CHAPTER 2

COMMUNICATION AND
GLOBALIZATION
GROUP 1
• REPORTERS:
Jenry Castro
Apple Joy Monge
Regine Dela Cruz
Jimboy Abarabar
Lorainne Fernandez
Hexter Jardinico
Kim Ignas
Krisha Mar Ulanday
INTRODUCTION
• Living in the IT era has provided us convenience and comfort.
Almost everything is one-tap away, and you can do a lot of
things—if a not all, with just your fingertips. Social Media as now
invaded the whole world, different platforms that offers various
types of services are rampantly used by everyone. Furthermore,
everyone is now interconnected, and miles distance is just
irrelevant because of the modern technology we have. We now
live in a world where geographical boarders are not hindrance but
a mere lines that separates countries.
A. GLOBALIZATION AND THE GLOBAL VILLAGE

• Globalization

• Is the process that describe the growing interdependency and interconnectivity between country's
economy, politics, cultures, and institutional integration. Cross- border boarder trades of service,
technologies, and fast flow of investments around the world aided by information technology

• – The process of bringing people together and making them interact and exchange ideas across
traditional borders. (Nowaczyk, 2017).
– “The world, driven largely by advances in technology, has become inextricably interconnected
across distance and other boundaries”. (Downing, 2017).

• – It is the “increasing economic, political and cultural integration and interdependence of

diverse cultures”. (Gamble and Gamble, 2013).
• Global Village
• It represents the whole world into one village (community) using electronic media.

• Defined as the idea that people are connected by easy travel, mass media and electronic
communications and have been a single community.

• Thomas Friedman

• – A New York Times foreign affairs columnist.

• – The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty – first Century.

• – Argues that in the process of globalization which he called “flattening” of the world, a
surprisingly, and lightning - quick convergence of technologies allows individuals to communicate
“from anywhere to anywhere”.
B. DEFINITION OF CULTURE
• B. Definition of Culture

Culture is a system of beliefs, assumptions, and values shared by group of people (Fielding,
1996).

• Culture is the systems of knowledge shared by a relatively large group of people.

• Culture is the sum of total of the learned behavior of a group of people that are generally
considered to be the tradition of that people and are transmitted from generation to
generation.
C. CHARACTERISTIC OF CULTURE
• 1. Cultures are learned, not innate

• We acquired complete knowledge and understanding of our Cultural norms from our parents, teachers,
relatives, and friends. Our cultural norms satisfy us, we Accept them as “true”, and we follow them.
2. Culture are shared

We act as members of our own cultural group, not as individuals, because Belonging to a culture
means following the norms of the group. Fitting into the group means Acceptance and fellowship, and
it provides us members with feelings of security and love. We Regard being alike with being right, and
being different with being wrong, and we separate the word’ Us” and “them”.
3. Culture are Multifaceted

We live in a world where basic things like language, religion, and basic Worldview, education,
technology, social structure, politics, and the law are all interconnected. Cultural refers to the practices
and items shared by social groupings of people. Despite being universals, how these actions are
carried out varies greatly among cultures.
• 4. Cultures are Dynamic

Cultures constantly change as cultural contact increases, new technologies Emerge, and economic
conditions vary. Globalization has greatly changed relationships of nations and governments. We
should be sensitive, observe changes, and deal with these changes Accordingly.

• 5. Cultural identities are overlapping

We belong to multiple, overlapping cultures as we interact with one another. Some of these cultures
work together while others clash. We all belong to national, regional, social class, ethnic, professional,
religious, age, and gender cultures.
D. ADAPTATION TO NEW CULTURE
• Culture and Adaptation

Biological adaptation in humans is important but humans have increasingly come to rely upon cultural
adaptation. However, not all adaptation is good, and not all cultural practices are adaptive. Some
features of a culture may be maladaptive, such as fast food, pollution, nuclear waste, and climate
change. However, because culture is adaptive and dynamic, once we recognize problems, culture can
adapt again, in a more positive way, to find solutions.
• Cultural adjustment

• Living in a culture that is different from your own can be both an exciting adventure and a challenging
process.

• In adaptation to new culture this is the Strategies to help you cope with the adjustment process
• 1. Culture is relative

• Culture is relative, which explains why individuals from different cultures may perceive American norms
differently.

2. Be open-minded and curious

• Adjusting to a new culture does not mean that you must change your own values, but it is important to
respect those of other people.

3. Use your observation skills

• Since you will encounter unfamiliar rules and norms, observing how others are acting in situations can
help you understand what behavior is expected of you. Pay attention to both the verbal and nonverbal
communication of others to get a more complete picture of what is going on.

