Physics

Linear momentum
LS

‫دورات‬ Grade 12 LS http://www.ibdaa-edu.com

(2001 2nd session)

Verification of Newton’s second law
In order to verify Newton's second law related to the dynamics
of a solid in translation, we consider a puck of center of inertia
G and of mass M = 200 g, a horizontal air table, a solid (S) of
mass m = 50 g, an inextensible string and a pulley of negligible
mass. We build the set up represented in the adjacent figure.
The part of the wire on the side of the puck is taut horizontally and the other part to the side of (S) isvertical.
The horizontal plane passing through G is taken as the gravitational potential energy reference.
At the instant t = 0, G is at O and the center of mass of (S) is at O', at a distance
h below the reference. We release (S) without initial velocity, and, at the same time, the positions of G are
recorded at→successive instants separated by a constant time interval τ = 50 ms. At the instant t, G acquires a
velocity V and (S) is found at a distance x below O'.
Neglect all frictions and take g = 10 m/s2.
A- 1) Give the expression of the mechanical energy of the system (puck, string, (S), Earth) in terms of M,m,
x, h, V and g. This energy is conserved. Why?
1) Deduce the expression of the acceleration of (S) in terms of g, m and M and calculate its value.
2) Draw a diagram showing the forces acting on the puck and determine, using the relation ∑ 𝐹⃗ = M𝑎⃗
⃗⃗ exerted by the string on the puck.
the force 𝑇
B- By means of a convenient method, we determine the speed V of the puck. The results are tabulated as
shown below:
Point A B C D E
t in ms 50 100 150 200 250
V in cm/s 10 20 30 40 50

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Determine, using the table, the linear momentums 𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 at B and 𝑃𝐷 at D and determine the ratio

∆𝑃⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐷 −𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵
=
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡

∆𝑃⃗⃗
C- compare ⃗⃗⃗⃗Is Newton's second law thus verified? Justify
and 𝑇.
∆𝑡
Solution:
1. The expression of the mechanical energy of the system
1
Em = K.E +P. E = (𝑀 + 𝑚)𝑣 2 + 𝑚𝑔(ℎ + 𝑥)
2

This energy is conserved because there is no friction

𝑑𝐸𝑚
2. Em is constant, =0
𝑑𝑡
1
2× 2 (𝑀 + 𝑚)𝑣𝑎 − 𝑚𝑔𝑣 =0

𝑚𝑔𝑣 𝑚𝑔 50×10−3 ×10

(𝑀 + 𝑚)𝑣𝑎 − 𝑚𝑔𝑣 = 0 𝑎 = (𝑀+𝑚)𝑣 = (𝑀+𝑚)𝑣 = = 2 𝑚/𝑠 2
250×10−3

3. Acting force are:

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑀𝑔: Weight vertically down word ⃗𝑵⃗⃗
:
⃗⃗ : Normal reaction vertically up ward
𝑁 ⃗⃗
𝑻
⃗⃗: Tension in the string horizontal
𝑇 :
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑴𝒈
Apply Newtons second law for a solid in translation for a puck

∑ 𝐹⃗ = 𝑀𝑎⃗ ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑀𝑔 + 𝑁 ⃗⃗ + 𝑇
⃗⃗ = M 𝑎⃗

⃗⃗ = M 𝑎⃗ T= Ma = 200× 10−3 × 2 = 0.4 𝑁 ; 𝑇

Projection along the path; 𝑇 ⃗⃗ = 𝑂. 4 𝑖⃗

B. by using the table

The linear momentum ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑃𝐵 = 𝑀𝑉 𝐵

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐵 = 𝑀𝑉 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 ; 𝑃𝐵 = 200 × 10
−3
× 20 × 10−2 = 4000 × 10−5 = 0.04 𝑖⃗ 𝐾𝑔. 𝑚/𝑠
Linear momentum
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐷 = 𝑀𝑉 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷 ; 𝑃𝐷 = 200 × 10
−3
× 40 × 10−2 = 8000 × 10−5 = 0.08 𝑖⃗ 𝐾𝑔. 𝑚/𝑠
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐷 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐵 = 0.08 − 0.04 = 0.04 𝑖⃗ 𝐾𝑔. 𝑚/𝑠
∆𝑡 = 𝑡𝐷 − 𝑡𝐵 = 200 − 100 = 100 𝑚𝑠 = 0.1 𝑠
∆𝑃⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐷 −𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 0.04 ⃗𝑖
= = = 0.4𝑖⃗ 𝐾𝑔. 𝑚/𝑠
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 0.1

∆𝑃⃗⃗ ∆𝑃⃗⃗
C. by compare and 𝑇⃗⃗ ; = 𝑇⃗⃗ = 0.4𝑖⃗
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡

Yes, Newtons second law verified

∑ 𝐹⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑀𝑔 + 𝑁 ⃗⃗ + 𝑇
⃗⃗ ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑀𝑔 + 𝑁 ⃗⃗ =0
⃗⃗

∆𝑃 ⃗⃗
∑ 𝐹⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑇 =
∆𝑡
(2002 1st session)
Conservation and non-conservation of the mechanical energy
O D
B
𝜽

𝜶 A (P1) P
F
Consider a material system (S)formed of an inextensible and mass less string of length l = 0.45 m, having one of its
ends O fixed while the other end carries a particle (P) of mass
m = 0.1 kg.
Take g = 10 m/s2.
1. (S) is shifted from its equilibrium position by θm = 90°, while the string is under tension, and then released
withoutinitial velocity.

Take the horizontal plane containing FA as a gravitational potential energy reference for the system [(S),Earth]. We
neglect friction on the axis through O and air resistance.

a. Calculate the initial mechanical energy of the system [(S), Earth] when (P) was at D.
b. Determine the expression of the mechanical energy of the system [(S), Earth] in terms of l, m, g, Vand θ,
where V is the speed of (P) when the string passes through a position making an angle θ with the vertical.
c. Determine the value of θ, (0° < θ < 90°), for which the kinetic energy of (P) is equal to thegravitational
potential energy of the system [(S), Earth].
d. Calculate the magnitude Vo of the velocity Vo of (P) as it passes through its equilibrium position.
2. Upon passing through the equilibrium position, the string is cut, and (P) enters in a head-on collision with a
stationary particle (P1) of mass ml= 0.2 kg. As a result, (P1) is projected with a velocity ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1of magnitude V1 =
⃗⃗ of (P) right after impact knowing that ⃗⃗⃗⃗
2m/s. Determine the magnitude V of the velocity 𝑉 𝑉0 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ are
𝑉1 and 𝑉
collinear.
Is the collision elastic? Justify your answer.
3. (P1), being projected with a speed V1 = 2m/s, moves along the frictionless horizontal track FA, and risesat A
with the speed V1, along the line of greatest slope of the inclined plane AB that makes an angle α = 30° with
the horizontal.
a. Suppose now that the friction along AB is negligible. Determine the position of the point M at which(P1)
turns back.

b. In fact, AB is not frictionless; (P1) reaches a point N and turns back, where AN = 20 cm. Calculate thevariation
in the mechanical energy of the system [(P1), Earth] between A and N, and then deduce the magnitude of the
force of friction (assumed constant) along AN.
Solution:
1. a. At D: KE= 0 J car v=0 m/s
𝑃. 𝐸𝐺 = 𝑚𝑔𝑙 = 0.1 × 10 × 0.45 = 0.45 𝐽
𝑀. 𝐸 = 𝐾. 𝐸 + 𝑃. 𝐸𝑔 = 0.45 𝐽 (0.75 pt)
1 2
b. 𝑀. 𝐸 = 𝐾. 𝐸 + 𝑃. 𝐸𝑔 = 2 𝑚𝑣 + 𝑚𝑔ℎ ; ℎ = 𝑙 − 𝑙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1
𝑀. 𝐸 = 2 𝑚𝑣 2 + 𝑚𝑔(𝑙 − 𝑙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) (0.75 pt)
c. M.E of the system [(S), Earth] is conserved because friction is neglected
M.E=M.ED =0.45J
𝑀.𝐸
𝑃. 𝐸 = 𝐾. 𝐸 = 2 = 0.45 𝐽 𝑃. 𝐸𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔𝑙(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) = 0.45𝐽 ; 𝜃 = 60° (1 pt)
d. 𝑀. 𝐸 = 𝑀. 𝐸𝐹 = 0.45 𝐽 ; 𝑃. 𝐸𝑔 = 0
1
𝐾. 𝐸 = 2 𝑚𝑣02 = 0.45 ; 𝑣0 = 3𝑚/𝑠 (0.5 pt)
2. During collision, the linear momentum of the system ( 𝑃, 𝑃1 ) is conserved:
m𝑉 ⃗⃗0 = 𝑚𝑉 ⃗⃗ + 𝑚1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1
𝑚𝑉 −𝑚 𝑉
⃗⃗0 , 𝑉
𝑉 ⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 are collinear: 𝑚𝑉0 = 𝑚𝑉 + 𝑚1 𝑉1 ; 𝑉 = 0𝑚 1 1 = -1 m/s (1 pt)
1
1
𝐾. 𝐸𝑖 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝐾. 𝐸𝑖 = 2 𝑚𝑉02 = 0.45 𝐽
1 1
𝐾. 𝐸𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝐾. 𝐸𝑓 = 2 𝑚𝑉 2 + 2 𝑚1 𝑉12 = 0.45 𝐽
𝐾. 𝐸𝑖 = 𝐾. 𝐸𝑓 ; The collision is elastic (0.75 pt)
1
3. a. At A 𝑃. 𝐸𝑔𝐴 = 0 𝐽 ; 𝑀. 𝐸𝐴 = 𝐾. 𝐸𝐴 = 2 𝑚1 𝑉𝐴2 = 0.4 𝐽
M.E of the system [(S), Earth] is conserved because friction is neglected
𝑀. 𝐸𝐴 = 𝑀. 𝐸𝑀
At M, 𝐸𝑐𝑀 = 0𝐽 , 𝐸𝑚𝑀 = 𝐸𝑝𝑀 = 𝑚1 𝑔𝐴𝑀𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 0.4 ; 𝐴𝑀 = 0.4 𝑚 (1 pt )
b. At N, 𝐾. 𝐸𝑐 = 0𝐽 , 𝑀. 𝐸𝑁 = 𝑃. 𝐸𝑔𝑁 = 𝑚1 𝑔𝐴𝑁𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 0.2 𝐽
∆𝐸𝑚 = 𝐸𝑚𝑁 − 𝐸𝑚𝐴 = −0.2 𝐽

