Microbiology

Important DNA viruses

Virus Family Human Viruses

Adenoviridae Adenovirus
Papillomaviridae Papillomavirus
Herpesviridae Herpes simplex virus
Varicella-zoster virus
Cytomegalovirus
Epstein-Barr virus
Poxviridae Smallpox virus
Vaccinia virus
Molluscum contagiosum virus
Hepadnaviridae Hepatitis B Virus
 Only DNA based Hepatitis
 Babies get vaccine at 12 hours

Important RNA Viruses

Virus Family Human Virus

Paramyxoviridae Measles virus
Mumps virus
Respiratory syncytial virus
Orthomyxoviridae Influenzavirus A, B, C – flu virus
Coronaviridae Corona virus
 Best way to avoid spread = Hand Washing
Rhabdoviridae Rabies virus
Filoviridae Ebola virus
Marburg virus
Bunyaviridae Hantavirus
Reoviridae Reovirus
Rotavirus
Picornaviridae Rhinovirus
Poliovirus
ECHO virus
Coxsackie
Togaviridae Rubella virus
Western Equine Encephalitis
Eastern Equine Encephalitis
Flaviviridae Dengue virus
 Jaundice Yellow fever virus
occurs with St. Louis Encephalitis
these
Caliciviridae Norwalk virus
 Known as a Cruise ship virus – if the question doesn’t give a date,
this is the answer
 Immunology
Terms and Definitions

 Antitoxin
o Antibody against a toxin
o Purified antiserum from animals who have been given the toxoid
 Passive Artificial immunity
 Endotoxin
o Toxin from lipopolysaccharide layer of cell
o Heat stable
o Gram negative bacteria have these
 Enterotoxin
o Toxin that affects the intestines
 Exotoxin
o Toxin outside the cell from cell waste products
o Heat labile – changing/destroyed when subjected to heat
 Fomite
o Inanimate object is the vector (transferring of disease)
o MC fomite for Immunocompromised = stethoscope
 Hapten
o Partial antigen or half antigen
o Does NOT stimulate immune response
 When a Hapten binds to a protein it can stimulate an immune response
 Neurotoxin
o Toxin that affects the nervous system
o MC is Botulism or Tetanus
 Opsonin
o An antibody or other substance which binds to foreign microorganisms or cells to make
them more susceptible to phagocytosis
o Main purpose = Enhance phagocytosis
 Prion
o Acellular protein which denatures other proteins
o Cannot be autoclaved
 Autoclave is a machine that uses steam under pressure to kill harmful bacteria,
viruses, fungi, and spores on items that are placed inside a pressure vessel
o MC seen is Mad cow disease
 Toxoid
o Inactivated toxin
o Active Artificial Immunity
Antibodies

IgA Secretory antibody (mucosal antibody)

Mucous membrane (saliva, tears, breastmilk, gut/intestines, etc.)
IgE Parasitic infections
Allergic reactions
Increases in Hodgkin’s disease
- Will also see Reed-Sternberg cells
IgG First to increase with the SECOND exposure
Most numerous
Crosses placenta
Anamnestic response: “Without amnesia”
Gee, ma. Thanks
IgM First to increase with the FIRST exposure
Largest and heaviest To fight the disease it hasn’t identified yet
Active form = Pentamer shape (10 binding sites)
Example question: Which antibody do babies get from their mothers? – Best choice is IgG, after that IgA

Interleukins  chemicals produced by immune cells

Interleukin I = Made by macrophages

Lymphocyte For brain and nervous tissue
activating factor
Interleukin II = Made by CD4 cells
T-cell growth CD4 = T-helper cells = Directs the immune response = “Quarterback” of Immune
factor System
In HIV/AIDS there is a CD4 cell deficiency
Interleukin III Made by big bone marrow
Found in blood and lymphatic system

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

1. Act as a post on surface of cells to help the body identify what is self vs non-self to know what
to attack/leave alone
2. Involved with tissue graft rejection and organ rejection
3. T-Cells recognize MHC I
4. B-Cells recognize MHC I & II

Complement

1. Purpose is to enhance phagocytosis or cellular lysis

2. Pathways
a. The classical (Antigen-Antibody) and Alternate pathways meet at C3B
b. Membrane attack complex = C5b-C9
3. Complement starts at C3B and ends at C9
4. Complex starts at C5b and ends at C9
 Immunity: Active vs Passive: Natural vs Acquired – Expect 2-4 Questions on this

1. Active = The body must actively make antibodies (Ab)

a. Body makes antibodies
2. Passive = Given Antibodies (Ab)
a. Receives antibodies from external source

