•

•
•
•
•
 ‫محتويات الدورة‬
 What is“ Syntax”?
 What is the difference between grammar and syntax?
 What is the Tree Diagram
 What do we mean by Constituents?
 Symbols Used in Syntactic Analysis
 Abbreviations in Syntactic Analysis
 Types of Phrases:
 Noun Phrase
 Verb Phrase
 Adjective Phrase
 Adverb Phrase
 Prepositional Phrase
 Content
 Basic Phrase Structure Rules
 Complement Phrases
 Movement Rules
 Ambiguity
 Recursion
 X-bar theory
 Transformational – Generative Grammar
 Surface structure vs. Deep Structure
 Lesson 1
.
 Content
• What is“ Syntax”?
• What is the difference between grammar and syntax?
 What is“ Syntax”?

Syntax: From Greek word “syntaxis” : syn (together) +

taxis (arrangement).

When we concentrate on the structure and ordering of components within

a sentence, we are studying the syntax of a language
 What is“ Syntax”?

Syntax :the part of linguistics that studies sentence structure:

1. Word order :
I want these books.
*want these I books.

2. Agreement – subject and verb, determiner and noun, . . .

often must agree: Examples:
He wants this book.
*He want this book. x
I want these books.
*I want this books. x
 Syntax

3. Declarative
. "John works hard."
This is the normal order in a declarative sentence when you
want to convey his hard work.

4. Interrogative
"Does John work hard?“
 Syntax

5. Exclamatory

" What an idea it is!"

The syntax changes when you express your feelings - positive or negative- in a
sentence. You can't change it to " What an idea is it! "

6. Emphatic
1. He works hard.
He does work hard.
2. She never commits mistakes.
Never does she commit mistakes.
 What is“ Syntax”?

7. How many complements

I give Mary a book.
*I see Mary a book.

8. Hierarchical structure – what modifies what

We need more (intelligent leaders). (more of intelligent leaders) ‫الكثرة‬
‫ ( للقادة‬We need more leaders who are intelligent)
We need (more intelligent) leaders. (leaders that are more intelligent)
‫ ( الكثرة للذكاء‬We need leaders who are more intelligent)
 What is“ Syntax”?

9. Syntax is not about meaning! Sentences can have no

sense and still be grammatically correct:
Colorless green ideas sleep furiously. – nonsense, but
grammatically correct
*Sleep ideas colorless furiously green. – grammatically
incorrect
 Grammar Vs. Syntax
Grammar is broader than syntax. In fact, syntax is part of grammar.

The part of grammar dealing with words, phrases, clauses, and

sentences is known as Syntax.
In linguistics, grammar is the set of structural rules governing the
composition of clauses, phrases, and words in any language.

Grammar refers also to the study of such rules, and this field includes
phonology, morphology, and syntax, often complemented by phonetics,
semantics, and pragmatics. ( Wikipedia)
 ‫للتواصل‬
e-mail
[email protected]
Mobile Number:
0966- 0509306240
facebook :
https://www.facebook.com/-‫الخطيب‬-‫خالد‬-‫د‬-‫صفحة‬
/1564086063871647pages
twitter
@en_blog
•
•
•
•
 Lesson 2
.
 Content
• Symbols Used in Syntactic Analysis
• Abbreviations in Syntactic Analysis
• What is a Tree Diagram
• What do we mean by constituents?
 Symbols Used in
Syntactic Analysis
1. An arrow → = consists of
e.g. NP → Art+ N / the cat

2. A pair of round brackets ( ) = optional constituent

• e.g. NP → Art (Adj) N / the (small) cat
3. curly brackets { } = only one of the elements enclosed within
the curly brackets must be selected.
e.g. NP → {Art+ N, Pro, PN}
4. * ungrammatical sentence
e.g. *Walked the boy to school
 Abbreviations in
Syntactic Analysis ‫مهم حفظها‬
1. S= Sentence ( The boy plays football every day)