−∆𝐸 0.2
∆𝐸𝑚 = 𝑊𝑓⃗ = 𝑓⃗. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑁 = −𝑓 × 𝐴𝑁 ; 𝑓 = 𝐴𝑁𝑚 = 0.2 = 1 𝑁 (1.25 pt)
(2002 2nd session)
Collision and the laws of conservation
In order to study the collision between two bodies, we
use a horizontal air table that is equipped with a
launcher and two pucks (A)and (B) of respective
masses mA = 0.2 kg and mB = 0.3 kg.

(A), thrown with the velocity ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝐴 𝑖⃗, enters in a head-on collision with (B), initially at rest. (A)
rebounds with the velocity ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉 = 𝑉𝐴′ 𝑖⃗, and (B) is projected with the velocity 𝑉
′
𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗′ = 𝑉𝐵′ 𝑖⃗.
𝐵
The figure below shows, in real dimensions, a part of the dot-prints, that register the positions of the centers of
masses of (A) and (B), obtained when the time interval separating two successive dots isτ = 20 ms.
A. Law related to the linear momentum
I.
1) Show, using the above dot-prints, that the velocities VA, V'A and V'B are constant and calculate
𝑉𝐴 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
the algebraic values ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗′
𝑉𝐴′ and 𝑉 𝐵
2) Determine the linear momentum ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑃𝐴 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃′ of the puck (A) before and after collision respectively and that ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴 𝑃′ 𝐵
of the puck (B) after collision
3) Deduce the linear momentums, 𝑃⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃′ of the center of mass of the system [(A) and (B)]before and after
collision respectively
4) Compare 𝑃⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃′ then conclude.
II.
1) Name the forces acting on the system [(A), (B)].
2) What is the value of the resultant of these forces?
3) This result agrees with the conclusion of (I - 4). Why?

