t; s}.
s +9 s +9
For finding the UT of the second derivative of F ( t ) we assume that F ( t ) and F ' ( t ) are continuous
in 0 ≤ t ≤ N and of exponential order for t > N while F '' ( t ) is sectionally continuous for 0 ≤ t ≤ N then
2
λ  λλ λ
U { F '' ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3} =  2  U { F ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3} − 1 22 F ( 0 ) − 1 F ' ( 0 ) (5.31)
 λ3  λ3 λ3
To prove the result of (5.31) we let G ( t ) = F ' ( t ) then G ' ( t ) = F '' ( t ) thus
λ2 λ
U { F '' ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3} = U {G ' ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3} = U {G ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3 } − 1 G ( 0 )
λ3 λ3
on using (5.28), which may be rewritten as
λ2 λ
U { F '' ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3 } = U { F ' ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3} − 1 F ' ( 0 ) .
λ3 λ3
A further application of (5.28) on the right hand side of this equation leads us to (5.31). By induction we may
similarly show that the UT of the n - derivative of F ( t ) is given by
th

n
λ  λ λ n−1 λ λ n− 2
U F { (n)
}
( t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3 =  2  U {F ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3 } − 1 n2 F ( 0 ) − 1 n2−1 F ' ( 0 )
 λ3  λ3 λ3
(5.32)
λ1λ2n−3 λ
− n −2
F '' ( 0 ) −…− 1 F ( n−1) ( 0 ) .
λ3 λ3

5.9 UT of Integrals
{
Theorem 5.13 Let U F ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 = u ( λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ) then }
U {∫ F (u ) du;λ , λ , λ }= λλ U {F (t ) ; λ , λ , λ } = λλ u ( λ , λ , λ ).
t

0
1 2 3
3

2
1 2 3
3

2
1 2 3 (5.33)

t 0
Proof Let G ( t ) = ∫ F ( u ) du , then G ' ( t ) = F ( t ) and G ( 0 ) = ∫ F ( u ) du = 0. Now,
0 0

U {G ' ( t ) ; λ , λ , λ } = U {F ( t ) ; λ , λ , λ }
1 2 3 1 2 3
Or,
λ2 λ
U {G ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3 } − 1 G ( 0 ) = U { F ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3}
λ3 λ3
which at once yields (5.33) after a little simplification. ■

Example 5.14 Following Spiegel [6, p.4] we consider F ( t ) = sin 2t which yields
2λ1λ3
U {sin 2t ; λ1, λ2 , λ3} = .
λ + 4λ32
2
2
Thus,
2λ1λ32
U {∫ sin 2udu; λ , λ , λ } = λλ ⋅ λ 2λ+ λ4λ
t

0
1 2 3
3

2
2
2
1 3
2
3
=
λ2 ( λ22 + 4λ32 )
.

This result for the limiting case λ1 = 1, λ2 = s, λ3 = 1 gives the known result (see [6, p.4])

{ t
U ∫ sin 2udu;1, s,1 =
0
2
s ( s2 + 4)
= L
t
}
∫0 sin 2udu; s . { }
489 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences
Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Introducing the Upadhyaya Integral Transform

5.10 UT for Multiplication by Powers of t

Theorem 5.15 For any natural number n , if the UT of any function F ( t ) , i.e. U { F ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3}
= u ( λ1, λ2 , λ3 ) is differentiable n − times with respect to the parameter λ2 , then we have
dn n d
n
U {t n F ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3} = ( −λ3 )
n

d λ2n
U {{F ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 } = ( −λ3})
d λ2n
{u ( λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ) .} (5.34)
Proof We observe that for n = 1,
d d  ∞ − λ2t  = λ ∞ ∂ {e − λ2t F ( λ t )} dt
d λ2
{
U { F ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3} = λ1}
d λ2  ∫0
e F ( λ3t ) dt
 1 ∫0
∂λ2
3

∞ λ ∞ 1
= λ1 ∫ ( −t ) e− λ t F ( λ3t ) dt = − 1 ∫0 e − λ t ( λ3t ) F ( λ3t ) dt = −
2 2
U {tF ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3}
0 λ 3 λ 3
which gives that
d  ∞ − λ2t
λ1 e F ( λ3t ) dt 
d λ2  ∫0
U {tF ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3 } = ( −λ3 )

showing that (5.34) holds for n = 1. Suppose it holds for the case n = r , r being a positive integer greater
than 1 thus, we can write
r
dr  −1 
d λ2r { }
U { F ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3} =   U {t r F ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3}.
 λ3 
Differentiating both sides of the above equation with respect to λ2 gives
r r
d r +1  −1  d  −1  ∞ ∂

d λ2
{
r +1 }
U {F ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 } =  
λ d λ
{
U {t r F ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3} =   λ1 ∫
λ 0 ∂λ
}
( e−λ2t ) ( λ3t )r F ( λ3t ) dt
 3 2  3 2
r r +1 r +1
 −1  ∞  −1  ∞  −1 
U {t r +1F ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3}.
r +1
=   λ1 ∫ e− λ2t ( −t )( λ3t ) F ( λ3t ) dt =   λ1 ∫ e− λ2t ( λ3t ) F ( λ3t ) dt =  
r

 λ3   λ3   λ3 
0 0

(5.34) now follows immediately from this equation by the principle of induction. ■

λ1
Example 5.16 Following Spiegel [6, p.5] we consider F ( t ) = e , then U e ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 =
2t
{ 2t
} λ2 − 2λ3
which gives
d  λ1  λ1λ3
c ( −λ3 )  =
d λ2  λ2 − 2λ3  ( λ2 − 2λ3 )2
and
d 2  λ1  2λ1λ32
U {t 2e2t ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3} = ( −λ3 )
2
2  = .
d λ2  λ2 − 2λ3  ( λ2 − 2λ3 )3
Both these results reduce in the limiting case λ1 = 1, λ2 = s, λ3 = 1 to the known results of [6, p.5] viz.,
1 2
U {te 2t ;1, s,1} = 2
= L {te2t ; s} and U {t 2e2t ;1, s,1} = 3
= L {t 2e 2t ; s} .
( s − 2) ( s − 2)
5.11 UT for Division by t
F (t )
{ }
Theorem 5.17 Let U F ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 = u ( λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ) , if lim
t →0 t
exists then

 F (t )  1 ∞
U ; λ1, λ2 , λ3  = ∫ u ( λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ) d λ2 . (5.35)
 t  λ3 λ2
490 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences
Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Lalit Mohan Upadhyaya

Proof By the definition of UT of F ( t ) we have

∞
u ( λ1, λ2 , λ3 ) = λ1 ∫ e− λ2t F ( λ3t ) dt .
0

If we integrate with respect to λ2 from λ2 = λ2 to λ2 = ∞ on both sides of this relation then

∞ ∞ ∞
∫λ u ( λ , λ , λ ) d λ
2
1 2 3 2 = λ1 ∫ d λ2 ∫ e − λ2t F ( λ3t ) dt.
λ2 0

Since the variables λ2 and t are independent therefore the order of integration on the right hand side of the last
relation can be interchanged to achieve

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
∫λ2
u ( λ1, λ2 , λ3 ) d λ2 = λ1 ∫ dt ∫ e− λ2t F ( λ3t ) d λ2 = λ1 ∫ F ( λ3t ) dt ∫ e − λ2t d λ2
0 λ2 0 λ2
∞
∞  e− λ2t  −λ t
∞e 2
−λ t
∞e 2  F (t ) 
= λ1 ∫ F ( λ3t ) dt   = λ1 ∫ F ( λ3t ) dt = λ1λ3 ∫ F ( λ3t ) dt = U  ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3  .
0 λ t
0
 −t λ2 =λ2 0 t 3  t 
■
5.12 UT of Periodic Functions
Theorem 5.18 Let F ( t ) be a periodic function with period T , i.e. F ( t + nT ) = F ( t ) for n = 1, 2,3,… ,
then
∞
U { F ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3} = λ1 ∑ ∫ e −λ2 ( x+nT ) F {λ3 ( x + nT )} dx.
T
(5.36)
0
n= 0
Proof We have from the definition of UT,
∞
∞ ( n +1)T
U { F ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3} = λ1 ∫ e− λ2t F ( λ3t ) dt = λ1 ∑ ∫ e − λ2t F ( λ3t ) dt
0 nT
n =0
Put t = x + nT so that, dt = dx in the above equation to get the desired result. ■

λ3 is an integer then (5.36) assumes the form

Corollary 5.19 If
λ1 T
− λ2T ∫0
U { F ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3} = e − λ2 x F ( λ3 x ) dx. (5.37)
1− e
Proof When λ3 is an integer then F {λ3 ( x + nT )} = F ( λ3 x ) which renders (5.36) as
∞
 ∞ 
U { F ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3} = λ1 ∑ e− λ2nT ∫ e −λ2 x F ( λ3 x ) dx = λ1 ∫ e− λ2 x F ( λ3 x ) dx  ∑ e − λ2nT 
T T

n =0
0 0
 n= 0 
T λ1 T
= λ1 ∫ e− λ2 x F ( λ3 x ) dx (1 + e − λ2T + e −2λ2T + …) = − λ2T ∫ e− λ2x F ( λ3 x ) dx.
0 1− e 0

■
5.13 Initial value Theorem of UT
Theorem 5.20
λ1 lim F ( t ) = λ1 lim F ( λ3t ) = lim λ2 U { F ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3 }. (5.38)
t →0 t →0 λ2 →∞
Proof From (5.28) we have
λ2 λ
U { F ' ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3} = U { F ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3} − 1 F ( 0 ) .
λ3 λ3
Taking limits of the above expression as λ2 → ∞ gives
∞ λ λ
lim U { F ' ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3} = lim λ1 ∫ e − λ t F ' ( λ3t ) dt = lim 2 U { F ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3} − 1 F ( 0 ) .
2

λ →∞
2 λ →∞ 0 2 λ →∞ λ λ3 2
3
Or,

491 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences

Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Introducing the Upadhyaya Integral Transform

λ2 λ
0 = lim U { F ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3} − 1 F ( 0 ) .
λ →∞ λ
2 λ3
3

From where (5.38) at once follows keeping in mind that F ( 0 ) = lim F ( t ) = lim F ( λ3t ) .
t →0 t →0
■
5.14 Final Value Theorem of UT
Theorem 5.21
λ1 lim F ( λ3t ) = lim λ2 U {F ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3 }. (5.39)
t →∞ λ2 →0
Proof We recall (5.28)
λ2 λ
U { F ' ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 } =
U { F ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 } − 1 F ( 0 ) .
λ3 λ3
On proceeding to the limits of the above equation as λ2 → 0 we get
∞ λ λ
lim U {F ' ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 } = lim λ1 ∫ e − λ t F ' ( λ3t ) dt = lim 2 U {F ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 } − 1 F ( 0 ) .
2

λ →02 λ →0 0 2 λ →0 λ 2 λ3
3
Or

λ1 ∫
0
∞
( lim e ) F '(λ t ) dt = lim λλ U {F (t ); λ , λ , λ } − λλ F ( 0)
λ2 →0
− λ2t
3
λ2 →0
2

3
1 2 3
1

3
∞ λ λ
⇒ λ1 ∫ F ' ( λ3t ) dt = lim 2 U { F ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 } − 1 F ( 0) .
0 λ →0 λ 2 λ3
3
Or
∞
 F ( λ3t )  λ2 λ
λ1   = λlim U { F ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 } − 1 F ( 0 ) .
 λ3 t =0 2 →0 λ3 λ3
Or
λ1 λ λ λ
lim F ( λ3t ) − 1 F ( 0 ) = lim 2 U { F ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 } − 1 F ( 0 ) .
λ3 t→∞ λ3 λ →0 λ
3
2 λ3
The required result is now evident. ■

5.15 UT of UT of a Function
Theorem 5.22
∞ F ( λ3t )
{
U U { F ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 }; λ1' , λ2' , λ3' = λ1λ1' ∫ } 0 λ2' + λ3' t
dt. (5.40)

Proof
The definition (2.3) of UT of a function F ( t ) with respect to the parameters λ1, λ2λ3' , λ3 gives
∞
U { F ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 } = u ( λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ) = λ1 ∫ e− λ2t F ( λ3t ) dt
0

On taking the UT of the above equation again with respect to the parameters λ1' , λ2' , λ3' we obtain
∞
{ }
U U { F ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 }; λ1' , λ2' , λ3' = λ1' ∫ e −λ2λ2 u ( λ1 , λ2 λ3' , λ3 ) d λ2
'

= λ1' ∫ e− λ2λ2 λ1 ∫ e− λ3λ2t F ( λ3t ) dt  d λ2 = λ1λ1' ∫ e− λ2λ2  ∫ e− λ3λ2t F ( λ3t ) dt  d λ2 .