4. Ask questions

• Ask for help when you need it. Asking for assistance or an explanation does not have to be considered
a sign of weakness. Understanding others and making yourself understood in a new language (or
context) requires lots of rephrasing, repeating and clarification.
• 5. It's ok to experience anxiety

• Learning to function in a new environment is not easy. It is natural to feel anxious or frustrated
sometimes. The key is to remind yourself that these feelings are normal and are likely to be situational
and temporary.

• 6. Give yourself (and others) permission to make mistakes

• You will inevitably make mistakes as you explore a new culture. If you can find the humor in these
situations and laugh at them, others will likely respond to you with friendliness and support.

7.Take care of your physical health

• Be mindful about keeping a healthy diet and getting enough exercise and rest. Try to find an activity
that you enjoy and make it part of your routine. Being physically active can help reduce your stress level.

• 8.Find a cultural ally

• An American friend (or another international student who has been in the U.S. for several years) can be
a great consultant on cultural expectations. When you have questions or need a second opinion on
something, this person can help clarify confusions and provide support as you adjust to your new
environment.
• 9.Seek out support from other international students

• Many international students find it helpful to discuss their concerns with others who are going through
similar transitions. Talking with others about their adjustment to the new culture can provide ideas and
insights about your own experience. *

• 10.Be patient - don't try to understand everything immediately

• The process of adjusting to a new culture requires time. It may also require a different amount of time
for different areas of adjustment. Try to encourage yourself to be patient with this experience and not
be overly critical of yourself.

• Adapting to a new culture is an ongoing process. It may be challenging at times, but most students
who experience culture shock agree that going through this transition helped them to learn more about
themselves and to develop greater confidence in their ability to navigate new situations. It can also
lead to a renewed appreciation of one's own culture. There are many people in the university
community who are available to provide you with support. Keep in mind that you do not have to
struggle alone. Here is a list of resources that you can utilize.
E. THE NATURE OF COMMON
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
• Cultural differences are apparent in four basic traits (Chase & Shamo,2013).

1. Leadership can be defined as the style of ability or power used influence others to follow, they can
be classified as the following

• Autocratic Leadership (Leaders that make all the decisions for their departments and tend to show
little concern for individuals. Staff members don’t have the opportunity to provide input),

• Bureaucratic Leadership (Bureaucratic leaders set up rules and want them followed precisely. They
tend not to nurture employees and accept mistakes. In these individualistic cultures, leaders prefer to
maintain professional relationships)

• Charismatic Leadership (Leaders who inspire their employees to establish a vision and communicate it
with passion and enthusiasm)

• Democratic Leadership (Democratic leaders involve their subordinates in decision-making processes

through encouraging collaboration, they typically increase an employee’s job satisfaction and
commitment to his job)
•

• 2. Work productivity - refers to performance of workers in accomplishing work task efficiently

depending on their collection of skills sets and talents. The factors that may affect work productivity of
individuals are Religion, Ethnicity, Sexual Orientation (Male/ Female), Education and Generation.

• 3. Group allegiance - defines the determination and devotion to a certain individual, group or purpose.
Collectivism vs. Individualism

• -Individualists prioritize the rights of everyone.

• -Collectivists stresses the importance of a group or community.

• 4. Task commitment - is defined as the motivational energy to do a certain task pushing their talents
in multitudes of performing area within a certain time frame. Commitment types in organization are
diversified as Affective Commitment (Affection for Your Job), Continuance (Commitment Fear of
Loss), Normative Commitment (Sense of Obligation to Stay).
F. COMMUNICATING WITHIN AND
ACROSS CULTURE
• Individuals find it challenging to communicate with one another because we rely on verbal
and nonverbal cues that differ based on cultural context. Our family cultures impart wisdom.
We learn how to communicate by direct experience, using the appropriate language cues,
how to use in what circumstances (that is, what are acceptable and what are unacceptable).
But we pick up new skills through imitation, not just of spoken language, but also of
nonverbal cues. Symbols representing our emotions include our facial expressions, gestures,
bod language, and tone of voice, and voice volume, intonation, and similar factors.