2. NP= Noun Phrase ( the boy)

3. Art = article (a, an, the)

4. N= Noun ( boy, girl, cat, dog)

5. PN= Proper Noun ( Ali, Laila)

6. Pro= Pronoun ( he, they, we)

7. VP= Verb Phrase ( plays football every day)

8. V= verb ( go, speak, drive)

9. Aux= auxiliary

10. Cop= copula

 Abbreviations in
Syntactic Analysis ‫مهم حفظها‬
11. PP= Prepositional Phrase ( at home)

12. P= preposition ( for, at, in)

13. AdjP= Adjective Phrase ( extremely happy, much careful)

14. Adj= adjective ( small, big, short, tall)

15. AdvP= Adverb Phrase ( very quickly, next year)

16. Adv= adverb ( slowly, quickly, carefully, well)

 Determiners/Specifiers ‫المحددات‬
• DETERMINERS IN ENGLISH
• Definite article : the
• Indefinite articles : a, an
• Demonstratives: this, that, these, those
• Pronouns and possessive determiners : my, your, his, her, its, our, their
• Quantifiers : a few, a little, much, many, a lot of, most, some, any, enough
• Numbers : one, ten, thirty
• Distributives : all, both, half, either, neither, each, every
• Difference words : other, another
• Pre-determiners : such, what, rather, quite
 Tree Diagram
(Phrase Structure Tree)
(Constituent Structure Tree)
Tree Diagram
 What is a Constituent?

 In syntactic analysis, a constituent is a word or a

group of words that functions as a single unit within
a hierarchical structure.
 We begin with a sentence (S) and divide it into two
constituents (NP and VP).
In turn, the NP constituent is divided into two other
constituents (Art and N) and so on.
 Constituency Test by
Using Pronouns and Questions
The young boy ate his green apple
He ate it
Ask questions to check constituents.

1.Who ate his green apple?

2.What did the boy do ?
3.What did the young boy eat?
 Why called Immediate Constituent
Analysis?
 In the past the analysis of the constituents was done this way:
horizontally and in brackets.

]s] NP] D The[ ] N boy[[ ]VP ] v ate [ ]NP] D his[]N apple[ [

So here, you don’t see the constituents immediately

as you do in the tree diagram.
Immediate Constituent Analysis?
Nodes?
S

NP VP

Det N v NP

art Det N
The boy ate his apple
Constituents in a Tree Diagram
 ‫للتواصل‬
e-mail
[email protected]
Mobile Number:
0966- 0509306240
facebook :
https://www.facebook.com/-‫الخطيب‬-‫خالد‬-‫د‬-‫صفحة‬
/1564086063871647pages
twitter
@en_blog
 ‫مهم‬
constituents of Phrases
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SPWxCQbRxp0
•
•
•
•
 Lesson 3
.
 Content
 Types of Phrases:
 Noun Phrase
 Verb Phrase
 Adjective Phrase
 Adverb Phrase
 Prepositional Phrase
 Basic Phrase Structure Rules
 Types of Phrases
A phrase: is a sequence of words or a group of words arranged in a
grammatical construction, and functions as a unit in a sentence.
e.g. The old man ( NP)
very happy ( AdjP)
There are 5 common types of phrases:
1.Noun Phrase (NP)
A noun phrase refers to a phrase that is built upon a
noun which functions as the headword of the phrase.
Example:
The smart girl bought a book from a tall man.
( NP) (NP) (NP)
 Types of Phrases
2. Verb Phrase (VP)
A verb phrase refers to a phrase that is composed of at
least one verb and its dependents in which the verb
functions as the headword of the phrase.
Example
The boy has been playing and he found a doll.
( VP) (VP)
 Types of Phrases
3. Adjective Phrase ( AdjP)
An adjective phrase refers to a phrase that modifies a
noun. It is built upon an adjective which functions as
the headword of the phrase
Example
She is extremely happy today and much happier than before.
( AdjP) ( AdjP)
 Types of Phrases
4. Prepositional Phrase( PP)
A prepositional phrase refers to a phrase that begins
with a preposition, in which the preposition functions
as the headword of the phrase
Example
The man in the black coat arrived by plane last night.
(PP) (PP)
 Types of Phrases
5. Adverb Phrase ( AdvP)
An adverb phrase refers to a phrase that often tells us
when, where, why and how an event occurred , in
which the adverb functions as the headword of the
phrase
Example
Ali spoke English very quickly in the party last year.
( AdvP) ( AdvP)
Basic Phrase Structure Rules
 Example on
Basic Phrase Structure Rules
 ‫للتواصل‬
e-mail
[email protected]
Mobile Number:
0966- 0509306240
facebook :
https://www.facebook.com/-‫الخطيب‬-‫خالد‬-‫د‬-‫صفحة‬
/1564086063871647pages
twitter
@en_blog
 ‫مهم‬
constituents of Phrases
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SPWxCQbRxp0
•
•
•
•
 Lesson 4
.
 Content
Tree Diagrams:
1.S → NP → N VP →V
2.S → NP → Det N VP →V
3.S → NP → Det Adj N VP →V
4. S → NP → Det Adj N VP →V NP → N
5. S → NP → Det Adj N VP →V NP → Det N
6. S → NP → N VP →V NP → Det N PP → P NP →N
 Tree Diagram- 1