ACTIVE PASSIVE
Natural active Natural Passive
- Exposure to the disease  body reacts - Given Antibodies (Ab) in utero (cross placental)
- Ex. Measles or chicken pox triggers antibody or through breastfeeding
production - IgG = Cross placental
- IgA = Breastfeeding
Artificial Active (acquired) Artificial Passive (acquired)
- Injection of attenuated (reduced in force/effect) - Injection of pre-formed antibodies
organism - Ex. Tetanus Antitoxin = pre-made antibody
- Ex. Tetanus Toxoid  Injects inactivated portion attacks circulating toxins, not bound toxins 
that triggers the immune system to make given after possible exposure to tetanus
antibodies - Tetanus antitoxin cannot cross the blood brain
- DPT vaccine (Diphtheria/tetanus toxoid vaccine) barrier

Hypersensitivity Reactions

A Type I Anaphylactic Rapid Bronchial asthma (allergy) IgE – Charcot leyden crystals
(Immediate) 15-30 Bee sting, Hay fever, peanut allergy - IgE crystals found in lung
min w/ asthma
Mast cells
Basophils
C Type II Cytotoxic Minutes Good Pasteur’s (Lung + Kidney) - IgG involved
to hours autoimmune cond. that makes Ab that Targets cell for phagocytosis
attack the lungs and kidneys 2 things (Type II)
Erythroblastosis fetalis (Rh- father and Antigen + Antibody
baby, Rh+ mother) = Coombs anemia –
Ab act against the RBCs
Blood transfusions
Myasthenia gravis – destroys Ach
receptors at neuromuscular junction
Grave’s disease
I Type III Immune- 3-10 Glomerulonephritis, lupus, rheumatoid IgG and Complement
complex hours arthritis 3 things (Type III)
mediated Arthus reaction = local necrosis Antigen + Antibody +
Serum sickness = systemic Complement
D Type IV Delayed Hyper- 48 TB, contact dermatitis (poison ivy, Poison T-Cell
Sensitivity (aka hours oak, etc.) Lymphocytes
Cell-Mediated/ Transplant rejection via MHC Only non-antibody mediated
Cellular) (Major Histocompatibility Complex)
Curshmann’s spirals – Microscopic finding in the sputum of asthmatics
Vaccinations

1. Types
a. Inactivated
i. Salk (inactivated polio)
ii. Rabies
iii. Influenza
b. Toxoid
i. Tetanus
ii. Botulism
iii. Diphtheria – DPT vaccine – Tetanus + Diphtheria
c. Live attenuated
i. Measles
ii. Mumps
iii. Rubella
iv. Sabin (live polio)
v. Tuberculosis (called BCG)
2. Manufacturing of vaccines
a. Chick embryo
i. Measles
ii. Mumps
iii. Flu (seasonal influenza)
b. Human diploid cells
i. Rubella
ii. Rabies
iii. Hepatitis A
c. Monkey kidney cells
i. Polio
3. Sequelae – a condition which is the consequence of a previous disease or injury
a. Guillain-Barre aka “Post-infectious polyradiculopathy”
i. Ascending demyelination of PNS
ii. Can be acquired after vaccination (influenza) or infection look for question
that mentions flu vaccine or recent infection
4. Extra information/Questions
a. Who created the polio vaccine?
i. 1st Sabin
ii. 2nd Salk
b. Sv40 = Cancer
LAB tests

ASO Titer Tests Strep pyogenes Antibodies

(Antistreptolysin O Titer) Rheumatic fever

Catalase Staph (cat +) vs Strep (cat -)

Chick Embryo Aka Tissue culture

Virus culture

Chocolate Agar Used for Gonorrhea

Aka Thayer Martin Agar/Heated Blood Agar

Coagulase Pathogenic vs non-pathogenic

Staph aureus (coag +) vs other Staph (coag -)

Coliform Checks for E. Coli in water purification

Fecal contamination in water

Coombs Tests RBC antigens

Hemolytic anemia
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Rh factor

Dick Test Scarlet fever

Giemsa Stain Protozoa

HLA B27 Seronegative arthritides

PEAR = Psoriatic arthritis, Enteropathic arthritis, Ankylosing spondylitis,
Reiter’s syndrome (aka Reactive arthritis)

HLA DR5/CD4 AIDS

(ELISA test checks DNA, Western blot checks protein – Best test for AIDs)
If 2 ELISA tests are positive  Do Western blot. If Western Blot is positive =
AIDS and Lyme disease

Mannitol Salt For Staph

Paul Bunnel Mononucleosis

(now use Monospot)
Sabouraud Agar Test for fungi

Schick test Immunity to diphtheria

Schultz-Carlton reaction Antitoxin reaction to scarlet fever

 Weil Felix Serology test
Positive for all Rickettsia except Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)

