which sound corresponds to which word.

6. No textbook is required. The fact that no more than one

LEVEL ONE new word is introduced at a time enables you to use the CDs
effectively without referring to a textbook. The CDs are
LEARN designed . to b� �sed without a textbook so that you can use
the � while _ dnvmg a car or while doing other things which
IN YOUR CAR®CD require s1m1lar amounts of concentration.
7. Literal (word-for-word) translations are used as much as
SPANISH possible. This enables you to understand how a sentence or
phrase is constructed and what the individual words mean.
by Henry N. Raymond
HOW TO USE
"LEARN IN YOUR CAR - SPANISH"
T�e less<;>ns start �mmediately at the beginning of Disc One
Learn In Your Car - Spanish is the only language learning with no mtroduct10n so that you don't have to listen to the
system designed to teach a foreign language in your car as
you drive, without the aid of a textbook. However, for your same introduction over and over again.
Simply start the first disc and play through Lesson One. For
reference, this booklet contains the entire recorded text so that
each expression, you will hear the English version followed
you can see how the words are spelled. This booklet also con­
tains additional explanations which will be helpful to you if by a pause, t�en the Spanish translation followed by a pause,
you have trouble understanding some of the concepts. then the Sp�msh transl_ation a second time followed by a third
pause. At first, you will only be able to imitate the Spanish
ABOUT THIS COURSE words m the two pauses after the Spanish translations (the
second and third pauses). As you learn and progress, you will
Learn In Your Car - Spanish is designed and organized be able to recall and recite the Spanish version during the first
with the traveler in mind. The following guidelines are used: pause before you hear the first Spanish translation. Be sure to
1. T�e basic premise is that communicating in a language speak th_e Spani�h expressions out loud. The rate at which you
requires learning words, phrases, and sentences: but you can't learn will be s1gmf1cantly slower if you do not speak the
learn to communicate effectively in a language unless you Spanish expressions aloud.
know the individual meaning of each word. Play Lesson One several times until you learn most of it. Then
2. The emphasis is on communication. Words, phrases, or sen­ start playing Lesson One followed by Lesson Two until you
tences can be used to communicate. It is not always necessary learn most of Lesson Two. As you progress, keep adding
to use a complete sentence to convey a thought. lessons. Always go back to the beginning of Lesson One to
3. It teaches the way a child learns. Children start by learning reinforce the material you have already learned. (As you
one-word sentences, then two-word sentences, etc. progress through the material, you may want to restart at some
4. It teaches the most important things first. This course does P.lace other than the very beginning of the first disc. This is
not use your valuable memory to store useless words. The tme as_ long as you know all the material ahead of your start­
important words you need to survive and get around are mg pomt. Later lessons are designed with the assumption that
taught first. Grammar is introduced in the later lessons, but it you already know the material in earlier lessons.)
is taught with examples rather than rules.
5. No more than one new word is introduced at a time. This
means you won't hear a sentence or a phrase and wonder
 NOTES ABOUT THE TEXT TABLE Of CONilNTS

• Words which are underlined in phrases in the text have the Disc 1: Tracks 1-17
same meaning in both English and Spanish. When a new word 1: Lesson 1.. .Basics 10: Lesson 10...More Numbers
is introduced, it will usually be underlined. 2: Lesson 2 ... Basic Phrases 11: Lesson 11. .. Big Numbers
• Literal translations are in parentheses with an "L." such as: 3: Lesson 3...Transportation Nouns 12: Lesson 12...Very Big Numbers
"(L. This is a literal translation)" 4: Lesson 4...Transportation Phrases 13: Lesson 13 ... At the Restaurant
• Words in brackets [like this] are understood, but are not 5: Lesson 5... Money 14: Lesson 14 ... Shopping
heard on the tapes. 6: Lesson 6... Hotel 15: Lesson 15 ...Time, General
7: Lesson 7 .. .Important Words 16: Lesson 16...Time of Day
NOTES ABOUT THE CDs 8: Lesson 8 ...Directions 17: Lesson 17...Questions
9: Lesson 9 ...Numbers
• The CD format, with each lesson on a separate track, allows Disc 2: Tracks 1-13
you to instantly target the exact lesson you wish_ to r�view. 1: Lesson 18...Shops
The disc and track numbers for each lesson are listed m the 2: Lesson 19...Nouns
Table of Contents. 3: Lesson 20...Adjectives and Adverbs
• The Spanish and English translation� are on sel?arate _chan­ 4: Lesson 21... Verbs
nels. If you wish to hear only the Spamsh translations, simply 5: Lesson 22...Prepositions
adjust the balance control of your CD player so that you hear 6: Lesson 23 ... Prepositional Pronouns
only the Spanish version. 7: Lesson 24 ... Possessive Adjectives
8: Lesson 25 ...Conjunctions and Similar Words
9: Lesson 26...Sentences and Phrases, General
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 10: Lesson 27 ... Sentences and Phrases, Negative
11: Lesson 28... Fonning Questions
We would like to thank Gabriella Rapkin and Yvonne Anfossi 12: Lesson 29 ... Sentences and Phrases, General
who helped to make this audio production possible. 13: Lesson 30... Sentences and Phrases, Transportation
-Henry Raymond
Disc 3: Tracks 1-14
1: Lesson 31.. .Sentences and Phrases, Money
2: Lesson 32 ... Sentences and Phrases, Hotel
3: Lesson 33 ...Sentences and Phrases, Getting Around
4: Lesson 34...Sentences and Phrases, Directions
5: Lesson 35 ... Sentences and Phrases, Conversation
6: Lesson 36...The Verb "Ser"(to be), present tense
7: Lesson 37...The Verb "Estar"(to be), present tense
8: Lesson 38...The Verb 'Tener"(to have), present tense
Produced & distributed by Penton Overseas, Inc.

9: Lesson 39...Typical Regular Verb with "ar" ending, present tense

2470 Impala Drive, Carlsbad, CA 92008-7226 USA

10: Lesson 40 ... Typical Regular Verb with "ir" ending, present tense
760-431-0060 • 800-748-5804 • Fax: 760-431-8110
e-mail: [email protected] • Website: http://www.pentonoverseas.com
11: Lesson 41...Typical Regular Verb with "er" ending, present tense
12: Lesson 42... The Near Future Tense
13: Lesson 43 ... Speaking With The Infinitive of the Verb
14: Lesson 44 ... Speaking In The Past Tense With "ar" Verbs (Preterit)
Printed in Mexico
 LESSON 1
BASICS - LAS BASES
I ............................................................................................. yo
you (familiar) ········································································ tu
you (formal) .......................................................................... usted
he I it ..................................................................................... el
she I it .................................................................................... ella
this ........................................................................................ esto
we .......................................................................................... nosotros
you (plural as in "you guys") ................................................ ustedes
you (plural as used in Spain) ................................................ vosotros
they (masculine or mixed) .................................................... ellos
they (feminine) ..................................................................... ellas
good morning I good day ...................................................... buenos dfas
good afternoon / good evening ............................................. buenas tardes
good night ............................................................................. buenas noches
good-bye ............................................................................... adi6s
please .................................................................................... por favor
thank you .............................................................................. gracias
you·re welcome .................................................................... de nada
yes ......................................................................................... sf
no .......................................................................................... no
sir I Mr. ................................................................................. senor

2
madam I Mrs. ........................................................................ senora
miss ....................................................................................... senorita
"Tu" = Familiar "you" singular, used in casual conversation.
"Usted" = polite "you" used with strangers or to be polite.
"Ustedes" = plural "you" as used in Mexico, Central and South America (familiar and formal; in Spain, formal
only).
"V osotros" = plural "you" as used in Spain (familiar, plural).

LESSON2
BASIC PHRASES - FRASES BASICAS
I want ... ............................................................................... Yo quiero .. .
I don't want. .......................................................................... Yo no quiero.
Where? ·················································································· lD6nde?
W here IB? ··············································································lD6nde esta?
Where is the bathroom? ........................................................ l.D6nde esta el bano?
How much?···········································································lCuanto?
How much does it cost? (L. How much costs?) ···················lCuanto cuesta?
time (L. hour) ........................................................................ hora
What time? (L. What hour)·················································l� hora?
At what time? ........................................................................ Ul que hora?
You have ... ........................................................................... Usted tiene .. .
Do you have ... ? I Have you. . . ?···········································lTiene usted ... ?
I understand. ......................................................................... Yo comprendo.
I don't understand. ................................................................ Yo no comprendo.
You understand? ··································································· lComprende usted?
It� ... {[hat�... .................................................................... Eso Es . . .
b. it. .. ?/I� that. .. ?··································································lEs Eso ... ?
Subject p ronouns (yo, tu, usted, el, ella, nosotros, ustedes, vosotros, ellos, ellas) generally are not required to be
used in sentences. This is because the subject pronoun can be determined by simply observing which form
(conjugation) of the verb is used.

LESSON 3
TRANSPORTATION NOUNS - NOMBRES DE TRANSPORTE
train ....................................................................................... tren
l! train .................................................................................... un tren
the train ................................................................................ l<.l tren
the trains ............................................................................... los trenes
an automobile ...................................................................... un coche
the automobile ...................................................................... l<.l coche
a taxi .................................................................................... un taxi
the taxi .................................................................................. l<.l taxi
a boat .................................................................................... un barco
the boat ................................................................................. l<.l barco
an airplane ............................................................................. un avi6n
the airplane .......................................................................... l<.l avi6n
the bus .................................................................................. el autobus
the bus stop (L. the� of buses.) ....................................... la parada de autobuses
3

4
l! bus stop .............................................................................. una parada de autobuses
a ticket .................................................................................. un billete I un boleto
the ticket ............................................................................... l<.l billete
the ticket window I the ticket office .................................... la taquilla
an aii:port .............................................................................. un aeropuerto
the airport .............................................................................. tl_aeropuerto
the flight ............................................................................... el vuelo
a connection ......................................................................... una conexi6n
the connections ..................................................................... las conexiones
the g;ili'. ................................................................................. la puerta
the railway ............................................................................ el ferrocarril
the railway station ................................................................. la estaci6n de ferrocarril
the bus terminal ................................................................... la terminal de autobuses
the platform .......................................................................... el an den
Which platform? ................................................................... i,Cual anden?
Which track?········································································· lCual vfa?
Which t rain car?.................................................................... lCual vag6n?

In Spanish, all nouns have a gender. That is, they a re considered masculine or feminine. Words modifying nouns
must ag ree in gender with the nouns. Above you see the articles "cl" and "un" modifying masculine nouns and the
articles "la" and "una" modifying feminine nouns. The plural of "la" is "las". The plural of "el" is "los".
 LESSON 4
TRANSPORTATION PHRASES - FRASES DE TRANSPORTE
Where is the train station? ....................................................lD6nde esta la estaci6n de trenes?
lQ the railway station, please ................................................. !! la estaci6n de ferrocarril, por favor
to the airport, please .............................................................. i!l aeropuerto, por favor
I want a taxi. ......................................................................... Yo quiero un taxi.
I would like... ....................................................................... Yo quisiera.. .
I would like a ticket. ............................................................. Ouisiera un boleto.
A ticket to ... (L. A ticket for. . .) ........................................... Un boleto J2llli!.. .
the train _IQ_Madrid ................................................................ el tren J2llli! Madrid
the train from Madrid ........................................................... el tren de Madrid
the train from Madrid lQ Paris .............................................. el tren de Madrid J! Paris
first ........................................................................................ primera
first class ..............................................................................primera clase
second class .......................................................................... segunda clase
a one way ticket .................................................................... un boleto de ida
a round trip ticket .................................................................. un boleto de ida y vuelta
no smoking ........................................................................... no fumar
no smokers ............................................................................ no fumadores
At what time does the train leave? ........................................ /,A que hora sale el tren?
At what time does the train arrive? .......................................lA que hora llega el tren?
Where is the bus lQ Cancun? ................................................lD6nde esta el autobus J2llli! Cancun?
Which number? .....................................................................lCual numero?
Which seat? ........................................................................... /,Cua! asiento?
5

6
seat number five ................................................................... el asiento numero cinco
a timetable I a schedule ........................................................ un horario
the first train .......................................................................... el primer tren
the second train ..................................................................... el segundo tren
the next train ......................................................................... el pr6ximo tren
the last train .......................................................................... el ultimo tren
"Al"= "a"+ "el"
Adjectives must agree in gender with the words they modify. Notice in this lesson that one says "primera clase"
(feminine), but "primer tren" (masculine).
"Quisiera" in English means "I would like". The literal translation is "That I might want". "Quisiera" is much more
polite and should be used instead of "Quiero" whenever possible.

LESSON 5
MONEY - DINERO
the money ............................................................................ el dinero
Spanish money ...................................................................... dinero espafiol
Mexican money .................................................................... dinero mexicano
Spanish pesetas ..................................................................... pesetas espafiolas
Mexican pesos ...................................................................... pesos mexicanos
the bank ................................................................................ el banco
Where is the bank? ·······························································lD6nde esta el banco?
currency I coin I small change .............................................. la moneda
to change money ................................................................... cambiar moneda
I would like to change some money. .................................... Quisiera cambiar al gun dinero.
to buy .................................................................................... comprar
I would like to buy some Spanish pesetas . ........................... Quisiera comprar algunas pesetas espai\olas.
the exchange rate ................................................................. el cambio
What is the exchange rate?
(L. At how il; the exchange rate?) ····································· lA c6mo esta el cambio?
a banknote ............................................................................ un billete
a check ................................................................................. un cheque
to travel ................................................................................. viajar
a traveler's check (L. a check of travel) ............................... un, cheque de viajero
credit ..................................................................................... cred1to
a credit card ......................................................................... una tarjeta de credito

LESS0N6
HOTEL - HOTEL
a hotel .................................................................................. un hotel
a room .................................................................................. un cuarto
a better room ......................................................................... un cuarto mejor
I would like a better room ..................................................... Ouisiera un cuarto mejor.
a bathroom ........................................................................... un bano
with bathroom ....................................................................... con bai\o
without bathroom .................................................................. sin bai\o
a shower ............................................................................... una ducha I una regadera
a wash basin ......................................................................... un lavabo
7

8
I want a room with a bathroom. ............................................ Ouiero un cuarto con bano.
and a shower ......................................................................... :i,: una regadera
How much does it cost? ........................................................ lCuanto cuesta?
expensive .............................................................................. earn
very expensive ...................................................................... muy earn
too much ............................................................................... demasiado
too expensive ........................................................................ demasiado earn
It's too expensive. ................................................................. Es demasiado earn.
cheap ..................................................................................... barato
cheaper (L. more cheap) ....................................................... mas barato
Do you have a less expensive room?···································· lTiene un cuarto mas barato?
Do you have the key.? ··························································· lTiene la llave?
the week ............................................................................... la semana
P!e!: week ................................................................................ PQI semana
per night ............................................................................... por noche
air conditioning ..................................................................... el aire acondicionado
vacancy (L. vacancy/room unoccupied) ............................... vacante/cuarto desocupado
no vacancy ............................................................................ completo/cupo completo
It works. I It functions. .......................................................... Funciona.
It does not work. ................................................................... No funciona.
The shower does not work. ................................................... La ducha no funciona.
 LESSON7
IMPORTANT WORDS - PALABRAS IMPORTANTES
the water .............................................................................. el agua
drinking water ....................................................................... agua potable
the � ............................................................................ el equipaje
my luggage ........................................................................... mi equipaje
the suitcase ........................................................................... la maleta
the suitcases .......................................................................... las maletas
my suitcase ........................................................................... mi maleta
my suitcases .......................................................................... mis maletas
this suitcase ........................................................................... esta maleta
that suitcase ........................................................................... esa maleta
that one ................................................................................. ese (esa)
that one over there ................................................................ aquel (aquella)
this ticket ............................................................................... este boleto
a backpack ........................................................................... una mochila
the counter ............................................................................ el mostrador
the baggage check ................................................................ la consigna I el mostrador del equipaje
the key ................................................................................... la !lave
the locker ............................................................................. un caj6n con IIave I el casillero
the railroad ............................................................................ el ferrocarril
the town ............................................................................... cl pueblo
the £i.!y .................................................................................. la ciudad
a ITillD ..................................................................................... un mapa
9

10
a map Qf the city ................................................................... un mapa de la ciudad
open ...................................................................................... abierto
closed .................................................................................... cerrado
the passport .......................................................................... el pasaporte
a ticket book ......................................................................... una libreta de boletos
the police ............................................................................... la policfa
the police officer ................................................................... el policia
In this lesson, "esa" and "esta" are feminine pronouns, whereas "ese" and "este" are masculine.

LESSONS
DIRECTIONS - DIRECCIONES
to the right ............................................................................ a la derecha
to the left .............................................................................. a la izquierda
Turn to the right .................................................................... Doble a la derecha.
Turn 1Q the left ..................................................................... Doble i! la izquierda.
straight ahead ....................................................................... derecho I adelante
the corner ............................................................................. la esquina
around the corner .................................................................. a la vuelta de la esquina
the street ............................................................................... la calle
the side ................................................................................. el !ado
the other side ......................................................................... cl otro !ado
the other side Qf the street ..................................................... el otro !ado de la calle
the end of the street ............................................................... el final de la calle
to the end of the street ........................................................... i!l final de la calle
!Q the bank ............................................................................ ill banco
here ....................................................................................... aquf
there ...................................................................................... allf
over there ............................................................................. all a
near (L. near from) ................................................................ cerca de
near the comer ..................................................................... cerca de la esquina
far .......................................................................................... lejos
far from here ........................................................................ lejos de fill.!!!
this address .......................................................................... esta direcci6n
next to... I at the side of. .. .................................................... al !ado de .. .
as far as .. ./ until. .. ................................................................ hasta .. .
as far as the bank .................................................................. hasta el banco
as far as the corner ............................................................... hasta la esquina
Note the contraction "al" = "a"+ "el".

LESSON 9
NUMBERS - NUMEROS
0 ............................................................................................ cero
I ............................................................................................ uno
2 ............................................................................................ dos
3 ............................................................................................ tres
4 ............................................................................................ cuatro
5 ............................................................................................ cinco
6 ............................................................................................ seis
11

12
7 ............................................................................................ siete
8 ............................................................................................ ocho
9 ............................................................................................ nueve
10 .......................................................................................... diez

LESSON 10
MORE NUMBERS - MAS NUMEROS
11 .......................................................................................... once
12 .......................................................................................... doce
13 .......................................................................................... trece
14 .......................................................................................... catorce
15 .......................................................................................... quince
16 .......................................................................................... dieciseis
17 .......................................................................................... diccisictc
18 .......................................................................................... dieciocho
19 .......................................................................................... diecinueve
20 .......................................................................................... veinte

LESSON 1 1
BIG NUMBERS - NUMEROS GRANDES
20 .......................................................................................... veinte
21 .......................................................................................... veintiuno
22 .......................................................................................... veintid6s
� .......................................................................................... m�
31 .......................................................................................... treinta y uno
32 .......................................................................................... treinta y dos
33 .......................................................................................... treinta y trcs
40 .......................................................................................... cuarenta
41 .......................................................................................... cuarenta y uno
50 .......................................................................................... cincuenta
60 .......................................................................................... sesenta
70 .......................................................................................... setenta
80 .......................................................................................... ochenta
90 .......................................................................................... noventa
100 ........................................................................................ c�n

LESSON 12
VERY BIG NUMBERS - NUMEROS MUY GRANDES
1 00 ........................................................................................ cien
J O I ........................................................................................ ciento uno
I 02 ........................................................................................ ciento dos
115 ........................................................................................ ciento quince

��� : : :: :: :: :: :: :: :: ::: :: : :: :: : : :: : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : :: ::: :: :: :: : : : :: :: : ::: :: :: :: ::: :: :: :: : : : : : : �::�::�::: veinte

300 ........................................................................................ trescientos
400 ........................................................................................ cuatrocientos
500 ........................................................................................ quinientos
600 ........................................................................................ seiscientos
13

14
700 ........................................................................................ setecientos
800 ........................................................................................ ochocientos
900 ........................................................................................ novecientos
1000 ...................................................................................... mil
1100 ...................................................................................... mil cien
1200 ...................................................................................... mil doscientos
1500 ...................................................................................... mil quinientos
1700 ...................................................................................... mil setecientos
10,000 ................................................................................... diez mil
100,000 ................................................................................. cien mil
1,000,000 .............................................................................. un mill6n

LESSON 13
AT THE RESTAURANT - EN EL RESTAURANTE
a table ................................................................................... una mesa
For how many? ..................................................................... 6Para cuantos?
I would like a table for 2. ...................................................... Quisiera una mesa ill!@ dos.
I would like this one. ............................................................ Quisiera esta.
I would like that one over there. ........................................... Quisiera aquella.
another table ......................................................................... otra mesa
Do you have another table? .................................................. 6Tiene otra mesa?
the window .................... ...................................................... la ventana
near the window .................................................................... cerca de la ventana
The menu, please . ................................................................. La carta por favor.
The bill, please . ..................................................................... La cuenta por favor.
included ......................................... . . . . . .................................. incluido
Is the service included? ························································· lEsta incluido el servicio?
the soup ................................................................................ la sopa
the salad ............................................................................... la ensalada
an appetizer .......................................................................... una 1l!J2i! I una entrada
a dessert ............................................................................... un postre
a drink ............... . .................................................................. una bebida
waiter ................................ .................................... ................ camarero I mesero
waitress .............. ................................................................... camarera I mesera
to call a waiter .... . .................................................................. i Senor!
to pay .................................................................................... pagar
I want to pay . ........................................................................ Ouiero pagar.
Two coffees, please . ............................................. ................ Dos cafes, por favor.
You want a dessert'? (L. Want you a dessert?) ··· · · · ·· · · · ··· · ······ lQuiere usted un postre?

LESSON 14
SHOPPING - DE COMPRAS
H o w much is it? ······························· · · · · · · · ··············· · ·············· lCuanto ,;Ji?
this one ····················· ············· · · · ······ · · ·································· · este
that one ...................... ......................................................... ese
15

16
that one over there . ................................................. . ............. aquel
these ones .............................................................................. estos
those ones ............................................................................. esos
those ones over there ............................................................ aquellos
large ................................ ...................................................... grande
larger (L. more large) .......................................... .................. mas grande
the largest .................. ............................................ ................ el mas grande
small ..... ................................................................................. pequeii.o (pequeii.a)
smaller . .. ............................................................................... mas pequeii.o
the smallest ........................................................................... el mas pequeiio (la mas pequeiia)
like this ······ · ························· · ················ · · ······························ como este
like this but bigger ...... .................. .......................... . ............. coma este pero mas grande
better .................................................. ................... ................ mejor
more expensive ................................... .................................. mas caro
less expensive .......................................................... . .. .......... menos caro
too expensive ........................................................................ demasiado caro
cheap ..................................................................................... barato
something ..................... ................................. .. ..................... algo
I would like something like this . . .. .............................. ......... Quisiera algo coma estc.
I want something less expensive . ......................................... Quiero i!lgQ menos caro
I am looking for . . . ................................................................ Busco . . .
No, not like that. . . . . . . ............................................................. No, no coma ese.
Thank you, sir. ............................... ....................................... Gracias, senor.
In Spanish, adjectives must agree with the word they modify in both gender (masculine or feminine) and number
(singular or plural). For example, "pequeiio" would become "pequef\a" if it were modifying a feminine noun. It
would become "pequeiios" or "pequeiias" (depending on gender) if it were modifying a plural noun. Sometimes this
changes the sound and/or the spelling of the adjective significantly, sometimes it doesn't.
The demonstrative pronouns shown above (this, that, these, those) are sho wn in their masculine forms. When these
w ords are used to describe feminine or neuter objects, then the appropriate feminine or neuter pronoun must be
used:
MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER
this este csta esto
that ese I aquel esa I aquella eso I aquello
these estos estas estos
those esos I aquellos esas I aquellas esos I aquellos

LESSON 15
TIME, GENERAL - TIEMPO, EN GENERAL
a moment ............................................................................. un momento
a ill!)' ..................................................................................... un dfa
a week .................................................................................. una semana
� month ................................................................................ un mes
a Efil .................................................................................... un aiio
today ..................................................................................... hoy
tomorro w .............................................................................. maiiana
yesterday ............................................................................... ayer
no w ....................................................................................... ahora
17

not no w ................................................................................. ahora no 18

[��i;;
w0 ··
�� d ai:� ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::��c�
1ili�J!�;:� "
0 1
�:as
two times .............................................................................. dos veces
three times ............................................................................ tres veces
one more time I again .......................................................... otra vez
on time ................................................................................. a tiempo

LESSON 16
TIME OF DAY - HORA DEL DIA
time ....................................................................................... tiempo
Ho w long? (L. Ho w much time?) ......................................... /,Cuanto tiempo?
What time is it? (L. Which hour is [it?]) .............................. 6Que horn es?
the morning .......................................................................... la maiiana
noon ...................................................................................... mediodia
the afternoon I the evening .................................................. la tarde
the night ............................................................................... la noche
midnight ................................................................................ medianoche
a second ............................................................................... un segundo
a minute ............................................................................... un minuto
an hour ................................................................................. una hora
.8. o'clock .............................................................................. las ocho
It's one o'clock ..................................................................... Es la una
It's eight o'clock ................................................................... Son las ocho
a quarter past eight (L. 8 o'clock and a quarter) ................... las ocho y cuarto
8: 15 ....................................................................................... las ocho y quince
half past eight (L. 8 o'clock and a half) ................................ las ocho y media
a quarter lQ nine .................................................................... las nueve menus cuarto I un cuarto !2llli! las nucvc
8:50 ....................................................................................... las ocho cincuenta
ten minutes lQ nine ............................................................... las nueve menos diez I diez !2llli! las nueve
8 o 'clock in the morning ....................................................... las ocho de la mafiana
4 o 'clock in the afternoon ..................................................... las cuatro de la tarde
8 o'clock at night .................................................................. las ocho de la noche

LESSON 17
QUESTIONS - PREGUNTAS
Who? I Whom? ..................................................................... lQuien?
Who is it? .............................................................................. lQuien �?
What? .................................................................................... lQue?
What il;, that? ......................................................................... i,Que � eso?
What is this? ......................................................................... lQue es esto?
What is that over there? ........................................................ i,Que es aquello?
What did you say? ................................................................ i,C6mo? I i,C6mo dijo?
When? ................................................................................... lCuando?
When does the train leave'' ................................................... lCuando sale el tren?
Where? .................................................................................. i,D6nde?
19

20
Where is the subway? ........................................................... lD6nde csta el metro?
Which? .................................................................................. lCual?
Which bus for Guadalajara') ................................................. lCual autobus llilli! Guadalajara?
Why? ..................................................................................... i,Por que?
Why not? ............................................................................... lPor que no?
How? ..................................................................................... lC6mo?
How are you? (L. How is [it]?) ............................................. i,C6mo esta?
How much? ........................................................................... lCuanto?
How many? ........................................................................... lCuantos? I i,Cuantas'J
How many kilometers? ......................................................... lCuantos kil6metros?
How far? (L. How much far?) .............................................. lQue tan lejos?
Do you want ... ? .................................................................... lQuiere ... ?
Do you want. .. ? (familiar form) ........................................... lQuieres ... ?