S → NP → N VP →V
Birds fly
Tree Diagram-1

NP VP

N v

Birds fly
 Tree Diagram- 2

S → NP → Det N VP →V
The birds fly
 Tree Diagram-2

NP VP

Det N v
Art

The birds fly

 Tree Diagram-3

S → NP → Det Adj N VP →V

The small birds fly

 Tree Diagram-3
S

NP VP

Det Adj N v
art
The small birds fly
 Tree Diagram-4

S → NP → Det Adj N VP →V NP → N

The small birds eat seeds

 Tree Diagram-4

NP VP

Det Adj N v NP

art N
The small birds eat seeds
 Tree Diagram-5

S → NP → Det Adj N VP →V NP → Det N

The small birds eat the seeds
 Tree Diagram-5

NP VP

Det Adj N v NP

art Det N
The small birds eat the seeds
 Tree Diagram-6

S → NP → N VP →V NP → Det N PP → P NP →N

Birds eat the seeds at home

 Tree Diagram-6

NP VP

N v NP PP

N p NP
Birds eat seeds at N
home
 ‫للتواصل‬
e-mail
[email protected]
Mobile Number:
0966- 0509306240
facebook :
https://www.facebook.com/-‫الخطيب‬-‫خالد‬-‫د‬-‫صفحة‬
/1564086063871647pages
twitter
@en_blog
•
•
•
•
 Lesson 5
.
 Content
Tree Diagrams:
1. Auxiliary Verbs
 Modal verbs ( can, could, should, must etc.)
2. Verbs to be
 Continuous ( is driving, are playing etc.)
 Perfect ( have gone, has done etc.)

2. Adverbs
 Frequency ( Always, often, usually, sometimes, never etc.)
 Manner ( slowly, quickly, carefully etc.)
 Time ( soon, lately, recently, eventually, early, late etc.)
 Tree Diagrams

Aux.

Modals
 Tree Diagrams

Birds must eat the seeds

 Tree Diagrams
Aux ( Modal- must)
S

NP Aux VP

N v NP
N
Birds must eat seeds
 Tree Diagrams
Aux. ( modal)

The boy can kick a football.

 Tree Diagrams
Aux ( Modal-can)
 Tree Diagrams
Aux. ( modal-will)

The man will hit the ball.

Tree Diagrams
Aux ( will)
 Tree Diagrams
Aux. ( modal-may)

The manager may offer a raise.

Tree Diagrams
Aux
 Tree Diagrams

Aux.
Continuous &
Perfect
 Tree Diagrams
Aux. ( Continuous)

My mother is baking a cake for my sister

Tree Diagrams
Aux
 Tree Diagrams
Aux. ( Continuous)

The man was driving fast

 Tree Diagrams
Aux ( Continuous)
S

NP VP

N Adv
Det Aux v
The man was driving fast
 Tree Diagrams
Aux. ( Perfect)

Ralf has found the key to the cabinet.

Tree Diagrams
Aux
 Tree Diagrams
Aux. ( Perfect)

Her children have gone to the movies.

Tree Diagrams
Aux
 Tree Diagrams
Aux. ( Perfect Cont.)