Tzank test Looks for altered epithelioid cells

Herpes Zoster, Herpes Simplex & Varicella

Syphilis tests Kline

Treponema genus Wasserman
Spirochete VDRL – Venereal Disease Research Lab

Tuberculosis tests Mantoux test / Tine test = Skin prick test

PPD = purified protein derivative
Ziehl Nielson Staining: demonstrates Acid Fast organisms
Acid fast: All mycobacterium are acid fast (My Ass is Fast =
Mycobacterium Acid Fast)
X-ray = Gohn complex in lung – “I’ve Gohn Tubing”
BCG = Bacillus Calmette Guerin Vaccine

Mononucleosis Heterophile antibody – seen on microscopy

Heterophile agglutination – Paul Bunnel
Downey cell = Atypical  “Don’t let mono get you down”
Lymphocytes on blood smear
Monospot

Stains

Acid Fast Mycobacterium (TB / Leprosy) Acid fastness is a physical property

that gives a bacterium the ability to
resist decolorization by acids during
staining
Blood Agar Staph categorization Tests an organism’s ability to produce
Based on blood cell destruction hemolysins – enzymes that
damage/lyse RBCs
Chocolate Agar Neisseria Gonorrhea
H. influenzae

Giemsa Protozoan World’s standard diagnostic technique

for malaria’s plasmodium
Gram Stain Gram + = thick peptidoglycan wall
(purple)
Gram - = thin wall (pink)

Hektoen Shigella vs Salmonella Both conditions cause GI issues

MacConkey Agar Lactase +/-

For E. Coli
Mannitol Salt Staph Categorization
***Inclusion Bodies***

Aschoff bodies Rheumatic fever

Affinity for MacCallum Patch – left atrium / mitral valve – In heart tissue

Babes Ernst Granules Diphtheria – Grey Pseudomembrane in throat

Metachromatic granules

Councilman Cells Viral Hepatitis

- Eosinophilic globule of apoptotic hepatocyte cell fragments

Downey cells Mononucleosis – “Don’t let Mono get you Down”

- Reactive or atypical lymphocytes

Gohn Complex Tuberculosis (inactive phase)

Calcium “jail” around mycobacterium

Guarneri bodies Smallpox (Variola)

Gumma (-tous) Tertiary Syphilis – a mass of dead and swollen fiber-like tissue – Mcly seen
bodies in the liver
Koplik Spots Measles (Rubeola / Red Measles)

Lipofuscin Lipid buildup in the organs  “Brown’s Atrophy”

“Old age pigment”

Lewy bodies Parkinson’s aka Paralysis Agitans

- Abnormal deposits of an alpha-synuclein in the brain – cause
dementia

Mallory bodies Alcohol induced hepatitis

- Inclusions in hepatocytes
Negri bodies Rabies (hydrophobia)
- In neurons

Reed-Sternberg Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Russell bodies Multiple Myeloma

- Found in plasma cells
The color of Pus (Purulent)

Color MC Causes Images

Blue/Green Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Open burn infection, unsensitized hot
tub, contacts

Red Serratia Marcescens

90% of patients have a history of recent
surgery or instrumentation of the
urinary tract
White Chlamydia

Yellow/Golden Staph Aureus

Yellow/Green Gonorrhea

White discharge = Candida (yeast) infection, White PURULENT discharge = chlamydia

 Public Health
Population Terminology

1. Emerging
a. New disease or rapid increase of a disease in incidence or in geographic range
b. Ex. Aids, Ebola, MRSA, H1N1
2. Endemic
a. Small number of cases in specific location
b. Present all the time
c. Ex. Endemic fungus in the lungs
3. Epidemic
a. Rapidly affects many persons in a certain area within a few days or weeks
4. Etiology
a. Study of the cause of disease
5. Incidence
a. Number of NEW cases in a given time period
i. “How many new cases last year?”
6. Pandemic
a. More than expected number of cases of a disease worldwide
7. Prevalence
a. Total number of cases at a particular point in time
i. “Total cases right now”

Government Agencies

CDC Center for Disease Control Statistics, not research

Compiles morbidity and epidemiological statistics
Controlled by the NAVY in Atlanta

EPA Environmental Protection Agency Monitors Soil, Air, and Water quality

FDA Food & Drug Administration Regulates health products released to the public
- Food/drugs/makeup products/farmers
-
HHS Department of Health and Human Services
NIH National Institute of Health Research, not statistics

OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Makes rules concerning occupational toxicity levels of
Administration hazardous materials