LESSON 18
SHOPS - TIENDAS
the store I the shop ................................................................ la tienda
a bakery ................................................................................ una panadcria
the butcher shop ................................................................... la carniceria
a pharmacy ........................................................................... una farmacia
the supermarket .................................................................... el supermercado
the pastry shop ..................................................................... la pastelerfa
the office ............................................................................... la oficina
a post office ......................................................................... una oficina de correos
t he cu s tom s ho us e ................................................................ la aduana
a laundry .............................................................................. una lavan derfa
t he barber ..................... ........................................................ la b arberfa
th e hairdresser ....................................................................... la peluquerfa
a beauty s al on ................. ............................ .......................... un salon de b elleza
a books hop ...................................... ..................................... una li breria
t he department st ore ..... ................. ................... ..................... el almacen
a market ................................... ............................................ un mercado
t he p o lice stati on ................................................................... la e s taci6n de p o licia
a restaurant ........................................................................... un restaurante
t he cafe I t h e coffeeho u s e ................ . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. ................... el cafe
an agency ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .............................................. una agencia
a travel agency ........... ........................................................... una agencia de viajes
t he delicates s en .................................................................... la s alc hich onerfa

LESSON 19
NOVNS - NOMBRES
the to wn ................................................................................ el pueb lo
t he 91)' . . . . .............................. . .............................................. la ciu dad
a country ........................................................ . .. ................... un �
th e name ........................ ............................... . .. ..................... el n om bre
t he food ................................................................................ la comida
a state ....................................................... ............................ un estado
th e Unite d State s ................................................................... l os E stados Unid os
21

a gill . . . ................... . . . . . . . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . un regal o 22

a male friend ........................................................................ un amigo
a female frien d ..................................................................... una amiga
th e p o stage stamp ............................................................... . . el sello I la e stampilla
an entrance ..................... .... .................................................. una entrada
the exit ................................................................................. la s ali da
t he cloth e s ............................. ............................................... la ropa
t he d irty laun dry ................. ................................................... la ropa s ucia
a th ing ................. ......... ................................ ........................ una cosa
s ome ................................... ................................................... alga
somet h ing .............................................................................. alguna co sa I alg o
sometime s ..................................................................... . . . . . . . . alguna s veces
t he other I the other one ............ ........................ .. .................. el otro
n othing . ............................... . . . . . . . . . . ........................................ nada
a man . .. ................................................................................. un hom bre
a w oman . . . . . ........................................................................... una mujer
a wife ...... ............................................................................. una e spos a
h sb
�;! e s
� �h�l� .���.. :: :: :: : :: :: :: :: ::: : :: :: :: : : :: : : :: :: ::: :: :: :: :: : : : : : :: :: : : :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: : �� :rn� �
t he weather . .. ........................................................................ el tiempo
���
do

a word ...... ............................................................................ una palabra

the co nsulate .. . . .. .. ................................................................ el co nsulado
the beac h .............................................................................. la Pill)'!!
the prob lem . . . . . .. . .. .. .......................................... .................... el prob lema
a piece . ... . .......................... . . . . . . . .. .......................................... un pedazo
the cashier's desk ................................................................. la 9lll!
a delay ................................................................................... una demora
the opposite ........................................................................... 10 contrario
a house .................................................................................. una casa

LESSON 20
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS - ADJETIVOS Y ADVERBIOS
big ......................................................................................... grande
small ...................................................................................... pequefio (pequefia)
good ...................................................................................... bueno (buena)
well ....................................................................................... bien
not well ................................................................................. no bicn I no csta bicn
bad ........................................................................................ malo (mala)
badly ..................................................................................... mal
much I a lot of ....................................................................... mucho (mucha)
very ....................................................................................... muy
enough .................................................................................. bastante I suficiente
hot ......................................................................................... caliente
warm ..................................................................................... tibio (tibia)
cold ....................................................................................... frfo (frfa)
ahead of schedule I early ...................................................... temprano
behind schedule I delayed I late ............................................ tarde I retrasado
easy ....................................................................................... facil
difficult ................................................................................. diffcil
beautiful ................................................................................ hermoso (hermosa)
23

24
few ........................................................................................ poco (poca)
a few ..................................................................................... unos pocos
many ..................................................................................... muchos (muchas)
more ...................................................................................... mas
less ........................................................................................ menos
about I almost ........................................................................ casi
important ...............................................................................importante
same ...................................................................................... mismo (misma)
similar ................................................................................... similar
opposite ................................................................................. opuesto (opuesta)
different ................................................................................ diferente
up I upstairs ........................................................................... arriba
down I downstairs ................................................................. abajo
fast ························································································ rapido (rapida)
slow ....................................................................................... lento (lenta)
slower .................................................................................... mas lento I mas despacio
slowest .................................................................................. el mas lento
slowly .................................................................................... lentamente I despacio
near ....................................................................................... cercano ( cercana) I cerca
nearer .................................................................................... mas cerca
nearest ................................................................................... el mas cercano
only ....................................................................................... solamente
alone ...................................................................................... solo
already I now ........................................................................ ya
ready ..................................................................................... listo (lista)
Spanish .................................................................................. espafiol (espafiola)
English .................................................................................. ingles (inglesa)
American .............................................................................. americano (americana)
British ................................................................................... britanico (britanica)
Mexican ................................................................................ mexicano (mexicana)
tall I nigh ............................................................................... alto (alta)
short I low ............................................................................. bajo (baja)
Remember, adjectives must agree in number (singular or plural) and gender (masculine) or feminine) with the
words they modify. The feminine forms of the adjectives are shown in parentheses. Adjectives can usually be made
into a plural form by adding an "s" (or an "es" if the singular form ends in a consonant).

LESSON21
VERBS - VERBOS
to be something (for a characteristic, origin or time) ........... ser
to be somewhere (for a location or condition) ...................... estar
to have ................................................................................... tener
to want .................................................................................. querer
to g o . . . . . ............. .................... ......... . . . . . . . . . . ............................. ir
to do I to make ...................................................................... hacer
to eat ............. ........................................................................ comer
to drink .................................................................................. beber
to buy .................................................................................... comprar
to sell ..................................................................................... vender
to rent .................................................................................... alquilar I rentar
to pay I to pay for .................................................................. pagar
25

26
to see ..................................................................................... ver
to look at ............................................................................... mirar
to look for ............................................................................. buscar
to know ................................................................................. saber
to understand ......................................................................... comprender I entender
to come ................................................................................. venir
to write .................................................................................. escribir
to close .................................................................................. cerrar
to open .................................................................................. abrir
to learn .................................................................................. aprender
to arrive ................................................................................. llegar I arrivar
to leave I to g o out ................................................................ salir
to say ..................................................................................... decir
to speak ................................................................................. hablar
to lose .................................................................................... perder
to steal ................................................................................... robar
to study ................................................................................. estudiar
to stop ................................................................................... parar
to like .................................................................................... gustar
to love ................................................................................... amar
to live .................................................................................... vivir
to cost .................................................................................... costar
to sleep .................................................................................. dormir
to cut ..................................................................................... cortar
to take ................................................................................... to mar
to finish I to end .................................................................... acabar
to travel ................................................................................. viajar
to be able to (as in "can" or "may") ...................................... poder
to have to (as in "should") .................................................... deber
to have to (as in "must") ....................................................... tener que
to need................................................................................... necesitar
to mean (L. to want to say) ................................................... querer decir
to repeat ................................................................................ repetir
These are the infinitive forms of these verbs (i.e. to be, to go, to see, etc.). To speak correctly you need to use the
correct form (conjugation) of the verb. If you don't know the correct conjugation, use the infinitive. You will most
likely be understood.
In most smaller dictionaries, only the infinitive form of a verb is listed. (In English, the infinitive form is listed
without the "to".) For example, in a small English dictionary, you would find "eat", but most likely wouldn't find
"ate", "eaten", "eats", etc.
"Ser" is used to describe a permanent situation, a characteristic, origin, or to tell time.
"Estar" is used to describe a temporary condition or location.

LESSON 22
PREPOSITIONS - PREPOSICIONES
to I at ..................................................................................... a
from I of ................................................................................ de
with ....................................................................................... con
without .................................................................................. sin
27

28
for I intended for I by ............................................................ para
� / pcr / � .......................................................................... pm
on I over ................................................................................ sobre
on top of ................................................................................ encima de
under I below ........................................................................ debajo de
in I on I at .............................................................................. en
into I inside ........................................................................... dentro de
outside ................................................................................... fuera de
in front of I ahead of ............................................................. delante de
in back of I behind ................................................................ detras de
before [time] ......................................................................... antes de
after [time] ............................................................................ despues de
near ....................................................................................... cerca de
fu ................... ...................................................... ................. � �
next to ............................................................ ...................... al lado de
beside .................................................................................... junto a
around ................................................................................... alrededor de
against ................................................................................... contra
between ................................................................................. entre
during .................................................................................... durante
since ...................................................................................... desde
in the middle of ..................................................................... en medio de
through I across ..................................................................... a traves de
across from (L. at the other side of) ...................................... al otro lado de
 LESSON 23
PREPOSITIONAL PRONOUNS - PRONOMBRES DE PREPOSICION
�= ········ · · · ···· · ··· · ······· · ········ ·············································· ��
for )cQ!! (familiar) .................................................................. para ti
for )cQ!! (polite) .......................... ............................................ para usted
for him I for i1 .................................................... ................... para �
for her I for i1 ....................................................................... para ella
for i1 (neuter) ......................................................................... para ello
for llli .................................................................................... para nosotros I para nosotras
for )cQ!! (plural) .... .. .................. .............................................. para ustedes I para vosotros I para vosotras
for them (all males or mixed) ............................................... para ellos
for them (all females) ........................................................... para ellas
to him ................................................................................... a �
with her ............................................................. ..... ............ .. con ell a
from you .............................................................................. de usted
without me ........................................................................... sin mi
with them ............................................................................. con ellos
before us .............................................................................. antes de nosotros
after you ............................................................................... despues de usted
in front of them (females) . .................................................... delante de ellas
near you (plural) ............................................ .. ..................... cerca de ustedes
behind you ............................................................................ detras de ti
through it.. ............................................................................. a traves de ello
29

30
LESSON24
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES - ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS
!!!)' suitcase ........................................................................... mi maleta
!!!)' suitcases .......................................................................... mis maletas
your suitcase (familiar) ......................................................... ll! maleta
your suitcases (familiar) ....................... ................................ tus maletas
his suitcase I her suitcase I your suitcase .............................. fill maleta
his suitcases I your suitcases I their suitcases ....................... sus maletas
our suitcase ........................................................................... nuestra maleta
our suitcases . . ........................................................................ nuestras maletas
your suitcase (plural) I their suitcase .................................... su maleta
!!!)' gift . . . . . . ......................... . ................................................... mi regalo
your gift (familiar) ................................................................ ll! regalo
his gift I her gift I your gift ................................................... fill regalo
our gift .................................................................................. nuestro regalo
our gifts .......................................................................... ....... nuestros regalos
your gift (plural) I their gift . .. ............................................... fill regalo
their gifts ............................................................................... sus regalos
your name (plural or polite) ........... ................... .. .................. fill nombre
!!!)' male friend ...................................................................... mi amigo
our sister ............................................................................... nuestra hermana
our brother .......................................... ................................. nuestro hermano
our wives ............................................................... .. .............. nuestras esposas
our husbands ......................................................................... nuestros esposos
his car I her car I your car I their car I your car (plural) ........ su cache I su carro
your car (plural, as in Spain) ...... .......................................... vuestro cache
In Spanish, possessive adjectives agree in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) with the
object possessed, not the gender of the possessor, as is the case in English.
LESSON 25
CONJUNCTIONS AND SIMILAR WORDS - CONJUNCIONES Y PALABRAS SIMILARES

and ................................................ ....................... ................. y

or .............................................. ............................................. o
also · · · · · · · · · ··············································································· tambien
but ..................... ....................... ............................................. pero
maybe I perhaps .................................................................... quiza I ta! vez
because ......... ............................................ ............................. porque
if ......................................................... .. ................................. si
then ....................................................................................... entonces
afterwards ............................................... . . . . . . . . ...................... despues
therefore . . . . . . . ....................................... . . . . . . ............................ par lo tanto
however ................................................................................ no obstante

LESSON26
SENTENCES AND PHRASES, GENERAL - ORACIONES Y FRASES EN GENERAL
I speak Spanish . ....................................................... ............. Yo hablo espafiol.
I do not speak Spanish . ........................... .............................. Yo no hablo espafiol.
31

Do )'.Ql!_speak Spanish? ························································· lHabla usted espafiol? 32

a little ............................................................... .................... un poco
from here to there ............................................................... de aqui a allf
at the railway station ............ .. ............................................... en la estaci6n de ferrocarril
on the platform ...................................................................... sabre el anden
irr the train . . ............................... ............................................ en el tren
I am studying. I I study. . . . . . . .................................................. Yo estudio.
I am going. I I gQ. ............................... .................................. Yo Ym'.·
Stop here . .. ............................................................................ Pare aquf.
Stop! ...................................................................................... j Alto!
No problem. I There is no problem . . ..................................... No lli\Y problema.
I can. I I am able to . .............................................................. Puedo.
Can I? I May I? ········································· ···························· lPuedo?
Can you give me . . . ? ············ ················································· lPuede darme . . . ?
to call .................................................................................... llamar
My name is . . . / Myself I call . . . ............ ................................. Me llama . . .
From which country? ···························································· lDe cual J.1llli_?
From which country are you? ············· ·································· lDe cual pafs � usted?
I am . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ............................ . ................... ........................ Yo soy . . .
I am from the United States .................................................. fu)y de las Estados Unidos.
There is . . . / There are . . . ............ ........................................... Hay . . .
I love . . . ................................................................................. Me encanta . . .
I like . . . (L. For me, it is pleasing . . . ) .................................... Me gusta . . .
Do you like . . . '? (L. For you, is it pleasing . . . ?) ..................... /,Le gusta . . . ?
I am leaving. I I myself am going . ........................................ Yo me voy.
Excuse me. (to pass) ....................................... . ..................... Con permiso
Excuse me. (to apologize) .................................................... Disculpe. I Perdone.
Excuse me! (to get attention) ................................................ j Excuse! I i Disculpc!
Excuse me! I Listen! ............................................................. j Escuche!
I have ... ................................................................................ Tengo .. .
Of course! ............................................................................. jPor supuesto! I jClaro!
certainly ................................................................................ ciertamente I c6mo no
Do you have a menu in English? .......................................... lTiene un menu en ingles?
Let's go! ................................................................................ V amos.
How does one say ... ? (L. How oneself says ... ?) ................. lC6mo � dice . . . ?
Watch out! I Be careful! ....................................................... jCuidado!
Speak slowly, please. ............................................................ Hable despacio, por favor.
Repeat, please. ...................................................................... Repita, por favor.

LESSON 27
SENTENCES AND PHRASES, NEGATIVE - ORACIONES Y FRASES NEGA TIV AS
I want. . . ................................................................................ Yo quiero . . .
I do not want. .. ..................................................................... Yo no quiero .. .
I would like ... ....................................................................... Yo quisiera . . .
I would not like . . . ................................................................. No quisiera .. .
I have ... ................................................................................ Tengo .. .
I do not have . .. ..................................................................... Yo no tengo .. .
It i!; . . . .................................................................................... Es .. .
It is not. .. .............................................................................. No es .. .
You have ... ........................................................................... Usted tiene .. .
You don ' t have . . . ................................................................. Usted no tiene .. .
33

l h=. .................................................................................. To � 34
I don't know. ......................................................................... No se.
I understand. ......................................................................... Yo comprendo.
I don't understand. ................................................................ No comprendo.
I speak English ...................................................................... Yo hablo ingles.
I don 't speak Spanish . ........................................................... No hablo espafiol.
I like ... .................................................................................. Me gusta .. ./ Me gustan . . .
I don't like ... ........................................................................ No me gusta .. .
There is . . . I There are . . . ....................................................... Hay .. .
There is not. .. I There are not. .. ........................................... No hay .. .

LESSON 28
FORMING QUESTIONS - HACIENDO PREGUNTAS
He i!; big. ............................................................................... El � grande.
Is he big'1 ............................................................................... /,Es � grande?
Is it big? ................................................................................ i,Es grande?
You have a car. ..................................................................... Usted tiene un coche.
Do you have a car? ............................................................... i,Tiene usted un coche?
The train i!; at the station. ...................................................... El tren esta en la estaci6n.
b. the train at the station'1 ...................................................... /,Esta el tren en la estaci6n?
You understand. .................................................................... Usted comprende.
Do YQ!! understand? .............................................................. lComprende? I /,Compren<le uste<l?
It's too big . ............................................................................ Es demasiado grande.
Is it too big? .......................................................................... /,Es demasiado grande?
There is ... I There are ........................................................... Hay . . .
ls there ...? I Are there ... '? ··· ·· ·· ··· ····· ·· ·· ·· ···· ···· ······ ·· ·· ···· ···· ·· ·· ·· lHay ... ?
It's far from here . ..................................................................Esta lejos de aqui.
Is it far from here'? ................................................................ i.Esta lejos de aqui'?
You want ............................................................................. Usted quiere .. .
Do you want. .. '? ··· ··· ·· ·· ··· ·· ·· ···· · · ·· ······· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ········· ··· lQuiere ... ?
It is... .................................................................................... Es .. .
Is it. .. ? ·· ··· ············· ······ ··· ·· ···· ···· ····· ·· ·· ······ ·· ·· ···· ·· ···················· lEs... ?
What i.u!? ··· ·· ·················· ······ ···· ····· ················ ·· ·· ··················· lQue ici?
There is a room with a shower. ............................................. .!:t!y un cuarto con regadera.
ls there a room with a shower? ········· ·· ······ ············ ·· ············ ·· l.!:ffil'. un cuarto con regadera')
In Spanish, questions are usually formed by reversing the order of the subject and the verb along with changing the
intonation of the sentence so that it sounds like a question. However, when subject pronouns are not used, (as is
often the case in Spanish), the question is formed by simply making the statement with the intonation of a question.
Accent marks are often not used on letters when they are capitalized. Question words all have written accents.

LESSON29
SENTENCES AND PHRASES, GENERAL - ORACIONES Y FRASES EN GENERAL
I must. .. I I have to ... ........................................................... Yo tengo que .. .
I must Jmx . . . ......................................................................... Tengo que comprar. ..
How old are you? / How many years have you? ······· ·· ·· ···· ··· lCuantos afios tiene?
Where do you live? (L. Where live you?) ·· ······ ····· ·· ·· ·· ·· ······· lD6nde vive usted?
Show me (L. [you] show to me) ........................................... Muestreme. / Ensefieme.
Slow down! (L. Slower!) ...................................................... j Mas despacio!
I want to go. .......................................................................... Quiero i[.
Do you have something else? ............................................... i,Tiene otra cosa? 35

the opposite of big ................................................................10 contrario de grande 36

I don't know the word. ......................................................... No � la palabra.
That means ... ........................................................................ Eso quiere decir. ..
Does that mean ... ................................................................. Quiere decir cso .. .
What does that mean? ........................................................... i.� quiere decir eso?
I need .................................................................................... Necesito .. .
Where is Joe's suitcase? I Where is the suitcase Qf Joe? ···· · · lD6nde esta la maleta de Jose?
very well ............................................................................... Muy bien
Of course. / It ' s clear. ........................................................... Claro.
It's fine. / It's O.K. ................................................................ Esta bien.
O.K., no problem. ................................................................. Muy bien, no hay problema.
more QI less ........................................................................... mas Q menos
not bad .................................................................................. No esta mal.
It's good. ............................................................................... Esta bueno.
I'm hungry. / I have hunger. .................................................Tengo hambre.
I'm thirsty. I I have thirst . ..................................................... Tengo sed.
I'm hot. / I ' m warm. ............................................................. Tengo calor.
I'm cold. ................................................................................ Tengo frio.
I'm tired. ............................................................................... Estoy cansado. (cansada)
I ' m lost. ................................................................................. Estoy perdido. (perdida)
It's nice weather. I It makes good weather. .......................... Hace buen tiempo.
It 's cold. ................................................................................ Hace frio.
It's hot. / It's warm . .............................................................. Hace calor.
It's cool. ................................................................................ Hace fresco.
It's sunny. ............................................................................. Hace sol.
It 's windy. ............................................................................. Hace viento.
 LESSON 30
SENTENCES AND PHRASES, TRANSPORTATION -
ORACIONES Y FRASES DE TRANSPORTE
Excuse me, sir, when does the next train to ,,Disculpe, senor, cuando sale el pr6ximo tren para
Madrid leave? ................................................................... Madrid?
The train leaves irr ten minutes. ............................................ El tren sale en diez minutos.
It leaves at ten o'clock in the morning. ................................ Sale a las diez de la manana.
How much does a ticket cost? .............................................. i,Cuanto cuesta un boleto?
First QI second class? ............................................................ i,Primera Q segunda clase?
Second class, please. ............................................................. Segunda clase, por favor.
It 's two hundred pesetas. ...................................................... Son doscientas pesetas.
He wants a ticket for the train that leaves for
Madrid at ten o'clock in the morning. .................................. El quiere un boleto para el tren que sale 121!@ Madrid a
las diez de la manana.
Excuse me, sir, where is the bus to the beach? ..................... LDisculpe, senor, d6nde esta cl autobus para la llli!Xi!')
It 's over there, on the left. ..................................................... Esta al!f, a la izquierda.
Which one? There are many. ................................................ /,Cua!? .!:fm'. muchos.
.11_'._§_ the number five. .............................................................. Es el numero cinco.
Thank you very much . .......................................................... Muchas gracias.
Does this bus gQ to the beach? .............................................. i.Va este autobus a la playa?
No, the number 5 goes to the beach ...................................... No, el numero cinco va a la playa.
At what time does the last bus for the beach leave? ............. i,A que horn sale el ultimo autobus para la playa?
The last bus leaves at 1720 . .................................................. El ultimo autobus sale a las diecisiete horas con veinte
minutos.
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LESSON 31
SENTENCES AND PHRASES, MONEY - ORACIONES Y FRASES, DINERO
Excuse me, sir, where is the nearest bank? ........................... LDisculpe, senor, d6nde esta el banco mas cercano?
For which service? ................................................................ LPara ilfil'. servicio?
I want to change some money. ............................................. Quiero cambiar algun dinero
There is a bank on the other side of the street,
on the right. .=-:=............................................................ Hay un banco l!!. otro !ado de la calle, a la derecha.
What is the rate of exchange today? ..................................... LA c6mo esta el cambio hm'?
It's twenty pesetas l2IT dollar. ............................................... Esta a veinte pesetas 12Q! d6lar.
I would like to buy some pesetas. ......................................... Quisiera comprar unas pesetas.
How many? ........................................................................... i,Cuantas?
I want to change I 00 dollars . ................................................ Quiero cambiar cien d6lares.
I want some coins, please. .................................................... Quiero unas monedas, por favor.
There you are, sir. ................................................................. Aquf tiene, senor.
Thank you, sir. ...................................................................... Gracias, senor.