He has been doing his homework.

Tree Diagrams
Aux ( Perfect)
Vgp= Verb Group
 Tree Diagrams

Adverbs
 Tree Diagrams
Adverb of Frequency

Maria never ate brownie.

( Brownie: chocolate cake with nuts)
 Tree Diagrams
Adverb ( Frequency)
 Tree Diagrams
Adverb of Manner

The man eats fish carefully.

 Tree Diagrams
Adverb of Manner
S

NP VP

N V NP Adv
Det N
The man eats fish carefully
 Tree Diagrams
Adverb of Time

The small boy saw George with a

small dog recently
 Tree Diagram
Adverb of Time
 A class participation exercise
(based on Radford, Chapter 3, exercise IX)
• Goals of the exercise:
– Relying on tests when your intuition fails
– Adapting to inconsistent results
• (e.g., find evidence for disqualifying some of the tests)
• The five trees on the following slide have all been proposed by
linguists, in published articles, for the sentence: He has been writing a
letter.
• Unlike the previous exercise with particles and PPs, people do not
have good intuitions about which structure is correct.
• We will learn several more tests for constituency, and apply them to
these sentences in order to pick one of the trees as the correct one.
• The answer comes out different every year (depending on
grammaticality judgments and creativity in finding evidence for
disqualifying some tests).
 S S TREE 2
TREE 1
VP
AUX VP
V
NP PERF PROG V NP
AUX He has been writing a letter.
NP PERF PROG V NP S
He has been writing a letter. TREE 4
S
TREE 3 AUX VP
VP
V VP V VP
V VP NP V NP
NP V NP He has been writing a letter.
He has been writing a letter.
S
TREE 5
VP

AUX VP

NP V V NP
He has been writing a letter.
 ‫للتواصل‬
e-mail
[email protected]
Mobile Number:
0966- 0509306240
facebook :
https://www.facebook.com/-‫الخطيب‬-‫خالد‬-‫د‬-‫صفحة‬
/1564086063871647pages
twitter
@en_blog
•
•
•
•
 Lesson 6
.
 Content
Tree Diagrams:
1. ”Complement” definition
Complementizer ( that, whether, if etc.)

2. “Adjunct” definition
3. Ambiguity
 Tree Diagrams

Complement
Phrases
 Complement Definition
A complement is a word, phrase or clause that is
necessary to complete the meaning of a given expression.

A Complementizer
•The label complementizer refers to that part of speech which includes
the words which introduce complement clauses. Examples
are that and whether. If is also a complementizer when it means whether.
1.She said that she wasn’t coming.
2.I don’t know whether she will come.
3.She asked me if I was coming.
 Complement Vs. Adjunct
•Complements are not optional. You can’t remove
them from your sentence. They are essential to ensure
understanding.
•Adjuncts are optional as they are usually just
descriptive. They give extra information.
Examples:
1. I said that Riyadh is the capital of KSA. ( complement)
(That clause- Noun Clause)
2. Riyadh that is the capital of KSA is a big city. (Adjunct)
Adjective Clause
Complement Phrase
 Complement Phrases

Ahmad knows that Sami helped Khalid

 Complement Phrases
S

NP VP
Ahmad knows that Sami helped Khalid

V CP ( complement Phrase)
knows that Sami helped Khalid

C S
that Sami helped Khalid
Complement Phrases
Example
 Tree Diagrams

Structural Ambiguity
 Structural Ambiguity

The boy saw the man with the telescope

This sentence is ambiguous because it has two meanings:
1. The boy had a telescope and he saw the man with it.
2. The boy saw the man who had the telescope.

Now. Is the tree diagramming the same for both?

The answer is : NO. How?

Let’s see.
 Tree Diagrams
Structural Ambiguity
.
 Tree Diagrams
Structural Ambiguity
.
 Tree Diagrams
Structural Ambiguity

The teacher spoke to the boy with a smile.