USDA US Department of Agriculture Responsible for milk and milk products

Ways they can trick you: Cows = FDA, Dairy cows = USDA
Types of Studies

1. Case Studies/Controls
a. ID’s risk factors
2. Cohorts – MC what they ask about
a. Studies groups of people
3. Double Blind
a. Eliminates placebo
b. Gold standard
4. Retrospective
a. Looks back in time
5. Prospective
a. Makes predictions about the future

Drugs

1. Formaldehyde
a. To fix/preserve gross specimens
2. Iodine
a. Pre-op disinfectant
3. MRSA (Mur-suh)
a. Methicillin Resistant Staph Aureus  Gym locker room is the MC location of contraction
b. Hospitals use Vancomycin now
4. Silver nitrate
a. Prevents Ophthalmia Neonatorum (Eye infection that is Most commonly caused by
Gonorrhea)
b. We now use Erythromycin
5. Penicillin
a. Used for gram positive bacteria
b. Inhibits cell wall synthesis
6. Streptomycin
a. Used for gram negative bacteria
b. Inhibits protein synthesis
7. Sulfa
a. Used for gram negative bacteria
b. Competes with PABA
i. PABA = Para-aminobenzoic acid – a vitamin-like substance and growth factor
required by several types of microorganisms
8. Tetracycline
a. For gram negative and gram positive  Broad spectrum antibiotic
b. Inhibits protein synthesis
 ORGANISMS

Microbial Lifestyle

1. Naming based on what they consume

a. Autotroph
i. Eats inorganic material
b. Heterotroph
i. Eats organic material
c. Saprophyte
i. Eats dead / decaying material (organic material)
d. Parasite
i. Eats off living organisms
2. Naming based on conditions to grow
a. Facultative
i. Can grow in the presence OR absence of O2
ii. Facultative Aerobe  Prefers O2
iii. Facultative Anaerobe  Prefers NO O2
b. Obligate
i. Can only grow in one environment, not the other
ii. Obligate Aerobe  Needs O2 to survive
iii. Obligate Anaerobe  Cannot have O2 present to survive
c. Microaerophilic
i. Can only survive in reduced O2
1. High altitude plants
2. Candle Jar culture
3. Relationships between organisms
a. Symbiosis
i. 2 populations living together where one or both benefit
ii. Neither are harmed
b. Mutualism
i. 2 populations living together where both benefit
c. Synergism
i. 2 populations living together where they both benefit AND both accomplish
what neither can do alone
d. Commensalism - MC
i. 2 populations living together where one benefits and the other is unaffected
4. Zoonosis
a. Transfer of disease from animals to human
b. Ex. Anthrax “Wool sorter’s disease”
Flagella arrangement

1. Monotrichous
a. Single flagella on one pole
2. Lophotrichous
a. Multiple flagella on one pole (tuft at one end)
3. Peritrichous
a. Flagella are all around
4. Amphitrichous
a. Flagella on both poles

Gram (+) vs Gram (-) organisms

1. Only 6 Gram + bacteria – All the rest are Gram –

2. Pneumonic: BLCCSS
a. Bacillus
b. Listeria monocytogenes
c. Clostridium
d. Corynebacterium diphtheria
e. Staphylococcus
f. Streptococcus
5 diseases caused by Staph aureus

1. Produces alpha toxin aka alpha hemolysin

2. Pneumonic: STOIC
a. Scalded Skin Syndrome (exfoliative toxin)
b. Toxic Shock
i. MC in women with improperly changed tampon
c. Osteomyelitis
i. Can lead to Brodie’s abscess  chronic osteomyelitis
d. Impetigo (Staph aureus
i. Infection of child, around the mouth
ii. Honey crusted lesions around the mouth
e. Carbuncles
i. Many furuncles (infected hair follicles)

6 Diseases caused by Strep pyogenes

1. Group A Beta Hemolytic Strep – Rebecca Lancefield created the classification

2. Pneumonic: SERGIS
a. Strep Throat
b. Erysipelas
i. AKA “Saint Anthony’s fire”
ii. Superficial form of cellulitis
c. Rheumatic Fever  MC for questions – Carditis after strep throat
i. Jones major modified criteria for Rheumatic fever
1. Pneumonic
a. Can = Carditis – MacCallum Patch
b. Sammy = Sydenham’s chorea
c. Suck = Subcutaneous nodule
d. Ethyl’s = Erythema Marginatum
e. Polyps = Migratory Polyarthritis
d. Glomerulonephritis Nephrotic syndrome = HEP
i. Nephritic syndrome H = Hypertension
1. Lose red blood cells and SMALL amounts of E = Edema (generalized)
protein in the urine P = Proteinuria - MASSIVE
e. Impetigo (#2 cause)
f. Scarlet Fever
i. Strawberry tongue
 Helminths (Parasitic Worms)