LESSON 32
SENTENCES AND PHRASES, HOTEL - ORACIONES Y FRASES, HOTEL
Excuse _me, sir, do you have rooms? .................................... L J?isculpe, senor, tiene usted cuartos?
Yes, of course. ..................................................................... S1, por supuesto.
No, we are full. ..................................................................... No, estamos completos. I No, estamos llenos.
How much does a room cost? ............................................... i,Cuanto cuesta un cuarto?
With how many beds? .......................................................... /,Con cuantas camas?
For how many persons? . . . . . . . ................................................. iPara cuantas personas?
For me only . .......................................................................... Para mi solo.
With a bathroom and a toilet? ............................................... i,Con bano y excusado?
No. only a washbasin . ........................................................... No, solamente un lavabo.
It's ten thousand pesos PIT night. .. ...................................... Son diez mil pesos J2Q[ noche.
May I see the room, please? ................................................. i,Puedo ver el cuarto, por favor?
Certainly, this way, please . . . . . . . . . . .......................................... Claro, por aqui, por favor.
Do you want the room? ........................................................ i Ouiere usted el cuarto?
No, it's too expensive . .......................................................... No, es demasiado caro.
Do you have a less expensive room? .................................... iTiene un cuarto menos caro?
Yes, but it's very small. ........................................................ Si, pero es muy pequeno.
Do you have a better room'1 .................................................. iTiene un cuarto mejor?
No, I am sorry. .... .. ................................................................ No, lo siento.
I want the room . ....................... ............................................. Quiero el cuarto.
Which one? ........................................................................... iCual?
The small room, number seven . ............................................ El cuarto pequeno, el numero siete.
Very well' Sign here. ............................................................ Muy bien, firme aqui.

LESSON 33
SENTENCES AND PHRASES, GETTING AROUND - ORACIONES Y FRASES,
CONOCIENDO EL CAMINO
Excuse me, sir, where is the nearest post office? ................. iDisculpe, senor, d6nde esta el correo mas cercano?
It's very far from here . ...................... .. ... . .. .. .. ........................ Esta muy lejos de aqui.
How many kilometers from here? ........................................ /A cuantos kil6metros de aqui?
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I don't know, but it's about ten minutes by car. ................... No �. pero cs cosa de diez minutos en cache.
Is there a bus or a taxi near here? ......................................... i,Hay un auto bus o taxi cerca de aqui?
Yes, there is a taxi, but it' s very expensive .......................... Si, lli!Y un taxi, pero es muy caro.
How much does the bus cost? ............................................... iCuanto cuesta el autobtis?
The bus is free, but it's very difficult. ........... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ....... El autobus es gratis, pero es muy dificil.
Why? ..................................................................................... i,Por que?
Because the bus goes Qill)'_two kilometers. .......................... Porque el autobus va solamente dos kil6metros.
Oh, that's a problem . ......... . .................................................. Oh, � un problema.
I want to buy some stamps . . .. . ......................................... . . . . . Quiero comprar unas estampillas.
I !ilill_stamps here . ........................................... .. .................... Yo vendo estampillas aqui.
Ah good. I would like three stamps of five pesetas . ............. Ah bueno, quisiera tres estampillas de cinco pesetas.
Very well, there you are, sir. ......................... . . . .................... Muy bien, aqui tienc, senor.
Thank you, sir. ........................................... ........................... Gracias, senor.
You're welcome . .................................... ...... ........................ Por nada.

LESSON 34
SENTENCES AND PHRASES, DIRECTIONS - ORACIONES Y FRASES, DIRECCIONES
Excuse me, sir, I am looking for this address . ...................... Disculpe, senor, yo busco esta direcci6n.
You follow this street. ........................................ .................. Siga uste<l esta calle.
As far as the corner. .............................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Has ta la esquina.
Then, turn to the left at Garcia street. ................................... Despues, <loble a la izquier<la en la calle Garcia.
Then turn right at the police station . ..................................... Despues, doble a la derecha en la estaci6n de policfa.
Go straight ahead for 1 00 meters . ......................................... Vaya derecho por cien metros.
It's near the small bakery. ..................................................... Esta cerca de la pequefia panaderia.
It's next to the hospital. ........................................................ Esta al !ado de! hospital.
It's across from the pharmacy. ............................................. Esta cruzando la farmacia.
It's on the other side of the street. ........................................ Esta al otro lado de la calle.
Can you make me a map? ..................................................... i.Puede usted hacerme un mapa?
Certainly. Do you have a pencil? .......................................... Por supesto. /,Tiene un lapiz?
Yes, and I have a piece of � also. .................................. Sf, y tengo un pedazo de fililltl tambien.
"de ] " = "de"+ "el"

LESSON 35
SENTENCES AND PHRASES, CONVERSATION -
ORACIONES Y FRASES, CONVERSACION
Good morning, John, how are you? ...................................... /.Buenos dias, Juan, c6mo esta?
Fine, and you? ....................................................................... i,Bien, y usted?
Not bad. What arc you doing today? .................................... Mas o menos. lQue hace usted hoy?
I'm going to my parents house. ............................................ Yo voy a la casa de mis padres.
Are you gQirrg by car? .......................................................... /.Va usted por coche ?
No, I have a bicycle . ............................................................. No, tengo una bicicleta.
It's not too far from here ....................................................... No esta muy lejos de aquf.
At what time are you leaving? .............................................. /,A que hora sale usted?
About noon, .......................................................................... Como a mcdiodfa,
I believe. ............................................................................... Yo creo.
First, I'm going to the bakery. .............................................. Primera, YQy a la panaderfa.
Why? To buy some bread ? ................................................... /,Por que? lPara comprar pan?
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No. To see my brother. ......................................................... No, para ver a mi hermano.
Does he work at the bakery?·················································lTrabaja el en la panadcria?
Yes, he works with my sister. ............................................... Si, el trabaja con mi hermana.
Oh, now I see. ....................................................................... Ah, Yi! veo.
Now it 's late . I should go [away]. ....................................... Ya es tarde. Debo irme.
We should go [away] . ........................................................... Debemos irnos.
Yes, of course, see you soon. ................................................ Si, claro, hasta luego.
"Para comprar" literally means "for to buy". "Para ver" literally means "for to see". In English, the "for" is
understood.

LESSON 36
THE VERB "SER" (TO BE) (present tense) - EL VERBO "SER" (en el presente)
I am very tall. ....................................................................... Yo fil1Y muy alto.
You arc my friend. (familiar) ............................................... Tu eres mi amigo.
You are a good person. ......................................................... 9 sted � una buena persona.
He j_;; Spanish. ....................................................................... El � espaiiol.
She is beautiful. .................................................................... Ella � hermosa.
Her Zhild j_;; big . .................................................................... Su nifio � grande.
This ticket j_;; expensive ......................................................... Este boleto � caro.
We are British . ...................................................................... Nosotros somos britanicos.
You are Americans. (as in Spain). ........................................ V osotros sois americanos.
You arc Americans . .............................................................. Ustedes son americanos.
They are very important. ...................................................... Ellos son muy importantes.
Those are difficult problems. ................................................ Esos son problemas diffciles.
It's eight o'clock. .................................................................. Son las ocho.
I am very intelligent. ............................................................. S,Qy muy inteligente.
This i_;; very bad. .................................................................... Esto lcl muy malo.
These suitcases are heavy. .................................................... Estas maletas son pesadas.
The verbs "ser" and "estar" both mean "to be" but are used in different situations. "Ser" is used to describe
permanent conditions such as the essence of something, its origin, or a permanent characteristic. "Ser" is also used
for telling time.

LESSON 37
THE VERB "ESTAR" (TO BE) (present tense) - EL VERBO "ESTAR" (en el presente)
I am sick. ............................................................................... Yo estoy enfermo.
You are tired. (familiar) ........................................................ Tu estas cansado.
You are at the airport. ........................................................... Usted esta en el aeropuerto.
He i_;; with my brother. .......................................................... El esta con mi hermano.
She i_;; lost. ............................................................................. Ella csta perdida.
This i_;; clean. ......................................................................... Esto esta limpio.
We are happy. ....................................................................... Nosotros estamos felices.
You are behind schedule. (plural, as in Spain) ..................... Vosotros estais retrasados.
You are behind schedule. (plural) ......................................... Ustedes estan retrasados.
They are here. (masculine or mixed) .................................... Ellos estan aqui.
They are at my house. (feminine) ......................................... Elias estan en mi casa.
I am busy. ............................................................................. Estoy ocupado.
You are unhappy . .................................................................. Usted esta infeliz.
The store i_;; closed . ............................................................... La tienda esta cerrada.
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The stores are open. .............................................................. Las tiendas es tan abiertas.
We are content. I We are pleased . ........................................ Nosotros estamos contentos.
You are in Spain. .................................................................. Usted esta en Espana.
Where are you? ..................................................................... LD6nde esta usted?
Where are my books? .......................................................... , LD6nde estan mis libros?
The verb "cstar" is used to describe location or a temporary condition. For permanent conditions or characteristics
use "'ser".

LESSON 38
THE VERB "TENER" (TO HA VE) (present tense) - EL VERBO "TENER" (en el presente)
I have a book. ........................................................................ Tengo un libro.
You are hungry. I You have hunger. .................................... Tu tienes hambre.
You have a big bed . .............................................................. Usted tiene una cama grande.
He has a wife. ....................................................................... El tiene una esposa.
She has a child. ..................................................................... Ella tiene un nino.
We have a problem. .............................................................. Nosotros tenemos un problema.
You have a house. (plural. as in Spain) ................................ Vosotros teneis una casa.
You have a house. (plural) .................................................... Ustedes tienen una casa.
They have tickets for a trip to Spain . .................................... Elias tienen holetos para un viaje a Espana.
I have a father. ...................................................................... Tengo padre.
You have a mother. ............................................................... Usted tiene madre.
My house has three doors. .................................................... Mi casa tiene tres puertas.
It has seven windows also. ................................................... Tiene siete ventanas tambien.
We have time. ....................................................................... Tenemos tiempo.
You have a pen. .................................................................... Usted tiene una pluma.
They have some tickets for the ferry boat. ........................... Ellos tienen unos boletos para el barco de transporte.
They have some gifts for their husbands. .............................Elias tienen unos regalos para sus esposos.

LESSON 39
TYPICAL REGULAR VERB WITH "AR" ENDING (present tense) - VERROS REGULARES
CON LA TERMINACION "AR"
to speak I to talk .................................................................... hablar
I speak Spanish. I I am speaking Spanish . ............................ Yo hablo espafiol.
You speak English very well. ............................................... Tu hablas ingles muy bien.
You speak with my brother. ................................................. Usted habla con mi herrnano.
He speaks American, not English. ........................................ El habla americano, no ingles.
She speaks with an accent. ................................................... Ella habla con acento.
We are speaking with them. I We speak with them. ............. Nosotros hablamos con ellos.
You speak too much. I You talk too much.
(plural, as in Spain) ........................................................... Vosotros hablais demasiado.
You talk too much. (plural) .................................................. Ustedes hablan demasiado.
They speak Spanish. ............................................................. Ellos hablan espafiol.
They are speaking on the telephone. I They speak by
telephone. (feminine) ........................................................ Elias hablan por telefono.
John is talking with the waiter. / John talks with the waiter. Juan habla con el mesero.
The children talk with their mother. ..................................... Los nifios hablan con su madre.
You speak too quickly for me. (plural) ................................. U stedes hablan demasiado rapido para mi.
In Spanish there are three forms of regular verbs. These regular verbs have either "ar", "er", or "ir" endings in the
infinitive form. (The infinitive is the form marked by "to" in English such as: to go; to look; to run; to buy; to sell 45

46
etc.) To conjugate regular verbs with "ar" endings in the present tense, simply drop the "ar" and attach the
appropriate ending as shown above and below. Endings depend on the subject noun and are as follows:
SUBJECT ..................................................................... ENDING
yo .................................................................................. habl(o)
tu ................................................................................... habl(as)
usted, el, ella ................................................................. habl(a)
nosotros ......................................................................... habl(amos)
vosotros ......................................................................... habl(ais)
ustedes, ellos, ellas ........................................................ habl(an)
Irregular verbs follow different spelling rules and must be learned individually.
As you can see from these examples, "I am speaking" and "I speak" can both be translated to "Yo hablo". Spanish
also uses a more complex form to express action happening now. For example, "I am speaking now." can be
translated as "Yo estoy hablando ahora." Using the present tense (present indicative) as shown in the examples in
this lesson will work fine in most situations.

LESSON 40
TYPICAL REGULAR VERB WITH "IR" ENDING (present tense) - VERROS REGULARES
CON LA TERMINACION "IR"
to live .................................................................................... vivir
I live in a big house. .............................................................. Yo vivo en una casa grande.
You live in Mexico. .............................................................. Tu vives en Mexico.
You Jive in Spain. ................................................................. Usted vive en Espana.
He lives alone. ...................................................................... El vive solo.
She Jives with her parents. .................................................... Ella vive con sus padres.
He is still alive. ..................................................................... El vive todavfa.
We live in a small town. ....................................................... Nosotros vivimos en un pueblo pequefio.
You live in the city. (plural, as in Spain) .............................. Vosotros vivfs en la ciudad.
You live in the city. (plural) ................................................. Ustedes viven en la ciudad.
They live in Madrid. ............................................................. Ellos viven en Madrid.
They live with their husbands. .............................................. Elias viven con sus maridos.
John and Eva live together. ................................................... Juan y Eva viven juntos.
My cat lives under my house. ............................................... Mi gato vive debajo de mi casa.
Do you live in an apartment? ······· ··· ···· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ···· ········· ··········· lVive usted en un apartamento?
Does she live in France? ....................................................... 1.Vive ell a en Francia?
To conjugate a regular "i(' verb in the present tense, drop the "ir" and add the appropriate ending:
SUBJECT ..................................................................... ENDING
yo .................................................................................. viv(o)
tu ................................................................................... viv(es)
usted, el, ella ................................................................. viv(e)
nosotros ......................................................................... viv(imos)
vosotros ......................................................................... viv(is)
ustedes, ellos, ellas ........................................................ viv(en)

LESSON 41
TYPICAL REGULAR VERB WITH "ER" ENDING (present tense) - VERBOS REGULARES
CON LA TERMINACION "ER"
to sell ..................................................................................... vender
I sell newspapers. .................................................................. Yo vendo peri6dicos.
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You sell magazines. .............................................................. Tu vendes revistas.
You sell your car. .................................................................. Usted vende su coche.
He sells meat. ........................................................................ El vende came.
She sells vegetables. ............................................................. Ella vende legumbres.
We sell our tickets. ............................................................... Nosotros vendemos nuestros boletos.
You sell travelers checks. (plural, as in Spain) ..................... Vosotros vendeis cheques de viajero.
You sell travelers checks. (plural) ........................................ Ustedes venden cheques de viajero.
They sell nice things. ............................................................ Ellos venden cosas finas.
They sell clothes for women. (feminine) .............................. Elias venden ropa de mujer.
That store sells water. ........................................................... Esa tienda vende agua.
All the banks sell travelers checks. ....................................... Todos los bancos venden cheques de viajero.
We sell chicken. .................................................................... Nosotros vendemos polio.
You sell fish . ......................................................................... Usted vende pescado.
We sell fruit. ......................................................................... Nosotros vendemos fruta.
To conjugate a regular "er" verb in the present tense, drop the "er" and add the appropriate ending:
SUBJECT ..................................................................... ENDING
yo .................................................................................. vend(o)
tu ................................................................................... vend(es)
usted, el, ell a ................................................................. vend( e)
nosotros ......................................................................... vend( emos)
vosotros ......................................................................... vend(eis)
ustedes, ellos, ellas ........................................................ vend(en)
 LESSON 42
THE NEAR FUTURE TENSE - EL FUTURO PROXIMO
I'm going to go to the beach. ................................................ Yo voy a i! a la playa.
I'm going to buy the lunch. .................................................. Voy a comprar el almuerzo.
You are going to rent a car. .................................................. Tu vas a alquilar un coche.
You are going to look for your son....................................... Usted va a buscar a su hijo.
He is going to write to his wife............................................. El va a escribir a su mujer.
He is going to talk with his daughter. ................................... El va a hablar con su hija.
She is going to begin tomorrow morning. ............................ Ella va a comenzar mafiana en la mafiana.
She is going to wait for her husband . ................................... Ella va a esperar a su esposo.
It is going to rain. .................................................................. Va a Hover.
We are going to sell our house. ............................................ Nosotros vamos a vender nuestra casa.
We are going to eat dinner at home. ..................................... Vamos a cenar en casa.
You are going to leave next week. (plural, as in Spain) ....... Vosotros vais a salir la semana pr6xima.
You are going to leave next week. (plural) .......................... Ustedes van a salir la semana pr6xima.
They are going to pay for breakfast. .....................................Ellos van a pagar el desayuno.
The train is going to leave at noon. ...................................... El tren va a salir a mediodfa.
The boy is going to close the door. ....................................... El nifio va a cerrar la puerta.
The girl is going to cut the meat. .......................................... La nifia va a cortar la came.
All the trains are going to be late. ......................................... Todos los trenes van a estar retrasados.
You are going to come to my home. .................................... Tu vas a venir a mi casa.
Are you going to learn Spanish? ...........................................lVa usted a aprender espafiol?
The near future tense (futuro pr6ximo) is formed by using the appropriate form of the verb "ir" (to go), plus "a",
plus the infinitive form of the verb being used. The near future tense is an easy way to learn to talk about things in
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50
the future by using words you already know. With the near future tense, we say "I am going to buy" rather than "I
will buy".

LESSON 43
SPEAKING WITH THE INFINITIVE OF A VERB - HABLANDO CON LA FORMA
INFINITIVA DEL VERBO
I want to buy a truck. ............................................................ Quiero comprar un camion.
I would like to leave this evening. ........................................ Quisiera salir esta tarde.
I would like to go there. ........................................................ Quisiera i! allf.
I can pay the bill. .................................................................. Puedo pagar la cuenta.
I must sleep tonight. .............................................................. Tengo que dorrnir esta noche.
You want to stay here? .........................................................lQuiere usted quedarse aquf?
You can start now. I You !ill!)' start now. ............................. Tu puedes comenzar ahora.
Can you speak with him?......................................................lPuede usted hablar con el?
He would like to learn to speak Spanish. .............................. El quisiera aprender a hablar espafiol.
She should rent a car. ............................................................ Ella debe alquilar un coche.
He must finish this morning. ................................................ El tiene que acabar esta mafiana.
We can arrive tomorrow. ...................................................... Podemos llegar mafiana.
We should travel to Paris. ..................................................... Debemos viajar a Paris.
You can see the town from here. .......................................... Usted puede ver el pueblo desde aquf.
Do you want to live in town? ................................................ i,Quiere usted vivir en la ciudad?
They want to study English. ................................................. Ellos quieren estudiar ingles.
They can sell their house. ..................................................... Ellos pueden vender su casa.
This lesson shows some ways of using the infinitive. The infinitive is not usually used alone, but in conjunction
with another verb, and is simply another vocabulary word used the same way as in English.