B. Law related to the kinetic energy

1) Calculate the kinetic energy of the system [(A), (B)] before and after collision.
2) Deduce the nature of this collision on.
Solution:
1. The distance covered by the puck before and after collision during
successive and equal intervals of time ῖ are equal.
Since ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉𝐴 ;𝑉 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗′ and 𝑉
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗′ are collinear or held by the same axis (o,𝑖⃗ ) then these
𝐴 𝐵
velocities are constants
𝐴1 𝐴6 5×10−2
𝑉𝐴 = = 5×20×10−3 = 0.5 𝑚/𝑠
5
𝐴′1 𝐴′6 −1×10−2
𝑉𝐴; = = 5×20×10−3 = −0.1 𝑚/𝑠
5
𝐵1′ 𝐵6′ 4×10−2
𝑉𝐵; = = 5×20×10−3 = 0.4 𝑚/𝑠
5
2. The linear momentums:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐴 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑉 ⃗⃗𝐴 = 0.2 × (0.5𝑖⃗) = 0.1𝑖⃗ (Kg.m/s)
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐴′ = 𝑚𝐴 𝑉 ⃗⃗𝐴′ = 0.2 × (−0.1𝑖⃗) = −0.02𝑖⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗′ = 𝑚𝐵 𝑉
𝑃 ⃗⃗𝐵′ = 0.3 × (0.4𝑖⃗) = 0.12𝑖⃗
𝐵
3. The linear momentum of the system 𝑃⃗⃗ before collision
𝑃⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐴 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐵 = 0.1𝑖⃗ + 𝑜⃗ = 0.1𝑖⃗
The linear momentum of the system 𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗′ before collision
𝑃′ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑃′ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴 𝑃′ = −0.2𝑖⃗ + 0.12𝑖⃗ = 0.1𝑖⃗
𝐵
4. Compare 𝑃⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑃′
𝑃⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃′ = 0.1𝑖⃗ ; 𝑃⃗⃗ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Conclusion linear momentum is conserved ⃗⃗
𝑁
1. Forces acting on the system
Weight 𝑊⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑊⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑁
𝐴 , 𝑊𝐵 ) and the normal reaction 𝑁(𝑁𝐴 , 𝑁𝐵 )
2. The resultant of the force:
B
∑ 𝐹⃗ = (𝑊
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
𝐴 + 𝑁𝐴 )+( 𝑊𝐵 + 𝑁𝐵 )= 0 + 0 = 0 A
3. In part (I.4) 𝑃⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑃′ ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∆𝑃= ⃗0⃗ or ∑ 𝐹⃗ = ⃗0⃗
∆𝑃 ⃗⃗
∑ 𝐹⃗ = = ⃗0⃗ which is Newtons second law ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑊
∆𝑡 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑊
1 1 1
B. 1. 𝐾. 𝐸𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 2 𝑚𝐴 𝑉𝐴2 + 2 𝑚𝐵 𝑉𝐵2 = 2 (0.2)(0.5)2 + 0 = 0.025 𝐽
1 1
𝐾. 𝐸𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 2 𝑚𝐴 𝑉𝐴2′ + 2 𝑚𝐵 𝑉𝐵2′
1 1
= 2 (0.2)(−0.1)2 + 2 (0.3)(0.4)2 = 0.025 𝐽
2. Nature of the collision:
K.E before collision = K.E after collision; the collision is elastic
 (2004 2nd session)
Determination of the speed of a bullet
A gun is used to shoot bullets, each of mass m = 20 g, with a horizontal velocity V0 of value V0.
In order to determine V0, we consider a setup formed of a wooden block of mass M = 1 kg, suspended
from theends of two inextensible sting of negligible mass and of the same length (figure 1).
This setup can be taken as a block of wood suspended from the free end a string of length ℓ = 1 m,
initially at restin the equilibrium position at G1.
A bullet having the velocity ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉0 hits the block and is embedded in at the level of the center of mass G of the
block.
Just after impact, the system (block, bullet) moves with a horizontal velocity𝑉 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 . The pendulum thus
attains a maximum angular deviation α = 37 . o

G1 and G2 are the respective positions of G in the equilibrium position and in the highest position.
Take the horizontal plane through G1 as a gravitational potential energy reference (figure 2)
Neglect friction with air and take g=10 m/s2.

G2

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟎
𝑽
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟎
𝑽 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟏
𝑽
P.Eg =0
G1
Figure 1
Figure 2

1. During a collision, which one of the two physical quantities, the linear momentum or the
kinetic energy ofthe system does not remain always conserved?
2. Determine the expression of the value of V1 of the velocity⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 in terms of M, m and V0.
3. a) Determine, just after impact, the mechanical energy of the system (pendulum, Earth) in
terms of V0, M,and m.
b) Determine, in terms of M, m, g, ℓ and α, the mechanical energy of the system
(pendulum, Earth) at point G2.
c) Deduce the value of V0.
4. Verify the answer of question 1
Solution:
1. The kinetic energy of the system (bullet, block) (1/4 pt)
2. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑏 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑎 (1/4 pt)

⃗⃗⃗⃗1 (1 𝑝𝑡) 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 ; 𝑉1 = 𝑚𝑉𝑜 (1 𝑝𝑡)

⃗⃗0 = (𝑀 + 𝑚)𝑉
𝑚𝑉 4 (𝑀+𝑚) 4

1
3. a. 𝑀. 𝐸 = 𝑃. 𝐸𝑔 + 𝐾. 𝐸 = 0 + 𝐾. 𝐸 = 2 (𝑀 + 𝑚)𝑉12 (1/2 pt)
1 𝑚𝑉 1 𝑚2 𝑉 2
𝑜
𝑀. 𝐸 = 2 (𝑀 + 𝑚)((𝑀+𝑚) ) 2=2 (𝑀+𝑚)
0
(1/4 pt)
1
b. 𝑀. 𝐸 = (𝑀 + 𝑚)𝑔ℎ (4 𝑝𝑡) ; ℎ = 𝑙 − 𝑙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 𝑙)1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼) (1/2 𝑝𝑡)
1
thus; 𝑀. 𝐸 = (𝑀 + 𝑚)𝑔𝑙(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼) (4 𝑝𝑡)

c. the friction is neglected and the M.E of (pendulum, Earth) is conserved. (1/2 pt)
1 𝑚2 𝑉02
= (𝑀 + 𝑚)𝑔𝑙(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼)
2 (𝑀+𝑚)
(𝑀+𝑚)
𝑉0 = √2𝑔𝑙(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼) = 101.3 m/s (1.5 pt)
𝑚
1
4. K.EBefore =2 𝑚𝑉02 =102.6 m/s (1/2 pt)
1 1 𝑚2 𝑉 2
K.Eafter =2 (𝑀 + 𝑚)𝑉12=2 (𝑀+𝑚)
0
=2J (1/2 pt)