Cestodes (aka: Tapeworms)

 Characteristics
o Flat, long, ribbon-like body with different segments
 Head = Scolex – attaches to the intestine  this is specific to tapeworms
 Body = Proglottids = egg generating segment

Type Organism Vector Signs/Symptoms/Notes

Dwarf Hymenolepis nana Mouth Diarrhea
Beef Taenia saginata Uncooked beef
Pork Taenia solium Uncooked pork Cysticercosis – parasitic tissue infection
“Pork has more sodium” caused by larval cyst of Taenia solium
Larvae containing cysts in liver, eye, and brain
Fish Diphyllobothrium latum Mouth May cause megaloblastic anemia
Contaminated sushi MC in Pacific NW salmon
(Yellow fin Tuna)
Dog Echinococcus granulosis Canine feces Hydatid cysts in liver and lung
(found in Dogs, Humans,
and Wolves
Trematodes (aka: Flukes)
 Characteristics
o Flat, ovoid bodies

Type Organism Vector Signs/Symptoms/Notes

Blood Schistosoma japonicum Infested waters Swimmer’s itch
Penetrates unbroken skin MC cause of death by a
Snail is host helminth worldwide
Inhabits the liver
Pulmonary Paragonimus Crayfish
(Lung) westermani Mouth

Roundworms

Type Organism Vector Signs/Symptoms/Notes

Ascariasis Ascaris lumbricoides Oral-fecal Colicky pain – Lives in small intestine
“My ASS is round” MC roundworm
MC Helminthic infection worldwide
Filariasis Wuchereria bancrofti Mosquitoes Lymphatic blockage  Elephantitis
“American women don’t wear shoes”
Hookworm Necator americanus Fecal Wear shoes to prevent
Aka Ancylostoma duodenale Contaminated MC hookworm in US
soil
Pinworm Enterobius vermicularis Anus-finger- Scotch tape or “Anal cellophane” test
(threadworm) mouth (Demonstrates eggs)
Nocturnal anal itching
MC helminth in the US
River Onchoccerca volvulus Flies In Africa
blindness
River eye Loa Loa Flies Aka “African eye worm”
worm
Trichinosis Trichinella spiralis Raw pork Lives in striated muscles, intercostals,
diaphragm
Diagnosed on X-ray – Gastrocnemius
Biopsy muscle to confirm
Whipworm Trichuris trichura Oral-fecal Weight loss
“Whip those T’s together”

Viruses

Definitions

 Capsomere
o A subunit of the protein coat (“capsid”) of a virus particle
o Viral envelope
 Trilaminar lipid membrane surrounding capsid
 Viroid
o Single stranded RNA (ssRNA)
o Infects plants
o Smaller than a virus
 Virus
o Classified by DNA or RNA
 Contains one or the other, NOT both

Transmission

 Viruses are most commonly transmitted or acquired via the respiratory system
 Exceptions include:
o Arboviruses/Arthropod borne viruses = Mosquitoes
 Equine encephalitis, yellow fever, dengue fever, etc.
o AIDS = Sexual transmission, IV drugs
o Polio = Oral/Fecal
o Rabies = bite from infected animal
o Warts = skin contact / casual contact
o Hepatitis = dependent upon the type – (SEE BELOW)
 Hepatitis

Transmission Carrier for life? Sequelae? RNA/DNA? Misc

Hep A Fecal/Oral NO None RNA “Get it and get over it”

Hep B Sexual Yes Liver Cancer DNA Most lethal in acute phase
IV drugs Endemic in Asia – especially Japan

Hep C Tattoos Yes Liver Cancer RNA AKA “non-A, non-B Hepatitis”
Blood transfusion Screen blood

Hep D Co-infection with Yes Liver cancer RNA Aka “Dane” particle
Hep B Only replicates in Presence of Hep B