LESSON 44
SPEAKING IN THE PAST TENSE WITH "AR" VERBS (PRETERIT) - PRETERITO DE
VERBOS CON LA TERMINACION "AR"
to buy .................................................................................... comprar
I bought the book . ................................................................. Yo compre el Iibro.
You bought your car yesterday . ............................................ Tu compraste tu coche ayer.
You bought a gift for your sister. ......................................... Usted compr6 un regalo para su hermana.
He bought a car last week . .................................................... El compr6 un coche la semana pasada.
She bought an inexpensive gift at the store . ......................... Ella compr6 un regalo barato en la tienda.
The man bought a watch . ...................................................... El hombre compr6 un reloj.
We bought our luggage at the store . ..................................... Nosotros compramos nuestro equipaje en la tienda.
You bought his clothes in Madrid. (plural, as in Spain) ....... Vosotros comprasteis su ropa en Madrid.
You bought something for my mother. (plural) ................... Ustedes compraron algo para mi madre.
They bought things for their friends . .................................... Ellos compraron cosas para sus amigos.
You bought the breakfast. ..................................................... Usted compr6 el desayuno.
You PfilQ the bill. .................................................................. Usted pag6 la cuenta.
He rented the room. .............................................................. El alquil6 el cuarto.
He closed the door. ............................................................... El cerr6 la puerta.
She traveled to the United States. ......................................... Ella viaj6 a los Estados Unidos.
We studied Spanish. ............................................................. Nosotros estudiamos espafiol.
You cut the bread . ................................................................. Tu cortaste el pan.
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They spoke with the children. ............................................... Ellos hablaron con Ios nifios.
They took the airplane to London. ........................................ Ellos tomaron el avi6n para Londres.
We finished our dinners. ....................................................... Nosotros terminamos nuestras cenas.
You� for your sister at home. ..................................... Usted busc6 a su hermana en la casa.
The past preterit (preterito) tense is used to describe events which have happened and the action is finished. (i.e. the
event is over or complete.)
To conjugate a regular "ar" verb in the preterit tense, drop the "ar" and add the appropriate ending:
SUBJECT ..................................................................... ENDING
yo .................................................................................. compr(e)
tu ................................................................................... compr(aste)
usted, el, ella ................................................................. compr(6)
nosotros ......................................................................... compr(amos)
vosotros ......................................................................... compr(asteis)
ustedes, ellos, ellas ........................................................ compr(aron)
 important words you need to survive and get around are
LEVEL TWO taught first. Grammar is introduced in the later lessons, but it
is taught with examples rather than rules.
LEARN 5. No more than one new word is introduced at a time. This
means you won't hear a sentence or a phrase and wonder
IN YOUR CAR®CD which sound corresponds to which word. (Various forms of
previously introduced verbs are used along with new words.)
SPANISH 6. No textbook is required. The fact that no more than one new
word is introduced at a time enables you to use the CDs effec­
by H e n ry N. Raymond tively without referring to a textbook. The CDs are designed
to be used without a textbook so that you can use them while
driving a car or while doing other things which require simi­
lar amounts of concentration.
Learn In Your Car is the only language learning system 7. Literal (word-for-word) translations are used as much as
designed to teach a foreign language in your car as you drive, possible. This enables you to understand how a sentence or
without the aid of a textbook. This booklet contains the entire phrase is constructed and what the individual words mean.
recorded text for your reference so that you can see how the
words are spelled. This booklet also contains additional expla­ HOW TO USE.
nations which will be helpful to you if you have trouble "LE.ARN IN YOUR CAR - SPANISH"
understanding some of the concepts.
The lessons start immediately at the beginning of Disc One
ABOUT THIS COURSE. with no introduction so that you don't have to listen to the
same introduction over and over again.
Learn In Your Car - Spanish, Level Two is a continuation Simply start the first disc and play through the first lesson.
of Learn in Your Car Spanish, Level One. Level Two begins For each expression, you will hear the English version fol­
where Level One ends. Level One is designed and organized lowed by a pause, then the Spanish translation followed by a
primarily with the traveler in mind. Level Two continues with pause, then the Spanish translation a second time followed by
more ideas, concepts, and vocabulary that are useful to the a third pause. At first, you will only be able to imitate the
traveler, but introduces more complex vocabulary and Spanish words in the two pauses after the Spanish translations
grammar. The following guidelines are used: (the second and third pauses). As you learn and progress, you
1. The basic premise is that communicating in a language will be able to recall and recite the Spanish version during the
requires learning words, phrases, and sentences; but you can't first pause before you hear the first Spanish translation. Be
learn to communicate effectively in a language unless you sure to speak the Spanish expressions out loud. The rate at
know the individual meaning of each word. which you learn will be significantly slower if you do not
2. The emphasis is on communication. Words, phrases, or speak the Spanish expressions aloud.
sentences can be used to communicate. It is not always Play the first lesson several times until you learn most of it.
necessary to use a complete sentence to convey a thought. Then start playing the first followed by the second until you
3. It teaches the way a child learns. Children start by learning learn most of the second. As you progress, keep adding
one-word sentences, then two-word sentences, etc. lessons. Always go back to the beginning to reinforce the
4. It teaches the most important things first. This course does material you have already learned. (As you progress through
not use your valuable memory to store useless words. The the material, you may want to restart at some place other than
the very beginning of the first disc. This is fine as long as you
know all the material ahead of your starting point. Later TABLE Of CONTENTS
lessons are designed with the assumption that you already Disc 1: Tracks 1-11
know the material in earlier lessons.) 1: Lesson 45 ... Speaking in the Past Tense with "er" and "ir" Verbs (Preterit)
2: Lesson 46 .. .Infinitive Verb Fonns
NOTES ABOUT THE TEXT 3: Lesson 47 ...More Infinitives
4: Lesson 48 ...The Telephone
• Words which are underlined in phrases in the text have the 5: Lesson 49... Practice With the Past Tense (Preterit)
same meaning in both English and Spanish. W hen a new word 6: Lesson 50...More Practice with the Past Tense (Preterit)
is introduced, it will usuaJJy be underlined. 7: Lesson 5 1 ...The Verb "Estar", Preterit Tense
• Literal translations are in parentheses with an "L." such as: 8: Lesson 52 ... The Verbs "Ser" and "Ir", Preterit Tense
"(L. This is a literal translation)" 9: Lesson 53 ...The Verb "Tener", Preterit Tense
• Words in brackets [like this l are understood or indicate con­ 10: Lesson 54 ...The Verb "Estar", Imperfect Tense
text, but are not heard on the discs. 11: Lesson 55 ... The Verb "Ser", Imperfect Tense
Disc 2: Tracks 1-14
1: Lesson 56...The Verb "Tener", Imperfect Tense
NOTES ABOUT THE CDs
2: Lesson 57 ...Typical Regular Verbs With "ar" Ending, Imperfect Tense
• The CD format, with each lesson on a separate track, allows
3: Lesson 58 ...Typical Regular Verbs With "er" & "ir" Endings, Imperfect Tense
you to instantly target the exact lesson you wish to review. 4: Lesson 59... Some Common Verbs in the Imperfect Tense
The disc and track numbers for each lesson are listed in the 5: Lesson 60... The Verb "Haber"
Table of Contents.
6: Lesson 61.. .Some Important Concepts
• The Spanish and English translations are on separate chan­ 7: Lesson 62...More Important Concepts
nels. If you wish to hear only the Spanish translations, simply 8: Lesson 63 ...Useful Singular Verb Fonns in Sentences, Present Tense
adjust the balance control of your CD player so that you hear 9: Lesson 64 ... Useful Plural Verb Fonns in Sentences, Present Tense
only the Spanish version. 10: Lesson 65 ...Using Direct Object Pronouns in Sentences
11: Lesson 66... More Direct Object Pronouns
12: Lesson 67 ...Using Indirect Object Pronouns in Sentences
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
13: Lesson 68 ...Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns Together
I would like to thank Gabriella Rapkin, Iris Capa, Marta Cid,
14: Lesson 69... Pronouns in Negative Sentences
and Oscar Ramirez who helped me to make this audio
production possible. Disc 3: Tracks 1-12
1: Lesson 70...The Car
The work is dedicated to my parents, Hank and Anne 2: Lesson 71 ...Sentences With Important Words and Concepts
Raymond who have been wonderful parents and great friends 3: Lesson 72...More Sentences With Important Words and Concepts
over the years. May they enjoy long and healthy lives. 4: Lesson 73 ... The Verb "Estar", Future Tense
-Hank Raymond 5: Lesson 74... The Verb "Ser", Future Tense
6: Lesson 75 ... The Verb 'Tener", Future Tense
Produced & distributed by Penton Overseas, Inc. 7: Lesson 76... The Future Tense With Regular Verbs
2470 Impala Drive, Carlsbad, CA 92008-7226 USA 8: Lesson 77 ... Some Irregular Future Verb Stems
760-431 -0060 • 800-748-5804 • Fax: 760-43 1 -81 1 0 9: Lesson 78 ...Days of the Week
e-mai l : [email protected] • Website: http://www. pentonoverseas.com 10: Lesson 79... Months of the Year
11: Lesson 80...At the Doctor's Office
12: Lesson 8 1 ...At the Dinner Table
 LESSON 45 - LECCION 45
SPEAKING IN THE PAST TENSE WITH "ER" AND "IR'' VERBS (PRETERI1) -
PRETERITO DE VERBOS CON IAS TERMINACIONES "ER" E "IR"
to sell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vender
I sold my car. I 1 did sell my car. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yo vendi mi coche.
You sold your tickets. I You did sell your tickets.
(Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tu vendiste tus boletos.
You sold your tickets. (Polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Usted vendi6 sus boletos.
He sold their house. I He sold his house. . . . . . . . . . . . . El vendi6 su casa
We sold our house. . . . . .-.- .-. . . . . . .' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nosotros vendimos nuestra casa
You sold your house. ( Plural, Familiar, as in Spain) . . . . Vosotros vendisteis vuestra casa
You sold our tickets. (Plural) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ustedes vendieron nuestros boletos.
They sold my things. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos vendieron mis cosas.
to live . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vivir
I lived in Mexico for two years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yo vivf en Mexico por dos aii.os.
You lived in Spain last year, didn't you? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tu viviste en Espana el afto pasado, ino?
Did you live alone last year? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iYivi6 usted solo el afto pasado?
He lived a good life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El vivi6 una buena vida
We lived together for five years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nosotros vivimos juntos por cinco aftos.
Did you live in that house on the corner?
(PluraL familiar, as in Spain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tVivisteis vosotros en esa casa de la esquina?

How long did you live at the 'beach? (Plural) . . . . . . . . . iPor cu.into tiempo vivieron ustedes en la playa?
Two years ago they lived at the beach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hace dos aftos ellos vivieron en la playa

The above translations show examples ofregular" er" and" ir" verbs used in the preterit tense. The pr�terit tense is
used to express action that was completed some time in the past. The English equivalent is: "sold", "did sell",
"lived", "did live", etc. Regular "el'· and "ir" verbs follow the conjugation rules shown below. Irregular verbs
follow different spelling rules which must be learned individually.
To conjugate a regular ''er" or "ir" verb in the preterit tense, drop the "er" or "ir" and add the appropriate
ending
SUBJECT ENDING
yo vend (O
tu vend ( iste)
usted, el ella vend (i6)
nosotros vend (imos)
vosotros vend ( isteis)
ustedes, ellos, ellas vend ( ieron)
The "vosotros" form ( second person plural, familiar) of Spanish verbs is not used except in Spain The "ustedes"
form is commonly used in muchof Spain in formal settings. In this text, the "vosotros" form will be presented to
show how it is conjugated but most examples will use only the "ustedes" form.

2
 LESSON 46 - LECCION 46
INFINITIVE VERB FORMS - VERBOS INFINITIVOS
to answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . responder I contestar
He is going to be born. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El va a nacer.
I don't want to forget. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No quiero -- olvidar.
to earn I to win . . :-: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ganar -
to get off I to go down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bajar
to go up I to climb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . subir
to remain I to stay I to be located . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . quedar
to move something . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mover
to move to a new location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mudar
You must run. (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Tu] debes correr.
You have to walk. (Fatniliar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Tu] tienes que caminar.
She wants to wuch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ella quiere tocar.
You must g!ye. (Plural) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ustedes deben dar.
They must give back . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos deben devolver.
to visit someone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . visitar a alguien
to visit a place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . visitar un lugar
to place or to put . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . colocar I poner
to v.ut on something . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v.onerse alguna cosa
He can return [to a place]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El puede !fgresar.
to ignite I to light up I to tum on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . encender
to extinguish I to tum off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . apagar
That's going to smell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eso va a oler. 3

to feel I to sense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sentir

Would you like to receive a gift? (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . iQuisieras recibir un regalo?
We would like to swim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Nosotros] quisieramos nadar.
to go in I to enter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . entrar
to be acquainted with I to make the acquaintance of . . . conocer
He is going to die. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El va a morir.
They are going to fall. (Feminine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elias van a --- caerse.
to tum I to return I to come back . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . volver
to become . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . volverse I hacerse
He needs to follow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El necesita ��ir.
We need to dream. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Nosotros] necesitamos sonar.
to go away . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . irse
He wants to v.ass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El quiere v.asar.
That is going roseem difficult. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . Eso va a v.arecer diffcil
They want to use my car. (Feminine) . . . ·. . . . . . . . . . . . Ellas quieren usar mi coche.
As was mentioned in Level One, it is often not necessary to use subject pronouns ("yo", "tu", "usted", etc.) in
Spanish because the subject is often indic;ated by which conjugation of the verb is used. For example, the first
person singular conjugation of a verb is always used with.the first person singular pronoun "yo" ( I). The spelling
and pronunciation of this conjugation is usually unique to the first person singular. The same is true of the second
person singular conjugation which is always used with the pronoun "tu" (you, familiar). When these verb con­
jugations are used, there can usually be no mistake about whom you are talking or who the subject ofthe sentence
is. The same applies to the first person plural(nosotros) and to the familiar form of the second person plural as
4
used in Spain ( vosotros). The subject of the third singular conjugation, however, can be used with the subject
pronouns "usted" (you, polite), " el" (he), ella" ( she) or any noun This means that the third singular conjugation
may sometimes require the use of a subject pronoun to clarify who the subject is. However, if there is any doubt as
to who the subject is, then use a subject pronoun In this text, subject pronouns are used some of the time and are
not used other times. They are sometimes shown in brackets to show where they would be placed in a sentence if
they were to be used.

LESSON 47 - LECCION 47
MORE INFINITIVES - MAS INFINITIVOS
You need to tIT: (Plural) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ustedes necesitan tratar.
to remove I to take away . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . quitar
They don't want to owe money. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elias no quieren deber dinero.
to give back I to pay back . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . devolver
They are going to lend money. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos van a r.restar dinero.
to ask I to question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . preguntar
to borrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pedir prestado I tomar prestado
to begin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . comenzar I empezar
to return I to come back . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . regresar
They need to go out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos necesitan salir.
We want to hear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Nosotros] queremos oir.
They must listen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos deben escuchar.
He wants to keer. this. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El quiere quedarse con esto.
to hold . . -. .-.-.. � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tener I retener
.- 5

We are going to live a long time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Nosotros] vamos a vivir mucho tiempo.
Can they look [!!_t] ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iPueden ellos mirar?
Can you g� . . . ? I Can you obtain . . . ? (Polite) . . . . . . iPuede usted �guir . . . ?
I can't send this gift. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No puedo enviar este regalo.
You can't take the bus. (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Tu] no puedes tomar el omnibus.
He can' t �P.! credit cards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El no puede acer.tar tatjetas de credito.
We can't read. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nosotros no podemos leer.
You can't r.rer.are the dinner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Usted no puede r.rer.arar la cena
They can't r.lay.:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos no pueden j!;!gar.
I have to think . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Yo] tengo que r.ensar.
to wait for I to expect I to hope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . esperar
to carry I to take away I to lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . llevar
to show . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mostrar I ensefiar
She wants to show the map to her boyfriend. . . . . . . Ella quiere � el mapa a su novio.
to fix I to repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . reparar
I have to check something. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tengo que examinar algo.
They are going to r.refer the small restaurant. . . . . . . Ellos van a r.referir el restaurante pequefio.
We need to wash the windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Necesitamos lavar las ventanas.
You need to C!!!!Y._ the books. (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Tu] necesitas llevar los libros.
You have to bring your tickets. (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . [Tu] tienes que traer tus boletos.
Would you like to meet[ with] Paul at the bank? (Plural) . . . . iQuisieran ustedes encontrarse con Pablo en el banco?
I don' t want !2.§r.end a lot of money. . . . . . . . . . . . . . No quiero gastar mucho dinero.
I need to find my friend. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Necesito encontrar a mi amigo.
Can you take a photo? (Polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iPuede usted tomar una foto? 6
 LESSON 48 - LECCION 48
THE TELEPHONE - EL TELEFONO
a call . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . una Hamada
There is a telephone call for you. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ha)' una Hamada telef6nica para usted
a person to person call . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . una-llamada personal
Excuse me, sir. Is there a telephone near here? . . . . . . . Disculpe senor, 1 Ha)' algf!n telcfono cerca de aqw'
Yes, there is a telephone on the first floor. . . . . . . . . . Si, hay un telefono en el primer f>iso.
Do you have anr..messages for me? (Polite) . . . . . . . . . . 1Tiene usted �giin mensaje para mi?
I want to leave a message for my friend. . . . . . . . . . . . Quiero dej;g: un mensaje para mi amigo.
Iwould like to buyatelephone cardfor500 pesetas. . . . . Quisiera comprar una ta!"jeta telef6nica por quinientas
pesetas.
He would like to buysome tokens for the telephone. . . . . . El quisiera comprar algunas fichas para el telHono.
I would like to make a telephone call. . . . . . . . . . . . . Quisiera hacer una Hamada telef6nica
May I use your telephone? (Polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Puedo usar su telefono?
to help I to assist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ayudar --
Can you helP._me? (Polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . /Puede a}'lldarme?
I want to telephone [ to] my wife. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yo quiero Hamar a mi esposa
I would like to make a collect call. .. . . . ...... . Quisiera hacer una Hamada por cobrar.
Can you dial this number, please? (Polite) . . . . . . . . . . . i.Puecle usted marcar este niimero, por favor?
Hello. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hola
I would like to speak with Michael. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quisiera hablar con Miguel
Don't hang up! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . j No cuelgue!
to ask for I to request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . peclir 7

Ask Jean to call me. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pidale a Juana que me Harne.

AskJean to call me back. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pidale a Juana que me vuelva a Hamar.
When is he going torerurn? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Cuanclo va el a �gresar?
What is the telephone number? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Cual es el niimero de telefono?

LESSON 49 - LECCION 49
PRACTICE WITH THE PAST TENSE (PRETERil) - PRACTICA CON EL PRETERITO
I ate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yo comi.
You knew someone (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Tii]conociste a alguien
You found out something. (Polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . listed �P.2 alga.
Did he understand? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Entendi6 el?
We wrote. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Nosotros] escribimos
We went. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Nosotros] fuimos.
You people closed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ustedes cerraron
You guys arrived. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ustedes llegaron
They left something at my house. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos !kjaron alga en mi casa
I stOP.f>ed my car at the corner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Yo] r>are mi autom6vil en la esquina
You loved many people. (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Tii] amaste a muchas personas.
Where did you live? (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1D6nde viviste tii?
Where did she live? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1D6nde vivi6 ella?
I liked the lunch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Me gusto el almuerzo.
That cost alot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eso cost6 mucho. 8
We finished. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Nosotros) terminamos.
They almost finished. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos casi terminaron.
He was able to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El pudo . . .
He needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El necesit6 . . .
I meant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Yo) guise decir . . .
She �peated that word. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ella �piti6 esa palabra.
They answered the questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos contestaron las preguntas.
You were born 20 years ago. (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Tu] naciste hace viente af10s.
Did you earn some money? I Did you
win some money? (Polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iGan6 usted algun dinero?
He went downstairs. I He went down. . . . . . . . . . . . . El �jQ..
I climbed. I I went up, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Yo) subf.
She moved the car. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ella movi6 el coche.
We ran as far as the store. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Nosotros) corrimos hasta la tienda.
We walked. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Nosotros) caminamos.
I walked to the youth hostel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Yo] camine hasta el albergue de j6venes.
They touched the baby. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos tocaron al bebe.
You gave money to your employee. (Familiar) . . . . . . . Tu diste dinero a tu empleado.
She gave the box back. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ella devolvi6 la caja.
I visited the tourist information office. . . . . . . . . . . . . [Yo) visite la oficina de informaci6n turfstica.
Did you visit your parents? (Polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iVisit6 usted a sus padres?
I lost my credit card. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Perdi mi tarjeta de credito.
Did you sleep_ well? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iDurmi6 usted bien?
You said it. [L. You it said.] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Usted lo Qi.jQ, 9

He did it. I He made it. [L. He it made.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . El lo hizo.

You did it. I You made it. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Usted lo hizo.
I learned Spanish in the United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . �prendi espai'iol en los Estados Unidos.
He understood your English. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El comprendi6 su ingles.
Did you see my brother? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iVio usted a mi hermano?
She saw the train. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ella vio el tren.
They drank their drinks. (Feminine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eliasbebieron sus bebidas.
You did something. I You made something. . . . . . . . Usted hizo algo.
We gpened the gift. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Nosotros] abrimos el regalo.
He wanted to buy a ticket. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El quiso C()mprar un boleto.
Yesterday, I needed somebody. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ayer, yo necesite a alguien.
"al" = "a" + "el"
Notice that some ofthe verbs in this lesson and the next lesson are irregular. These verbs do not follow the same
spelling rules that apply to regular verbs and must be learned individually.
Notice that for" ar" and " ir" verbs, the present tense and the preterit tense are identical for the " nosotros" forms of
the verbs (first person plural conjugations).

LESSON 50 - LECCION 50
MORE PRACTICE Willi 1HE PAST TENSE {PRETERI1) - MAS PRACTICA CON EL PRETERITO
Did he put the information on the table? . . . . . . . . . . . . iPuso el la informaci6n en la mesa?
Where did he P.Ut the information? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iD6nde P.USO el la informaci6n? 10
I returned last month. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yo �grese el mes pasado.
He turned on the television. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El encendi6 el televisor.
We turned off the lights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nosotros !!:P...!!gamos las luces.
Did you smell the cake? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ilTu] oliste el pastel?
Did they receive some mail? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iRecibieron ellos alguna correspondencia?
I swam in the ocean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Yo] nade en el oceano.
She entered the building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ella entr6 en et edificio.
He died yesterday. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El muri6 ayer.
Did you follow the highway? (Plural) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iSiguieron ustedes la carretera?
They dreamt about their trip. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellossoftaron con su viaje.
I §pent some time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Yo] pase algun tiempo.
I went past the post office. I
I passed by the post office. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pase por la oficina de correos.
I §pent some money. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Yo] gaste algo de dinero.
That seemed easy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eso pareci6 facil.
He used a computer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El us6 una computadora.
We used the product. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Nosotros] usamos el producto.
What did you g}.'.? ( Polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iQue !!_ijQ. usted?
What did she say? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iQue dijo ella?
What did you gyJ (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iQue !!_ijiste?
Did you !!:Y one more time? (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iTrataste una vez mas?
She took awar the pillow. I She removed the pillow. . . . Ella 51.uit6 la almohada.
Did you owe a lot of money? (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . iDebiste [ tu] mucho dinero?
Did they P...!!Y back the money? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iDevclvieron ellos el dinero? 11

My female cousin borrowed some money. . . . . . . . . . Mi prima pidi6 prestado algun dinero.
When did they �gin? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iCuando comenzaron ellos?
My grandfather returned today. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Mi abuelo ��es6 hoy.
My grandmother went out last night. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mi abuelo sali6 anoche.
My uncle heard the television. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mi tio oy6 la television.
My aunt listened to the people. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mi tia escuch6 a las personas.
Did you look at the chair? (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iMiraste [tu] la silla?
I gQ! another fork. I I obtained a different fork. . . . . [Yo) cons�'!![ otro tenedor.
Did you send the package? (Plural) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iUstedes enviaron el paquete?
They accepted my check. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos aceptaron mi cheque.
She read the tourist information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ella kY.2. la informaci6n turistica.
We prepared the food for the party. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Nosotros] preparamos la comida para la fiesta.
They PEJ'.'.ed together. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos j_!!garon juntos.
He though! about the movie. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El pens6 acerca de la pelfcula.
I waited for the ball. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Yo] �pere la pelota.
You took your friend to the [ theater] show.
(Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Tu] llevaste a tu amigo a la funci6n.
Did you �pair the refrigerator? (Polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . iRepar6 usted el refrigerador?
Paul checked the oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pablo examin6 el aceite.
She preferred the small apartment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ella prefiri6 el apartamento pequeiio.
We washed the furniture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Nosotros] lavamos los muebles.
They carried the groceries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos llevaron los comestibles.
I broug!!! the ice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yo traj!:_ el hielo. 12
He met the boss at the party. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El conoci6 al patron en la fiesta.
We felt the heat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Nosotros] sentimos el calor.
Did you show the photo' (Polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iEnsei'16 usted la foto?
She worked for many years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ella trabaj2_ por muchos anos.
I found some money. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yo encontre algun dinero.

LESSON 51 - LECCION 51
TIIE VERB "ESTAR", PRETERIT TENSE - EL VERBO "ESTAR", TIEMPO PRETERITO
I was happy yesterday. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Yo] estuve feliz ayer.
You were angry last night. (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Tu] estuviste enojado anoche.
You were tired. (Polite, feminine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Usted estuvo cansada.
He was very funny. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El estuvo muy c6mico.
The man w� at my house. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El hombre estuvo en mi casa.
We were at home last night. . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Nosotros] estuvimos en casa la noche pasada.
You were in Portugal two years ago.
(Plurai familiar, as in Spain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Vosotros] estuvisteis en Portugal hace dos ai'los.
You people were in Germany last year. . . . . . . . . . . . Ustedes estuvieron en Alemania el ai'lo pasado.
They were very amusing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos estuvieron muy divertidos.
She was sad yesterday. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ella estuvo triste ayer.
This lesson shows examples of the verb " estar" in the preterit tense. In Spanish, there are two ways to express the
English equivalent of the verb " to be". "Estar" is used to describe a subject's location, temporary or transitory con·
ditions, appearance or state of health. "Ser" (next lesson) is used to describe a subject's essential qualities or
qualities which are considered permanent. "Ser" is usually used to describe nationality, religion or number. " Ser"
is also used to tell time. The preterit tense is used to express an action which was definitely completed at some
time in the past. 13

LESSON 5 2 - LECCION 52
TIIE VERBS "SER" AND " IR", PRETERIT TENSE - WS VERBOS "SER" E "IR", TIEMPO PRETERITO
I went to the station. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yo fui a la estaci6n.
I was rich ten years ago. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yo fui rico hace diez anos.
You went to the market. (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tu fuiste al mercado.
You were poor. (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tu fuiste pobre.
You were bad. (Polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Usted fue malo.
My trip was too short. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mi viaje fue demasiado corto.
Paul went to the museum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pablo fue al museo.
She was beautiful. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ella fue bella.
We were religious. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nosotros fuimos religiosos.
We went to the castle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nosotros fuimos al castillo.
You people were good. (Familiar, as in Spain) . . . . . . . Vosotros fuisteis buenos.
You people were skinny. (Feminine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ustedes fueron delgadas.
You went to the bullfighting ring. (Plural) . . . . . . . . . . . Ustedes fueron a la plaza de toros.
They were smart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos fueron inteligentes.
They went to the city center. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos fueron al centro de la ciudad.
She went to the market. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ella fue al mercado.
This lesson shows examples of the verb "ser" (to be) and "ir" ( to go) in the preterit tense. These two verbs are
exactly the same in the preterit, so the meaning must be distinguished by the context of the sentence. Refer to the
last lesson for information about when to use " ser" or" estar". Use the preterit tense to talk about an action which
is finished and complete. 14
 LESSON 53 - LECCION 53
TIIE VERB "TENER", PRETERIT TENSE - EL VERBO "TENER", TIEMPO PRETERITO
I had a small house. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yo tuve una casa pequefta.
You were cold. (Familiar) [L. You had cold.] . . . . . . . . Tu tuviste frio.
You were hot. (Polite) [L. You had heat.] . . . . . . . . . . . . Usted tuvo calor.
She had a difficult problem yesterday. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ella tuvo ayer un problema dificil.
We had a big car. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nosotros tuvimos un coche grande.
Did you have enough time? (Plural,
familiar, as in Spain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iTuvisteis vosotros bastante tiempo?
You people were hungry. I [L. You guys had hunger.] . . . . . Ustedes tuvieron hambre.
They had a cat last year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos tuvieron un gato el afto pasado.
All the above sentences use the preterit tense. This means that these statements refer to actions, things, or
situations which are finished or complete.

LESSON 54 - LECCION 54
TIIE VERB "ESTAR", IMPERFECT TENSE - EL VERBO "ESTAR", TIEMPO IMPERFECTO
I was at the bus station. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yo estaba en la estaci6n de omnibus.
You were at my house. (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tu estabas en mi casa.
You were happy. I You used to be happy. (Polite) . . . . Usted estaba feliz.
He was here. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El estaba aquf.
She was wet. I It was wet. (Feminine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ella estaba mojada.
It was dry. I It usedto be dry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estaba seco. 15

We were busy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nosotros estabamos ocupados.

You were late. (Plural) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . Ustedes estaban
-- atrasados.
You were in the mountains. -
(PluraL familiar, as in Spain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vosotros estabais en las montaii.as.
They were alone. I They used to be alone. . . . . . . . . Ellos estaban solos.
They were with their husbands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellas estaban con sus esposos.
Everybody was there. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Todos estaban allf.
The imperfect tense is a past tense that is used to express a past action that "was happening", things that "were
happening", or "used to happen". It is used to express action that may be incomplete. It is also used to describe
people or things in the past ( the description of a scene for example) or action which was recurrent or habitual in
the pas_t. This is different from the preterit tense which is used to express past action which is finished and com­
plete. A given sentence in English can often be translated into either the preterit or the imperfect depending on
the context in which it is used. If the action is finished and complete, use the preterit tense.