∞ ' ∞ ' ∞ ' ∞ '

0  0  0  0 
As the area (region) of integration in this double integral is the whole of the positive quadrant of the λ2 − t
plane, on interchanging the order of integration of these independent variables we have

U U {F ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 }; λ1' , λ2' , λ3' = λ1λ1' ∫ F ( λ3t ) dt  ∫ e d λ2  .

∞ ∞ ( )
− λ2' +λ3' t λ2
{ 0
}  0 

492 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences

Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Lalit Mohan Upadhyaya

The desired result now follows at once by evaluating the integral inside the square brackets on the right hand
side of the last equation. ■

5.16 Convolution Theorem of UT

Definition 5.23 The convolution or faltung of two functions F ( t ) and G ( t ) is defined by (see, for example,
[6, (11), p.45]
µ µ
H ( µ ) = ∫ F ( a ) G ( µ − a ) da = ∫ F ( µ − a ) G ( a ) da = F * G (5.41)
0 0

{
Theorem 5.24 Let F ( t ) and G ( t ) be two functions such that U F ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 = u1 ( λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ) and }
U {G ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 } = u 2 ( λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ) then the UT of their convolution H = F * G is given by
λ3
U { H ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 } = U {F * G; λ1 , λ2 , λ3} = u1 ( λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ) ⋅ u 2 ( λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ) . (5.42)
λ1
Proof Consider the right hand side of (5.42)
∞ ∞
u1 ( λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ) ⋅ u 2 ( λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ) = λ1 ∫ e− λ2t F ( λ3t ) dt ⋅ λ1 ∫ e − λ2 p G ( λ3 p ) dp
0 0
(5.43)
∞ ∞
∫ ∫
− λ2 ( t + p )
=λ 1
2
e F ( λ3t ) G ( λ3 p ) dtdp.
0 0
t =0
where the double integral is taken over the entire first quadrant of the t − p plane bounded by the axes
and p = 0. On making the change of variables p = q and t = r − p = r − q which transforms the original
axes t = 0 and p = 0 of the t − p plane into the lines q = 0 and q = r respectively in the new q − r
plane (see also, [7, (3.5.5), p. 158 and Fig. (3.3), p. 159]). Thus the new limits of integration in the above double
integral (5.43) are q = 0 to q = r for the q − variable and r = 0 to r = ∞ for the r − variable and the
Jacobian for the change of variables ( p, t ) → ( q, r ) is
∂t ∂t
∂ ( t, p ) ∂r ∂q 1 −1
dtdp = drdq = drdq = drdq = drdq.
∂ ( r, q) ∂p ∂p 0 1
∂r ∂q
Thus the double integral (5.43) takes the form
∞ r
u1 ( λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ) ⋅ u 2 ( λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ) = λ12 ∫ e− λ2r ∫ F ( λ3 ( r − q ) ) G ( λ3q ) drdq
r =0 q=0

λ12 ∞ − λ r r
λ3 ∫r =0
Or, u1 ( λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ) ⋅ u 2 ( λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ) = e dr ∫ F ( λ3r − λ3 q ) G ( λ3q ) ⋅ λ3 dq (5.44)
2

q=0

Note that as q ∈ ( 0, r ) the variable, λ3q ∈ ( 0, λ3r ) thus setting v = λ3 q renders (5.44) with the help of
(5.41) as
λ12 ∞ − λ r  λ r
e dr ∫ F ( λ3 r − v ) G ( v ) dv 
λ3 ∫r =0
u1 ( λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ) ⋅ u 2 ( λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ) =
3
2
 v=0 
i.e.,
λ12 ∞ − λ r λ
u1 ( λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ) ⋅ u 2 ( λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ) = ∫
λ3 r =0
e F * Gdr = 1 U { F * G; λ1 , λ2 , λ3}
2

λ3
■
Corollary 5.25 If H 3 = F1 * F2 * F3 then (5.42) gives
λ3
U { H 3 ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 } = U { F1 * ( F2 * F3 ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 } = U { F1; λ1 , λ2 , λ3} U {( F2 * F3 ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 }
λ1

493 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences

Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Introducing the Upadhyaya Integral Transform

2
λ 
=  3  U { F1 ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 } U {F2 ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3} U { F3 ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 }.
 λ1 
If H k = F1 * F2 *…* Fk then (5.42) on repeated use yields
k −1
λ  k
U { H k ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3} =  3  ∏ U {F ; λ , λ , λ }.
i 1 2 3 (5.45)
 λ1  i =1

5.17 UT of Partial Derivatives of Functions

{ }
Theorem 5.26 If Y = Y ( x, t ) and U Y ( x, t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 = Y ( x; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ) and

∂ 
Yt ( x, 0 ) =  ( Y ( x, t ) )  then
 ∂t  t =0
∂  λ λ
(i) U  (Y ( x, t ) ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3  = 2 Y ( x; λ1, λ2 , λ3 ) − 1 Y ( x,0 ) . (5.46)
 ∂t  λ3 λ3
2
 ∂2  λ  λλ λ
(ii) U  2 (Y ( x, t ) ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3  =  2  Y ( x; λ1, λ2 , λ3 ) − 1 22 Y ( x,0 ) − 1 Yt ( x,0 ) . (5.47)
 ∂t   λ3  λ3 λ3
∂  d
(iii) U  ( Y ( x, t ) ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3  = (Y ( x; λ1, λ2 , λ3 ) ) . (5.48)
 ∂x  dx
∂ 2
 d2
(iv) U  2 (Y ( x, t ) ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3  = 2 (Y ( x; λ1, λ2 , λ3 ) ) . (5.49)
 ∂t  dx
Proof (i) Using the definition of UT, we get
∂  ∞ ∂
U  (Y ( x, t ) ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3  = λ1 ∫ e − λ2t {Y ( x, λ3t )} dt
 ∂t  0 ∂t
 a

− λ2t Y ( x, λ3t ) 
aλ

λ3 t =0 ∫0 λ3
= λ1 lim  e  + 2
Y ( x , λ3t ) e − λ2t
dt .
a →∞
  
which on simplification gives (5.46).
∂
(ii) Let V ( x, t ) =
∂t
{Y ( x, t )} = Yt ( x, t ) . Now,
 ∂2  ∂  λ λ
U  2 (Y ( x, t ) ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3  = U  {V ( x, t )} ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3  = 2 V ( x; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ) − 1 V ( x,0 ) .
 ∂t   ∂t  λ3 λ3
The second equality of the above expression follows from the use of (5.46). Proceeding further we have,
 ∂2  λ λ
U  2 (Y ( x, t ) ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3  = 2 U {V ( x, t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3 } − 1 Yt ( x,0 )
 ∂t  λ3 λ3

λ ∂  λ
= 2 U  (Y ( x, t ) ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3  − 1 Yt ( x, 0 ) .
λ3  ∂t  λ3
∂
Using (5.46) again for the value of the expression U  (Y ( x, t ) ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3  in the above equation leads
 ∂t 
to (5.47) after a little simplification.

494 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences

Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Lalit Mohan Upadhyaya

∂  ∂ d
U  (Y ( x, t ) ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3  = λ1 ∫ e −λ2t (Y ( x, λ3t ) ) dt = λ1 ∫ e− λ2tY ( x, λ3t ) dt 
∞ ∞

 ∂x  0 ∂x dx  0 
(iii)
d d
=  U {Y ( x, t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3} = (Y ( x; λ1, λ2 , λ3 ) ) .
dx dx
∂ 2
 ∂  ∂
(iv) We note that U  2 (Y ( x, t ) )  = U  ( Z ( x, t ) )  , where, Z ( x, t ) = (Y ( x, t ) ) . Then form
 ∂x   ∂x  ∂x
(5.48) we obtain
 ∂2  d d
U  2 (Y ( x, t ) )  =  Z ( x, t )  =  U {Z ( x, t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3}
 ∂x  dx dx
d  ∂  d  d  d
2
= U  ( ( ) ) 1 2 3 
dx   ∂x
Y x , t ; λ , λ , λ = ( ( 1 2 3 ) ) dx 2 (Y ( x; λ1, λ2 , λ3 ) ).
Y x ; λ , λ , λ =
 dx  dx 
■

6. THE n − DIMENSIONAL GENERALIZATION OF THE UPADHYAYA TRANSFORM

Sometimes the problems arising in physical sciences and engineering are also solved by the two dimensional
analogue of the Laplace transform, often called the double Laplace transform (see, for instance. Patra [8, section
4.6, pp.161-165], or, Debnath and Bhatta [7, section 4.11, p. 274-280 and Exercises 59-62, pp.294-295]).
Therefore, to cover such cases and many other possible fields of the future applications of the Upadhyaya
transform we now present a generalization of the one- dimensional Upadhyaya transform defined by (2.3).

Analogous to (2.1) we define the complex parameters λ1( j ) , λ2( j ) , λ3( j ) by the relations

m( )
j
m1( ) m3( )
j j

 r1( ) ( j ) ( j )
j
  r3( j ) ( j ) ( j )   r5( j ) i  5

 ∑ ai z1
 i =0 ( )
i


 ∑ ci z3
 i =0 ( )
i


 ∑ k ( j ) z5( j )
 i =0 i
( ) 

λ1 ( j)
=  , λ2 = 
( j)  ( j) 
,λ =  (6.1)
m2( ) m4( ) m( )
j j 3 j

 r2( )
j
i   r4( j ) ( j ) ( j ) i   6 r( )
j
i
6

 ∑ bi( ) z2( )
 i =0
j j
( )   ∑ d i z4
 i =0 ( )   i =0 i
( )
 ∑ l ( j ) z6( j ) 

     
where, j = 1,…, n, m(i j ) and ri( j ) are nonnegative integers ( i = 1, 2,…,6 ) and
( j) ( j) ( j) ( j) ( j) ( j)
a i , bi , ci , d i , k i , l i are complex constants. To tackle the situation at hand, we can also choose the
( j) ( j) ( j)
parameters λ ,λ ,λ
1 2 3
and the constants a(i j ) , bi( j ) , c(i j ) , d i( j ) , k i( j ) , l i( j ) to be real numbers also.
Now we define the n − dimensional Upadhyaya transform of a function F ( t1 ,…, tn ) of n − variables
t1 ,…, tn as below. We assume that the function F ( t1 ,…, tn ) is of exponential order a ( a > 0 ) for each of
the n − variables t1,…, tn .