K.EBefore is different from K.Eafter , kinetic energy is not conserved

 (2006 1st session)

Verification of Newton’s second law

A puck (S) of mass M = 100 g and of center of mass G, may slide along an inclined track thatmakes an
angle 𝛼 with the horizontal so that sin𝛼 = 0.40. Thus, G moves along an axis x'x parallel to the track as
shown in figure (1). Take g = 10 m/s2
X’
P.Eg = 0
G0
G1
(S)

G4
𝜶
x
Figure 1

We release (S) without initial velocity at the instant to= 0 and at the end of each interval
of time ῖ = 50 ms, some positions Go, G1, G2, …G5 of G are recorded at the instants to=
0, t1, t2, … t5 respectively.
The values of the abscissa x of G (𝑥 = ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐺0 𝐺 ) are given in the table below.
t 0 ῖ 2ῖ 3ῖ 4ῖ 5ῖ

x 0 GoG1= 0.50 GoG2= 2.00 GoG3 = 4.50 GoG4 = 8.00 GoG5 =12.50
(cm)

1. Verify that the speed of the puck at the instants t2 = 2 ῖ and t4= 4 ῖ are V2 = 0.40 m/s
and V4 = 0.80 m/s respectively.
2. a) Calculate the mechanical energy of the system (puck, Earth) at the instants t0, t2 and t4
knowing that the horizontal plane through G0 is taken as a gravitational potential energy
reference.
b) Why can we suppose that the puck moves without friction along the rail?

3. Determine the variation in the linear momentum ∆𝑃 ⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑃4 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃2 o f ( S ) d u r i n g ∆𝑡 = t 4 - t 2
4. a) Name the forces acting on (S) during its motion.
b) Show that the resultant ∑ 𝐹⃗ of these forces may be written as ∑ 𝐹⃗ = (𝑀𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼)𝑖⃗
⃗⃗
∆𝑃 ⃗⃗
𝑑𝑃
5. Assuming that ∆t is very small, may be considered equal to, Show that Newton’s second
∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡
law is verified between the instants t2 and t4.
Solution:
𝐺1 𝐺3 𝐺0 𝐺3 −𝐺0 𝐺1 (0.4−0.5)×10−2
1. 𝑉2 = = = = 0.4 𝑚/𝑠
2ῖ 2ῖ 0.1

𝐺3 𝐺5 𝐺0 𝐺5 −𝐺0 𝐺3 (12.5−4.5)×10−2
𝑉4 = = = = 0.8 𝑚/𝑠
2ῖ 2ῖ 0.1

2. a. 𝑀. 𝐸 = 𝐾. 𝐸 + 𝑃. 𝐸𝑔
𝑀. 𝐸0 = 𝐾. 𝐸0 + 𝑃. 𝐸𝑔0 = 0 + 0 = 0
1
𝑀. 𝐸2 = 𝐾. 𝐸2 + 𝑃. 𝐸𝑔2 = 2 𝑀𝑉22 − 𝑀𝑔ℎ2 ; ℎ2 = 𝐺0 𝐺2 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 2 × 0.4 = 0.8𝑐𝑚 = 0.008𝑚
𝑀. 𝐸2 = 0𝐽
1
𝑀. 𝐸4 = 𝐾. 𝐸4 + 𝑃. 𝐸𝑔4 = 2 𝑀𝑉42 − 𝑀𝑔ℎ4 ; ℎ4 = 𝐺0 𝐺4 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 8 × 0.4 = 3.2𝑐𝑚 = 0.032𝑚
𝑀. 𝐸4 = 0𝐽
b. 𝑀. 𝐸0 = 𝑀. 𝐸2 = 𝑀. 𝐸4 , the mechanical energy is conserved during motion No friction

3. ∆𝑃⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃4 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃2 = 𝑀(𝑉4 𝑖⃗ − 𝑉2 𝑖⃗) = 0.04𝑖⃗
4. a. the force acting on (S):
⃗⃗⃗⃗ of (S) and the normal reaction 𝑁
The weight 𝑊 ⃗⃗ of the path

b. ∑ 𝐹⃗ = 𝑊
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑁
⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑊1 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑊2 + 𝑁

where ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑊1 = 𝑀𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑖⃗ ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ = 𝑁𝑗⃗
𝑊2 = −𝑀𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑗⃗ , 𝑁
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑊2 + 𝑁 ⃗⃗ =0
⃗⃗ (no motion along y’oy) ∑ 𝐹⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑊1 = 𝑀𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑖⃗

𝑑𝑃⃗⃗ ∆𝑃⃗⃗
5. The second law is given by: ∑ 𝐹⃗ = =
𝑑𝑡 ∆𝑡

∆𝑃⃗⃗ 0.04𝑖⃗
We have ∑ 𝐹⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑊1 = 𝑀𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑖⃗ = 0.4𝑖⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = = 0.4𝑖⃗
∆𝑡 0.1

Newtons second law is verified

(2007 2nd session)
Mechanical interaction
The object of this exercise is to study some physical quantities of a system whose parts are in mechanical
interaction.
For that, we use two pucks (A) and (B), of respective masses mA=100g
and mB = 120g, that may move without friction on a horizontal table.
Each puck is surrounded by an elastic steel shock ring of negligible mass.
The two pucks are connected by a massless and inextensible taut thread
thus compressing the steel shock rings. The system (S) thus formed is at
rest. (Figure 1)
We burn the thread; the shock rings stretch and the pucks repel each
other. The system (S) thus formed of the two pucks and the shock rings is
said to “explode”. Fig. 1
The positions of the center of mass of each puck are registered at
successive instants separated by a constant time interval τ = 50 ms.
Figure (2) represents, on the axis x'x, the dot-prints of the positions of the centers of masses GA and GB of the
two pucks after the «explosion».
VA VB

Dot-prints of the Dot-prints of the

x' positions of GA positions of GB
𝑖⃗
x
24 cm 20 cm
Fig. 2

1) Using the document of figure (2), show that, after explosion:

a- The motion of each puck is uniform;
b- The speeds of (A) and (B) are VA = 1.2 m/s and VB = 1 m/s respectively.
2) Verify the conservation of the linear momentum of the system (S) during explosion.
𝑑𝑃⃗⃗
3) Applying Newtons second law = ∑ 𝐹 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑒𝑥𝑡 on each puck and assuming that the time interval of the
𝑑𝑡
∆𝑃⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑃⃗⃗
explosion ∆𝑡 = 0.05𝑠 is so small that has the same value as
∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡

a- Determine the forces F A→B and F B→A exerted respectively by (A) on (B) and by (B)
on (A).
b- Verify the principle of interaction.
4) The system (S) possesses a certain energy before the explosion.
a- Specify the part of (S) storing this energy.
b- In what form is this energy stored?
c- Determine the value of this energy.
Solution:
1.
a. The distances covered during equal time intervals are equal.
𝑑 𝑑 0.2 0.24
b. 𝑉𝐵 = = = 4×0.05 = 1𝑚/𝑠 ; 𝑉𝐴 = 4×0.05 = 1.2𝑚/𝑠 .
𝑡 4
2. 𝑃⃗⃗𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 = ⃗0⃗ ; 𝑃⃗⃗𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑉 ⃗⃗𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 𝑉⃗⃗𝐵 = 0.1(−1.2𝑖⃗) + 0.12𝑖⃗ = ⃗0⃗
𝑃⃗⃗𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 𝑃⃗⃗𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ⃗0⃗

The linear momentum is conserved for the system formed of the two pucks.
3. a. Newtons second law applied on A gives:
𝑑𝑃⃗⃗
= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑚𝐴 𝑔 + 𝑁 ⃗⃗𝐴 + 𝐹⃗𝐵/𝐴 = 𝐹⃗𝐵/𝐴 = 0.1(−1.2−0)𝑖⃗ = −2.4𝑖⃗
𝑑𝑡 0.05
𝑑𝑃⃗⃗ 0.12(1−0)𝑖⃗
= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑚𝐵 𝑔 + 𝑁 ⃗⃗𝐵 + 𝐹⃗𝐴/𝐵 = 𝐹⃗𝐴/𝐵 = = 2.4𝑖⃗
𝑑𝑡 0.05
b. 𝐹⃗𝐴/𝐵 = −𝐹⃗𝐵/𝐴
4. a. The deformed elastic shock ring
b. Elastic potential energy
c. The mechanical energy of the system is conserved because the system is isolated (the system does not
exchange energy with surrounding; elastic potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy
𝑀. 𝐸 = 𝐾. 𝐸 + 𝑃. 𝐸𝑒𝑙 = 𝑀. 𝐸𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 𝑀. 𝐸𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0 + 𝑃. 𝐸𝑒𝑙 = 𝐾. 𝐸 + 0
1 1
𝑃. 𝐸𝑒𝑙 = 2 𝑚𝐴 𝑉𝐴2 + 2 𝑚𝐵 𝑉𝐵2 = 0.132 𝐽
(2010 2nd Session)