LESSON 55 - LECCION 55
TIIE VERB "SER", IMPERFECT TENSE - EL VERBO "SER", TIEMPO IMPERFECTO
I was young. I I used to be young. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yo era joven.
You were handsome. I You used to be handsome.
(Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tu eras guapo.
You used to be skinny. (Polite, feminine) . . . . . . . . . . . . Usted era delgada.
It was red. I It used to be red. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Era rojo.
She used to be fat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ella era gruesa. 16
We used to be poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nosotros eramos pobres.
You people used to be thin. (Familiar, as in Spain) . . . . Vosotros erais delgados.
You people used to be beautiful. (Feminine) . . . . . . . . . Ustedes eran hermosas.
They used to be ugly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos eran feos.
It was 1 o'clock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Era la una.
It was 7 o'clock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eran las siete.
The view was very nice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . La vista era muy bonita
He was fast. I He used to be fast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El era rapido.
She was young. I She used to be young. . . . . . . . . . . . Ella era joven.
You were very strong. I You used to
be very strong. (Polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Usted era muy fuerte.

LESSON 56 - LECCION 56
1HE VERB "TENER", IMPERFECT TENSE - EL VERBO "TENER", TIEMPO IMPERFECTO
I had a small office. I I used to have a small office. . . . Yo tenfa una oficina pequefta.
You used to be [have] cold all the time. (Familiar) . . . . Tu tenfas frfo a cada momento.
Did you use to have a lot of friends? (Polite) . . . . . . . . . iTenfa usted muchos amigos?
He had an easy problem. (L. He was having
an easy problem.] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El tenfa un problema facil.
We had a small business. I
We used to have a small business. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nosotros tenfamos un negocio pequefto.
You people were having too many problems.
(Familiar, as in Spain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vosotros tenfais demasiados problemas. 17

You guys used to have a boat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ustedes tenfan un barco.

They had their tickets.
[L. lhey were having their tickets.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos tenfan sus boletos.
In Spanish, the imperfect tense has several English equivalents depending on the situation. For example, the verb
"to buy" ( comprar) in the imperfect tense is equivalent to: "was buying", "were buying", "used to buy" and
"bought" depending on the situation. Be aware that each of these equivalent English verb forms can be translated
into different Spanish verb forms or tenses depending on the situation. For example, "bought" is translated into
the preterit tense if the action is finished and complete, but it is translated into the imperfect tense if someone is
describing a scene where someone "was buying" something. Likewise, "was buying", "were buying" and "used to
buy" can all be translated into other verb forms which have not yet been presented in this text. (For example, "I
was buying." can be translated into " Yo estaba comprando." which is a more literal translation, but this form has
not yet been introduced in this text.) At this point in the text, these verb forms ("was buying", "were buying" and
"used to buy") are all translated into the imperfect tense.

LESSON 57 - LECCION 57
1YPICAL REGUIAR VERB WI1H "AR" ENDING, IMPERFECT TENSE -
VERBO REGUIAR TIPICO CON LA TERMINACION "AR", TIEMPO IMPERFECTO
I used to SReak Spanish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yo hablaba espaftol.
Were you �Reaking on the telephone? (Familiar) . . . . . iHablabas por telefono?
Were you talking too much? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iHablaba usted demasiado?
He was speaking with his friend. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El hablaba con su amigo.
We used to talk every day. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nosotros hablabamos todos los dfas.
18
You guys were talking too loud.
(Familiar, as in Spain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vosotros hablabais demasiado alto.
Were you talking quietly? (Plural) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iHablaban ustedes tranquilamente?
flieyweretalldQg about the game. (Feminine) . . . . . . . Elias hablaban acerca de! juego.
"de!" = "de" + "el"
Refer to lesson 54 for a description of when to use the imperfect tense.
The above translations showexamples ofaregular" ar" verb used in the imperfect tense. Regular" ar" verbs follow
the conjugation rules shown below. Irregular verbs follow different spelling rules which must be learned
individually. To conjugate a regular" ar" verb in the imperfect tense, drop the " ar" from the infinitive form and add
the appropriate ending:
SUBJECT ENDING
yo habl (aba)
tu habl (abas)
usted, eL ella habl (aba)
nosotros habl (abamos)
vosotros habl ( abais)
ustedes, ellos, ellas habl (aban)

LESSON 58 - LECCION 58
1YPICAL REGUIAR VERBS Willl "ER" AND "IR" ENDINGS, IMPERFECT TENSE -
VERBOS REGUIARES TiPICOS CON LAS TERMINACIONES "ER" E "IR", TIEMPO IMPERFECTO
I used to sell cars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yo vendfa coches. 19

You were selling your car. (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tu vendfas tu coche.

Did you use to sell clocks? (Polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iVendfa usted relojes?
He was selling radios. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El vendfa radios.
We used to sell ice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nosotros vendfamos hielo.
Were you selling all the books?
(PluraL familiar as in Spain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iVendfais vosotros todos los libros?
Did you guys use to sell furniture? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iVendfan ustedes muebles?
They used to sell clothes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos vendfan ropas.
I was living in Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Yo) vivia en Italia.
You used to live in England. (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Tu) vivias en Inglaterra.
She was liviQg in Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ella vivia en Suiza
We were liviQg in Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Nosotros) viviamos en Africa.
Were you people living in South America?
(Familiar, as in Spain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iViviais [vosotros] 1en America de! Sur?
Theyused to live in Europe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos vivian en Europa
To conjugate a regular " er" or" ir" verb in the imperfect tense, drop the " er" or " ir" from the infinitive form and
add the appropriate ending:

SUBJECT ENDING
yo vend (fa)
tu vend (fas)
usted, eL ella vend (fa)
nosotros vend (famos)
vosotros vend (fais)
ustedes, ellos, ellas vend (fan) 20
 LESSON 59 - LECCION 59
SOME COMMON VERBS IN TIIE IMPERFECT TENSE -
ALGUNOS VERBOS COMUNES EN TIEMPO IMPERFECTO
I wanted breakfast. (L. I was wanting breakfast.] . . . . . Yo queria el desayuno.
He wanted to sell his house. I
(L. He was wanting to sell his house.] . . . . . . . . . . . . . El queria vender su casa.
We were wanting to buy something. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nosotros queriamos comprar algo.
I was eating breakfast with my wife. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yo desa)'.!!!!aba con mi esposa.
We were eating lunch at home. I
We used to eat lunch at home. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Almorzabamos en la casa.
He was buying a ticket. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El compraba un boleto.
The train was leaving late. I
The train used to leave late. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El tren salia atrasado.
We were looking for a gift. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Buscabamos un regalo.
You were closing the door. (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tu cerrabas la puerta.
They were renting a house. I
They used to rent a house. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos alguilaban una casa.
They were learning French. (Feminine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellas �P.rendfan frances.
The weather was cold. (L. It was making cold.] . . . . . . Hada frio.
Were you doing something? ( Polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iHada usted algo?
They wanted to live alone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos querian vivir solos.
We wanted to buy ice cream. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nosotros queriamos comprar helado. 21

LESSON 60 - LECCION 60
TIIE VERB "HABER" - EL VERBO "HABER"
There is . . . I There are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hay . . .
There was . . . I There were . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Habfa . . .
There were several trains at the station. . . . . . . . . . . . Habfa varios trenes en la estaci6n.
There was a line of P.eOP.le at the post office. . . . . . . Habfa una cola en la oficina de correos.
Was there �one at the house? I
Was there someone at the house? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iHabia �w.!ien en la casa?
There were a lot of people in town. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Habfa muchas personas en el pueblo.
There was a Qark near the old hotel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Habfa un P.arque cerca de! hotel viejo.
There was a fire last week. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hubo un fuegg_ la semana pasada
Tomorrow there will be a party. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maftana habra una fiesta.
The verb "haber" ( to have) is used as the auxiliaryverb to form compound Spanish tenses. Compound tenses are a
more complex subject which has not been introduced yet. Examples of complex tenses are "have eaten", "had
eaten", "shall have eaten", "would have eaten" etc. At this point in this program, the only use of"haber" is as
shown in this lesson.
Notice that "there is . . ." and "there are . . . " are both expressed by the verb "hay . . ." and that "there was . . ." and
"there were. . . " are both expressed by the word "habia . . ." ( imperfect tense of"haber") when speaking about the
existence of something. However, when talking about a "fire that happened last week," the verb "hubo" (preterit
tense of"haber") is used. This is because" a fire that happened last week" is an event that is finished and complete
and therefore requires the preterit tense.
22
 LESSON 61 - LECCION 61
SOME IMPORTANT CONCEPTS - ALGUNOS CONCEPfOS IMPORTANTES
He's a tall man. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El es un hombre alto.
It's a very !:!!gQ building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Es un edificio muy alto.
It's a short distance from here. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Esta a corta distancia de aqui.
Turn onthe light please. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Encienda la luz por favor.
Turn off the light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . �p_ague la luz.
Anyone can buy a car. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cualquiera puede comprar un coche.
Anyt:lling is better than this. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cualquier cosa es mejor que esto.
One can't go. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uno no puede ir.
Do you go often? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iVas tu a menudo?
No, never. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No, nunca.
He is going to go !'.!gQt away, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El va a ir ense�ida.
They are going !i)gether. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos van juntas.
I need to think about it. . . . . . . . ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Necesito pensar acerca de esto.
� this correct? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iEsto esta correcto? I iEsta correcto esto?
� this moralJr rigQt? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iEsto es correcto?
This is not correct. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Esto no es correcto.
You are right. I You are correct. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Usted tiene raz6n.
He is wrong. I He is in error. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El esta !::_quivocado.
It's the right address. I The address is correct. . . . . . La direcci6n esta correcta.
This is the �g road. I This road is wrong. . . . . . . Este camino esta .!::_quivocado.
This is not the right road. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Este no es el camino correcto. 23

Whose glass is this? (L. Of whom is this glass?) . . . . . . iDe quien es este vaso?
It looks like this but it's bigger. (Masculine) . . . . . . . . . �J>arece a esto pero es mas grande.
They are going to take a drink [g!ass)
of water. (Feminine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... Elias van a tomarse un vaso de agua
Theyaregoing to take their husbandswith them. . . . . . Elias van a llevar a sus esposos con ellas.
Look at him I Look at it. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mfralo.
Look at her. . . . . . . . :--:-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mirala.
That is an old building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ese es un edificio viejo.
She is an old woman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ella es una mujer vieja
He is an old man. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El es un hombre viejQ;_
She is a young lagy, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ell� es �na muchacha joven.
. .
There s my new car. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ahl esta m1 nuevo coche.
Did you see my new truck? (Polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iVio usted mi nuevo camion?
They bought some new clothes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos compraron ropa nueva
Everything is brand new. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Todo es comQletamente nuevo.
This lesson and the next one are designed to demonstrate word order and to show how the Spanish language
handles some basic ideas and concepts such as " old and new", "young and old", "right and wrong", "correct and
incorrect" and a few other things that people need to know to function in everyday situations.

LESSON 62 - LECCION 62
MORE IMPORTANT CONCEPTS - MAS CONCEPfOS IMPORTANTES
How often does the bus come by? I How often
does the bus pass? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iCada cuanto tiemp_Q pasa el autobus?
24
 How often does the bus leave for town? . . . . . . . . . . . iCada cuanto tiempo sale el autobus para la ciudad?
every twenty minutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cada veinte minutos
I am seated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estoy sentada
I am standing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estoy l)arada
I want to sit [ !!1YSel1] at the table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Yo] quiero sentarme a la mesa.
I want to stand [!!1�el1] in the corner. . . . . . . . . . . . . [Yo] quiero pararme en la esquina.
Sit down, please. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sientese por favor.
Stand up, {)lease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Levantese {)Of favor.
the grouncllloor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . la planta baja
In Spain, the first floor is above the ground floor. . . . En Espana, el primer Riso esta sobre la planta baja
The ground floor is below the first floor. . . . . . . . . . . La planta baja esta debajo de! primer piso.
I don't like the rain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No me gusta la lluvia.
It is raining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Llueve. I Esta lloviendo.
Is it still raining' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iTodavfa llueve1
to follow I to continue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . seguir
Is it still raining' I Does it continue raining' . . . . . . . i�gue lloviendo?
the sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . el sol
'The sun is going to come out. I
[L. It's going to make sun.] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Va a hacer sol.
to take a walk I to go for a ride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pasearse
I went for a ride in a car. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fui a pasear en autom6vil.
What a {)retry young girU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . jQue muchacha tan bonita!
'That is an ,!!g]}'., building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ese es un edificio feo.
This book is about France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Este libro se refiere a Francia. 25

We want to fmd something cheaper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Queremos hallar algo mas barato.

a kilogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . un kilogramo
Give me two kilograms, please. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deme dos kilogramos, por favor.
Bring me some stamps, please. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Traigame unas estampillas, por favor.
I like wine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Me gt,!Sta el vino.
I would like something. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quisiera �g2:
Would you like some? ( Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iQuisieras algunos?
I would like one. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quisiera uno.
I would like two of them. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quisiera dos de ellos.
Do you have �Y] (Polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iTiene usted �guno?
You sold five of them. (Feminine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vendiste cinco de ellas.

LESSON 63 - LECCION 63
USEFUL SINGUIAR VERB FORMS IN SENTENCES, PRESENT TENSE -
VERBOS SINGUIARES, ORACIONES EN TIEMPO PRESENTE
I � P_!!.�g for the drinks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pagg por los tragos.
I drink coffee. [L. I take coffee] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Torno cafe.
I am taking the airplane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Torno el avi6n.
I take sug� in my [the] coffee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Torno azucar en el cafe.
I am sle�ing in the room. I I sleeR in the room. . . . Duermo en el cuarto.
I am doing the laundry. I I wash the clothes. . . . . . . Lavo la ropa.
I am making a cup of coffee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H�Q una taza de cafe. 26
I live in Paris. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vivo en Paris.
I ainarriving about noon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LlegQ cerca de mediodfa.
Are you pj!}'irlg the hotel bill? (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . /�g� la cuenta del hotel?
What are you looking for? (familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Que buscas?
Are you drinking juice?
[L. Are you taking juice?] (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Tomas jugo?
You are not sleeP.ing well. (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No duermes bien.
What are you doing? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Que haces?
Where do you live? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1D6nde vives?
Where do you live? (Polite) I Where does he live? I
Where does she live? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1D6nde vive?
My father is P_i!}'!ng for the meal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mi padre pj!g!!_por la comida.
a job . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . un trabajo
He is looking for a job. I He looks for work . . . . . . . El busca trabajo.
She drinks a lot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ella toma mucho.
One takes bus number five for the beach. . . . . . . . . . Uno toma el autobus numero cinco para la playa.
She sleep_§ in the bedroom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ella duerme en la alcoba.
You make tea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tu haces te.
My brother lives in Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mi hermano vive en Espaiia.
The present tense in Spanish (presente de indicativo) can be translated into three English equivalents. For example,
"Yo compro" can be translated as " I buy. ", " I do buy. " or "I am buying. " depending on the situation. Be aware
however that the form "I am buying. " ( which is called the progressive form of the present tense) can be literally
translated into "Yo estoy comprando. " This form has not been introduced yet. At this point in the text, all three
forms are considered to be equivalent to the "presente de indicativo" which was presented earlier and is
demonstrated again in this lesson and the next lesson.
27

LESSON 64 - LECCION 64
USERJL PLURAL VERB FORMS IN SENTENCES, PRESENT TENSE -
FORMA PLURAL DEL VERBO, ORACIONES EN TIEMPO PRESENTE
We M:Sgoing by airplane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vamos por avi6n.
cash I for cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . al contado
We Pl!Y in cash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !1igamos al contado.
We drink fruit juice. I [L. We take fruit juice.] . . . . . . . . Tomamos jugo de fruta.
We are drinking beer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tomamos cerveza.
We are sleeP.ing at the hotel tonight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dormimos en el hotel esta noche.
We are making something. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hacemos algo.
We are P.reP.aring the dinner this evening. . . . . . . . . . Preparamos le cena esta noche.
We live in London. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vivimos en Landres.
We're buyl!!g a gift for each child. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ComP.ramos un regalo para cada nifto.
Are you p_!!y'ing the restaurant bill? (Plural) . . . . . . . . . . 1Pag!!!,! ustedes la cuenta del restaurante?
Are you guys looking for something? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Buscan algo ustedes?
Do rou g�yi drink coffee? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Toman ustedes cafe?
You are taking too much time. (Plural) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ustedes toman demasiado tiempo.
Are you sleeping? (Plural) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Duermen ustedes?
What are you guys doing? I
What � you guys making? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Quc hacen ustedes?
Can they see the clock from here? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Pueden ellos ver el reloj desde aqui?
28
My parents PJ!Y. for everything. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mis padres pj!gan por todo.
They are looking for their husbands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elias buscan a sus esposos.
They are drinking with their friends. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos beben con sus amigos.
They take too many things with them. . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos llevan demasiadas cosas con ellos.
My friends sometimes sleep_ at my house. . . . . . . . . . . Mis amigos a veces duermen en mi casa.
They are P.reP.aring lunch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos P.reP.aran el almuerzo.
They live with our parents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos viven con nuestros padres.

LESSON 65 - LECCION 65
USING DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS IN SENTENCES -
USANDO PRONOMBRES COMO COMPLEMENTOS DIRECTOS EN ORACIONES
They want me. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos me quieren.
They want }'.OU. (Familiar) [Singular] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos te quieren.
They want }'OU. (Polite, feminine) [Singular] . . . . . . . . . . Ellos Ji! quieren.
They want }'OU. (Polite, masculine) [Singular] . . . . . . . . . Ellos lo quieren.
They want her. I They want l!: (Feminine) . . . . . . . . . . Ellos !i!_ quieren.
They want him. ( As in Spain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos le quieren.
They want him. (As in Latin America) I
They want .\!, (Masculine or neuter) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos lo quieren.
They want us. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos � quieren.
TI1(:y want }'.OU P.eOP.le. ( Familiar, as in Spain) . . . . . . . . Ellos os quieren.
They want }'.OU g!!� (Masculine or mixed) . . . . . . . . . . Ellos los quieren.
29

They want }'.OU P.eO})le. ( All females) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos las quieren.

They want them. ( Masculine or mixed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos los quieren.
They want them. (Feminine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos las quieren.
He wants it. (Feminine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El la quiere.
She wants!!, (Masculine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ella!Q quiere.
We want }'OU �� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Los queremos.
I want them. ( Masculine or mixed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Los quiero.
Do you want ill (Familiar, masculine) [Singular] . . . . . . . iLo quieres?

A pronoun is a word that takes the place ofa noun such as: "!", "me", "you", "he", "she", "him","her", "it", "we",
"us", " they" or " them". A direct object is the thing that receives the action of the verb. For example, in the
sentence, "I bought a car. ", the noun "car" is the direct object. In the sentence, " I bought it.", the pronoun "it" is
the direct object pronoun. The direct object usually answers the question "What? " or "Whom? "

The pronoun" lo" is used as a neuter pronoun when referring to an idea or statement. In Latin America, " lo" is used
to represent a male person or a thing of masculine gender. In Spain, " lo" is used to represent a thing of masculine
gender, but " le" is used to represent a male person.

The direct object pronouns " lo", " la", "los" and " las" can have more than one meaning. If there is any doubt as to
their meaning, one of the following clarifiers can be added (for humans): "a el", "a ella", "a usted", "a ellos", " a
ellas" or " a ustedes".

30
 LESSON 66 - LECCION 66
MORE DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS - MAS PRONOMBRES COMO COMPLEMENTOS
I would like a receip.!, please. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quisiera un recibo, por favor.
I would like !!: (Masculine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Yo] !2 quisiera.
I see him. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yo lo veo. I Lo veo.
I see her. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Yo]g veo. -
I know him. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Yo] !2 conozco.
Do you people know her? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iUstedes g conocen?
Does he know her? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iEl !l! conoce?
She knows them. ( Masculine or mixed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ella los conoce.
fm buying !!, (Feminine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Yo] !i! compro.
They're buying !!, (Masculine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elias .!2 compran.
Are you selling them?;(Familiar, feminine objects) . . . . . i[Tu] las vendes?
Paul sells them. (Masculine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pablo los vende.
We see them. (Masculine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [ Nosotros] los vemos.
They see me. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elias me ven.
I need it. (Masculine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Yo] lo necesito.
Do theyunderstand you? (Familiar) [Singular] . . . . . . . . iTe comprenden [ellos] ?
They hear us. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elias nos oyen.
They need you. (PluraL feminine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elias las necesitan.
They need them. (Masculine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elias los necesitan.
Do you know me? (Polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iUsted me conoce?
I love you. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Yo] � amo. .3 1

I like you. I You please me. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Tu] me gustas.

I saw you. (Polite, feminine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yo g vi.
I saw you. (Familiar) [Singular] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Yo] te vi.
He did it. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El lo hizo.
You said!!, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [T6]!2 dijiste.
We rented them. (Masculine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Nosotros] los alquilamos.
He rented !!,.(Masculine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El lo alquil6.

LESSON 67 - LECCION 67
USING INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS IN SENTENCES -
USANDO PRONOMBRES COMO COMPLEMENTOS INDIRECTOS EN ORACIONES
He's buying me a gift. I He's buying a gift for me. . . . El me compra un regalo.
He's buying you a gift. (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El te compra un regalo.
He's buying you a gift. (Polite) I He's buying
him a gift. I He's buying her a gift. . . . . . . . . . . . . . El � compra un regalo [ a usted, a eL a ella].
He is buying you a gift. (Polite) [L. He, for Y.2!!,
is buying a gift for you.] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El k compra un regalo a usted.
He [for her] is buying her a gift. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El k compra un regalo a ella.
He (for him] is buying him a gift. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El k compra un regalo a el.
He's buying us a gift. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El nos compra un regalo.
He's buying you peoRle a gift. (Familiar, as in Spain) . . . El os compra un regalo.
32
He's buying }'.OU people a gift. I
He's buying them a gift. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El Jes compra un regalo 1 a ustedes, a ellos, a ellas].
He [for }'.OU p�_k] is buying you people a gift. . . . . El Jes compra un regalo a ustedes.
He's buying them a gift. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El Jes compra un regalo a ellos.
I [for him] am buying a gift for Paul. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yo le compro un regalo a Pablo.
They are buying me a gift. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elias me compran un regalo.
rm giving him a gift. I rm giving her a gift. . . . . . . . . Yo k doy un regalo [ a e� a ella].
rm giving a gift to you. I
rm giving }'.OU a gift. (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Yo] � doy un regalo.
I [ to }'.OU] am giving a gift to you. (Polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . [Yo] k doy un regalo a usted.
I [ to }'.OU fil!�l am giving a gift to you guys. . . . . . . . . [Yo] !es doy un regalo a ustedes.
I [to them] am giving a gift to them. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Yo] !es doy un regalo a ellos.
He gave me a gift. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El me dio un regalo.
She bought him a gift. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ella le compr6 un regalo. I Ella le compr6 un regalo a el.
He [for her] rented her a car. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El k_ alquil6 un cache a ella.
He [ to them] spoke to them. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El k_habl6 a ellos.
You [ to him] sold a shirt to my father. (Polite) . . . . . . . Usted k_ vendi6 una camisa a mi padre.
You [to him] sold him a shirt. (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Tu] k_ vendiste una camisa a el.
You [ to her] sold her a shirt. (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Tu] le vendiste una camisa a ella.
rm buying them a car. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Yo] !es compro un cache a ellos.
I lent some money to m}'. male cousin. . . . . . . . . . . . . [Yo] le preste dinero a mi primo.
Did you ask your girlfriend? (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iLe p�guntaste [ tu] a tu novia?
We are paying for your tickets. (Familiar)
[L. We are paying for Y.2!!, the tickets.] . . . . . . . . . . . . Te pagamos los boletos. 33

He stole my backpack. I He stole the

backpack from me. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El me rob6 la mochila
An indirect object is the object or person " to whom" or "for whom" the action is performed. For example, in the
sentence "He's buying me a gift. " which means exactly the same thing as "He's buying a gift for me. ", the direct
object is "gift" and the indirect object is "me". The indirect object usually answers the question "To whom?" or
"For whom? "
Thepronoun"le" can mean several things(" to him", "for him", " to her", "for her", "to it", "for it", "to you" or"for
you). If there is any doubt as to the meaning of "le, " simply add "a usted", "a el" or "a ella" to the end of the
sentence as shown in some of the examples above. Likewise, "les" is often clarified by adding" a ustedes ", "a ellos"
or "a ellas". The addition of"a el", "a ellos", etc. makes the use of the pronoun "le" or "les" redundant. This may
make one wonder why a pronoun should even be used when the noun it replaces follows immediately in the same
sentence. If a sentence contains an indirect object, good Spanish requires the use of an indirect object pronoun
even if it is redundant.