Definition 6.1 The n − dimensional Upadhyaya transform of a function F ( t1 ,…, tn ) of n − variables

t1,…, tn , which is of exponential order a ( a > 0 ) for each of the n − variables t1,…, tn is denoted by

{
Un F ( t1,…, tn ) ; λ1( ) , λ2( ) , λ3( ) ;…; λ1( ) , λ2( ) , λ3(
1 1
} and defined by
1 n n n)

U {F ( t ,…, t ) ; λ ( ) , λ ( ) , λ ( ) ;…; λ ( ) , λ ( ) , λ ( ) } = u {λ ( ) , λ ( ) , λ ( ) ;…; λ ( ) , λ ( ) , λ ( ) }

1 1 1 n n n 1 1 1 n n n
n 1 n 1 2 3 1 2 3 n 1 2 3 1 2 3

 n i  (6.2)
n ∞ ∞  ∑
− λ ( )ti 

(i )
∫ …( n ) …∫ e ( )
2
 i =1  (1) ( n)
= ∏ λ1 F λ3 t1 ,…, λ3 tn dt1 … dtn .
0 0
i =1

495 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences

Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Introducing the Upadhyaya Integral Transform

∞ ∞
provided the integral exists. The symbol ∫0
…( n )… ∫
0
in the above equation means that the integral sign
∞
∫0
appears n times in this equation corresponding to the n variables of integration t1 ,…, tn . It is also to be

noted that the subscript n attached with U , (i.e., the symbol Un ) signifies the n − dimensional UT of the
function F ( t1 , …, tn ) .
We remark that (6.2) generalizes or will generalize a number of multidimensional variants of the Laplace
transform which either currently exist in the literature or are yet unknown and may appear in the future. We
mention below some special cases of (6.2) with which the author is aware of at present.

6.1 The Multivariable Laplace Transform

If F ( t1 ,…, tn ) be a function of n positive variables then the multivariable Laplace transform (i.e. the n −
dimensional Laplace transform) of F ( t1 ,…, tn ) is defined by (see [54, (2.5.2), p.47])

Ln { F ( t1,…, tn ) ; p1 ,…, pn } = f n ( p1,…, pn )

∞ ∞ (6.3)
= ∫ …( n ) … ∫ e− t1 p1 −…−tn pn F ( t1 ,…, tn ) dt1 …dtn .
0 0
( j) ( j)
If in (6.2) we choose λ 1
= 1 = λ3 and λ( j) = p j
2
for j = 1,…, n then it reduces to (6.3) and we can
easily observe that
Un {F ( t1,…, tn ) ;1, p1 ,1;…;1, pn ,1} = u n {1, p1,1;…;1, pn ,1}
= Ln { F ( t1 ,…, tn ) ; p1,…, pn } = f n ( p1 ,…, pn ) .
As far as this author knows till date the special case of (6.3) when n = 2 has been studied so far by some
authors and it is called the Double Laplace Transform. For the interested reader we refer to the instances as are
pointed out at the beginning of this section of the paper. Still the double Laplace transform does not seem to be
studied as extensively as its counterpart the classical Laplace transform and the various variants thereof all
corresponding to the one-dimensional case. One more relevant reference in this direction is the very recent work
of Aylikçi and Dernek [53]. These authors also highlight this fact by pointing out that: “But there is a very little
work available for the double Laplace transform of f ( x, y ) of two positive real variables x and y and their
properties” (see, [53, p. 2 of 21]). Given these facts, now we proceed to study the special case n = 2 of (6.2) in
some detail. Consistent with the modish terminology in the literature, we call the n = 2 case of (6.2) the
Double Upadhyaya Transform (DUT) and define it as below:

Definition 6.2 The Double Upadhyaya Transform (DUT) of a function F ( t1 , t2 ) of two variables t1 , t2 , which
is of exponential order a ( a > 0 ) for each of the variables t1, t2 is denoted by
{
U2 F ( t1 , t2 ) ; λ1( ) , λ 2( ) , λ3( ) ; λ1( ) , λ2( ) , λ3(
1 1 1 2 2 2)
}
and is defined by
{ } {
U2 F ( t1 , t2 ) ; λ1(1) , λ 2(1) , λ3(1) ; λ1( 2) , λ2( 2) , λ3( 2) = u 2 λ1(1) , λ2(1) , λ3(1) ; λ1( 2) , λ2( 2) , λ3( 2) }
(6.4)
∞ ∞ ( (1)
− λ t1 + λ t2 ( 2)
) F λ (1)t , λ ( 2)t dt dt .
= λ1(1)λ1( 2) ∫
0 ∫ 0
e 2 2
( 1 2) 1 2
3 3

whenever this double integral exists.

6.2 The Double Laplace Transform

Now we observe the double Laplace transform, which is the special case of (6.3) when n = 2 . Therefore, the
following equation defines the double Laplace transform of a function F ( t1 , t2 ) of two variables t1 , t2 , which

is of exponential order a ( a > 0 ) for each of the variables t1 , t2

496 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences

Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Lalit Mohan Upadhyaya

∞ ∞
L2 { F ( t1, t2 ) ; p1, p2 } = f 2 ( p1, p2 ) = ∫ ∫ e −t1 p1−t2 p2 F ( t1 , t2 ) dt1dt2 . (6.5)
0 0
provided, of course, the double integral in question converges. In this context we refer the reader to Patra [8,
(4.25), p.161] or, Debnath and Bhatta [7, (4.11.1), p.274] or, Aylikçi and Dernek [53, (1.5), p.2 of 21]. It can be
very easily discerned that (6.4) reduces to (6.5) when we put λ (1) = 1 = λ ( 2) = λ (1) = λ ( 2)
1 1 3 3
and λ (1) = p1,
2

( 2)
λ 2
= p2 thereby at once showing that
U2 { F ( t1 , t2 ) ;1, p1,1;1, p2 ,1} = u 2 {1, p1,1;1, p2 ,1} = L2 { F ( t1, t2 ) ; p1, p2 } = f 2 ( p1, p2 ) .

6.3 The Iterated Laplace Transform

This Laplace transform is a particular case of the double Laplace transform of a function of two variables in
which the transformation variables are equal (see Patra [8, section 4.7, p.166]). The iterated Laplace transform is
defined by (see Patra [8, (4.46), p.166])
∞ ∞ − p( t1 +t2 )
I L {F ( t1, t2 ) ; p} = L2 {F ( t1, t2 ) ; p, p} = f 2 ( p, p ) = ∫ ∫ e F ( t1, t2 ) dt1dt2 (6.6)
0 0

where the symbol I L denotes the iterated Laplace transform. For the setting of the parameters
(1)
λ =1= λ
1
( 2)
1
= λ3 = λ3( 2) and λ 2(1) = p = λ 2( 2) in (6.4) we obtain (6.6) from it to see that
(1)

U2 { F ( t1 , t2 ) ;1, p ,1;1, p,1} = u 2 {1, p ,1;1, p,1} = I L { F ( t1 , t2 ) ; p} = L2 { F ( t1 , t2 ) ; p , p} = f 2 ( p , p ) .

6.4 The Double L22 − Integral Transform of Aylikçi and Dernek

22 − integral transform which extends the
Very recently in 2018 Aylikçi and Dernek [53] have defined the L
L2 − integral transform of Yürekli and Sadek [52]. For a function f ( x, y ) of two variables x and y the
double Lapalce – type transform L22 − is defined in the positive quadrant of the xy − plane by the double
integral (see [53, (2.1), p. 3 of 21])
∞ ∞
L22 { f ( x, y ) ; p, q} = Fɶɶ ( p, q ) = ∫ ∫ xye− x p − y q f ( x, y ) dxdy ,
2 2 2 2
(6.7)
0 0
whenever the integral exists. A comparison between (6.4) and (6.7) shows that the choice of the parameters
1
λ (1) = λ ( 2) = , λ (1) = λ ( 2) = 1, λ (1) = p 2 , λ ( 2) = q 2 and the choice of the variables t1 = x , t2 = y with
2 2
1 1
2 3 3 2 2

the following definition of the function F ( t1 , t2 ) ,

 f ( x, y ) , whenever x > 0 and y > 0

F ( t1, t2 ) = F ( x 2 , y 2 ) = 
 0, otherwise
leads us to (6.7). Thus we see the following relation
 1 1  1 1  ɶ
U2  F ( x 2 , y 2 ) ; , p 2 ,1; , q 2 ,1 = u 2  , p 2 ,1; , q 2 ,1 = L22 { f ( x, y ) ; p, q} = Fɶ ( p, q ) .
 2 2  2 2 

6.5 The Double Integral Transform of Atangana and Alkaltani

A new double integral transform was introduced recently by Atangana and Alkaltani [55] as below:
For a function f ( x, t ) which is continuous and its Laplace transform is n times and m times partially
differentiable, the new integral transform of Atangana and Alkaltani is defined by (see [55, (2.1), p. 425])
∞ ∞ −( sx + pt )
K n ,m { f ( x, t ) ; s, p} = FAA ( s, p ) = ∫ ∫ x nt m e f ( x, t ) dxdt. (6.8)
0 0
Here the subscript AA attached to the symbol F signifies the words Atangana and Alkaltani. On setting the
variables t1 = x, t2 = t and by observing that from (6.5) the double Laplace transform of the function
F ( t1, t2 ) = F ( x, t ) = f ( x, t ) is given by

497 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences

Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Introducing the Upadhyaya Integral Transform

∞ ∞
L2 { f ( x, t ) ; s, p} = f 2 ( s, p ) = ∫ ∫ e − sx− pt f ( x, t ) dxdt (6.9)
0 0
which, on differentiating partially n times with respect to s and m times with respect to p yields
∂ n+m ∂ n+m ∂ n+ m
∂s n∂p m
L2 { f ( (
x , t ) ; s , p} =
∂s n∂p m
( )
f 2 ( s , p ) ) =
∂s n∂p m (∫ ∫ e
∞

0
∞

0
− sx − pt
f ( x, t ) dxdt ) (6.10)
∞ ∞
=∫ ∫ xt en m − sx − pt
f ( x, t ) dxdt = K n ,m { f ( x, t ) ; s, p} = FAA ( s , p )
0 0
and now utilizing the relation between the double Upadhyaya transform and the double Laplace transform from
the subsection 6.2 above we can rewrite (6.10) as
∂ n +m ∂ n+ m
∂s n∂p m
U 2 (
{ f ( x , t ) ;1, s ,1;1, p ,1} = )
∂s n∂p m
( u2 {1, s,1;1, p,1})
(6.11)
= K n,m { f ( x, t ) ; s, p} = FAA ( s, p ) .
which shows the relation between a special case of the double Upadhyaya transform (6.4) and the double
integral transform of Atangana and Alkaltani [55] given by (6.8).