Two meanings:
1. The boy was smiling
2. The teacher was smiling.
 Tree Diagrams
Structural Ambiguity
 The smiling teacher spoke the boy
S
NP VP PP
PP
art V P
N p NP NP
Art N Art N

The teacher spoke to the boy with a smile

 ‫للتواصل‬
e-mail
[email protected]
Mobile Number:
0966- 0509306240
facebook :
https://www.facebook.com/-‫الخطيب‬-‫خالد‬-‫د‬-‫صفحة‬
/1564086063871647pages
twitter
@en_blog
•
 Lesson 7
.
 Content
1. Movement rules ( Transformation rules)
2. Recursion ‫التكرار‬
 Movement Rules

Movement Rules
 Movement Definition and Types
Movement is an operation that was introduced by transformational
theories of generative grammar to characterize so-called
displacement phenomena, as seen in:
‫ظواهر اإلزاحة‬
 Mary will help John.
 wh-questions like “Who will Mary help__ ?”
 Mary helped John.
 passive sentences like “John was helped__ (by Mary).”,
 Mary will help John.
 subject-aux inversion like “Will Mary __ help John?”
These constructions share an interesting property: the constituents at the
beginning of these sentences are “displaced” from their original positions
indicated by “__”, while the basic thematic relations between constituents
(e.g., who did what to whom) remain the same.
 Subject –Aux Inversion
( Modals)

You will help Mary( declarative)

Subject - Aux Inversion
Will you help Mary? ( interrogative)
Modals- Declarative

You will help Mary

Subject - Aux Inversion
Will you help Mary?
Subject - Aux Inversion
(Modals)
 Subject –Aux Inversion
Verb to be

The boy is sleeping. ( declarative)

Subject - Aux Inversion
Is the boy sleeping? ( interrogative)
Subject –Aux Inversion
Verb to be (continuous)
 Subject –Aux Inversion
Verb to have (Perfect)

The boy has slept. ( declarative)

Subject - Aux Inversion
Has the boy slept? ( interrogative)
Verb to have ( Declarative)
S

NP VP
Det N Aux VP
V
The boy has slept
 Subject –Aux Inversion
Verb to have
S

Aux NP VP
Det N Aux VP
V
Has the boy __ slept
Linguistic Recursion

Linguistic
Recursion
 linguistic Recursion
Definition & Examples
 A Linguistic Recursion is the repeated sequential use of a particular type
of linguistic element or grammatical structure.

 Relative Clauses ( Example)

I saw [the cat [which killed the bird [which ate the rat
[which ate the cheese which……( also called embedding)
 linguistic Recursion Definition
 That Clauses (Example)

John regrets that Mary thinks that he was

wrong that made him feel unhappy that ……….

 Prepositional Phrases ( Example)

The book was on the table near the wall in the

kitchen in the big house in Cairo in……
No End to recursion. It produces long complex
sentences
 ‫للتواصل‬
e-mail
[email protected]
Mobile Number:
0966- 0509306240
facebook :
https://www.facebook.com/-‫الخطيب‬-‫خالد‬-‫د‬-‫صفحة‬
/1564086063871647pages
twitter
@en_blog
•
•
•
•
 Lesson 8
.
 Content
Tree Diagrams:
1. Affix hopping
 Morphemes
Affixes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yn6EAKi0MTA&list=PLjyDtQpbG1mfPuLiVSQ6EEazGRUkIn
tOV&index=2

Bound Morphemes
(Affixes)

Suffixes
Prefixes
un-/dis-/ -er/-s/
mis-/re- -ment/-ness
 Affix
What is an affix? Here:
It is an inflectional suffix such as:
1.Verb (3rd person singular- s) =
Walk = walks (V)
2. Verb (simple past- ed) Walk =
walked
3. Verb ( past participle- en ) speak =
have spoken (V3)
4. Verb (present participle/V+ing (continuous) = speak = He is
speaking (V+ing)
 Affix hopping Definition

Affix hopping is a morphological operation by which an

unattached affix in the T position is lowered onto a verb.