Resistive force on a car

A car of mass M = 1500 kg moves on a straight horizontal road; its center of gravity G is moving on the
axis (O,𝑖⃗ )
The car is acted upon by the forces:
- its weight;
- the normal reaction of the road;
- a constant motive force 𝐹⃗𝑚 = 𝐹𝑚 𝑖⃗ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐹𝑚 = 3500 𝑁
- a resistive force 𝐹⃗𝑓 = −𝐹𝑓 𝑖⃗
In order to determine Ff, we measure the speed V of the car at different instants, separated by equal
timeintervals each being τ = 1 s.
A – Value of 𝑭⃗⃗𝒇 between the instants t0 = 0 and t5 = 5 s

The results of the obtained recordings are tabulated as follows:

Instant t0 = 0 t1 = τ t2 = 2 τ t3 = 3 τ t4 = 4 τ t5 = 5τ
Position O G1 G2 G3 G4 G5
V(m/s) 0 2 4 6 8 10

1) Using the scale below, draw the curve representing the variation of the speed V as a function
oftime.
• 1 cm on the axis of abscissas represents 1 s;
• 1 cm on the axis of ordinates represents 1 m/s.
2) Show that the relation between the velocity 𝑉 ⃗⃗ = 𝑉 𝑖⃗ at a time t has the form 𝑉
⃗⃗ = 𝑏𝑡 𝑖⃗ where b
isa constant.
3) a) the constant b is a characteristic physical quantity of motion. Give its name.
b) Calculate its value.
4) Applying Newton’s second law,
a. show that Ff is constant between t0 = 0 and t5 = 5 s;
b. calculate the value 𝐹𝑓 𝑜𝑓𝐹⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑓

B – Variation of Ff between the instants t5 = 5 s and t = 140 s

In reality, the measurement of the speed between
the instants t0 = 0 and t = 140 s allows us to plot V(m/s) N (107; 60)
the graph of the adjacent figure. 60
1. Show that the part of this graph betweenthe instants
t0 = 0 and t5 = 5 s is in agreement with the graph of part A. 50 P
2. We draw the tangent MN to the curve atthe point P at
the instant tP where VP = 45 m/s. 40
a. Determine the value of the accelerationat M (0;33)
the instant tP. 30
b. Deduce the value of Ff at the instant tP.
3. Starting from the instant 100s, V attains alimiting value
20
of Vℓ = 50 m/s. Calculate then the value of Ff.
4. Indicate the time interval during which Ff increases.
10

O 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Solution:

10 1.
8
6
V(m/s)

4
2
0
0 2 t(s) 4 6

2. The graph is a straight line passing through the origin, in agreement with
⃗⃗ = 𝑏𝑡𝑖⃗ where b is a constant
the function 𝑉
3.
a. b the acceleration of the motion
∆𝑉 10−0
b. 𝑏 = = = 2𝑚/𝑠
∆𝑡 5
4.
𝑑𝑃⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑃⃗⃗
a. ∑ 𝐹⃗𝑒𝑥𝑡 = ⃗⃗ + 𝐹⃗𝑚 + 𝐹⃗𝑓
= 𝑀𝑔⃗ + 𝑁
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Projecting along the horizontal:
𝑑𝑉
M 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹𝑚 − 𝐹𝑓 𝑀𝑏 = 𝐹𝑚 − 𝐹𝑓
𝐹𝑚 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
M=constant and b=constant 𝐹𝑓 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
b. 𝐹𝑓 = 𝐹𝑚 − 𝑚𝑏 𝐹𝑓 = 3500 − 1500 × 2 = 500𝑁
B. 1. For V < 10m/s the part of the curve is a straight line
𝑑𝑉
2. a. 𝑎 = is the slope of the tangent
𝑑𝑡
60−30
𝑎 = 107−0 = 0.25𝑚/𝑠 2
2.b. 𝐹𝑓 = 3500 − 1500 × 0.25 = 3125𝑁
3. a = 0; 𝐹𝑓 = 𝐹𝑚 = 3500𝑁
4. 5 s < t <100s
(2012 2nd session)
Study of the motion of a skier

A skier (S), of mass m = 80 kg, is pulled by a boat using a rope parallel to the surface of water. He starts
from point A at the instant t0 = 0 without initial velocity.
The skier passes point B at the instant t = 60 s with a speed VB = 6 m/s, then he releases the rope. He
continues his motion along a board BD inclined by an angle of 30o with respect to the horizontal surface
of water. Suppose that during the passage from AB to BD the speed at point B does not change.
The skier arrives point D, situated at an altitude h = 1.6 m from the water surface, with a velocity VD,
thenhe leaves the board at point D to hit the water surface at point E (see figure below).