6.6 The Double Aboodh Transform

Aboodh et al. [56,57] have introduced the double Aboodh transform in the literature defined as (see, [56,
section 1.1, p.48213]) below:
For a function F ( t1 , t2 ) of positive real variables t1 , t2 which is capable of being expressible as a convergent
infinite series, the double Aboodh transform is given by
1 ∞ ∞ −(ut1 +vt2 )
uv ∫0 ∫0
A2 { F ( t1, t2 ) ; u , v} = K 2 ( u , v ) =
e F ( t1, t2 ) dt1dt2 . (6.12)

(1) 1 ( 2) 1 (1) ( 2)
Comparing (6.4) and (6.12) shows that for the choice of the parameters λ1 = , λ1 = , λ 3 = 1 = λ3
u v
(1) ( 2)
and λ = u , λ = v in (6.4) it reduces to (6.12), thereby yielding the relation
2 2

 1 1  1 1 
U2  F ( t1, t2 ) ; , u ,1; , v,1 = u 2  , u ,1; , v,1 = A2 { F ( t1 , t2 ) ; u , v} = K 2 ( u , v ) .
 u v  u v 
6.7 The Double Mahgoub Transform (in fact, the Double Laplace-Carson Transform)
Thangavelu et al. [58] have used the double Mahgoub transform (which, in fact, is nothing but the double
Lapalce-Carson transform (see, subsections 4.2 and 4.10 above)) which is defined by them in Definition 1.2
p. 16 (see [58]) as under:
For a function F ( t1 , t2 ) of positive real variables t1 , t2 which can be written as a convergent infinite series, the
double Mahgoub transform (i.e., truly speaking, the double Laplace-Carson transform) is given by
∞ ∞
M 2 { F ( t1 , t2 ) ; u , v} = H 2 ( u , v ) = uv ∫ ∫ e−( ut1+vt2 ) F ( t1 , t2 ) dt1dt2 , (6.13)
0 0
u , v being complex variables.
A straightforward comparison between (6.4) and (6.13) with the choice of parameters λ (1) = u , λ ( 2) = v,
1 1

λ (1) = u, λ ( 2) = v, λ (1) = 1 = λ ( 2)
2 2 3 3
in (6.4) at once lends (6.13) to show that
U2 { F ( t1, t2 ) ; u , u ,1; v, v,1} = u 2 {u , u ,1; v, v,1} = M 2 { F ( t1, t2 ) ; u , v} = H 2 ( u , v ) .

6.8 The Double Elzaki Transform

Elzaki and Hilal [59] used the double Elzaki transform to solve the telegraph equation. A few other works using
the double Elzaki transform are [60, 61]. In [59] the double Elzaki transform is defined by the relation
t t 
∞ ∞ − 1 + 2 
E2 { F ( t1, t2 ) ; u , v} = T2 ( u , v ) = uv ∫ ∫ e u v 
F ( t1, t2 ) dt1dt2 (6.14)
0 0

for complex values of u , v , where F ( t1 , t2 ) is a function of the positive variables t1 , t2 which possesses
convergent infinite series expansion (see [59, (1-4), p. 96]). From (6.4) we observe that for the choice of the
498 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences
Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Lalit Mohan Upadhyaya

1 1
parameters λ (1) = u, λ ( 2) = v, λ (1) = , λ ( 2) = , λ (1) = 1 = λ ( 2) in it, we obtain (6.14) from it to have the
1 1 2
u 2
v 3 3

relation
 1 1   1 1 
U2  F ( t1, t2 ) ; u , ,1; v, ,1 = u 2 u , ,1; v, ,1 = E2 {F ( t1, t2 ) ; u , v} = T2 ( u , v ) .
 u v   u v 

6.9 The Double Kashuri and Fundo Transform

Kashuri and Fundo [62] defined this double transform as below:
For a function F ( t1 , t2 ) is a function of the positive variables t1 , t2 which has a convergent infinite series
expansion
t t 
1 ∞ ∞ − u12 + v22 
uv ∫0 ∫0
K2  F ( t1, t2 ) ; u , v  = k2 ( u , v ) =
e F ( t1 , t2 ) dt1dt2 . (6.15)

(1) 1 ( 2) 1 (1) 1
We can at once deduce from (6.4) that for the setting of the parameters λ1 = , λ1 = , λ 2 = 2 ,
u v u
1
λ 2( ) = 2 , λ3( ) = 1 = λ3( ) in it we arrive at (6.15) thus showing that
2 1 2

v
 1 1 1 1  1 1 1 1 
U2  F ( t1, t2 ) ; , 2 ,1; , 2 ,1 = u 2  , 2 ,1; , 2 ,1 = K2  F ( t1 , t2 ) ; u , v  = k 2 ( u , v ) .
 u u v v  u u v v 

6.10 The Double Sumudu Transform

Watugala [63] introduced the double Sumudu transform in 2002. Some other studies involving the double
Sumudu transform are [64, 65, 66]. The double Sumudu transform is defined in Tchuenche and Mbare [64] for
a function F ( t1 , t2 ) of the positive variables t1 , t2 , which is capable of being expanded in a convergent infinite
series, by the relation (see [64, (2.1), p.33])
t t 
1 ∞ ∞ − 1 + 2 
S2 { F ( t1, t2 ) ; u , v} = S 2 {u , v} = ∫ ∫ e  u v  F ( t1, t2 ) dt1dt2 . (6.16)
uv 0 0
(1) 1 ( 2) 1 (1) 1 ( 2) 1 (1) ( 2)
We can see that if in (6.4) we set parameters λ = , λ = , λ = , λ = , λ = 1 = λ we get
1
u 1 v 2 u 2 v 3 3

(6.16) to see the relation

 1 1 1 1  1 1 1 1 
U2  F ( t1, t2 ) ; , ,1; , ,1 = u 2  , ,1; , ,1 = S2 {F ( t1, t2 ) ; u , v} = S 2 {u , v} .
 u u v v  u u v v 

6.11 The Double Natural Transform

Kiliçman and Omran [67] have introduced the double Natural transform and studied its relation with the double
Laplace and the double Sumudu transforms and applied it to solve partial integro-differential equations. They
define the double Natural transform for a F ( t1 , t2 ) of the positive variables t1 , t2 as (see, [67, (3.1), p. 1746])
∞ ∞ −( st1 + pt2 )
ℕ 2+ { F ( t1 , t2 ) ; ( s, p ) ; ( u , v )} = R+2 ( s, p ) ; ( u , v )  = ∫ ∫ e F ( ut1, vt2 )dt1dt2 . (6.17)
0 0

From (6.4) we can conclude that with the choice of the parameters λ (1) = 1, λ ( 2) = 1, λ (1) = s, λ ( 2) = p ,
1 1 2 2

(1) ( 2)
λ = u, λ
3 3
= v in it we at once get (6.17) to see the relation
U2 { F ( t1 , t2 ) ;1, s, u;1, p , v} = u 2 {1, s, u;1, p , v} = ℕ 2+ {F ( t1, t2 ) ; ( s, p ) ; ( u , v )} = R+2 ( s, p ) ; ( u , v )  .

6.12 The Double Ramadan Group Integral Transform

Mohamed A. Ramadan and Adel R. Hadhoud [76] introduced the Double Ramadan Group Integral Transform in
2018 as an extension to their earlier work [36]. According to them (see [76, p. 389]), for the function F ( x, t )
belonging to the set A defined by
499 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences
Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Introducing the Upadhyaya Integral Transform

 x +t
2 
A =  F ( x, t ) : ∃ M ,τ1,τ 2 > 0, F ( x, t ) ≤ Me τ i , i = 1, 2 if ( x, t ) ∈ ℝ 2+ 
 
the Double Ramadan Group Integral Transform of F ( x, t ) in the positive quadrant of the x − t plane is
defined by
 sx pt 
1 ∞ ∞ − + 
RG2  F ( x, t ) : ( s , p , u , v )  = K ( s, p , u , v ) = ∫ ∫ e  u v  F ( x, t ) dxdt (6.18)
uv 0 0
(see, [76, (1), p. 390]) where, s, p, u and v are complex variables, s and p are the transform variables for x
and t respectively, and u , v ∈ ( −τ 1 ,τ 2 ) where, τ 1 ,τ 2 > 0 and Re ( s ) > 0, Re ( p ) > 0 .
1 1 s
We can now at once infer from (6.4) that for the choice of the parameters λ (1) = , λ ( 2) = , λ (1) = ,
1
u 1
v 2
u
p (1)
λ ( 2) = , λ = 1, λ3( ) = 1 in it and by setting the variables t1 = x, t2 = t in it we obtain (6.18) thereby
2
2
v 3
establishing the relation
 1 s 1 p  1 s 1 p 
U2  F ( x, t ) ; , ,1; , ,1 = u 2  , ,1; , ,1 = RG2  F ( x, t ) : ( s, p, u , v )  = K ( s, p, u , v ) .
 u u v v  u u v v 
x t
We also remark that for the choice of variables t1 = , t2 = in (6.17), it reduces immediately to (6.18)
u v
showing thereby that the Double Ramadan Group Integral Transform of Ramadan and Hadhoud [76] which
was introduced in 2018 is exactly identical with the Double Natural Transform of Kiliçman and Omran [67]
which appeared one year earlier in the literature i.e., in 2017.

We also find it important to point out to the interested reader that some triple integral transforms of the Laplace
type as far as known till date to this author are also available in the literature. With this thing in mind we are
therefore inclined to explicitly define the special case of (6.2) corresponding to the case n = 3 and in
conformity with the ongoing pattern of the literature we call it the Triple Upadhyaya Transform (TUT).

Definition 6.3 The Triple Upadhyaya Transform (TUT) of a function F ( t1 , t2 , t3 ) of three variables t1 , t2 , t3 ,
which is of exponential order a ( a > 0 ) for each of the variables t1 , t2 , t3 is denoted by

{
U3 F ( t1 , t2 , t3 ) ; λ1( ) , λ 2( ) , λ3( ) ; λ1( ) , λ 2( ) , λ3( ) ; λ1( ) , λ2( ) , λ3(
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3)
}
and is defined by

{
U3 F ( t1, t2 , t3 ) ; λ1( ) , λ2( ) , λ3( ) ; λ1( ) , λ2( ) , λ3( ) ; λ1( ) , λ 2( ) , λ3(
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3)
}
{
= u3 λ1(1) , λ2(1) , λ3(1) ; λ1( 2) , λ 2( 2) , λ3( 2) ; λ1(3) , λ2(3) , λ3( 3) } (6.19)

∞ ∞ ∞ (
− λ ( )t1 + λ ( )t2 + λ ( )t3
1 2 3
) F λ (1)t , λ ( 2)t , λ (3)t dt dt dt .
= λ1(1)λ1( 2)λ1(3) ∫
0 ∫ ∫
0 0
e 2 2 2
( 1 2 3) 1 2 3
3 3 3

whenever this triple integral exists.