No one can fully comprehend every language and every culture in the world, as well as how
they contrast and contrast with one another. To build cross-cultural barriers in
communication, the necessity for open-mindedness (letting go of prejudice and bias), and
appreciating cultural differences, regardless of how bizarre or "primitive" they may appear
are or, to us, appear.
• However, some cultural variations may go against our moral standards (or sense of what is right and
wrong). Whether it is appropriate to use bribes and payoffs in government, gender equality, or exam
fraud doing business, showing preference to friends and family, or showing extreme contempt for the
environment. We can react in a variety of ways to situations like these (Alder, Elmhorst, & Lucas, 2013).
Language barriers can cause misinterpretation between individuals from various cultural backgrounds,
but proficiency in English does not ensure effective communication. Misunderstandings based on
personal or cultural factors frequently lead to miscommunication.
https://www.education.vic.gov.au/school/teachers/teachingresources/careers/resourcekit/Pages/co
mmunication.aspx
It is logical to assume that communicating between cultures is even harder if conversing with one
person may be so complicated. Every culture has established norms that its people abide by. Since
cultural imprinting starts at a very young age, few of us are conscious of our own cultural prejudices.
And while part of a culture's knowledge, laws, doctrines, ethics, phobias, and fears are passed down
orally, most of it is ingested unconsciously.
Multinational communication faces its greatest challenge yet. Because of expanding globalization and
the increasingly diversified, racial, and cultural makeup of their domestic workforces, international
corporate companies have come to realize the need of intercultural communication.
Since we are all unique individuals, no two members of the same culture can be expected to react the
same way. However, generalizations are accurate to the extent that they provide you hints about what
to expect when interacting with people from a given culture.
https://www.amanet.org/articles/communicating-across-cultures
• 1. AVOIDING. We refuse to comply or do business in cultures that operate
according to ethical principles that differ from ours.

2. ACCOMODATING. We can accept the different ethical system and

conform to practices different from ours.

3. FORCING. We can insist on doing business in a way we believe is ethically

proper.

4. EDUCATING PERSUADING. We can try to convince the people with whom

we want to do business why our ethical principle is more appropriate.

5. NEGOTIATING COMPROMISING. We and the other party can each give up

something to negotiate a settlement.

6. COLLABORATION PROBLEM SOLVING. We can work with the other party

to face the problem directly and reach a mutually satisfying solution
G. GUIDELINES ON DEVELOPING
INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE
• Bear in mind that "just about every person you meet belongs to a different culture in some way"
(Chase & Shamo, 2013, p.104), and whoever he may be, whatever his culture or subculture is, and
however different culture or subculture is from yours, he deserves to be treated with respect like the
way you would want to be treated as a decent human being.

Here are some suggestions on how you become an open minded —devoid of any prejudices and
biases against people from another culture. (Chase & Shamo, 2013; Singh and Rampersad, 2010)

1. Widen your field of experience by making new contacts

•
2. Learn about history and the experiences and aspirations of people from different cultures
• 3. Examine yourself for possible stereotypes

4. Look at the world at someone else's way of looking and thinking about something, not just yours

•
5. Work on becoming more self-confident

7. Acknowledge the essential quality and value of all cultures

•
8. Be sensitive and interpret cultural styles of communication
H. BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION
• 1. Ethnocentrism

• - refers to the belief that a person’s culture is much better than any other group’s culture and the
tendency is for the person to judge any “out-group” culture by using the norms of his “in-group” culture.

• -all of us are, to some extent, ethnocentric, whose ethnocentricity falls somewhere on a scale
between “low” and “high” (Neuliep, 2012)

• 2. Stereotypes and Prejudices

• - the negative characteristics attributed to one group can cause beliefs and feelings that lead to
biases and discriminations against that group.

• - the discriminated group often suffers from being rejected and avoided in cross-cultural
interaction.
• 3. Stereotypes

• - are often generalized negative traits assigned to a group of people (e.g. race, nationality,
religion, social class, sexual orientation, age, gender) even if these traits may only reflect a selected few
of the group.

• 4. Prejudice

• - an offshoot of stereotypes

• - is an unfair thought, belief, or feeling of dislike for a person or group of race, nationality, religion,
and so on.

• - it is a negative preconceived opinion held by one group toward members of another group that
biases perception and provides a reason for discrimination.
• 5. Assumed Similarities

• - an assumption of similarity is a baseless, unreasonable refusal to see cultural differences

where they exist.

• - this happens when members of one group assume that all groups behave the same way they
do, that what is true to their culture is also true to all other cultures.

• 6. Anxiety

• - is the fear or apprehension associated with either real or anticipated communication with
people from another cultural group. The fear is often caused by differences in language, ability, verbal
and nonverbal communication styles, and expression of emotions.
I. IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGIES IN
COMMUNICATION
• 1. Technology smoothens communication.

• 2. The impact technology has made on our ability to contact one another is obvious (mail,
telegrams, phone calls, emails, text, etc.); however, technology has also made it possible to
share content with similar ease.

• 3. Technologies make communication easier and let people communicate at long distances.

• 4. It helps us keep in touch with family and friends anywhere in the world.

• 5. It can make us create a second lives.

• 6. Technology makes everyday life better.