�N 68 - LECCION 68
DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS TOGETHER -
PRONOMBRES COMO COMPLEMENTOS DIRECTOS E INDIRECTOSJUNTOS
He's buying it for me. (Masculine object) . . . . . . . . . . . . El me lo compra.
He's buying i! for me. (Feminine object) . . . . . . . . . . . . El me !!! compra.
He's buying it for }'.OU. (Familiar, masculine object) . . . El � lo compra.
to you I to him I to her I to them I to it I Se [" le" and " !es" change to " se" in front of" lo", " la",
for you I for him, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " los" and " las"] 34
He's buying it for him. I He's buying it for her./
He's buying it for }'.OU. (Polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El se lo compra [ a eL a ella, a usted] .
He [for }'.Ou] is buying it for you. (Polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . El � lo compra a usted.
He is buying it for her. [L. He, for her,
it, is buying for her.] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El se lo compra a ella.
He's buying it for us. [L. He, for us, it, is buying.] . . . . . . El nos lo compra.
He's buying k for you people. (Familiar, as in Spain) . . . El os IQ compra.
He's buying it for them. I
He's buying it for }'.OU people. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El se lo compra [ a ellos, a ustedes] .
I [ to them] am giving it to them. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yo se lo doy a ellos.
I [ to him] am giving it to Paul. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Yo] � lo doy a Pablo.
I [to her] am giving them to her. (Feminine objects) . . . [Yo] se las doy a ella.
rm bring.!!}g the suitcases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Yo] traigQ las maletas.
fm bringing the suitcases to my parents. . . . . . . . . . . [Yo] !es traigo las maletas a mis padres.
rm bringing them to my parents. (Masculine objects) . . . [Yo] se los traigo a mis padres.
rm bringing them to my parents. (Feminine objects) . . . [Yo] se las traigo a mis padres.
r m bringing them the suitcases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Yo] !es traigo las maletas [a ellos] .
rm bringing it to them. (Feminine object) . . . . . . . . . . . [Yo] - se la traigo --
a eUos.
We're giving it to you. -
(L. We, to }'.Oll, it, are giving to you.] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Nosotros] se lo damos a usted.
We're giving them to him. (Masculine objects) . . . . . . . [Nosotros] se los damos a el.
You sold i!: (Familiar, feminine object) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Tu] g vendiste.
You sold it to m}'. father. (Feminine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Tu] se la vendiste a mi padre.
35

You sold them to my father. (Masculine) . . . . . . . . . . . . [Tu] se los vendiste a mi padre.

You sold it to him. (Feminine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Tu] � la vendiste a el.
You sold it to me. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Tu] me lo vendiste.
They sold it to }'.OU. ( Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos te lo vendieron.
When a sentence contains both a direct object pronoun and an indirect object pronoun, the indirect object
pronoun is always placed in front of the direct object pronoun.
"Le" and " !es" change to "se" in front of direct object pronouns that start with an "L" ( third person singular and
plural pronouns). This is done in order to have harmonious sound. When the pronouns " le", "!es" and "se" are
used in sentences, it is common to use a redundant phrase such as " a ellos", " a usted" etc. to clarify the meaning of
the pronoun.

LESSON 69 - LECCION 69
PRONOUNS IN NEGATIVE SENTENCES - PRONOMBRES EN ORACIONES NEGATIVAS
They do not want me. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos no me quieren.
They don't want us. . . . . . . . . . . ..... ............. Ellos no nos quieren.
He does not want it. (Feminine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El no la quiere.
We don't want them. (Masculine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No losqueremos.
I don't see him. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No lo veo.
I would not like any. I [L. I would not like none.] . . . . No quisiera nin�no.
- -
I did not see you. (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . � . . . . . . No !f vi.
I did not see you. (Polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No lQ vi a usted. 36
You did not say !!, (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No !.Q dijiste.
He did not do it. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El no lo hizo.
We did not rent them. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No los alquilamos.
rm not giving it to Paul. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No se lo doy a Pablo.
r m not giving you a gift. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No te doy un regalo.
rm not giving him a gift. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No � doy un regalo a el.
rm not giving lier a gift. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No � doy un regalo a ella.
rm not giving it to her. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No se lo doy a ella.
rm not giving it to r.ou. (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No g;_ lo doy.
rm not bringing the suitcases to my_parents. . . . . . . . No !es traigo las maletas a mis padres.
rm not bringing them to my_parents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . No se las traigo a mis padres.
rm not bringing them the suitcases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No !es traigo las maletas.
rm not bringing it to them. (Feminine object) . . . . . . . No se la traigo a ellos.
He did not give me a gift. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El no me dio un regalo.
She did not buy him a gift. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ella no if compr6 un regalo a el.
He did not rent her a car. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El no le alquil6 un coche a ella.
He did not speak to them. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El no le habl6 a ellos.
You did not sell a shirt to my father. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Tu] no le vendiste una camisa a mi padre.
You did not sell him a shirt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Tu] no � vendiste una camisa [a el].
You did not sell it to my father. (Feminiqe) . . . . . . . . . . No � la vendiste a mi Qadre.
You did not sell it to him. (Feminine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No se la vendiste a el.
You did not sell !! to them. (Masculine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . No se )Q vendiste a ellos.
We did not take him to the movie theater. . . . . . . . . . No )Q llevamos al cine.
In Spanish, it is perfectly acceptable to use a double negative as in the example "I would not like none. "
shown above.
37

LESSON 70 - LECCION 70
fflE CAR - EL CARRO, EL COCHE, EL AUTO
to drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . manejar I conducir
She knows how to drive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ella sabe conducir.
Do you know how to drive? (Polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iSabe conducir?
Yes, I drove my parents car. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sf, conduj� el coche de mis padres.
I drove to the school yesterday. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conduje hasta la escuela ayer.
But now the motor doesn't work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pero ahora el motor no funciona.
I believe that you need gasoline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Creo que necesita gasolina.
I need some oil too. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Necesito tambien un poco de aceite.
Can you check the oii please? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iPuede usted revisar el aceite, por favor?
Where is the nearest service station? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iD6nde esta Ji! estaci6n de servicio mas cercana?
Is it near here? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iEsta cerca de aquf?
I would like to change this tire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quisiera cambiar esta llanta.
Give me 20 liters of gasoline, please. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deme veinte litros de gasolina, por favor.
Fill it please. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Llenelo, por favor.
unleaded I without lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sin plomo
diesel fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . diesel
premium gasoline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . super I gasolina de primera
regular gasoline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gasolina regular
I have a flat tire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tengo un neumatico desinflado.
I want to check the pressure of the tires. . . . . . . . . . . Quiero revisar la Qresi6n de los neumaticos.
I can't start the motor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No puedo arrancar el motor. 38
The starter doesn' t work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El motor de arran�l!f_ no funciona.
the batte!}'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . la baterfa
The battery is discharged. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . La baterfa esta descargada.

LESSON 71 - LECCION 71
SENTENCES WITH IMPORTANT WORDS AND CONCEPTS -
ORACIONES CON PAIABRAS Y CONCEPTOS IMPORTANTES
It is necessa!}'. to eat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Es necesario comer.
That's difficult to believe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Es dificil de creer.
a long time ago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hace mucho tiemRo.
This train is alway� late. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Este tren esta siemRre atrasado.
It is alreaQY._ five o'clock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ya son las cinco.
Do you have enough money? (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . iTienes suficiente dinero?
Is it true? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iES verdad?
If that is true, then this is also true. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Si eso es verdad, entonces esto tambien es verdad.
It's really good. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Es muy bueno.
Really! That's terrific. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . jOe verdad! Eso es magnffico.
She is so Rretn::,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ella es tan linda.
He is so nice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El es tan simpatico.
There are so man)'. books. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hay tantos libros.
This is an excellent book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Este es un libro excelente.
The weather is so nice today. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hoy el tiempo esta tan agradable.
usually . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . normalmente I casi siempre 39

I usually leave about eight o'clock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Casi siempre �Q a las ocho.

It's snowing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nieva. I Esta nevando.
I like the snow very much. .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . Me gusta mucho la nieve.
Which is the best? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iCual es el mejor?
We are ROOr people. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Somos personas RObres.
It was a very rich count!)'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Era un Rafs my rico.
This room is worse than the other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Este cuarto esta Reor que el otro.
It was the worst hotel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fue tl Reor hotel.
The line [of Reopk] was too long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . La cola era demasiado larga.
My backpack is very !jght. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mi mochila es muy liviana.
Your luggage is too hea� for the airplane. . . . . . . . . . Su equipaje es demasiado Resado para el avi6n.
We wanted some �p_t)'. glasses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Querfamos unos vasos vacios.
The bus was full of people. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El autobus estaba lleno de personas.
We wanted the information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Querfamos la informaci6n.
Your information was �g. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Su informaci6n estaba �quivocada.
Life is beautiful. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . La vida es bella.
I was at home all day. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estuve en la casa todo el dfa.
I want to Rractice French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quiero Rracticar el frances.
I want both books. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quiero los dos libros.

40
 LESSON 72 - LECCION 72
MORE SENTENCES WITH IMPORTANT WORDS AND CONCEPTS -
MAS ORACIONES CON PALABRAS Y CONCEPTOS IMPORTANTES
Where is the dog? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iD6nde esta el P.erro?
He is outside. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [El] esta afuera.
I put him outside an hour !!gQ, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lo puse afuera hace una horn.
There is a gift in my suitcase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hay un regalo en mi maleta.
There is something inside. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hay algo adentro.
They want to stay here until tomorrow. . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos quieren quedarse aquf hasta mafiana.
fm on vacation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estoy de vacaciones.
He has to work until the end of the week. . . . . . . . . . El tiene que trabajar hasta el fin de semana.
We want to SIJend the week at home. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Queremos P.asar la semana en casa.
The countmide is approximately [ at] El camp.Q esta aproximadamente a veinte
20 kilometers from the town. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kil6metros de! pueblo.
What is this called? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iC6mo se llama esto?
What is Y.OUr address? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iCual es tu direcci6n?
Does this bus go towards the beach? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iEste autobus va hacia la playa?
No, it goes across town. I
No, it crosses the whole town. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No, cruza por todo el pueblo.
He is late !!gain. I He arrived late !!gain. . . . . . . . . . . . El lleg6 atrasado otra vez.
That's impossible. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eso es imposible. 41

He is going to arrive later. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El va a llegar mas tarde.

Is that your real name? (Polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iEs este su nombre verdadero?
Is this genuine? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iES eso genuino?
Do you know that place? (Polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iConoce usted ese J!!gar?
Excuse me, I think that that's my seat. . . . . . . . . . . . . Pe:d6": cr�o �ue este es mi asiento.
.
There s my seat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alli esta mt as1ento.
Is this seat taken? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iEste asiento esta tornado?
There was a fire at the hospital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hubo un fuego en el hospital.
I am a businessman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soy un hombre de negocios.
What kind of business do you do? I
In what business are you? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iEn que negocio esta usted?
I would like to do business with you. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quisiera hacer negocio con usted.
1 would like to speak with the owner. . . . . . . . . . . . . Quisiera hablar con el duefto.
What does this word mean? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i Que significa esta palabra?

LESSON 73 - LECCION 73
THE VERB "ESTAR", RJTURE TENSE - EL VERBO "ESTAR", TIEMPO FUTURO
Tomorrow I will be at the store. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mafiana estare en la tienda.
Will you be home next month? (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . iEstaras e�a el mes pr6ximo?
Will you be in France soon? ( Polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iEstara usted en Francia pronto?
He will be with his uncle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El estara con su tio.
She will be with her aunt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ella estara con su tia
We will be tired by noon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estaremos cansados al mediodfa 42
Will you be on the next ferry boat?
(Plural, familiar, as in Spain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iEstareis en el pr6ximo transbordador?
Will you be on the next plane? (Plural) . . . . . . . . . . . . iEstar:in ustedes en el pr6ximo avi6n?
They � together next week.
(Masculine or mixed) . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos estaran juntas la pr6xima semana.
They will be at the bus station
within an hour. (Feminine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellas estaran en la estaci6n de autobus en una hora.

LESSON 74 - LECCION 74
THE VERB "SER", FUTURE TENSE - EL VERBO "SER", TIEMPO FUTURO
I will be old someday. (Masculine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sere viejo alguna dfa.
Will you be wealthy soon? (Familiar, feminine) . . . . . . . iSeras pronto rica?
Someday you will be beautiful. (Polite, feminine) . . . . . Algun dfa usted sera hermosa.
In a few years he will be tall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . En pocos aftos el ser:i alto.
Soon it will be 1 o'clock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pronto sera la una.
Today will be a good day. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hoy sera un buen dfa.
It will be necessary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sera necesario.
We will be better in the future. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seremos mejor en el futuro.
You girls will be pretty. (Familiar, as in Spain) . . . . . . . Sereis bonitas.
You guys will be handsome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ustedes ser:in guapos.
They will be healthy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos seran sanos.
It will be 5 o'clock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seran las cinco. 43

LESSON 75 - LECCION 75
THE VERB "TENER", FUTURE TENSE - EL VERBO "TENER", TIEMPO FUTURO
I will have a new job next month. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tendre un trabajo nuevo el mes pr6ximo.
Will you have time to go to the store? (Familiar) . . . . . iTendras tiempo de ir a la tienda?
You will have plenty of time to do it. (Polite) . . . . . . . . Usted tendra suficiente tiempo para hacerlo.
He will have a lot of time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El tendra mucho tiempo.
She will have good luck. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ella tendra buena suerte.
Michael will have a problem if he doesn't go. . . . . . . Miguel tendra un problema si [ el] no va.
We will have our tickets by tomorrow. . . . . . . . . . . . . Tendremos nuestros boletos para mafiana.
You guys will have a new car next year.
(Familiar, as in Spain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tendreis un coche nuevo el afio pr6ximo.
Will you have enough time to buy food? (Plural) . . . . . iTendran ustedes bastante tiempo para comprar comida?
They will have too many things to sell in one day. . . . Ellos tendr:in demasiadas cosas para vender en un dfa.

LESSON 76 - LECCION 76
THE FUTURE TENSE WITH REGUIAR VERBS - EL TIEMPO FUTURO CON VERBOS REGUIARES
Tomorrow I will SP.eak to my family. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mariana hablare a mi familia.
Will you §P.eak to my male cousin? (Familiar) . . . . . . . . iHablaras a mi primo?
Will you §P.eak to my female cousin? (Familiar) . . . . . . . iHablara usted a mi prima?
He will SP.eak with my niece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El hablara con mi sobrina.
She will SP.eak with my nephew. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ella hablara con mi sobrino.
My brother will SP.eak to my sister-in-law. . . . . . . . . . Mi hermano hablara a mi cufiada. 44
We will talk to our parents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hablaremos a nuestros padres.
Will you guys talk to the manager?
(Familiar, as in Spain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tHablareis con el gerente?
Will you talk to your uncle? (Plural) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iHablaran ustedes a su tio?
They will SP.eak with their aunt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos hablaran con su tia.
I will SP.eak to my brother-in-law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hablare a mi cuiiado.
John willt alk to his teacher. ( Feminine) . . . . . . . . . . . . Juan hablara a su maestra.
She will finish her homework tonight. . . . . . . . . . . . . Ella terminara su tarea esta noche.
It will finish in a few minutes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Terminara en unos minutos.
I will finish my chores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Terminare mis deberes.
We will finish our housework by ten P.M. . . . . . . . . . Terminaremos el trabajo de casa para
las diez de la noche.
Will you guys finish your project in time? . . . . . . . . . . tTerminaran su proyecto a tiempo?
They will finish before you. (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos terminaran antes que tu.
I will sell my skis to my friend. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Le vendere mis esqufs a mi amigo.
Will you sell your sailboat soon? (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . tYendetispronto tu barco de vela?
Will you sell your boat in the spring? (Polite) . . . . . . . . tVendera su barco en la primavera?
He will sell his car this winter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El vendera su auto este invierno.
She will sell her house this summer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ella vendera su casa este verano.
Next year we will sell our P.COP.er!}'., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El pr6ximo aiio venderemos nuestra P.roP.iedad.
Will you sell your summer home this year? (Plural) . . . iVenderan su casa de verano este aiio?
They will sell their new travel trailer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos venderan su nueva casa rodante.
r urill �PII mv hnsiness to mv son. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Le vendere mi negocio a mi hijo. 45

They will sell everything during the autumn. . . . . . . . Ellos venderan todo durante el otofto.
It will rain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Llovera.
It will snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nevara.
To conjugate a regular verb in the future tense, add the following endings to the whole infinitive as shown
below:
SUBJECT ENDING
yo hablar (e)
tu hablar (as)
usted, ei ella hablar (a)
nosotros hablar ( emos)
vosotros hablar ( eis)
ustedes, ellos, ellas hablar ( an)

LESSON 77 - LECCION 77
SOME IRREGUIAR FUTURE VERB STEMS - ALGUNOS VERBOS IRREGUIARES
I will say something. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dire algo.
They will tell it. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos lo diran.
I will make an error. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hare un error.
You will do the first one. (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Baras el primero.
It will be sunny tomorrow. I
[L. It will make sun tomorrow.] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hara sol maiiana.
I will be able to come. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Podre venir. 46
We will be able to see. · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Podremos ver.
I will want to know. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Querre saber.
Will you want to send the package? (Polite) . . . . . . . . . iQuerra mandar el paquete?
I will know by tomorrow. I Tomorrow I will know. . . . Mariana sabre.
They will know soon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos sabran pronto.
I will leave at 9 o'clock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saldre a las nueve.
The train will leave at I o'clock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El tren saldra a la una.
I will come to your house. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vendre a su casa.
They will come next month. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellos vendran el mes pr6ximo.
I will have to leave by half past three. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tendre gue salir para las tres y media.
These are examples of verbs which are irregular when conjugated in the future tense. Most Spanish verbs are
regular when conjugated in the future tense and follow the rules given in the previous chapter. However a small
number of Spanish verbs are irregular when conjugated in the future tense. To conjugate these irregular verbs in
the future tense, follow the same rules as for regular verbs, except use the irregular future stem instead of the
whole infinitive.

LESSON 78 - LECCION 78
TIIE DAYS OF THE WEEK - LOS DIAS DE IA SEMANA
Today is Sunday_,_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hoy es domingQ;
Yesterday was Saturday_,_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ayer fue sabado.
Tomorrow will be MondaY.: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mariana sera Junes. 47

The day after tomorrow will be TuesdaY.: . . . . . . . . . . Pasado mafiana sera martes.
The day before yesterday was FridaY.: . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anteayer fue viernes.
I went to the movies last Wednesday. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fui al cine el miercoles pasado.
There was a big party Thursday_ night. . . . . . . . . . . . . Hubo una fiesta muy grande el jueves por la noche.
Tuesday, my �andfather will be here. . . . . . . . . . . . . . El martes mi abuelo estara aquf.
My grandmother went to the store on Monday. . . . . . Mi abuela fue a la tienda el Junes.
My neQhew is going to arrive this Saturday. . . . . . . . . Mi sobrino va a llegar este sabado.
If today is Wednesday, then tomorrow
will be Thursday. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Si hoy es miercoles, entonces mafiana sera jueves.
I go to church on Sundays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Voy a la iglesia los domingos.
My niece bought her tickets last Friday. . . . . . . . . . . . Mi sobrina compr6 sus boletos el viernes pasado.

LESSON 79 - LECCION 79
MONTHS OF THE YEAR - MESES DEL ANO
In 1anu<!IT, I traveled to France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . En enero, viaje a Francia.
The temperature was very cold in Febru�. . . . . . . . La temperatura estuvo muy fria en febrero.
March was very windy this year.
[L. In March of this year it made much wind.] . . . . . . En � de este afio hizo mucho viento.
In �p.!!!, I drove from France to Germany. . . . . . . . . . En abril, maneje desde Francia a Alemania.
In M.ir., I took a boat to Sweden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . En may.2, tome un barco a Sueda.
In June, I traveled by train to Norway. . . . . . . . . . . . . En junio, viaje en tren a Noruega.
The weather was great in July. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El tiempo estuvo magnffico en julio.
But in Au�st it rained a lot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pero en !!gosto llovi6 mucho. 48
the cloud _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ la nube
�<:P.tember was very cloudy_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ �ptiembre estuvo muy nublado_
But then October was quite sunny_ [L. But in
October, there was much sun_] _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Pero en octubre hubo mucho sol.
It's going to rain !}gain in November_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Va a lloverdenuevo en noviembre_
It's going to snow a lot in December_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Va a nevar mucho en diciembre_
When speaking about the weather, use "haber" for things that you can see and "hacer" for everything else_

LESSON SO - LECCION SO
AT THE DOCTOR'S OFFICE - EN IA OFICINA DEL DOCTOR
I need a doctor_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Necesito un doctor_
as soon as possible _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ lo mas pronto posible
Do you know a good dentist? (Polite) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ iConoce usted a un buen dentista?
What's your problem? I What's happening to rou? _ _ _ iQue k pasa?
f m very sick. (Masculine) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Estoy muy enfermo_
I feel nauseous_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Me siento nauseas_
I don't feel well_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ No me siento bien_
I have pain here_ I It hurts me here_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Me duele aquf_
He has an !!_!j!!._ty - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ El tiene una herida_
Someone is injured_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ �uien esta herido_
the foot - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ el pie
the leg - - - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ la pierna 49

the ankle _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ el tobillo

the back _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ la espalda
the arm _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ el brazo
the hand _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ la mano
the head _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ la cabeza
the tooth _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ el diente
the ear _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ la oreja
� � - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - el �
the mouth _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ la boca
the blood _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ la sangre
the pain _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ el dolor
I have a very bad headache_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Tengo un dolor de cabeza muy fuerte_
I have a toothache_ [L. To me, [it] hurts, the tooth_] _ _ _ Me duele la muela_
I have a stomachache_ -- _-_ _-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Me duele el est6mag2;
Is it broken? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ iEsta roto? I iEsta quebrado?
Do you have something for an earache? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ iTiene algo para el dolor de ofdo?
When referring to parts of one's body in Spanish, possessive adjectives are often not used_ For example, instead of
saying" mi mano" ( my hand), or" su mano" ( his or her hand), Spanish speakers frequently say" la mano" when it is
clear whose hand is being referred to_

50
 LESSON 81- LECCION 81
AT THE DINNER TABLE - EN IA MESA
We have a reservation for 7 o'clock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tenemos una reservaci6n para las siete.
Please bring me a bottle of wine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Por favor, me trae una botella de vino.
Please P.asS me the vegetables. (Familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . Por favor, pasame los vegetales.
Can you bring me mineral water, please? (Polite) . . . . . iMe puede traer agua mineraL por favor?
Carbonated or non carbonated? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iCon gas o sin gas?
What is the �P.ecial today? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iCual es la �pecialidad de hoy?
What is the specialty of the house? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iCual es la especialidad de la casa?
At what time do you QP.en for lunch? I
At what time do you QP.en to eat lunch? . . . . . . . . . iA que hora abren para almorzar?
When does the restaurant close? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iCuando cierra el restaurante?
What's for dessert? I What is there for dessert? . . . . . iQue hay de P.Ostre?
one more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . uno mas
I would like another [ one more] . glass of milk. . . . . . . Quisiera otro vaso de leche.
Three more beers please. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tres cervezas mas por favor.
May we have some more cheese? I
Can you bring us more cheesez ......... . iNos puede traer mas queso?
Would you like cream in the coffee? ( Familiar) . . . . . . i.Quisieras crema en cl cafe?
How do r.ou like your meat cooked? I
How do r.ou like the meat? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iC6mo le gusta la came'
What are my choices? I How do they P.reP.are it? . . . iC6mo la p�paran?
51

rare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . crudo
medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . medio crudo I regular
well done . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bien cocinado
I would like some more jam, please. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quisiera mas mermelada, por favor.
Do you have fresh fruit? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tTiene frutas frescas?
The meal was very bad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . La comida estuvo muy mala.
This knife is inexpensive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Este cuchillo es barato.
Would you like another [different] plate? (Polite) . . . . . iQuisiera un plato distinto?
Give me a �P.oon, please. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deme una cuchara por favor.
Excuse me, can you give me another napkin? . . . . . . Perdone, i me puede dar otra servilleta?
I need a bigger bowl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Necesito un taza mas grande.
Who is going to wash the dishes? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iQuien va a lavar los P.iatos?
Is there an ashtray here? I Do you have an ashtray] . . . . iTiene un cenicero?
What kinds of fruit do you have? (Plural) . . . . . . . . . . . . iQue clases de frutas tienen?
We need two more chairs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Necesitamos dos sillas mas.
Where do you keep the silverware? (Familiar) . . . . . . . iD6nde guardas los cubiertos?
We would like to order now. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quisieramos ordenar ahora.