6.13 The Triple Laplace Transform

Atangana [68] introduced the triple Laplace transform in 2013 and solved the Mboctara equations which are
third order differential equations, using it. If F ( t1 , t2 , t3 ) be a continuous function of three variables then its
triple Laplace transform is defined as (see, [68, (1), p. 1 of 10]
∞ ∞ ∞ −( pt1 + st2 + kt3 )
L3 { F ( t1 , t2 , t3 ) ; p, s, k } = f 3 ( p, s, k ) = ∫ ∫ ∫ e F ( t1 , t2 , t3 ) dt1dt2 dt3 (6.20)
0 0 0
One more relevant reference using the triple Laplace transform is the work of Khan et al. [69] in which the two
dimensional fractional order homogeneous heat equation is solved by them. We see that (6.20) is a special case
of the triple Upadhyaya transform (TUT) (6.19) for the choice of parameters

500 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences

Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Lalit Mohan Upadhyaya

λ (1) = 1 = λ ( 2) = λ ( 3) = λ (1) = λ ( 2) = λ ( 3) , λ (1) = p, λ ( 2) = s, λ ( 3) = k

1 1 1 3 3 3 2 2 2

in it which shows the expected relation between these two transforms

U3 { F ( t1, t2 , t3 ) ;1, p,1;1, s,1;1, k ,1} = u 3 {1, p,1;1, s,1;1, k ,1} = L3 { F ( t1, t2 , t3 ) ; p, s, k } = f 3 ( p, s, k ) .

6.14 The Triple Elzaki Transform

Elzaki and Mousa [70] very recently introduced the triple Elzaki transform and studied its convergence
properties and applied it to solve the Volterra integro-partial differential equation. For a function F ( t1 , t2 , t3 )
of three positive variables t1 , t2 , t3 which is expressible as a convergent infinite series, the triple Elzaki
transform is defined by
t t t 
∞ ∞ ∞ − 1 + 2 + 3 
E3 { F ( t1 , t2 , t3 ) ; ( ρ , s, δ )} = T3 ( ρ , s, δ ) = ρ sδ ∫ ∫ ∫ e ρ s δ 
F ( t1, t2 , t3 ) dt1dt2dt3 (6.21)
0 0 0
provided the integral is convergent. A comparison between (6.19) and (6.21) shows that for the choice of
1 1 3 1 1
parameters λ (1) = ρ , λ ( 2) = s, λ (3) = δ , λ (1) = , λ2( ) = , λ 2( ) = , λ3( ) = λ3( ) = λ3( ) = 1
2 2 3
in (6.19)
1 1 1 2
ρ s δ
reduces it to (6.21) to show that
 1 1 1   1 1 1 
U3  F ( t1, t2 , t3 ) ; ρ , ,1; s, ,1;δ , ,1 = u 3  ρ , ,1; s, ,1; δ , ,1
 ρ s δ   ρ s δ 
= E3 { F ( t1, t2 , t3 ) ; ( ρ , s, δ )} = T3 ( ρ , s, δ ) .
6.15 The Quadruple Laplace Transform
The quadruple Laplace transform was recently introduced by Rehman et al. [74]. In their work [74] they prove
some properties of this transform and solve some homogeneous and non-homogeneous partial differential
equations involving four variables. They define the quadruple Laplace transform for a continuous function
F ( w, x, y, z ) of four positive w, x, y, z by the relation (see, [74, (2.1), p. 3374])
L4 { F ( w, x, y, z ) ; p, q , r , s} = f 4 ( p , q , r , s )
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ (6.22)
=∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ e −( pw+qx+ry+ sz ) F ( w, x, y, z ) dwdxdydz
0 0 0 0
We mention that (6.22) is a special case of (6.2) when n = 4 in it and for the choice of parameters
λ (1) = 1 = λ ( 2) = λ ( 3) = λ ( 4) = λ (1) = λ ( 2) = λ (3) = λ ( 4) , λ (1) = p, λ ( 2) = q, λ (3) = r , λ ( 4) = s
1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2

and the variables t1 = w, t2 = x, t3 = y, t4 = z to show that (as expected)

U4 { F ( w, x, y, z ) ;1, p ,1;1, q,1;1, r ,1;1, s,1} = u 4 {1, p,1;1, q,1;1, r ,1;1, s,1}
= L4 { F ( w, x, y, z ) ; p, q , r , s} = f3 ( p, q, r , s ) .

7. THE DEGENERATE UPADHYAYA TRANSFORM

We record that the degenerate Laplace transform was introduced recently by Kim and Kim [9] in 2017. They
defined the degenerate exponential function eµ as a function of two variables
t
µ and t , where, µ ∈ ( 0, ∞ ) ,
t ∈ ℝ , which is defined by (see, [9, (1.3), p. 241])
1
eµt = (1 + µt ) µ (7.1)
t
This degenerate exponential function generalizes the classical exponential function e defined by the infinite
∞
tn
series expansion e =
t
∑
n= 0 n !
and buy observing that

1 ∞
tn
lim eµt = lim (1 + µt ) µ = ∑ = et (7.2)
µ →0+ µ →0+
n =0 n !

501 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences

Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Introducing the Upadhyaya Integral Transform

On the basis of this degenerate exponential function, Kim and Kim [9] defined the degenerate Laplace
transform of a function F ( t ) be a function defined for t ≥ 0 and for µ ∈ ( 0, ∞ ) by the relation (see [9, (3.1),
p.244])
∞ −s
Lµ {F ( t ) ; s} = f µ ( s ) = ∫ (1 + µt ) µ F ( t ) dt (7.3)
0
Kim and Kim [9] developed the theory of the degenerate Laplace transform to some extent in their work [9].
This work of Kim and Kim was extended by the present author in a series of four papers [10-13]. Corresponding
to this work of Kim and Kim we also define a degenerate version of the Upadhyaya transform here and
analogously call it the degenerate Upadhyaya transform (DUT) for a function F ( t ) of a positive variable t
and for µ ∈ ( 0, ∞ ) as follows:
∞ − λ2
UµD { F ( t ) ; λ1 , λ2 , λ3} = u µD ( λ1, λ2 , λ3 ) = λ1 ∫ (1 + µt ) µ F ( λ3t ) dt (7.4)
0
D D
provided the integral converges, where, the superscript D in the symbols Uµ or u µ signifies the degenerate
nature of the UT in (7.4).
We can observe that in the limiting case when µ → 0 in (7.3) and (7.4) they respectively give the usual
Laplace transform and the Upadhyaya transform (2.3) respectively. We also see that the degenerate Laplace
transform (7.3) of Kim and Kim [9] is a special case of the degenerate Upadhyaya transform (7.4) because for
the choice of parameters λ1 = 1, λ2 = s, λ3 = 1 in (7.4) it reduces to (7.3) thus showing that
UµD { F ( t ) ;1, s,1} = u µD (1, s,1) = Lµ {F ( t ) ; s} = f µ ( s ) .
Similarly corresponding to the n − dimensional Upadhyaya Transform of (6.2) we define the n-Dimensional
Degenerate Upadhyaya Transform (n-DDUT) for a function F ( t1 ,…, tn ) of n positive variables t1 ,…, tn

and for µ ∈ ( 0, ∞ ) by the relation

{
UµD( n ) F ( t1, …, tn ) ; λ1( ) , λ2( ) , λ3( ) ;…; λ1( ) , λ 2( ) , λ3(
1 1 1 n n n)
} = u ( ) {λ ( ) , λ ( ) , λ ( ) ;…; λ ( ) , λ ( ) , λ ( )}
D
µ n 1
1
2
1
3
1
1
n
2
n
3
n

∞ n − λ2( ) 
n ∞
i (7.5)
= ∏ λ1(i ) ∫ …( n )…∫  ∏ (1 + µti ) µ  F λ3(1)t1,…, λ3( n )tn dt1 …dtn .
0 0   ( )
i =1  i =1 
whenever the integral converges. We can at once see that in the limit as µ → 0 (7.5) reduces to (6.2).

8. THE MODIFIED DEGENERATE UPADHYAYA TRANSFORM

Very recently in the month of October 2018 Kim et al. [71] introduced the modified degenerate Laplace
transform for a function F ( t ) defined for t ≥ 0 and for µ ∈ ( 0, ∞ ) defined as follows ( see [71, (26), p. 4 of
8])
∞ −t
L*µ {F ( t ) ; s} = f µ* ( s ) = ∫ (1 + µ s ) µ F ( t ) dt. (8.1)
0

Corresponding to this we define the Modified Degenerate Upadhyaya Transform (MDUT) for a function F ( t )

defined for t ≥ 0 and for µ ∈ ( 0, ∞ ) by the relation

∞ −t
Uµ*D {F ( t ) ; λ1, λ2 , λ3} = u*µD ( λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ) = λ1 ∫ (1 + µλ2 ) µ F ( λ3t ) dt. (8.2)
0
if the integral converges. We can at once notice that in the limit as µ → 0 then (8.1) and (8.2) reduce to the
Laplace transform and the Upadhyaya transform (2.3) respectively. We also see it easily that for the choice of
parameters λ1 = 1, λ2 = s, λ3 = 1 in (8.2) it reduces to (8.1) thereby showing that the modified degenerate
Laplace transform of Kim et al. [71] is a special case of the modified degenerate Upadhyaya transform and the
relation between the two is
Uµ*D { F ( t ) ;1, s,1} = u*µD (1, s,1) = L*µ { F ( t ) ; s} = f µ* ( s ) .

502 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences

Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Lalit Mohan Upadhyaya

In a similar fashion corresponding to the n − dimensional Upadhyaya Transform of (6.2) we define the n-
Dimensional Modified Degenerate Upadhyaya Transform (n-DMDUT) for a function F ( t1 , …, tn ) of n

positive variables t1 ,…, tn and for µ ∈ ( 0, ∞ ) by the relation

{
Uµ*(Dn ) F ( t1,…, tn ) ; λ1( ) , λ2( ) , λ3( ) ;…; λ1( ) , λ 2( ) , λ3(
1 1 1 n n n)
} = u ( ) {λ ( ) , λ ( ) , λ ( ) ;…; λ ( ) , λ ( ) , λ ( )}
*D
µ n 1
1
2
1
3
1
1
n
2
n
3
n

∞ n 
n ∞
− ti (8.3)
= ∏ λ1( ) ∫ …( n )…∫  ∏ 1 + µλ2( )
i
0 0 
i
((1) (n)
)
 F λ3 t1,…, λ3 tn dt1 …dtn .
µ
( )
i =1  i =1 
provided the integral converges. It is obvious that as we take the limit µ → 0 (8.3) reduces to (6.2).