Hep E Fecal/Oral No None RNA MC source is by contaminated

water

Viral diseases with SKIN reactions

1. Herpes Simplex virus

a. HSV Type 1
i. “above the belt”
ii. Fever blisters (cold sores)
iii. Can be fatal to babies
iv. Can be dormant in Trigeminal nerve aka “Gasserion” ganglion
b. HSV Type 2
i. “below the belt”
ii. Genital herpes
2. Herpes zoster
a. Shingles in adults
b. Does NOT cross midline
c. Hides in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG)  follows infected dermatome level
3. Molluscum contagiosum
a. Pink cauliflower lesion on female genitalia
4. Papovavirus (aka papillomavirus)
a. Warts – Persistent
b. Transmitted by casual contact (skin contact)
c. HPV
i. Spread through sexual contact
ii. Strains 16 & 18 correlate to Cervical cancer
iii. Strains 6 & 11 correlate to genital warts
 5. Rubella
a. German measles aka “3-day measles”
b. Congenital rubella syndrome  illness in infants that results from maternal infection
with rubella virus during pregnancy
i. Can cause limb malformation  most susceptible in 1st trimester
6. Rubeola
a. Red measles – “Ruby Red”
b. Koplik spots on buccal mucosa
c. 3 C’s
i. Cough
ii. Coryza (runny nose)
iii. Conjunctivitis (pink-eye)
7. Vaccinia
a. Cow pox
8. Varicella (chicken pox)
a. Maculopapular vesicular rash  red, elevated and fluid-filled skin lesion
9. Variola (smallpox)
a. Guarneri bodies
b. Lesions usually appear first on the oropharynx, followed by the face and extremities, and
then spread to the trunk, palms, and soles in a centrifugal pattern of distribution.
c. Lesions develop uniformly throughout the disease and progress from macules to papules
to vesicles over the course of 4 to 5 days

Viral diseases with ENTERIC reactions

1. Coxsackie
a. Childhood dysentery (Coxsackie virus B)
b. Hand, foot and mouth disease
c. Daycares are the MC source of spread of Coxsackie virus
2. Echovirus
a. Can cause skin rash and heart disease
3. Hantavirus
a. Spread by rodents (chipmunks and prairie dogs)
4. Polio
a. Spread by oral/fecal contamination
b. Affects the anterior horn of spinal cord (alpha motor neurons)
i. Bulbar type produces respiratory paralysis  major cause of death
1. Bulbar = brainstem
Viral diseases with RESPIRATORY reactions

1. Adeno virus
a. Causes conjunctivitis and pharyngitis
2. Influenza (Flu)
a. Has an antigenic shift/drift  mutations in the genes of the virus that make it able to
come back year after year
i. Antigenic shift = BIG mutation
ii. Antigenic drift = small mutation
3. Rhinovirus
a. Common cold
4. Mumps
a. Caused by Cytomegalic paramyxovirus
b. Pleomorphic (many shapes)
c. Causes Parotitis  leads to lower motor neuron disease of CN7 (Bell’s Palsy)
d. Complications: Sterility from oophoritis (inflammation of ovary) or orchitis
(Inflammation of testicle)
5. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
a. Croup  infection of the upper airway, becomes narrow making it harder to breathe
b. Bronchiolitis  common lung infection in young children and infants – inflammation
and congestion in the bronchioles of lungs

Arboviruses: “Arthropod Borne” viruses

1. Group A Arbovirus
a. Equine encephalitis diseases  Western, Eastern (aka West Nile Virus), and St. Louis
i. ALL are spread by mosquitoes
ii. West Nile Virus is the MC virus spread by mosquitos in the US
2. Group B Arbovirus
a. Yellow fever
i. Jaundice – why it’s called yellow fever
ii. Discovered by Walter Reed
iii. Viscerotropic virus  acute multiple organ system dysfunction that occurs
following vaccination
iv. Vector: Aedes agypti mosquito
b. Dengue fever
i. Vector: Mosquito
ii. First sign = arthralgia
iii. Develop break bone fever or bone crusher disease (severe myalgia’s and
arthralgia’s)
c. Zika
i. Mild form of Dengue Fever
ii. Vector: Aedes agypti mosquito
d. Chikungunya
i. Severe pain/stiffness
ii. Vector: Aedes agypti mosquito
Other Viral conditions

1. CMV (Cytomegalovirus)
a. Latent/persistent
b. Birth defects
c. Causes disseminated disease in AIDS patients  meaning scatter/large distribution of
the disease throughout the patient
2. Rabies
a. “Bullet” shaped organism
b. RNA, rhabdovirus
c. Negri bodies in the brain  hydrophobia
3. Reyes Syndrome
a. Negative reaction to aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid – ASA) taken for a viral infection (MCly
influenza)
i. Causes fatty liver and encephalopathy
ii. Can be fatal
4. AIDS
a. Caused by Retro virus (HIV)  has a reverse transcriptase that turns RNA  DNA
b. CD4 cells affected
i. The T-helper cells of the immune system
c. Complications from AIDS
i. Latent/persistent infection which allows for opportunistic infections
ii. Pneumocystis carinii = #1 cause of deaths in AIDS (from pneumonia)
iii. Toxoplasmosis = #1 parasitic/protozoal infection in AIDS
iv. Kaposi sarcoma = #1 death by cancer in AIDS (can also have Non-Hodgkin’s
Lymphoma)
v. Giardia lamblia = Causes Mucous diarrhea
5. Ebola
a. Flu like symptoms that lead to hemorrhagic fever
b. 5 types  only 4 cause diarrhea
 Bacterial Diseases
Bacterial Shapes
Name Shape Picture
Bacilli Bar / rod shaped