52
 Level Three 4. The important words you need to survive and get around
are taught first. Grammar is taught with examples rather than
LEARN rules.
S. Usually no more than one new word is introduced at a time.
IN YOUR CAR®CD (Level Three occasionally introduces more than one word
when it is easy to distinguish the new words.) This means you
SPANISH won't hear a sentence or a phrase and wonder which sound
corresponds to which word. (Various forms of previously
by Henry N. Raymond introduced verbs are used along with new words.)
and Oscar Ramirez 6. No textbook is required. The fact that no more than one
new word is introduced at a time enables you to use the CDs
effectively without referring to a textbook. The CDs are
designed to be used without a textbook so that you can use
the � wh_ile _ driving a car ?r while doing other things which
Le� rn In Your Car i � the only language learning system reqmre s1m1lar amounts of concentration.
designed to teach a foreign language in your car as you drive,
wJthout the aid of a textbook. This booklet contains the entire 7. Literal (word-for-word) translations are used as much as
recorded text for your reference so that you can sec how the possible. This enables you to understand how a sentence or
words are spelled._ This booklet also contains additional cxpla­ phrase is constructed and what the individual words mean.
nat10ns w�1ch will b� helpful to you if you have trouble
understanding some of the concepts. HOW TO USE
"LEARN IN YOUR CAR - SPANISH"
ABOUT THIS COURSE The lessons start immediately at the beginning of Disc One
Learn In Your Car - Spanish, Level Three is a continuation with no introduction so that you don't have to l isten to the
of Learn in Your Car Spanish, Level Two. Level Three begins same introduction over and over again.
where Level Two ends. Level One is desioned and oraanized Simply start the first disc and play through the first lesson.
primarily with the traveler in mind. Level Two contin;es with For each expression, you will hear the English version fol­
more complex vocabulary and grammar. Level Three intro­ lowed by a pause, then the Spanish translation followed by a
duces more advanced grammar and vocabulary for the con­ pau �e, then the Spa�ish translation a second time followed by
tinmng student. The following guidelines are used: a third pause. At first, you will only be able to imitate the
1. The basic _premise is that communicating in a language Spanish words in the two pauses after the Spanish translations
requires learning '."'ords, phrases, and sentences; but you can't (the second and third pauses). As you learn and progress, you
learn to communicate effectively in a language unless you �ill be able to recall and recite the Spanish version during the
know the md1v1dual meanmg of each word. first pause before you hear the first Spanish translation. Be
2. The emphasis is on communication. Words, phrases, or sure to speak the Spanish expressions out loud. The rate at
sentences can be used to communicate. IL is nol always which you learn wil l be significantly slower if you do not
necessary to use a complete sentence to convey a thought. speak the Spanish expressions aloud.
3. It teaches the way a child learns. Children start by learning Play the first lesson several times until you learn most of it.
one-word sentences, then two-word sentences, etc. progress­ Then start playing the first followed by the second until you
mg to more complex sentences as they learn more vocabulary learn most of the second. As you progress, keep adding
and grammar. lessons. Always go back to the beginning to reinforce the
matenal you have already learned. (As you progress through
the material, you may want to restart at some place other than TABLE OF CONTENTS
the very beginning of the first disc. This is fine as long as you Disc 1: Tracks 1 -11
know all the material ahead of your starting point. Later I: Lesson 82.. .Reflexive Verbs
lessons are designed with the assumption that you already 2: Lesson 83 ... Reciprocal Constructions
know the material in earlier lessons.) 3: Lesson 84 ... Pronominal Verbs
4: Lesson 85 ...Reflexive and Pronominal Verbs-Negative
NOTES ABOUT THE TEXT 5: Lesson 86 ... Colors
6: Lesson 87 . . Ordinal Numbers
• Words which are underlined in phrases in the text have the 7: Lesson 88 ... Sentences and Phrases About Money
same meaning in both English and Spanish. When a new word 8: Lesson 89 . . . The Weather and Certain Verbs
is introduced, it will usually be underlined. 9: Lesson 90... Phrases and Sentences About Motion
• Literal translations are in parentheses with an "L." such as: I 0: Lesson 9 1 ...The Verb 'To Have" in Idiomatic Expressions
"(L. This is a literal translation)" 1 1 : Lesson 92 . . . Stem Changing Verbs, First Group (E to IE)
• Words in brackets [like this] are understood or indicate con­ Disc 2: Tracks 1-11
text, but are not heard on the discs. 1: Lesson 93 ... Stem Changing Verbs, Second Group (0 to UE)
2: Lesson 94...Third Group of Stem Changing Verbs (E to I)
NOTES ABOUT THE CDs 3: Lesson 95 ... Expressions of Obligation
4: Lesson 96 ... Constructions of Verbs Like "Gustar"
• The CD format, with each lesson on a separate track, allows 5: Lesson 97 ... Two Ways to Express Knowledge:"Saber vs. Conocer"
you to instantly target the exact lesson you wish to review. 6: Lesson 98 ... To Ask vs. To Ask For
The disc and track numbers for each lesson are listed in the 7: Lesson 99 ... The Present Perfect
Table of Contents. 8: Lesson 1 00...The Verb "Hacer" to Measure Time
• The Spanish and English translations are on separate chan­ 9: Lesson IO 1 ...The Imperative Mode: Commands with Regular Verbs
nels. If you wish to hear only the Spanish translations, simply 10: Lesson 1 02 .. .Imperatives with Stem Changes
adjust the balance control of your CD player so that you hear 11: Lesson 103 ... Common Irregular Verbs in the Imperative
only the Spanish version.
Disc 3: Tracks 1 -9
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1: Lesson I 04... Comparisons of Equality
2: Lesson 105 ... Comparisons oflnequality and the Superlative
We would like to thank Maria Gomez, Carol Grant, Steve 3: Lesson I 06... The Present Subjunctive of Regular Verbs
Raymond, Toni Hall and Ramon Tamarit for this and other 4: Lesson I 07...The Present Subjunctive of Irregular Verbs
Learn In Your Car - Language Series tapes. 6: Lesson 108 ...The Indicative vs. the Subjunctive
-Henry Raymond and Oscar Ramirez 7: Lesson 1 09 ...Affirmative vs. Negative Words
8: Lesson 1 1 0... The Conditional Mode
9: Lesson 1 1 1 ... Two Ways to Say "For''
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© 1 992 Penton Overseas. All rights reserved.
 LESSON 82 - LECCION 82
REFLEXIVE VERBS - VERBOS REFLEXIVOS
to wash oneself ......................... ................................................ lavar�
I'm washing the car. I I wash the car. ....................................... Yo lavo el coche.
I'm washing myself. I I wash myself. ...................................... Yo me lavo.
You wash yourself. (Familiar) .................................................. [TC1] g_ lavas.
You wash yourself. (Polite) ...................................................... [Ustcd] � lava.
He washes himself. .......................................... ......................... El � lava.
Paul washes himself. .......................... ...................................... Pablo fil'. lava.
We wash ourselves . ......... ......................................................... [Nosotros] nos lavamos.
You wash yours�ves. (Familiar, as in Spain) .......................... [ Vosotros] Q!i lavais.
You wash yourselves . .... ........................................................... Ustedes � lavan.
They're washing themselves. / They wash themselves . ........... Ellos � lavan.
to look at oneself. ..................................................................... mirar�
I look at myself. ....................... ................................................. [Yo] me miro.
We look at ourselves . . ............................................................... [Nosotros] nos miramos.
To get oneself up I to rise . ......... ............................................... levantarse
I am getting myself up . ............................................................. [Yo ] me levanto.
1 will get myself up in a few minutes . ...................................... [ Yo] me levantare en unos minutos.
Are you going to get fyourself] up soon? (Familiar) ... ............ ;,[Tu] k vas a levantar pronto?
Will you get [)'9urself] up early'' (Familiar) ............................ i,[Tu] g_ levantaras temprano?
When will you get [yourself] up? ............................................. 1,Cuando g_ levantaras [tu]?
When are they going to get [themselves] up? .......................... 1,Cuando � levantaran ellos''
When did you gtlJ!J;!? ( Familiar) ............................................. 1,Cuando te levantaste'!

2
A reflexive verb refers the action of the verb back to the subject and its refexive pronoun. A transitive verb passes the
action on to an object. Notice the difference between the transitive verb "lavar" (to wash "something") and the reflex­
ive verb "lavarse" (to wash oneself). A reflexive verb can be identified by the "se" ending in the infinitive form ("se"
means "oneself' in this case). Reflexive verbs are used frequently in Spanish. The reflexive form of a verb can have
a substantially different meaning from its non-reflexive form. Reflexive pronouns must agree with the subject ("Yo
me ... ", "Tu te ... ", "Usted/El/Ella se ... ", "Nosotros nos ... ", "Vosotros os ... ", "Ustedes/Ellos/Ellas se ... ").
Notice that the reflexive pronouns "me", "te", "se", "nos" and "os" refer to "oneself', but are also object pronouns
which were presented earlier.
A reflexive pronoun is usually placed in front of the verb, but can also be attached to the end of an infinitive verb form.

LESSON 83 - LECCION 83
RECIPROCAL CONSTRUCTIONS -
CONSTRUCCIONES RECIPROCAS
We wash each other. ........................................ ......................... [Nosostros] nos lavamos uno a otro.
You wash each other. (Familiar, as in Spain) ........................... [Vosotros] Q!i lavais uno a otro.
You wash each other. ................................................................ Ustedes g_ lavan uno a otro.
They wash each other. .............................................................. Ellos � lavan uno a otro.
We look at each other. (Feminine) ............................................ [Nosotros] nos miramos una a otra.
They see each other. .................. ............................................... Ellos g_ ven uno a otro.
They are going to see each other. ............................................. Ellos van a verse uno a otro.
We are going to see each other. ................................................ [Nosostros] vamos a vernos uno a otro.
The plural pronouns "nos", "os" and "se" can also mean "each other" or "to each other". In this case they are called
reciprocal constructions. If these pronouns are being used in a reciprocal meaning and the context of speech does not
clearly indicate this, the phrases "uno a otro", "unos a otros" etc. can be added to clarify the idea of "each other."
Reciprocal constructions always have a plural subject.
A reflexive pronoun or reciprocal construction is usually placed in front of the verb, but can also be attached to the end of
an infinitive verb form.

LESSON 84 - LECCION 84
PRONOMINAL VERBS - VERBOS PRONOMINALES
to go away ................................................................................ irse
I ' m going away. I I go away. ......... ..................................... ...... Yo me voy.
You guys are leaving on the next train . .................................... Ustedes se van en el pr6ximo tren.
They are leaving tomorrow. ..................................................... Ellos se van maiiana.
They left. I They went away. .................................................... Ellos se fueron.
They left the house . .......... .................................................... .... Ellos se fueron de la casa.
to go to bed ..................................... .......................... ................ irse a la cam a I acostarse
I ' m going to bed . ............ .................. ........................................ IYoJ me voy a la cama.
We're going to bed. / We g_Q to bed . ......................................... [Nosotros] nos vamos a la cama.
We're going to go to bed now. ................................................. INosotros] nos vamos a ir a la cama ahora.
We're going to go to bed now. ............. ...................... .............. [Nosotros] vamos a irnos a la cama ahora.
Are you going to go to bed soon'' (Familiar) . . . ........................ l Vas a irte a la cama pronto?
They will go to bed at 9 o'clock . .............................................. Ellos se info a la cama a las nueve.
They are going to go to bed at 9 o'clock . ................................. Ellos van a irse a la cama a las nueve.
They went to bed an hour ago. . . ................... ............................ Ellos se fueron a la cama hace una hora.
to go to sleep I to fall asleep ..................... ................................ dorrnirse
I am falling asleep. / I fall asleep . ............................................ [Yo] me duerrno.
I ' m going to go to sleep . ........ ................................................... [Yo] me ym,: a dorrnir.
She is going to go to sleep . ....................................................... Ella � va a dorrnir.
3

4
She is falling asleep. ................................................................. Ella se duerme.
We will fall asleep in a few minutes . . ....................................... [Nosotros] nos dormiremc,s en pocos minutos.
to have fun ................................................................................ diverti.rse
They are having fun . . .................. .............................................. Ellos se divierten.
Are you having fun" (Familiar) .................................... ............ (,Te diviertes [tu]?
Are you guys having fun? ........................................................ (,Se divierten ustedes?
He is having fun . .................................. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . ...................... El se divierte..
We are having fun. .................................................................... [Nosotros] nos divertimos.
Will you have fuf! tomo1rnw'' .................................................. (,Te divertiras [tu] mafiana?
They will have fun at the park . ................................................. Ellos se divertiran en el parque.
to remain I to stay ............................................ ............. ............ quedarsc
We want liL'ili!Y at home . . . ........................................ ................ Queremos quedarnos en casa.
We are going to stay in a four star hotel. .......... ........................ Vamos a quedarnos en un hotel de cuatro estrellas.
They stayed at his house . .............. ............................................ Ellos se quedaron en la casa de el.
We 1<_w1 the blanket. ................................................................. [Nosotros] nos quedamos con la cobija.
to wake up ................................................................................ despertarse
I woke up. .................................................... . . . .......................... Me desperte.
You woke up. (Familiar) ................... ....................................... Te despertaste.
He woke up. ....................................... ....................................... El se despert6.
We -,y_oke up. ..........., ................................................................. Nos despertamos.
You woke up. (Plural) ............................ .................................. Ustedes se despertaron.
What time did they wake up? ......... ..... ..................................... ,.A que hora se despertaron ellos?
Tomorrow I will wake up at 7 A.M . ............................. ............ Maiiana [yo] me despertare a las siete de la maiiana.
to fall down I to tumble ............................................................ caerse
Did you fall dow11 the stairs'' (Familiar) .................................. lTe caiste por la escalera?
to become ................................................................................. hacerse
They became professionals . ..................................................... Ellos se hicieron profesionales.
to carry away I to take away ........................ ............................. llevarse
You are taking your suitcase, aren't you? (Familiar) ............... Te llevas la maleta, /,no?
You are taking the children, aren't you 0 (Polite) ..................... Se lleva a los nifios, ;,no?
We are taking our suitcases with us . ......................................... Nos llevamos las maletas con nosotros.
We are taking our children with us . . ......................................... Nos llevamos a los nifios con nosotros.
1 twisted my ankle . ................................................................... Me torcf el tobillo.
I sprained my wrist. .................................................................. Me astille la mufieca.
l burt my back . ......................................................................... Me lastime la espalda.
The Spanish language has a group of verbs called "pronominal verbs" which are used in exactly the same manner as
"reflexive verbs" but they have no reflexive connotation or usage. They simply exist and require reflexive construction
in sentences. These verbs can be recognized by the "se" ending in the infinitive form, except in this case the "se" does
not necessarily stand for "oneself'. The "se'' ending simply identifies the fact that the verb requires reflexive construc­
tion in a sentence. Pronominal verbs are usually verbs of movement or change.

LESSON 85 - LECCION 85
REFLEXIVE AND PRONOMINAL VERBS-NEGATIVE
VERBOS REFLEXIVOS Y PRONOMINALES-NEGATIVOS
I don't wash myself. ................................................................. No me lavo.
We don't wash ourselves . ....... . . .. . ............................................. No hos lavamos.
Tomorrow, I won't wake up early. ............................................ Mafiana, no me despertare temprano.
I'm not going to wake up in time . ............................................ No voy a despertarme a tiempo.
Aren't you going �'? (Familiar) .................................... GNo vas a levantarte?
We are not going to bed . ............................... .............. .............. No nos vamos a la cama.

6
She lli not falling asleep . ........................................................... Ella no se duerme.
We will not fall asleep . .................... . ........................ ................ No nos dormiremos.
You did not wake up. (Familiar) .............................................. No te despertaste.
He did not wake up . .................................................................. El no se despert6.
We did not wake up . ............................ ..................................... No nos despertamos.
They did not wake up . ........................... .............. ..................... Ellos no se despertaron.
I didn't wake up at 6 o'clock . . .................... . ............................. No me desperte a las seis.
They did not go to bed. . ...................................... ...................... Ellos no se acostaron.
You guys did not go to bed . ......... . . . .......................................... Ustedes no se acostaron.
I did not twist my ankle . ............... ............................................ No me torcf el tobillo.
I did not hurt my back. ............................... .............................. No me lastime la espalda.
This lesson shows reflexive construction with reflexive and pronominal verbs in the negative.

LESSON 86 - LECCION 86
COLORS - COLORES
I would like some red wine please . ................ .......................... Me ? ustarfa vino .tinto por favor.
I used to have a red car. .................... . . . . . ................................... Terna un carro [OJQ.
Do you like white wine? (Polite) .............................................. GLe gusta el vino blanco'?
the sky ...................................................................................... el cielo
Today the sky is very grey. .. . . . .................................................. Hoy el cielo esta muy gm.
the sunset .......................................... . . . ....................... .............. la puesta de sol
At sunset the sky will be orange. . ............................................. A la puesta del sol el cielo estara naranja.
The sky probably will be blue tomorrow. ................................ El cielo probablemente estara azul mafiana.
I would like to buy a yellow shirt. ............................................ Quisiera comprar una camisa amarilla.
the forest ... ................. ........................... .................................... el bosque
The forest is very green . ........................................................... El bosque es muy verde.
I don't like the color �. ..................................................... No me gusta el color morado.
At night the sky is very black . .................................................. Por la noche el cielo esta muy negro.
He had a brown car. .................................................................. El tuvo un auto marron.
the hair ...................................................................................... el pelo I el cabello
My brother has brown hair. ...................................................... Mi herrnano tiene el pelo castafio.
No, he has dark brown hair. ...................... ................................ No, el tiene el pelo castafio oscuro.
My sister has blond hair. .......................................................... Mi herrnana tiene el pelo rubio.
She is brown haired. ................................................................. Ella es morena.
She drives a llli!k car. ............................... ................................. Ella maneja un cache rosado.
Usually beer has a gQ.\Q color. .................................................. Por lo general, la cerveza tiene un color dorado.
My uncle bought a big silver truck . ........... ............................... Mi tfo compro un camion grande de color plateado.
Colors are usually adjectives and as such must agree in gender and number with the word they modify. This generally
means that colors ending in "o" are masculine and that the "o" changes to an "a" if the color describes a feminine object.
Adjectives can usually be made into a plural form by adding an "s" (or an "es" if the adjective ends in a consonant).
Some adjectives em' '� "e", in which case they are both feminine and masculine.
The color "castafio" is used for hair and eyes only.
·
In Spanish, the word "red'" is expressed by the word "rojo", however, when referring to "red wine· , the term "vino
tinto" is used.
LESSON 87 - LECCION 87
ORDINAL NUMBERS - NUMEROS ORDINALES
the first flower .......................................... ................................ la primera flor
the second guest house ....................... ........... ........................... la segunda pension
the third finger .......................................................................... el tercer dedo
He was the fourth cook . . ........................................................... El fue el cuarto cocinero.
7

8
She will be the fifth nurse . ........................ ................. .............. Ella sera la 4uinta enfermera.
I will be the sixth driver . .............. ............ ........................... .... Sere el sex to chofer.
You will be the seventh secretary. (Familiar) ....... Seras la septima secretaria.
You will be the eighth fireman. (Polite) . ................... ............... Usted sen\ el octavo bombero.
It was my ninth birthday. .... .................... . .............. .......... Fue mi noveno cumpleafios.
It will be their tenth anniversary. ......... . ......... ................ Sera su dccimo aniversario.
I wrote my eleventh postcard. ............... . ............ Escribf mi tarjeta postal ntimero once.
I received my twelfth letter. ...................................................... Recibf mi carta numero doce.
This is the thirteenth copy. ..................... . ....................... Esta es la copia numero trece.
the fourteenth student (Masculine) .................................. ........ el estudiante numero catorce
the twentieth page ......... ........................... .. la pagina Dtimero veinte
the five hundred and forty third time ....................................... la vez numero quinientos cuarenta y tres
the thousandth light bulb .......................................................... la bombilla numero mil
the millionth bird ...................................................................... el pajaro numero millon
In Spanish, ordinal numbers are seldom used after 1 0. They do exist in higher numbers, however in normal spoken
Spanish, cardinal numbers are normally used as shown above for numbers 1 1 and higher.

LESSON 88 - LECCION 88
SENTENCES AND PHRASES ABOUT MONEY - ORACIONES Y FRASES SOBRE EL DINERO
American money is worth a lot everywhere . . ....................... .... El dinero americano vale mucho en todas partes.
I sav� my money when I want to travel. ............................ ...... Yo ahorro dinero cuando quiero viajar.
Where can we cash this check? ................................. ............... /,Donde podemos g)brar este cheque?
If I don't l ike this article, will you gi__yf_ me hack my money·' . ,.Si no me gusta este artfculo. ,,me devuelve
Ud. mi dinero''
The United States trades with all countries in the world . .. . ..... Los Estados Unidos negocia con todos los
pafses del mundo.
Count your money when they give you your change . ......... .... Cuenta cl dinero cuando te devuelvan cl camhio.
He i_;; very successful with his job and money . . . ....................... El tiene mucho exito con su trahajo y el dinero.
Guard your purse when you arc with a lot of people ............... Vi gila tu holso cuando estes entre muchas personas.
Children depend on their parents' money. .. ....................... . Los nifios dependen de! dinero de sus padres.
Whenever there arc sales, you always buy too much . .............. Siem pre que hay vent as. compras dcmasiado.
The exchange at the hotel doesn't give the maximum. . El cambio en el hotel no da el maxima.
It's a very good sale because the prices are excellent. . Es una venta muy buena porquc los precios
son cxcclentes.
The minimum is still too high. . . ................................. .. ... El rnfnirno es todavfa demasiado alto.
How much does the fare to Madrid cost'' ...................... ........... i,Cuanto cues ta cl pasaje a Madrid''
The success of these sales is their minimum prices . ................ El exito de estas ventas es sus precios mfnimos.
Worthwhile things always cost more . ........ .. ...................... Las cosas valiosas siempre cuestan mas.
The average fare costs two hundred pesetas. ........................... El pasaje promedio cuesta doscientas pesetas.
I need a little bit more money. .................................................. Necesito un poyuito mas de dinero.
Where do they sell tires? .......................................................... i,D6nde venden llantas'7
How much is it worth" ............................................................. ,,Cuanto vale?
I t 's a worthless thing . .................................................... ........... Es una cosa sin valor.
I'm missing fifty pesos. ............................................................ Me faltan cincuenta pesos.
Are one hundred dollars enough for you? (Plural) ................... ,,Les basta a Uds. con cien d61ares?

10
LESSON 89 - LECCION 89
THE WEATHER AND CERTAIN VERBS - EL TIEMPO Y CIERTOS VERBOS
In which season does it rain much here? .............. .................... i.En cual estaci6n llueve mucho aquf?
It is cold in winter by the seaside ............................................. Hace frfo en el invierno por la costa.
At the lake. it's always beautiful weather in spring ... .............. En el l.!!g_Q, siempre hace huen tiempo en primavera.
It's very windy in autumn for swimming ................................. Hace mucho viento en el otofio para la nataci6n.
Travelers like that it's sunny at the beach ...... .......................... A ffi'i viajeros Jes gusta que hace sol en la play a.
In the summer, when it's hot, I don't need a sheet. ..... ............. En el verano. cuando hace calor. no necesito una sabana.
In the morning it's very cool in.l!JK. shade . ............................... Por la mafiana hace mucho fresco a la sombra.
How is the weather today? ....................................................... ,.Que tiempo hace hoy?
I don't like it when it thunders ....................... .......................... No me gusta cuando truena. [Inf. = tronar]
There are many clouds everywhere in the sky. .................. ...... Hay muchas nu bes por todas partes en el cielo.
When there is fug, it's necessary to drive slowly . .................... Cuando hay neblina, es necesario conducir despacio.
I don't like cloudy days at sesi. ................................................. No me gustan los dfas nublados en el mar.
It's not surprising that it snowed in the mountains . . . . . . . . . .......... No es sorprendente que nev6 en las montafias.
What do you do on the ship when the ...................................... i,Que haces [tu] en el harco cuando hace buen tiempo?
weather is nice? (Familiar)
Where do you people go IQ when it's hot° ............................... i,Ad6nde van Uds. cuando hace calor? [see Note 1 J
Where does it snow much around here? ............................ ....... (,En d6nde nieva mucho por aquf?
NOTE I : "lid." = usted, "Uds . . . = ustedes
The third-person singular form of "hacer" (hace) is used with certain nouns in Spanish to make statements about the
weather. "Mucho" (a lot) and not "muy" (very) is used to express the idea of "very" for the weather because in Spanish
nouns and not adjectives are used. Some weather expressions use "hay" (there is/are) instead of "hace'' while yet others
have their own verbs. For example: "Hover" (to rain), etc.
 LESSON 90 - LECCION 90
PHRASES AND SENTENCES ABOUT MOTION - FRASES Y ORACIONES DE MOVI MIENTO
Where QQ you go out to when the weather is nice'' .......... ........ i.Ad6nde .5.fil<'..S. cuando hace bucn ticm po''
Whenever it thunders, the animals rn.!l. .................................... Srempre que truena. los animales ;,,orren.
Push the door to come in. ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... Ernpuie la puerta para entrar.
Pull the door to get out. .................. .................. ................ Jire la puerta para sal1r.
She wrned aroun(! to see who it was . . . . . ................................... (Ella) Sc volte6 para ver quien era.
Raise your hand if you know the answer. .......................... ....... LevarJten la mano si saben la rcspuesta.
We ,vent back to the hotel because we were ........... ........ ......... Regresamos al hotel porque nos faltaba el dincro.
missing the money.
They inllatcl! the tires and pushed the car. ...................... ......... Inflaron las llantas y empujaron el coche.
The weather wasn't nice and they prefered to rest .................. No hacia buen tiempo y prefirieron dcscansar en el hotel.
at the hotel.
l " l!L !;Q.!!ll: because it's very cold . ................................... . ....... Me \IQ)'. porque hacc mucho frfo.
We are going to Chile . ............... ......................... ........... ......... Nosotros !1Q5 _vamos a Chile.
Jhcy ace going to the beach because it's very sunny. .. ........... Elias se van a la playa porquc hace mucho sol.
(Feminine)
The children are jumping and running all over the beach . . . . . ... Los ninos sultan y coITen por la playa.
They took out the money and paid for the fare . ....................... Sacaron el dinero y pagaron por el pasaje.
What is the delay on this train? [L. How much delay .............. i,Cuanto retraso tiene este tren''
has this train'']
How do you get there0 I How does one arrive there'' ..... ......... (.C6mo �llega allf?
How do you get to the center of the city'' ................................ i.C6mo se llega al centro de la ciudad?