9. THE UPADHYAYA TRANSFORM OF REAL MATRIX ARGUMENTS

The functions of matrix arguments find vital applications in statistics, probability, astrophysics, etc. Till date the
monograph by Mathai [14] is the most comprehensive and consolidated reference work available on this subject.
The author’s doctoral dissertation [15] also presents a comprehensive study of multiple hypergeometric
functions of matrix arguments. We consider, in this section, only the ( p × p) real symmetric positive definite
matrices, i.e. all the matrices appearing in this section of the paper are real symmetric positive definite matrices.
Referring to Mathai [14, Definition 5.2, p.255] we consider a function F ( X ) which is a scalar function of a

real symmetric positive definite matrix X of order ( p × p ) and a matrix T = tij  of parameters whose
p× p

1
diagonal elements are t jj , j = 1, …, p and the non-diagonal elements are t jk , j , k = 1,…, p, j ≠ k which
2
satisfy the condition t jk = tkj , ∀j, k , then for such matrices X , T the trace of the product matrix TX or XT
is given by (see, [14, (5.1.6), p. 255]
tr ( TX ) = tr ( XT ) = ∑ t jk x jk . (9.1)
j ≥k

Then we define the Laplace transform of the function F ( X ) of real (symmetric positive definite) matrix
argument by the relation (see Mathai [14, (5.1.7), p.255])
LF (T ) = f F ( T ) = ∫ e− tr(TX ) F ( X ) dX (9.2)
X >0

where, tr ( A ) denotes the trace of the matrix A , X > 0 shows that the matrix X is positive definite and the
symbol ∫ X >0
shows that the integration is carried out over the set of all positive definite matrices X and
X > 0 means that the matrix X is positive definite. Whenever the integral in (9.2) exists it is called the
matrix argument Laplace transform of the function F ( X ) . With the same choice of the matrices X , Λ 2 as
above and the conditions imposed on the matrix Λ 2 are the same as those imposed above on the matrix T , we
define the Upadhyaya Transform of Real (Symmetric Positive Definite) Matrix Arguments (UTRSPDMA) by the
equation
UΛ 2 { F ( X ) ; Λ1 , Λ 2 , Λ 3} = u Λ2 ( Λ1, Λ 2 , Λ 3 ) = Λ1 ∫ X >0
e
− tr ( Λ 2 X )
(
F X 2 Λ3 X
1 1
2
) dX (9.3)

provided the integral exists. It may be mentioned here that the function F ( Λ 3 X ) in (9.3) is symmetric in the

sense ( 1 1
F ( Λ3 X ) = F Λ 3 2 X Λ 3 2 = F X 2 Λ3 X ) ( 1 1
2
) = F ( X Λ ) (see Mathai [14, section 6.1.3, p. 367], for
3

a more detailed discussion regarding the symmetry of the function of matrix argument we refer the reader to
Mathai [72, p. 515 and (1.7), p. 516]), Λ1 , Λ 2 , Λ 3 are all real symmetric positive definite matrices of order

( p × p)
1
and X 2
denotes the real symmetric positive definite square root of the matrix X and X denotes
the determinant of the matrix X .

503 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences

Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Introducing the Upadhyaya Integral Transform

We mention that (9.3) is the matrix generalization of (2.3) for the case of functions of real symmetric positive
definite matrix arguments. When in (9.3) we choose Λ1 = I p = Λ 3 , ( I p being the identity matrix of order p )
and Λ 2 = T , it reduces to (9.2) thus showing that

UT { F ( X ) ; I p , T , I p } = u Λ 2 ( I p , T , I p ) = LF (T ) = f F (T ) .

10. THE UPADHYAYA TRANSFORM OF COMPLEX MATRIX ARGUMENTS

For defining the Upadhyaya Transform of Complex Hermitian Positive Definite Matrix Arguments
(UTCHPDMA) we assume that all the matrices appearing in this section of the paper are ( p × p) complex
Hermitian positive definite matrices. For the theory of the functions of complex Hermitian positive definite
matrix arguments we refer the reader to the Chapter 6 of Mathai [14] and we use the same notations in this
section of the paper to denote the complex matrices as are used by Mathai in the Chapter 6 of his book [14] (see
also section 4, pp. 213-215 of [73]). Following Mathai [14, Chapter 6, pp.361-362] we consider a
( p × p ) complex Hermitian matrix Xɶ of functionally independent variables. We assume that

Xɶ = X 1 + iX 2 , where X 1 , X 2 are real matrices such that X 1 = X 1' and X 2 = − X 2' , ( Xɶ = Xɶ * ). Further
we consider a ( p × p ) complex Hermitian matrix Tɶ of parameters such that Tɶ = T + iT , T , T being real 1 2 1 2

matrices such that T1 = T and T2 = −T ( Tɶ = Tɶ ) then it can be shown that (see Mathai [14, (6.1.4) p. 361])
' * '
1 2

( )
tr Tɶ * Xɶ = tr ( T X ) + tr ( T X ) 1 1 (10.1) 2 2

1
Further if we assume that Tɶ = η jk tɶjk  = ( T1 + iT2 ) where,
*
p× p
η jk = 1, j = k and η jk = , j ≠ k and
2
Tɶ = Tɶ * , Xɶ = Xɶ * it follows that (see Mathai [14, (6.1.5), p. 362])
p

( ) tr Tɶ * Xɶ = ∑ t jj1 x jj1 + ∑ t jk 1x jk1 + ∑ t jk 2 x jk 2(10.2)

j =1 j >k j >k

where T = ( t ) , T = ( t ) , X = ( x ) , X = ( x ) (see, Matahi [14, p. 361]) . With this background,

1 jk1 2 jk 2 1 jk 1 2 jk 2

the Laplace transform of complex Hermitian positive definite matrix argument Xɶ is defined as follows (see
( )
Mathai [14, Definition 6.7, (6.1.6), p. 362]) for a function F Xɶ , which is a real valued scalar function of Xɶ :

For positive definite Hermitain matrices Tɶ and Xɶ of order ( p × p ) and the restrictions on Tɶ as stated

above, the Laplace transform of a real valued scalar function F Xɶ ( ) is defined by,
( )
−  tr Tɶ * Xɶ 
( )
LF Tɶ = f F Tɶ = ∫ ɶ ( ) X = Xɶ * >0
e 
F ( Xɶ ) dXɶ

(10.3)
whenever the integral exists.
Corresponding to this, we define the Upadhyaya Transform of Complex Hermitian Positive Definite Matrix
Arguments (UTCHPDMA) for three ( p × p ) complex Hermitian positive definite matrices Λɶ 1, Λɶ 2 , Λ
ɶ of
3

( )
parameters, a function F Xɶ , which is a real valued scalar function of the complex Hermitian positive definite

matrix Xɶ of order ( p × p ) as below

(
−  tr Λ )
ɶ * Xɶ 
{ ( )
UΛɶ 2 F Xɶ ; Λɶ 1 , Λɶ 2 , Λ 3 }
ɶ = uɶ Λ
Λ2
ɶ ,Λ
1 2 3(
ɶ , Λɶ = det Λ
ɶ
1 ) ( )∫ Xɶ = Xɶ * > 0
e  2 
( 1 1
)
F Xɶ 2 Λɶ 3 Xɶ 2 dXɶ (10.4)
ɶ
provided the integral exists and in which det Λ 1 ( ) represents the absolute value of the determinant of the
ɶ . It is pertinent to record here that (10.4) is the matrix generalization of (2.3) for the case of functions
matrix Λ 1
ɶ =I =Λ
of Hermitain positive definite matrix arguments. When we choose Λ ɶ , Λɶ = Tɶ in (10.4) it reduces
1 p 3 2
to (10.3) hence establishing that

504 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences

Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Lalit Mohan Upadhyaya

{ ( ) } ( ) ( ) ( )
UTɶ F Xɶ ; I p , Tɶ , I p = u Λɶ 2 I p , Tɶ , I p = LF Tɶ = f F Tɶ .

We also mention here that we can also define the basic extensions ( q − analogues) of the one-dimensional and
n − dimensional Upadhyaya transforms, which we may call the Basic One- Dimensional Upadhyaya Transform
(BODUT) and the Basic n − Dimensional Upadhyaya Transform (BnDUT) respectively, for (2.3) and (6.2)
on similar lines by using the notations and methods of the q − calculus given in the classical work of Gasper
and Rahman [75] by using the q − exponential functions eq ( z ) and Eq ( z ) defined respectively in (1.3.15),
p. 10 and (1.3.16), p. 11 of Gasper and Rahman [75] by the following equations in the usual notations of the
theory of the basic hypergeometric series:
∞
zn 1
eq ( z ) = 1φ0 ( 0; −; q, z ) = ∑ = , z <1 (10.5)
n =0 ( q; q ) n ( z; q )∞
and
q( ) n
∞ n n −1 /2
Eq ( z ) = 0φ0 ( −; −; q, − z ) = ∑ z = ( − z; q )∞ (10.6)
n =0 ( q; q ) n

Similarly by using the concepts of fractional calculus the Fractional Upadhyaya Transforms of one and
n − dimensions respectively can be defined for (2.3) and (6.2). It is to be noted that the Theorem 5.11,
equations (5.31), (5.32) and the Theorem 5.26 open the gateway of applications of the Upadhyaya Transform
(UT) for solving the initial value problems and the boundary value problems involving the ordinary and partial
differential coefficients arising most frequently in applied mathematics, physics, engineering and other allied
areas of study like biomathematics, biophysics, etc. We foresee that all the areas of research and possibly many
more than we can think of at present, wherever the Laplace transform and its above mentioned extant variants
are being currently applied for finding the solutions of the problems arising there, the Upadhyaya transform will
be used most extensively in the coming years and the results developed in this paper and the various
generalizations of the Upadhyaya transform pointed out here will be developed by us and other researchers
around the world and all these proposed works will find the maximum possible applications in the coming years.
With this highly optimistic vision about the future scope of this work we conclude the paper and also remark
that our future communications will focus on these subjects and various other possible applications and the
author most humbly invites all the respected readers and researchers worldwide to extend this work, generalize
it and apply it as extensively as possible so that together we all the researchers of the worldwide mathematics
community make the Upadhyaya Transform an everlasting tool in the mathematical arena, a powerful tool
whose potential powers of applications are yet to be expounded by all of us!

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author wishes to express his most sincere thanks and gratitude to the anonymous referees for their critical
comments and for pointing out some errors in the original draft of this manuscript, but for their helpful and
constructive criticism, this work would not have seen the light of the day! The author would also like to express
his most sincere gratitude and thanks to The Hon’ble Professor (Dr.) Edward G. Dunne, Executive Editor,
Mathematical Reviews/MathSciNet, American Mathematical Society, U.S.A., All The Hon’ble Editorial Board
Members and All The Hon’ble Staff Members of the Mathematical Reviews/MathSciNet, American
Mathematical Society, U.S.A. and The Hon’ble American Mathematical Society, U.S.A. for providing him the
reference numbers [9] and [53] and also for providing him the most coveted opportunity to write the Reviews -
number MR3658414 for the paper [9] and number MR3765932 for the paper [53], without which this author
would not have been able to write the corresponding portions (i.e., the subsections 4.21, 6.4 and the section 7)
of this paper. Further, the author would also like to record here his most sincere gratitude and thanks to The
Hon’ble Professors – Professor (Dr.) Klaus Hulek (Editor-in-Chief) and Professor (Dr.) Dirk Werner (Deputy
Editor-in-Chief), zbMATH (formerly, Zentralblatt MATH), of the Hon’ble FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute
for Information Infrastructure Mathematics Department, zbMATH Franklinstr. 11, D10587 Berlin, Germany
(The Hon’ble European Mathematical Society), All The Hon’ble Editorial Board Members and All The Hon’ble
Staff Members of the zbMATH Germany for providing him the reference number [8] (without which the author
would not have been in a position to write the subsection 6.3 of this paper) and also for providing him the most
coveted opportunity to write a Review (number Zbl 06840501) for this book [8]. The author, hereby, explicitly
thanks and expresses his heartfelt gratitude towards both – the Mathematical Reviews/MathSciNet and the
zbMATH – both of which are the World’s topmost and the most prestigious resources of mathematical research

505 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences

Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Introducing the Upadhyaya Integral Transform

– for continuously providing him their immense and invaluable help and support which is most positively and
very greatly influencing his most humble research work at his institution on the one hand, and on the other hand
the most graceful and the most benevolent support to this author from both the Mathematical
Reviews/MathSciNet and the zbMATH is also very greatly improving and most highly enriching his classroom
teaching in his institution, where, he is regularly informing his students about the most current research updates
and advancements through his Reviews that he is writing continuously for these two greatest resources of
Mathematical Knowledge in the World and he hereby acknowledges most gratefully the greatest and the most
generous supports and the extremely helpful services that he is receiving from both of these two greatest
institutions and the topmost leaders of archiving the Mathematical Research in the World! In fact, this
extremely grateful author has no words at all to express his extreme indebtedness to both – the Mathematical
Reviews/MathSciNet and the zbMATH – for the great impact their most invaluable help has made on this
author’s most humble research work and his classroom teaching at his institution, and in this context the author
would like to quote here the relevant excerpts from the official letter number II-2 /1379 dated 09 October, 2017
written by this author to the Mathematical Reviews/MathSciNet which was duly forwarded, authenticated and
attested by Prof. Dr. S.P. Joshi, the Hon’ble Principal and Professor of this author’s institution: “ … my College,
today definitely feels much proud and much honored as the Hon’ble American Mathematical Society and one of
their most prestigious journals – the Mathematical Reviews/MathSciNet – have granted me a recognition as a
mathematician and they have been gracious and benevolent enough to grant me the most coveted status as a
permanent Reviewer for the Mathematical Reviews/ MathSciNet. …XXXXX … and today, I do hope very
earnestly that all the Reviews that I will write for the Mathematical Reviews/MathSciNet, which will be
published by the Hon’ble American Mathematical Society, will be found useful not only by the entire
Mathematical Community Worldwide but also that each one of these published Reviews written by me will
always definitely continue to act as a constant source of inspiration for the future generations of all the teachers
and all the students who will come to serve, teach and learn in this College of mine!”