⃗⃗𝐷
𝑉 𝑖⃗
D X
(S)
h
30°
A B E C

𝑗⃗

Y
Given:
❖ the skier is considered as a particle;
❖ on the path AB, the force of traction 𝐹⃗ exerted by the rope on the skier has a constant magnitude F and
the whole forces of friction are equivalent to a single force 𝑓⃗ opposite to the displacement, of
magnitude f = 100 N;
❖ friction is negligible along the path BDE;
❖ after leaving point D the motion of the skier takes place in the vertical plane Dxy containing 𝑉 ⃗⃗𝐷 ;
❖ the horizontal plane passing through AB is the reference level of the gravitational
potentialenergy;
❖ g = 10 m/s2.
A – Motion of the skier between A and B

1. What are the external forces acting on (S) along the path AB? Draw, not to scale, a diagram of
these forces.
𝑑𝑃⃗⃗
2. Applying Newtons second law = ∑ 𝐹⃗𝑒𝑥𝑡 on the skier between the point A and B express the
𝑑𝑡
acceleration a of the motion of the skier in terms of F, f and m
3. Determine the expression of the speed V of the skier in terms of F, f, m and the time t
4. Deduce F
B – Motion of the skier on the board BD
1. Why can we apply the principle of conservation of the mechanical of energy of system [(S),
Earth]on the path BD?
2. Deduce that VD = 2 m/s.
C – Motion of the skier between D and E
The skier leaves the board at point D, at an instant t0, taken as a new origin of time.
1. Apply Newton's second law on the skier to show that, at an instant t, the vertical component P y
ofthe linear momentum of the skier is of the form: Py = 800 t – 80 (In SI unit).
2. Deduce the parametric equation y(t) of the motion of the skier in the frame of reference Dxy.
3. Determine the duration taken by the skier to pass from D to E.
 ⃗⃗
𝑁
Solution: 𝑓⃗
1. The forces acting on (S) are: the weight m𝑔⃗ 𝐹⃗
the normal reaction of the surface of water 𝑁 ⃗⃗, 𝐹⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓⃗
m𝑔⃗
𝑑𝑃⃗⃗
2. ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗
= ∑ 𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝑁 + 𝐹 + 𝑓 + 𝑚𝑔⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ project along the direction of motion
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑃 𝐹−𝑓
= 𝐹 − 𝑓 ; 𝑚𝑎 = 𝐹 − 𝑓 ; 𝑎 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑚
𝐹−𝑓
3. V=primitive of 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑉0 (𝑉0 = 0) then 𝑉 = 𝑡
𝑚
𝐹−100
4. 𝑉 = 𝑉𝐵 = 6𝑚/𝑠 for t = 60s ; 6 = × 60 ;F = 108 N
80
B.1. since friction is negligible between B and D
1 1
2. 𝑀𝐸𝐵 = 𝑀𝐸𝐷 𝑚 𝑉𝐵2 + 0 = 𝑚 𝑉𝐷2 + 𝑚𝑔ℎ
2 2
1 1
(80)(36) = (80)𝑉𝐷2 + 80 × 10 × 1.6 ; 𝑉𝐷 = 2𝑚/𝑠
2 2
C.
𝑑𝑃⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑃𝑦
1. = ∑ 𝐹⃗𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝑚𝑔𝑗⃗ ; = 𝑚𝑔 ;𝑃𝑦 = 𝑚𝑔𝑡 + 𝑃0𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1
𝑃0𝑦 = 𝑚𝑉0𝑦 = 𝑚(−𝑉𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛30°) = −80 × 2 × = −80
2
𝑃𝑦 = 800𝑡 − 80
𝑃𝑦
2. 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑚𝑉𝑦 ; 𝑉𝑦 = =10𝑡 − 1 ; 𝑦 = 5𝑡 2 − 𝑡 + 𝑦0 = 5𝑡 2 − 𝑡
𝑚
2 2
3. 1.6 = 5𝑡 − 𝑡 5𝑡 − 𝑡 − 1.6 = 0 ; ∆= 1 + 32 = 33
1±√33 1+√33
𝑡= ;𝑡= = 0.67𝑠
10 10
(2015 1st session)
Collision and interaction
Solution:
(2016 2nd session)
Nature of collision
Solution:
(2021 2nd session)
Studying the motion of an object
Solution:
(2022 1st session)
Solution:
(2022 2nd session)
Solution:
Sample 2
Energies and collision
Solution:
linear momentum:
LS GS
2001 (2) 2001 (2)
2002 (1) 2002 (1)
2002 (2) 2002 (2)
2004 (2) 2004 (2)
2006 (1) 2010 (2)
2007 (2) 2013 (1)
2010 (2) 2016 (1)
2012 (2) 2021 (1)
2015 (1) 2021 (2)
2016 (2)
2021 (2)
2022 (1)
2022 (2)
Sample 2