Introduction

 Laplace transform is the integral transform of the given derivative

function with real variable t to convert into a complex function
with variable s. For t ≥ 0, let f(t) be given and assume the function
satisfies certain conditions to be stated later on.
 The Laplace transform of f(t), that is denoted by L{f(t)} or F(s) is
defined by the Laplace transform formula:

where,
L{f(t) = Laplace Transform
F(s) = Laplace Transform
s = Complex Number
t = Real Number ≥ 0

Time Domain (t) S Domain (s)

Example:
L {1}
 ∞
F (s) = ∫e 0
−st
f ( t ) dt

Given:
f ( t )=1

Steps to solve:
∞
F (s) = ∫e 0
−st
∙ 1 dt
1. Substitute value of f ( t ) to the
equation.

∞
F (s) = ∫e 0
−st
dt 2. Simplify then evaluate the
equation.
To evaluate the given equation,
Let u = -st
du = -sdt
du 1
dt = or du
∞
−s −s
du
= ∫ e −s
u

0
3. Replace –st by u.

∞
1
= ∫ e u du
−s 0
4. Extract the constant then
integrate the remaining given.

1
= −s [ e ]0∞
u
5. Substitute value of u.

1
= −s [ e ]0∞
−st
6. Evaluate e−st from 0 to ∞.

1
= −s [ e ]
− s(∞) −s (0 )
−e 7. Simplify

0 1 *Remember
1. Any number raised to infinity is equal to 0.
2. Any number raised to zero is 1.
 1
= −s [ e −e−s (0 ) ]
− s(∞)

1
= −s [ 0−1 ]

1
= −s [ −1 ]

L {1} = 1
s or F (s) = 1
s

Linearity Property

L {af (t)} + b f (t)} = a L{ f (t)} + b L{f (t)}

1 2 1 2
Important Formulas
1 k
1. ℒ {1} = s 5. ℒ {sin(kt)}= 2 2
s +k
n! s
2. ℒ {t n} = s n+1 6. ℒ {cosh(k-1)} = 2 2
s −k
1 k
3. ℒ {e at } = s−a 7. ℒ {sinh(k-1)} = s −k 2
2

s
4. ℒ {cos(kt)}= s + k2
2

Example 1

Find ℒ {2 t + 3 sin (2t)}

2

Solution: Formula:
n!
= ℒ {2 t } + ℒ {3 sin (2t)}
2
ℒ {t } = s
n
n+1

= 2ℒ {t } + 3ℒ { sin (2t)} k
2
ℒ {sin(kt)}= s + k 2 2

2! 2
=2 s3
+3 2
s +4

=
2 3
4 6 4 s +16+ 6 s
= 3
+ 2
s s +4
3 2
s (s +4 )

=
2 3
4 s +16+ 6 s
3 2
s (s +4 )
Example 2

Find ℒ {t – cos5t}

Solution: Formula:
1
= ℒ {t} - ℒ {cos5t} ℒ {t } = 2
s
1 s s
= 2
− 2 2
s s +5 ℒ {cos(kt)}= s + k
2 2

1 s
= 2
− 2
s s +25
3 2

= −s +s +25
2 3
s + 25−s
= 2 2
s ( s +25)
2 2
s ( s +25)
 First Shifting Theorem

L {e−at f (t) } = F (s +a)

L {e f (t ) }
at
= F (s−a)
where,
a is a constant
f is a given function.
F ( s ) =L{f ( t ) }

Example:
L { e cos 3 t }
2t

given:
a = -2
f(t) = cos 3t

1. Solve for F(s).

L { cos 3 t }
s
Use L { cos ⁡(kt) } =
s + k2
2

given:
k=3

s 2. Substitute the value of k.

L { cos ⁡(3 t) } = s + 32
2
F (s +a) 3. Solve for F (s−a) using the given
s−2 s
F ( s−2 ) = ( s−2 )2 +9 F (s) = 2
s +9
a = -2

s−2
F ( s−2 )= 2
s −4 s +13

Second Shifting Theorem

L { f (t−a) } ∙ u ( t−a ) } =e
−as
F ( s)

where,
a is a constant

f is a given function

F ( s ) =L{f ( t ) }

u is a step function

in general, u ( t−a ) (for a ≥ 0 ¿ as

{
0 , for t<a ;
1
u ( t−a ) := , for t=a ;
2
1 , for t> a .
 Second Shifting Formula
L { f (t−a) } ∙ u ( t −a ) } = e−as F ( s)

Example:
L { cos 3(t−1)∙ u(t−1) }

given:
a=1
f(t-a) = cos 3(t-1)
f(t) = cos 3t

L { cos 3 t }
1. Solve for F(s).
s
Use L { cos ⁡(kt) } = 2 2
s +k
given:
k=3

s
L { cos ⁡(3 t) } = 2
s +3
2

s 2. Substitute value of a and F (s) .

e−as F ( s )=e−s 2 2
s +3 given:
a=1
s
F (s) = 2
s +9

−s
e s
L { cos 3(t−1)∙ u(t−1) }=¿ 2
s +9