Cocci Round shaped

(Gonorrhea = Gr (-) diplococcus
that’s coffee bean shaped)

Pleomorphic Many shapes – changes shape

or size in response to
environmental conditions
Rabies Bullet shaped

Spirochete Spiral

Strep Linear

Staph Cluster “grape-like”

Vibrio Comma shaped

 Temperatures at which bacteria grow
1. Psychrophilic
a. 15 degrees Celsius or lower
2. Mesophilic
a. 24-40 degrees Celsius (Human temperature)
b. Killed by fevers
3. Thermophilic
a. 45 degrees Celsius or above

Arthropod Borne bacteria aka “Arbo-bacteria”

Name Bacteria Vector Misc.
Bubonic plague Yersinia pestis Rat flea = Bubo’s = neck and axillary lymph node
“Black death” Aka Pasteurella pestis Xenopsylla cheopis enlargement
Death by asphyxiation
Tularemia Francisella tularensis Rabbits, maybe Pneumonic = “The French rabbits smell
“Pseudo-plague” squirrels Tulips”
Hunters at risk

Food Borne Bacteria

Name Bacteria Vector Misc.
Botulism Clostridium Botulinum Meats and gravies 12-24 hours after ingestion
Home canning Toxin is heat labile
Prevents AcH release (Floppy baby syndrome)
Campylobacter C. jejunii Contaminated food 1-7 days after ingestion
MCC of gastritis
#1 cause of diarrhea
#1 cause of food poisoning
Abdominal pain
Blood and pus in stool
Fever
Listeria Listeria Deli meats and Can cause 1st trimester miscarriage
Monocytogenes cheeses
Salmonella Salmonella enteritidis Eggs and poultry 12-24 hours after ingestion
Fever
Heat labile toxin
Cook egg yolk until hard to prevent food
poisoning.
Coleslaw
Staphylococcus Staph aureus Creams and 2-4 hours after ingestion
Custards No fever
Heat stable toxin

Typhoid Salmonella Typhi Rose-colored spots on abdomen

Hides in gall bladder and Peyer’s patches in
ileum
Widal test
 Soil Borne Bacteria

Name Bacteria Vector Misc.

Anthrax Bacillus Anthracis Soil Wool sorter’s disease
(Gram (+) Rod) Animals Inhaled spores (from animal hides or wool)
Zoonotic disease
Different from cutaneous Anthrax from skin
contact
2001 Postal issue
Tetanus Clostridium Tetani Soil borne Lockjaw aka trismus
Inhibits GABA and Glycine (tetanus blocks the
inhibitory neurotransmitters)

Shigella Shigella Water and soil Bacillary/bacterial dysentery (blood in stool)

borne
Gas Gangrene Clostridium Perfringens Perfringens = spores that are inactive forms
Aka Clostridium welchii Soil borne of the bacterium that help it survive extreme
environmental conditions)

Water Borne bacteria

Name Bacteria Vector Misc.

Brucellosis Brucella Abortus Water Bang’s disease
Milk Undulant fever
Spontaneous abortions in cattle
Cholera Vibrio cholera Contaminated Comma shaped
water Rice water stools
Vomiting
No lymph enlargement/immune reaction
Shigella Shigella Water and soil Bacillary/bacterial dysentery (blood in stool)
borne
Traveler’s E. coli Contaminated Montezuma’s revenge
Diarrhea Enterotoxigenic form water Enterohemorrhagic form = E coli OH157 =
Hamburger’s disease (FATAL)
Pontiac Fever Legionella Water droplets Minor Legionnaires disease: Self-limiting
Longbeachae
Parrot Fever Chlamydia psittaci Water droplets From infected birds
Leads to lower respiratory infection
“The parrot sits low on the shoulder”
 Sexually Transmitted Bacteria

Name Bacteria Vector Misc.

Chlamydia Chlamydia trachomatis STD White pus
MC reported STD
#1 cause of Pelvic Inflammatory disease- PID
Gonorrhea Neisseria gonorrhoeae STD Yellow/Green pus
Gram (-) Diplococcus
Cultured on chocolate agar
#1 cause of Ophthalmia neonatorum
#2 cause of PID

Spirochetes

Name Bacteria Vector Misc.