DEDICATORY

The author, with utmost humility, hereby dedicates this most humble piece of his work to the following four
people who have been very highly influential in shaping his life and career as a teacher and as a researcher.
Firstly, to the best master (employer) this author ever had during the last twenty six years of his teaching and
research career – Prof. Dr. S.P. Joshi, the Hon’ble Principal and Professor of this author’s institution, who
himself is an internationally widely acclaimed researcher in Botany and Environmental Sciences and a great
teacher, an excellent researcher and academician and an administrative leader par excellence, who is always
ready to sacrifice all his comforts and who always works with the greatest enthusiasm and zeal so that his
subordinate researchers, teachers, students and all the employees working under him and his institution – all
these may together progress by leaps and bounds and may be able to contribute most significantly to the
building of the society and the nation at large. The author has no hesitation at all to admit here that Prof. Dr. S.P.
Joshi has been the greatest source of inspiration to him for the last about three years when he joined this author’s
institution as a regular and permanent Principal and Professor of this College and he has provided all the
necessary infrastructure and most benevolently allowed the unabated use of his office and personal computers to
this author for carrying out all this author’s research work, Editorial work and Reviewing work for a number of
esteemed Mathematics Research Journals worldwide including this Journal, the Mathematical
Reviews/MathSciNet, the zbMATH and the Asian Council for Science Editors, and, under the excellent
stewardship of Prof. Dr. S.P. Joshi the author’s institution has scaled the greatest heights of unparalleled
accomplishments for itself in the fields of research and academics for the first time ever since its inception in
the year 1963. Secondly, to the Founder Editor-in-Chief and the current Managing Editor of this Journal, the
Hon’ble Prof. Dr. A.K. Sharma (of the University of Delhi, India) – a great educationist, academician and a
luminary for the researchers of science in this country, who has exclusively and whole-souled devoted the past
four decades of his life and wholly committed himself to the publication of eight high quality research journals
covering almost all the major areas of scientific research being carried out in the Higher Educational Institutions
of India. Prof. Dr. A.K. Sharma has been a great visionary in the field of academic research publishing who is
always whole heartedly devoted to the single cause of upliftment of scientific research in the country and to this
author he has always been a great teacher, a great motivator and an excellent mentor continuously for the past
more than one decade and whose most generous support and continuous encouragement to this author have been
the most important and the most significant factors which are responsible for the blooming of the research and
teaching career of this author. Thirdly, to the everlasting memory of his late father Dr. Urba Datt Upadhyaya,
who, being a teacher and a very respected researcher himself, had taken innumerable pains himself to teach this
author the rudiments of high school mathematics and who had always commanded this author to ‘devote his
entire life at all costs to the cause of mathematics research and education and “thereby do leave something for
the posterity” by most bravely facing and fighting against all the extremely unfavorable circumstances and all
506 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences
Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Lalit Mohan Upadhyaya

the misfortunes that may come to this author’s personal life’ and it is only in whose loving memory, the above
generalization of the celebrated Laplace transform has been christened as the “Upadhyaya Transform (UT)” by
this author, as mentioned supra. Last, but not the least, to his (this author’s) mother Mrs. Chandra Upadhyaya, a
very pious and devout lady, now in her very old age and afflicted with several crippling ailments, yet even today
who always takes all the pains to serve her son so that he may continue writing something in mathematics,
however humble that piece of work may be.

REFERENCES

[1]. Erdélyi, A., Magnus, W., Oberhettinger, F. and Tricomi, F. G. (1954). Tables of Integral Transforms,
Vols.I, II, McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, Toronto and London.
[2]. Oberhettinger, F. and Badii, L.( 1973). Tables of Laplace Transforms, Springer-Verlag, New York-
Heidelberg.
[3]. Spiegel, M.R. (1968). Schaum’s Handbook of Mathematical Formulas, McGraw Hill , New York .
[4]. Gradshteyn, I.S. and Ryzhik, I.M. (2007). Tables of Integrals, Series and Products, Seventh Edition,
(Edited by Alan Jeffrey and Daniel Zwillinger), Academic Press, California, U.S.A.
[5]. Prudnikov, A.P. and Brychkov, Yu.A. and Marichev O.I. (1992). Integrals and Series, Vol. 4, Direct
Laplace Transforms, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, New York, Paris, Melbourne, Tokyo.
[6]. Spiegel, M.R. (1965). Laplace Transforms (Schaum’s Outlines), McGraw Hill , New York.
[7]. Debnath, Lokenath and Bhatta, Dambaru (2015). Integral Transforms and Their Applications, Third
Edition, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, London, New York.
[8]. Patra, Baidyanath (2018). An Introduction to Integral Transforms (ISBN 9781138588035), CRC
Press, Boca Raton, FL 334872742. Zbl 06840501.
[9]. Kim, T. and Kim, D.S. (2017). Degenerate Laplace Transform and Degenerate Gamma Function,
Russ. J. Math. Phys., 24(2), 241-248. MR3658414.
[10]. Upadhyaya, Lalit Mohan (2018). On The Degenerate Laplace Transform – I, Bulletin of Pure and
Applied Sciences –Section E- Mathematics and Statistics, Vol. 37(E), No. 1, 1-8.
[11]. Upadhyaya, Lalit Mohan (2017). On The Degenerate Laplace Transform – II, International
Journal of Engineering & Scientific Research, Vol. 5, Issue 12, December 2017, 63-71.
(http://esrjournal.com/uploads/91/4403_pdf.pdf)
[12]. Upadhyaya, Lalit Mohan (2018). On The Degenerate Laplace Transform – III, International
Journal of Engineering, Science and Mathematics, Vol. 7, Issue 1, January 2018, 400-410.
(http://ijesm.co.in/abstract.php?article_id=4613&title=ON%20THE%20DEGENERATE%20L
APLACE%20TRANSFORM%20%20III )
[13]. Upadhyaya, Lalit Mohan (2018). On The Degenerate Laplace Transform – IV, International
Journal of Engineering & Scientific Research, Vol. 6, Issue 2, February 2018, 198-209.
(http://esrjournal.com/uploads/91/4863_pdf.pdf)
[14]. Mathai, A.M. (1997). Jacobians of Matrix Transformations and Functions of Matrix Argument.
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., Singapore.
[15]. Upadhyaya, Lalit Mohan (Nov. 2003): Matrix Generalizations of Multiple Hypergeometric
Functions By Using Mathai's Matrix Transform Techniques (Ph.D. Thesis, Kumaun
University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India) #1943, IMA Preprint Series, University of
Minnesota, Minneapolis, U.S.A. (https://www.ima.umn.edu/sites/default/files/1943.pdf
http://www.ima.umn.edu/preprints/abstracts/1943ab.pdf
http://www.ima.umn.edu/preprints/nov2003/1943.pdf
http://hdl.handle.net/11299/3955
https://zbmath.org/?q=an:1254.33008
https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.192.2172&rank=51
https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.192.2172&rep=rep1&type=pdf
(Retrieved from the University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy,
http://hdl.handle.net/11299/3955).
[16]. Elzaki, Tarig M., Elzaki, Salih M. and Elnour, Elsayed A. (2012). On the New Integral Transform
“ELzaki Transform” Fundamental Properties Investigations and Applications, Global Journal of
Mathematical Sciences: Theory and Practical, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1-13.
[17]. Deakin, Michael A.B. (1997). The ‘Sumudu transform’ and the Laplace transform, Letters to the
Editor (Received 24.03.1995), Int. J. Math. Educ. Sci. Technol., Vol. 28, No. 1, 159-160.
[18]. Deakin M.A.B. (1992). Arch. Hist. Ex. Sci., 44, 265.
[19]. Ditkin, V.A. and Prudnikov, A.P. (1965). Integral Transforms and Operational Calculus, Oxford :
Pergamon.
[20]. Watugala, G.K. (1993). Sumudu transform: a new integral transform to solve differential equations and
507 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences
Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Introducing the Upadhyaya Integral Transform

control engineering problems, International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and