Example
The boy kicks the ball.
The underlying syntax tree for this sentence can be represented as:
Here, the suffix -s (that indicates third person, singular, present tense)
has been taken from its original position and then attached to the end
of the verb, producing the form kicks.
 Affix Hopping Diagram
Example 1
TP= Tense Phrase T= Tense DP= Determiner Phrase

The boy kicks the ball

 Phrase Structure Rule ( PSR)
The boy kicks the ball
S

NP VP

N V NP
. Det
. Art N
The boy kicks the ball
 Chomsky Rules Regarding
Tense
Tense, an element of inflectional morphology, should be
recognized as a separate lexical category (a "word") and
be admitted as a leftmost daughter of the category Aux for
a tensed sentence

Aux ----> Tns (Modal) (Perf) (Prog)

 Affix hopping

Tense ( present)
(past)

Present ----> {-es}

Past ----> {-ed}

Perfect----> { have-en}V3
Prog. ----> { be -ing}
 Affix hopping Diagram
Example 2

John would be singing

 Affix Hopping
Important Rules
1. Tense is not generated as part of a verb in
the grammar, but as a constituent of Aux
outside the whole VP.
2. Since it is a bound morpheme, it cannot
surface as an independent word. Therefore it
must, with the help of Affix Hopping, cling to an
appropriate host.
3. If an affix is immediately followed by
an auxiliary or verbal element, attach the
affix to the immediately following
element.
 Affix hopping
Example 3

He arrived suddenly yesterday

 In deep Structure
Present ----> {-es}
Past ----> {-ed}
Perfect----> { have-en}V3
Prog. ----> { be -ing}

1. John -ed will be singing.

2. He - ed arrive suddenly yesterday
3. John -es have sung three times.
4. They-es be playing in the bathroom.
5. Mary-es will have been singing.
6. Bill -ed believe that I – ed shall try
the dish.
 Affix hopping
Apply Transformational Rules
morpho-phonemic rules

1. John will+ed be singing.

2. He arrive+ed suddenly yesterday.
3. John have+es sung three times.
4. They be+es playing in the bathroom.
5. Mary will+es have been singing.
6. Bill believe+ed that I shall+ed try
the dish
 Surface Structure

(Once the Tense morpheme is placed in its proper location, appropriate morpho-
phonemic rules will turn these sentences into their surface form:

1. John would be singing.

2. He arrived suddenly yesterday.
3. John has sung three times.
4. They are playing in the bathroom.
5. Mary will have been singing.
6. Bill believed that I should try the dish
Applying Transformational Rules
Present ----> {-es}
Past ----> {-ed}
Perfect----> { have-en}V3
Prog. ----> { be -ing}

1. John -ed will be -ing sing. (Deep Structure)

2. John will+ed be sing+ ing ( Transformation)
3. John would be singing (Surface Structure).
Applying Transformational Rules

John would be singing

Applying Transformational Rules
Present ----> {-es}
Past ----> {-ed}
Perfect----> { have-en}V3
Prog. ----> { be -ing}

1. Mary-es will have - en be -ing sing. (Deep Structure)

2. Mary will+es have be +en sing+ ing ( Transformation)
3. Mary will have been singing (Surface Structure)

.
Applying Transformational Rules

Mary will have been singing

 ‫للتواصل‬
e-mail
[email protected]
Mobile Number:
0966- 0509306240
facebook :
https://www.facebook.com/-‫الخطيب‬-‫خالد‬-‫د‬-‫صفحة‬
/1564086063871647pages
twitter
@en_blog
 References

 Intro to Linguistics – Syntax 1, Jirka Hana. November 7, 2011

 English Syntax: An Introduction, Jong-Bok Kim and Peter Sells
March 2, 2007

 https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-grammar-and-
syntax

 https://melvasarisimangunsong.wordpress.com/2014/01/16/synt
ax-vs-grammar-the-differences-and-similarities/
 https://linguistics.stackexchange.com/questions/3484/whats-the-
difference-between-syntax-and-gramm
16
9
 References

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_(linguistics)

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-
grammar/determiners-and-quantifiers

https://www.slideshare.net/AsifAliRaza/tree-diagram-
37090625?next_slideshow=1

17
0
 References

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IKwsgqT9cdg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NxUiAqDbw-w
http://www.unifr.ch/linguistics/assets/images/syntaxII.PDF
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nD4gkUT8fDU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jc2bL1z9Wh4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QOLYcO-So_c


17
1