Leptospirosis Letospira interrogans Contaminated Weil’s syndrome – Hemorrhagic Jaundice
Aka Leptospira water
Ictohemorrhagica
Lyme’s disease Borrelia burgdorferi Deer tick aka Erythema Chronicum Migrans aka Bull’s eye
Lxodes scapularis rash
Relapsing Fever Borrelia recurrentis Ticks, lice, rabbits Fever comes and goes (relapses)
Yaws Treponema pertenue Casual contact (skin Non-Venereal syphilis
contact) Tropical infection of the skin, bones and
joints
Syphilis Treponema Pallidum STD Venereal Syphilis
 Primary = Hard painless chancre
 Secondary = Condylomata lata (flat
warts on vulva, maculopapular rash)
 Latency = May or may not have
symptoms
 Tertiary = Neurosyphilis, gummas,
Argyll Robertson pupil, tabes dorsalis

Otitis, causes

Otitis media Otitis Externa

#1 = Haemophilus influenza #1 = E. coli
#2 = Strep pneumoniae #2 = Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Meningitis

Newborns Infants and older children Adults

1. E. Coli 1. Strep pneumonia 1. Strep pneumoniae
2. Listeria 2. Neisseria meningitides – Only
one with a rash
 Protozoal Infections (Giemsa Stain)
Disease Organism Vector Signs/Symptoms/Notes
Amebiasis Entamoeba histolytica Contaminated food and Causes amoebic dysentery
(trophozoite and cyst) water
Giardiasis Giardia lamblia Hikers drinking stream water Cyst is infective form
“Beaver fever” (trophozoite and cyst) Did not properly disinfect Causes flatulence, poor absorption,
(4 pairs of flagella) water (from stagnant water) Mucous diarrhea
Kala-Asar Leishmania donovani Sandflies Viscerotropic
(Leishmaniasis)
Malaria Plasmodium vivax Female Anopheles - Anemia and chronic splenomegaly
MC form of malaria Mosquito injects sporozoite - Sickle Cell allele protects against
into human blood malaria
Merozoites from infected - Infective stage is sporozoite
RBCs infect other RBCs - Merozoite stage is where it propagates
through body
- Malaria becomes pathogenic in
Merozoite stage
Black water Plasmodium Anopheles mosquito Most fatal form
fever Falciparum Black water fever – urinating oxidized
blood
Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma gondii Cat feces Miscarriages if 1st exposure is during the
Uncooked meat 1st trimester
Trypanosomiasis Trypanosoma cruzi Kissing “reduviid” bug Chaga’s disease
Trypanosoma Tsetse fly African sleeping sickness
Gambiense
Fungal Infections
Disease Organism Vector Signs/Symptoms/Notes
Aspergillosis Aspergillus fumigatus Nuts and grains Fungus ball in lungs
Aflatoxin
Causes primary liver cancer
Blastomycosis Endemic fungus Eastern seaboard Florida MC area
Coccidioidmycosis Endemic fungus Deserts of Southwest San Joaquin valley fever
Histoplasmosis Endemic fungus Mississippi/Ohio valleys Mississippi/Ohio valley fever
Calcific lesions in lung similar to TB
AIDS Pneumocystis carinii Pigeon droppings #1 fungal infection in AIDS
Pneumonia #1 cause of death in AIDS – from
pneumonia
Sporotrichosis Sporothrix schenckii Rosebush thorns Gardeners at risk
Flowers
Cutaneous Fungal infections (ringworms, dermatophytes, keratinophilic)
 Detection
o UV light = Woods lamp
o Skin scrapings
 o No blood test can detect
Cutaneous mycoses

Tinea barbae Ringworm of beard

Tinea Capitis Ringworm of scalp
Tinea Corporis Ringworm of body
Tinea Cruris Ringworm of groin “Jock Itch”
Tinea Pedis Ringworm of foot “Athletes foot”
Tinea Unguium Ringworm of nail

Rickettsia - diverse collection of obligatory intracellular Gram-negative bacteria found in ticks, lice, fleas,
mites, chiggers, and mammals

Vector
Rickettsia akari Rickettsial pox Mites

Rickettsia prowazekii Epidemic typhus aka “Brill- Louse

Zinsser’s disease”

Rickettsia Quintana Trench fever Louse

Rickettsia rickettsii Rocky mountain spotted fever Wood tick

“Dermacenter andersoni”
Rash on wrists and ankles

Rickettsia tsutsugamushi Scrub typhus Mites

Rickettsia typhi (Mooseri) Murine typhus Fleas
Endemic typhus
Coxiella burnetii Q-fever Milk
Aka Rickettsia burnetii Weil-Felix negative
All Rickettsia are Weil-Felix (+), except for Coxiella burnetii / Rickettsia burnetii

Prevention: Bug repellent