Technology, 24(1), 35-43.
[21]. Weerakoon, S. (1994). Application of Sumudu transform to partial differential equations, International
Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 25, 277-283.
[22]. Balser, W. (1994). From Divergent Power Series to Analytic Functions, Lecture Notes in Mathematics
1582, Berlin: Springer.
[23]. Al-Omari, Shrideh K. Qasem and Agarwal, Praveen (2016). Some general properties of a fractional
Sumudu transform in the class of Boehmians, Kuwait J. Sci., 43(2), 16-30. MR3524772
[24]. Belgacem, F.B.M., Karaballi, A.A. and Kalla, S.L. (2003). Analytical investigations of the Sumudu
transform and applications to integral production equations, Mathematical Problems in Engineering,
3-4, 103-118.
[25]. Belgacem, Fethi Bin Muhammad and Silambarasan, Rathinavel (2017). A distinctive Sumudu
treatment of trigonometric functions, J. Comput. Appl. Math. 312, 74-81. Zbl 1351.44001
[26]. Laplace, P.S. (1820). Théorie Analytique des Probabilitiés, Vol. I, Part 2, Lerch, Paris.
[27]. Nuruddeen, R.I., Muhammad, Lawal, Nass, A.M. and Sulaiman, T.A. (2018). A Review of the Integral
Transforms-Based Decomposition Methods and their Applications in Solving Nonlinear PDEs,
Palestine Journal of Mathematics, Vol. 7(1), 262-280.
[28]. Nuruddeen, R.I., Nass, A.M. and Muhammad, Lawal (2016). A More Recent Review of the Integral
Transforms and their Applications in Solving Differential Equations, Technical Report – July 2016,
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.13024.69128
[29]. Khan, Z.H. and Khan, W.A. (2008). Natural transform-properties and applications, NUST Journal of
Engineering Sciences, 1, 127-133.
[30]. Maitama, Shehu and Zhao, Weidong (2019). New Integral Transform: Shehu Transform a
Generalization of Sumudu and Laplace transform for solving Differential Equations, International
Journal of Analysis and Applications, Volume 17, Number 2, 167-190. DOI: 10.28924/2291-8639-17-
2019-167; arXiv:1904.11370v1 [math.GM] 19 Apr 2019.
[31]. Rawashdeh, Mahmoud S. and Maitama, Shehu (2015). Solving Nonlinear Ordinary Differential
Equations Using the NDM, Journal of Applied Analysis and Computation, Volume 5, Number 1, 77-
88. doi:10.11948/2015007
[32]. Elzaki T.M. (2011). The new integral transforms "Elzaki transform", Global Journal of Pure and
Applied Mathematics, 7(1), 57-64.
[33]. Aboodh, Khalid Suliman (2013). The New Integral Transform ''Aboodh Transform'', Global Journal of
Pure and Applied Mathematics, Volume 9, Number 1, 35-43.
[34]. Kashuri, A. and Fundo, A. (2013). A new integral transform, Advances in Theoretical and Applied
Mathematics, 8 (1), 27-43.
[35]. Zafar, Zain Ul Abadin (2016). ZZ Transform Method, International Journal of Advanced Engineering
and Global Technology, Vol. 4, Issue 1, 1605-1611.
[36]. Raslan, R.K., Ramadan, M.A., El-Danaf, T.S. and Hadhoud, A.R. (2016). On a new general integral
transform: some properties and remarks, J. Math. Comput. Sci., 6(1), 103-109.
[37]. Mahgoub, Mohand M. Abdelrahim (2016). The New Integral Transform “Mahgoub Transform”,
Advances in Theoretical and Applied Mathematics, Volume 11, Number 4, 391-398.
[38]. Sedeeg, Abdelilah Kamal. H.(2016). The New Integral Transform ''Kamal Transform'', Advances in
Theoretical and Applied Mathematics, Volume 11, Number 4, 451-458.
[39]. Mahgoub, Mohand M. Abdelrahim (2017). The New Integral Transform ''Mohand Transform'',
Advancesin Theoretical and Applied Mathematics, Volume 12, Number 2, 113-120.
[40]. Elzaki, Tarig M. and Elzaki, Salih M. (2011). On the new integral Transform 'Tarig Transform' and
Systems of Ordinary Differential Equations, Applied Mathematics, Elixir Appl. Math. 36, 3226-3229.
[41]. Elzaki, Tarig M. and Elzaki, Salih M. (2011). On the relationship between Laplace Transform and new
integral transform Tarig Transform', Applied Mathematics, Elixir Appl. Math., 36 , 3230-3233.
[42]. Elzaki, Tarig M. and Salih M. Elzaki, (2011), On the Tarig Transform and ordinary differential
equation with variable coefficients, Applied Mathematics, Elixir Appl. Math., 38, 4250- 4252.
[43]. Elzaki , Tarig. M. and Elzaki, Salih M. (2013). New Integral Transform "Tarig Transform" and System
of Integro-Differential Equations; Applied Mathematics; Elixir Appl. Math., 57 (2013) 13982-13985.
[44]. Shaikh, Sadikali Latif. (2018). Introducing a New Integral Transform: Sadik Transform, American
International Journal of Research in Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics (AIJRSTEM),
22(1), 100-102.
[45]. Yang, Xiao-Jun (2016). A New Integral Transform Method for Solving Steady Heat-Transfer Problem,
Thermal Science, Vol. 20, Suppl. 3, S639-S642.
[46]. Mahgoub, Mohand M. Abdelrahim (2019). The New Integral Transform ''Sawi Transform'', Advances
in Theoretical and Applied Mathematics, Volume 14, Number 1, 81-87.
508 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences
Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Lalit Mohan Upadhyaya

[47]. Barnes, Benedict (2016). Polynomial Integral Transform for Solving Differential Equations, European
Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, Vol. 9, No. 2, 140-151.
[48]. Atangana, Abdon and Kilicman, Adem (2013). A Novel Integral Operator Transform and Its
Application to Some FODE and FPDE with Some Kind of Singularities, Mathematical Problems in
Engineering, Volume 2013, Article ID 531984, 7 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/531984
[49]. Makarov, A.M. (1970). Application of the Laplace-Carson method of integral transformation to the
theory of unsteady visco-plastic flows, J. Engrg. Phys. Thermophys, 19, 94-99.
[50]. Taha, Nidal E. Hassan, Nuruddeen, R. I. and Sedeeg, Abdelilah Kamal H. (2017). Dualities between
''Kamal & Mahgoub Integral Transforms'' and ''Some Famous Integral Transforms'', British Journal of
Applied Science & Technology, 20(3): 1-8, 2017; Article no.BJAST.32380.
[51]. Belgacem, Fethi Bin Muhammed and Karaballi, Ahmed Abdullatif (2006). Sumudu Transform
Fundamental Properties Investigations and Applications, Journal of Applied Mathematics and
Stochastic Analysis, Volume 2006, Article ID 91083, Pages 1–23. DOI 10.1155/JAMSA/2006/91083
[52]. Yürekli, O. and Sadek, I. (1991). A Parseval-Goldstein type theorem on the Widder potential
transform and its applications, Int. J. Math. Ed. Sci. Tech., 14, No. 3, 517–524.
[53]. Aylikçi, Fatih and Dernek, Neişe (2018). Some relations on the double L22 − integral transform and
their applications, Mediterr. J. Math., 15 (2018), No. 2, Art.37, 21 pp. MR3765932
[54]. Mathai, A.M. (1993). Hypergeometric Functions of Several Matrix Arguments (A Preliminary Report),
Publication No. 25, Center for Mathematical Sciences, Vazhuthacaud, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
[55]. Atangana, Abdón and Alkaltani, Badr Saad T. (2016). A novel double integral transform and its
applications, J. Nonlinear Sci. Appl. 9 (2016), 424-434.
[56]. Aboodh, K.S., Farah, R.A., Almardy, I.A. and ALmostafa, F.A. (2017). Solution of Telegraph
Equation by Using Double Aboodh Transform, Elixir Appl. Math. 110 , 48213-48217.
[57]. Aboodh, K.S., Farah, R.A., Almardy, I.A. and ALmostafa, F.A. (2017). Solution of Partial Integro-
Differential Equations by using Aboodh and Double Aboodh Transform Methods, Global Journal of
Pure and Applied Mathematics, Volume 13, Number 8, 4347-4360.
[58]. Thangavelu, K., Pradeep, M. and Vinothini, K. (2018). Solution of Telegraph Equation by Using
Double Mahgoub Transform, South East Asian J. of Math. & Math. Sci., Vol. 14, No.2, 15-20.
[59]. Elzaki, Tarig M., and Hilal, Eman M.A. (2012). Solution of Telegraph Equation by Modified of
Double Sumudu Transform "Elzaki Transform", Mathematical Theory and Modeling, Vol.2, No.4, 95 –
103.
[60]. Hassaballa, Abaker A. and Salih, Yagoub A. (2015). On Double Elzaki Transform and Double Laplace
Transform, IOSR Journal of Mathematics (IOSR-JM), Vol. 11, Issue 1, Ver. VI (Jan. –Feb. 2015), 35-
41.
[61]. Idrees, Muhammad Imran, Ahmed, Zulfiqar, Awais, Muhammad and Perveen, Zahida (2018). On the
Convergence of Double Elzaki Transform, International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences,
5(6), 19-24.
[62]. Kashuri, Artion, Fundo, Akli and Liko, Rozana (2013). On Double New Integral Transform and
Double Laplace Transform, European Scientific Journal, November 2013 edition Vol.9, No.33, 82-90.
[63]. Watugala, G.K., (2002). The Sumudu transform for functions of two variables, Mathematical
Engineering in Industry, 8, No. 4, 293-302.
[64]. Tchuenche, Jean M. and Mbare, Nyimvua S. (2007). An Application of the Double Sumudu
Transform, Applied Mathematical Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 1, 31 – 39.
[65]. Eltayeb, Hassan and Kiliçman, Adem (2010). On Double Sumudu Transform and Double Laplace
Transform, Malaysian Journal of Mathematical Sciences, 4(1), 17-30.
[66]. Jarad, F. and Tas, K. (2012). Application of Sumudu and Double Sumudu transforms to Caputo –
Fractional Differential Equations, Journal of Computational Analysis and Applications, Vol. 14, No. 3,
475-483.
[67]. Kiliçman, Adem and Omran, Maryam (2017). On double Natural transform and its applications, J.
Nonlinear Sci. Appl., 10, 1744–1754.
[68]. Atangana, Abdon (2013). A Note on the Triple Laplace Transform and Its Applications to Some Kind
of Third-Order Differential Equation, Abstract and Applied Analysis, Volume 2013, Article ID 769102,
10 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/769102
[69]. Khan, Tahir, Shah, Kamal, Khan, Amir and Khan, Rahmat Ali (2018). Solution of fractional order heat
equation via triple Laplace transform in 2 Dimensions, Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences,
Vol. 41, Issue2, (30 January 2018), 818-825. (First published: 27 October 2017)
https://doi.org/10.1002/mma.4646
[70]. Elzaki, Tarig M. and Mousa, Adil (2019). On the convergence of triple Elzaki transform, SN Applied
Sciences (2019) 1:275 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-0257-2

509 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences

Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019
Introducing the Upadhyaya Integral Transform

[71]. Kim, YunJae, Kim, Byung Moon, Jang, Lee-Chae and Kwon, Jongkyum (2018). A Note on Modified
Degenerate Gamma and Laplace Transformation, Symmetry 2018, 10, 471, 8pp.
doi:10.3390/sym10100471
[72]. Mathai A.M. (1993). Lauricella Functions of Real Symmetric Positive Definite Matrices, Indian J.
Pure Appl. Math., 24(9), 513-531.
[73]. Upadhyaya, Lalit Mohan (2017). On Exton’s Triple Hypergeometric Functions of Matrix
Arguments –II, Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences, Section-E, Mathematics & Statistics, Vol.
36(E), No.2, 207-217. (Article DOI: 10.5958/2320-3226.2017.00023.6)
https://web.a.ebscohost.com/abstract?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=
09706577&AN=128769173&h=VKjrBgoGK8zPkmFuWAH0mPQ9
http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:bpasms&volume=36e&issue=2&article=013
http://www.ijour.net/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:bpasms&volume=36e&issue=2&article=013
[74]. Rehman, H.U., Iftikhar, M., Saleem, S., Younis, M. and Mueed, A. (2014) A Computational Quadruple
Laplace Transform for the Solution of Partial Differential Equations, Applied Mathematics, 5,
33723382.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/am.2014.521314
[75]. Gasper, George and Rahman, Mizan (2004). Basic Hypergeometric Series, Second Edition,
Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, Volume 96, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, New York.
[76]. Ramadan, Mohamed A. and Hadhoud, Adel R. (2018). Double Ramadan Group Integral Transform:
Definition and Properties with Applications to Partial Differential Equations, Appl. Math. Inf. Sci., 12,
No. 2, 389-396. http://dx.doi.org/10.18576/amis/120213

510 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences

Vol. 38E (Math & Stat.) No.1 / January- June 2019