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Go that way. .................. .......................................... .................. Vaya Ud. por alla.
Is there a more direct road? ............ .... ...................................... i.Hay un camino mas di recto?
Something was not right: the train was going backwards . ....... Algo no andaba bien: el tren iba hacia atras.
Officer, our car was not going so fast. ...................................... Se11or policfa, nuestro coche no iba tan rapido.
Look in the bottom . ................................. ...... ...................... ..... Miren en el fondo.
The car's tank doesn't have gas . .................................... . ......... El tanquc de! coche no tiene gasolina.
How's that'' I fi lled it Jlll yesterday. ................. ......................... ,.C6mo que no'' Yo lo Ilene ayer.
Please empty your bags . . .... ......................... ............................. Por favor vacfen sus maletas.
Bring the money and your papers to this office. ...................... Traigan el dinero y sus papeles a csta oficina.
The tourists j2\!! their papers on the table . ................................ Los turistas ponen sus papeles en la mesa.

LESSON 91 - LECCION 91
T H E V E R B "TO HAVE" I N IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS ­
EL VERBO "TENER" EN EXPRESIONES I DIOMATICAS
How old is your relative Isabel" (Familiar) ............... .............. ,,Cuantos af\os tiene tu parienta Isabel?
My cousin Isabel is 1 7 years old . .................................... ......... Mi prima Isabel tienc diccisiete af\os.
What do you feel like doing today? (Familiar) ........................ ,.Que ticnes ganas de hacer [tul hoy'1
I feel l ike resting and not doing anything . .............. .................. [ Yo l Tengo ganas de descansar y no haccr nada.
Why are you in such a hurry? (Familiar) ............... .................. i,Por que tiencs [tu] mucha prisa"
I am in a great hurry because I'm going to the doctor. ............. J YoJ Tcngo mucha prisa porque JyoJ voy al medico.
You have to push the door to go in. (Formal) .......................... Ud. tiene que empujar la puerta para entrar.
I have to buy some cigarettes . .................................................. Tengo que comprar unos cigarrillos.
In which season are you warm when you go out? (Familiar) . . i.En cual cstaci6n tienes [tu] cal or cuando sales? [Inf. salir]
I ' m warm in the summer when I run . ............ . . ........... .............. Tengo calor en el verano cuando [yo] corro. [Inf. = correrJ
We are going (away] to eat because we're hungry. .................. [NosotrosJ Nos vamos a comer porque tencmos hambre.
J inf. = irse]
If the chi ldren jump a lot, they 're going to be thirsty. .............. Si los nifios saltan mucho, van a tencr sed. l lnf. = saltar]
J..,; your boyfriend very jealous·> (Familiar) .... ........................... i.Tiene muchos celos tu novio?
Yes, that's why I'm very careful. ..................... ......................... Sf, por eso es que yo tcngo mucho cuidado.
What are you afraid of' (Familiar) .............. ............................. i,De quc tienes miedo ituj')
I am afraid of large animals . . .................................................... [Yo] Tengo miedo de los animales grandes.
She ·s right. We are missing the money! ................................... Ella tiene raz6n. jNos falta el dinero'
No. she's wrong: the money is here . ........................ ............... No. no tiene raz6n: cl dinero esta aquf.
J "m going to bed. I ' m sleepy. ................................................... Me voy a la cama. I yo] Tengo suefio.
We don't go to Las Vegas because we are not lucky ................ No vamos a Las Vegas porque [nosotros] no tenemos
with money. sucrte con el dinero.
Many expressions in Spanish use the verb '"tener" (to have) where English would use '"to be" or another verb. Those
idiomatic expressions often correspond to the English "to be" + adjective. In such cases. the English "very" (muy) is
translated as "mucho/-a" or "muchos/-as" (much, many) because Spanish uses a noun where English would have used
an adjective.

LESSON 92 - LECCION 92
STEM-CHANGING VERBS, FIRST GROUP (E to IE) �
VERBOS CON CAMBIO DE RADICAL, PRIMER GRUPO (de E a IE)
I don't lie when I speak with my friends . ................................. Yo no miento cuando hablo con mis amigos. ! Inf. = mentir]
You prevent problems when you are careful. (Familiar) ...... ... !Tu] Previenes los problemas cuando tienes cuidado.
[ Inf. = prevenirJ
He denies that the money is there. ............................................ El niega que el dinero esta allf. [Inf. = negarj
She feels cold and needs some hot coffee . ............................... Ella siente frfo y necesita un cafe caliente. [ Inf. = sentir]
You close the windows because it's cold. (Formal, plural) ...... Uds. cierran las ventanas porque hace frfo. [ Inf. = cerrar]

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If they lose, they will be very upset. ........................................ Si ellos pierden, estaran muy enojados. [Inf. = perder]
They always recommend their own friends. (Feminine) .......... Ellas siempre recomiendan a sus propias amigas.
[ Inf. = recomendar]
I want this cntree . ................... .......................... ................. ..... Yo quiero este plato. [Inf. = querer]
Where do you have the candy'' (Familiar) ...................... ......... i.D6nde tienes [tu] las golosinas 0 [Inf. = tener]
He does not understand the wine list. ...... .. ............... El no entiende la lista de vinos. ! Inf. = entender]
She i s not turning the oven on because it's broken . ................. Ella n o enciende e l horno porque esta roto. [ Inf. = cncenderj
In general. meals begin later in Spain than in America. . ...... En general, las comidas comienzan mas tarde en Espana
que en America. I Inf. = comenzar]
The chicken is beginning to smell badly. ............... . ..... El polio empieza a oler ma!. [Inf. = empezar]
They think 12otatoes come from Ireland' ...................... ........... j Ellos piensan que las lli!PiLS vienen de Irlanda!
! Inf. = pensarl
They prd"er a snack at four o'clock. (Feminine) ..... . . ....... ....... Elias prefiercn una merienda a las cuatro. ! Inf. = preferir]
And when do you people close the kitchen·?( Familiar. plural ) . i.Y cuando cerrais vosotros la cocina? [ Inf. = cerrarJ
We have to make a toast to our friends . .................... ............. Tenemos que hacer un brindis a nuestros amigos.
! Inf. = tenerj
In Spanish. some of the most common verbs undergo spelling changes in the present tense. These changes are due to
which syllahle is stressed when pronouncing the conjugated vcrh. If it results in a slight change of pronunciation, it will
also change the stem of the verb ( that is. the part that is not the ending). For example: in "recom�ndar" the E changes
to IE and in ""ps:nsar" the E also changes to IE. There are three groups of stem-changing verbs. The first group changes
the letter E in the stem to the diphthong IE. (A diphthong is any combination of two or three vowels.) These stem
changes take place with all the personal pronouns except for "nosotros" and '"vosotros". Generally, they do not take
place in tenses other than the present. although a few verbs arc stem-changing in more than one tense.
Sample conjugation:
MENTIR (E to IE ):
yo rnient(o)
tu rnient(es)
el/ella/ Ud. rnient(e)
nosotros rnent(irnos)
vosotros rnent(is)
ellos/ellas/Uds. mient(en)

LESSON93 - LECCION93
STEM-CHANGING VERBS SECOND GROUP (0 to U E ) -
.
VERBOS CON CAMBIO DE RADICAL SEGUNDO GR UPO (de O a U E )
Why don't you taste this Spanish dish'/ (Familiar) .................. i.Por que n o pruebas [tu] este plato espafiol? [Inf. = probarJ
Why don't you !!)'. to speak Spanish? (Familiar) ..................... i,Por que no pruebas [tu] hablar espafioP [ Inf. = probar]
If I don't llillili this test, I 'll have many problems . .................... Si yo no apruebo este examen, tendre rnuchos problernas.
[Inf. = aprobarJ
Why doesn't he � you back your deodorant? (Familiar) .... , i.Porque no te dev_uelve [el] el desodorante'' [Inf. = devolver]
She tells the oddest stories . ...................................................... [Ella[ Qicnta las historias mas raras. [ Inf. = contar]
Do you always count your money before leaving ....... ............. ;,Cuenta lid. siernpre su dinero antes de salir dcl banco?
the bank? (Formal) [Inf. = contar]
That big dog does not bite . ......................... .............................. Ese perro grande no rnucrde. [ I nf. = morder]
Where do you people meet? (Formal, plural) .......................... i,D6nde se encuentran Uds.? [ Inf. = encontrarsc]
They are not finding the toiletries because they don't ............. Ellos no encuentran los afeites porque no hablan espafiol.
speak Spanish. [Inf. = encontrar]

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Whenever you run very fast, you twist your foot. (Familiar) . . Siernpre que [tu] corres muy rapido, [tu] te tuerces el pie.
[Inf. = torcersc]
That boy always wraps the pills for me . ................................... Aquel rnuchacho siernpre me envuelve las pastillas.
[Inf. = envolver]
When are you corning back around here? (Familiar) ............... ,,Cuando vuelves [tu] por aqui? [Inf. =volver]
Why do they hang flowers on the windows' 1 .......................... ,i,Por que cuelgan [ellos] tlores en las ventanas''
[Inf. = colgar]
How much does the shampoo cost? ........................................ , i,Cuanto cuesta el charnpu'' [ Inf. = costar]
They never sleep when they think about their illnesses . .......... Ellos nunca duerrnen cuando piensan en sus enfcrmedades.
[ Inf. = dorrnir[
They can't go because they have a cold. (Feminine) ............... Elias no pueden ir porque tienen un resfriado. [ Inf. = podcr]
In the movie, the lovers die . ............... ... ................................... En la pelfcula, los arnantes rnueren. [ Inf. = rnorir]
At night I dream of a very beautiful garden . ........................... Por la noche suefio con un jardin rnuy bello.
. .
[Inf. = sofiar con I
What does the rninw show you? (Familiar) ............................ ;, Que te rnuestra cl espejo? [Inf. = rnostrar]
They always have lunch at the restaurant ................. ................ Elias siernpre alrnuerzan en el restaurante ·'LAS OLLAS".
"THE POTS". (Feminine) [ Inf. = almorzarJ
The second group of stern-changing verbs follows the same pattern as the first: all conjugations change in the present
tense except for "nosotros .. and "vosotros ... The spelling change is from "O" to "UE ... The only verb that does not have
.
"O .. in its stern and yet belongs to this group is "jugar" (to play a game, to gamble). It changes from "U" to "UE . :
juego, juegas, juega, jugamos, jugais, juegan.
Sample conjugation for stem-changing verbs of the second group:
PROBAR (0 to UE):
yo prueb(o)
tu prueb(as)
el/ella/Ud. prueb(a)
nosotros prob( amos)
vosotros prob(ais)
ellos/ellas/Uds. prueh(an)

LESSON94 - LECCION94
THIRD GROUP OF STEM-CHANGING VERBS (E to I) -
TERCER GRUPO DE VERBOS CON CAMBIO DE RADICAL. (de E a I )
When d o you serve ,urkex at your house·> (Familiar) .............. ;,Cuando sirvcs [ t u ] pavo e n t u casa'' [Inf. = servir]
I laugh at Brian's jokes . .................. ..................... ..................... Yo me ri.Q de las bromas de Brian. [Inf. = reirse]
Chi ldren are happy when they smile . .............. . . . ...................... Los nifios est.in contcntos cuando [ellos] sonrfcn.
[Inf. = sonre ir]
She u, always telling lies. ......................................................... Ella siempre dice mentiras. [Inf. = decir]
You people always repeat the things you hear. (Formal) ......... Uds. siempre repiten las cosas que oycn. I Inf. = repetir]
The temperature continues in the nineties . .................. ............. La temperatura sigue en los noventa. [ Inf. = seguir]
What do you ask for at the pharmacy when you .... .................. ;.Que D.i,k Ud. en la farmacia cuando atrapa un resfriado'?
catch a cold? (Formal ) [Inf. = pcdir]
A third and smaller group of verbs undergoes the stem-change from E to I. It does so in all the conjugations, except for
"nosotros'' and "vosotros" and mostly in the present tense. However, this group tends to also make a similar change in
the preterit tense.

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Sample conjugation of stem-changing verbs of the third group:
SERVIR (E to I ):
yo sirv(o)
tu sirv(es)
el/ella/Ud. sirv(e)
nosotros serv(imos)
vosotros serv(is)
ellos/ellas/Uds. sirv(en)

LESSON95 - LECCION95
EXPRESSIONS OF OBLIGATION - EXPRESIONES DE OBLIGACION
I have to buy some medication for my influenza . .................... Tengo que comprar alguna medicina para mi flu.
You have to be more careful with your health. (Familiar) ....... [Tu] Tienes que tener mas cuidado con tu salud.
She has to recuperate at home . ......................... ........................ Ella tiene que recuperarse en casa.
He has to find the right lubricant. ......... .................................... El tiene que encontrar el luhricante correcto.
Do you have to see all the sick people today? (Formal) .......... (,Tiene Ud. que ver a todos los enfermos hoy''
We have to take care of our grandmother. ........... ..................... Tenemos que cuidar a nuestra abuela.
You have to take care of that cough. (Familiar, plural) ............ [Yosotros] Teneis que cuidaros esa toz.
They are not feeling well and have to find the bathroom . . ....... Ellos no se sienten bien y tienen que encontrar el bafio.
You have to wash these towels. (Formal, plural) ..................... Uds. tienen que lavar esas toallas.
I ought to cook when Mom is sick . .......................................... Debo cocinar cuando Mama esta enferma.
You should not offer alcoholic drinks to the ............................ [W1] No debes ofrecer bebidas alcoh6licas a los niiios.
children. (Familiar)
He ought to brush h i s hair before leaving . ................... ............ El debe cepillarse el cabello antes de salir.
She should mix more with the other young people . ................. Ella debe mezclarse mas con los otros j6venes.
We should savor the Mexican dish Clara made for us . ............ Debemos saborear el plato mexicano que Clara nos hizo.
You ought to invite fewer people to these parties . ........ ........... [Vosotrosj Debeis invitar a menos gente a estas fiestas.
( Familiar, plural)
You should bake this at 350. (Formal, plural) ........................ . . [Uds.] Deben hornear esto a trescientos cincuenta.
The boys should clean the house and help the girls . ................ Los muchachos deben limpiar la casa y ayudar a las chicas.
l!..i.s necessary to drink less alcohol. ......................................... Hay qui; beber menos alcohol.
It is not necessary to take the trash out everyday . .................... No hay que sacar la basura todos los dfas.
It is necessary to be careful with fishbones . ............................. Hay que tener cuidado con las espinas de pescado.
Is it necessary to add salt and pepper? .... ................................. ,)fay que agregar sat y pimienta''
There are three ways to indicate obligation in Spanish. With "tener que + inf." the verb "tener'' is conjugated according
to the person whose obligation it is and the infinitive remains unconjugated. This is the most personal and the strongest
way to indicate an obligation. It is comparable to the English "to have to do something". One can also use "deber +
inf." to show a lesser degree of obligation. "Deber" is conjugated but the infinitive is not. It is similar to saying
"should" or "ought to" in English. There is also a third and impersonal way to suggest an obligation without pointing in
anyone's direction, but simply leaving it understood: "hay que + inf." In this context, "hay" (usually "there is/are")
means "it is necessary", so the speaker is actually saying "It is necessary to (+ verb)". However, he leaves it unsaid as to
who, specifically, needs to do whatever. The context of the conversation in these cases points the finger of obligation.
Thus, directness and commitment may be avoided and yet implied.

LESSON 96- LECCION 96

CONSTRUCTIONS OF VERBS LIKE "GUSTAR"-- CONSTRUCCIONES DE VERSOS COMO "GUSTAR"
I like �. ................................................................................ A mi me gustan los huevos.
You don't like this cocktail. (Familiar) .................................... A ti no te gusta este coctel.
He doesn't l ike i!lcoholic drinks. ........... ................................... A el no le gustan Ios tragos.
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Among soft drinks, she likes Coke the best. ........ .................... De los refrescos, a ella le gusta mas la Coca-Cola.
Don't you like rice? (Formal) ................................................... /,A Ud. no le gusta el filTOz?
We don't like to have diarrhea! ................................................ jA nosotros no nos gusta tener diarrea'
Why don't you like this butter? (Familiar, plural) ................... 6 Por que a vosotros no os gusta esta mantequilla?
Do you like ji;j.!.y_? (Formal, plural) ........................................... /,A Uds. les gusta la jalea?

They don't like these old stoves . .............................................. A ellos no !es gustan estas �stufas viejas.
They don't like to be drunk. (Feminine) .................................. A ellas no Jes gusta estar borrachqS_.
I love sweet-and-sour pork . ...................................................... A mf me encanta el puerco agrio-y-dulce. [Inf. = encantar]
Does it matter to you to have your own bathroom? (Familiar) · · lA ti te importa tener tu propio bafio ? [Inf. = importar]
It seems to him that she is jealous . ........................................... A el le parece que ella tiene celos. [Inf. = parecer]
It seems awful to her. ................................................................ A ella le parece pesimQ.
Loud music and people do not bother her. ............................... A ella no le molestan Ia rnusica alta y la gente.
[ Inf. = molestarJ
These museums don't inte�M us . ............................................. A nosotros no nos interesa11 estos museos. [Inf. = interesar]
They still have $20 left. .................................... . ............ . . ......... A ellos todavfa Ies quedan veinte d61ares. [ Inf. = quedar]
$20 lli_enough for them. (Feminine) ......................................... A ellas Jes basffi con veinte d6lares. [ Inf. = bastar]
Do your feet hurt after the trip? (Formal, plural) ..................... 6A Uds. Ies QJJelen los pies despues de] viaje?
[Inf. = doler; 0 to UE]
I am missing my money! ........... , .............................................. j A mf me falta el dinero 1 [Inf. = faltar + object]
He needs a new car. .................................................................. A el le hace falta un carro nuevo. [Inf. = hacer falta + object]
The verb "gustar" does not mean "to like" in Spanish. In fact, there is no verb for "to like". "Gustar" means "to be
pleasing to", as in "Those flowers are pleasing to her" ("A ella le gustan esas flores"). The greatest difference between
verbs like "gustar" and their English counterparts is that the subject in English becomes the indirect object in Spanish,
so the principal terms of the sentence (i.e., doing the liking and being liked) are switched. To beginners, it sounds like
they are saying the sentence or question backwards. The Spanish pattern is easy to learn, though:
A ELLA (NO) LE GUSTAN ESAS FLORES
(clarifier) (negation) (to her) (are pleasing) (those flowers)
( INDIRECT OBJECT) + (VERB) + (SUBJECT)
The clarifier does not exist in English and it is NOT the indirect object. In Spanish, the clarifier generally begins the
sentence so the listener will be perfectly clear as to whom it is being spoken of. Then follows the indirect object (me,
te, le, nos, os, les). then the conjugated verb, and finally the subject. Notice that the sentence structure itself is the
reverse of English. ATTENTION: THE VERB AGREES IN CONJUGATION WITH ITS S UBJECT, NOT WITH THE
INDIRECT OBJECT! This is another major difference with English. Lastly, a few other verbs follow the same con­
struction as "gustar··. so mastery of the first will case the learning of the latter. When negating, place "no·· between the
clarifier and the indirect object. Clarifiers are optional for "yo", "tu", "nosotros", and "vosotros". In these cases they
only add emphasis. By contrast, they are strongly recommended for ··el", "ella", and "Ud." , all of which share "le" as
their indirect object pronoun, as well as for their plurals ("ellos", "ellas", "Uds.") all of which share "!es".

LESSON 97 - LECCION 97
TWO WAYS TO EXPRESS KNOWLEDGE: ' · SABER VS. CONOCER' . -
DOS MODOS DE EXPRESAR CONOCIMIENTO: "SABER VS. CONOCER"
I know how to translate from English into Spanish . ................ Yo se traducir del ingles al espaiiol.
Do you know how to teach Spanish'? (Familiar) ...................... ; Sabes tu enseiiar espaiioP
She does not know the meaning of this word . .......................... Ella no sabe el significado de esta palabra.
Does he know the right translation for this sentence'? .............. i,Sabe el la traducci6n correcta de esta oraci6n?
We don't know the conjugation of that verb . ........................... No sabemos la conjugaci6n de ese verbo.
You know the pronunciation of Spain because ............. ... ........ Yosotros sabeis ill pronunciaci6n de Espana porque
you lived there. (Familiar, plural) vivisteis allf.
You don't know my ideas yet. (Formal, plural) ....................... Uds. todavfa no saben mis ideas.
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They know the method that we use . ......................................... Ellos saben el metodo que nosotros usamos.
I am not acquainted with that new vocabulary. ........................ No conozeo ese vocabulario nuevo.
I don't know the new articles yet. ............................................ No se todavia los articulos nuevos.
Don't you know this village? (Familiar) .................................. i,No conoces [tu] esta aldea'?
He does not know his Spanish great-grandparents . .................. El no conoce a sus bisabuelos espaiioles.

We are barely acquainted with the languages of Africa. .......... Conocemos muy poco los idiomas de Africa.
Do they know the man who made this �? ........................... , i.Conocen [ellos] al hombre que hizo esta cinta')
They don't know the more complicated parts of.. .................... Ellas todavfa no conocen las partes mas complicadas de
Madrid yet. (Feminine) Madrid.
"al" = "a" + "el"
In Spanish, there are two ways to say that you know someone, something, or some place. When speaking about facts
that you know - and that you know very well - use "saber". Also use "saber" when stating whether you know how to
do something. In this case, "saber" is directly followed by an infinitive, i.e., that which you know how to do. "Saber"
can never be used fo r people and is only rarely used for places and then only when you know a place so well that you
know it "cold", like a fact.
"Conocer", by contrast, is reserved for people and places that you may know, or for information with which you are
only slightly acquainted. "Conocer" can never be followed by an infinitive nor by a subordinate clause . i.e., "I know
that you ... ", ("Yo sc � tu . . . "). ATTENTION: WHEN A PERSON IS THE DIRECT OBJECT OF "CONOCER",
YOU NEED TO INCLUDE THE "PERSONAL-A" BEFORE THE DIRECT OBJECT TO INDICATE THAT IT IS
A HUMAN DIRECT OBJECT. EXAMPLE: "YO CONOZCO A MIS VECINOS ("I KNOW MY NEIGHBORS").
"Saber" and "conocer" are conjugated mostly in the regular way in the present tense, with only "yo se" and "yo
conozco .. being irregular. Note that "se" carries an accent when it means "I know". In the past tenses, these verbs
become more complex and often change meaning.
 LESSON 98 - LECCION 98
TO ASK VS. TO ASK FOR - PREGUNTAR VS. PEDIR
I always ask for a good translation. .......................................... Yo siempre im;!Q una buena traducci6n. [Inf. = pedir]
She asked her boyfriend for a clearer answer. .......................... Ella le pidi6 a su novio una respuesta mas clara.
The couple at that table asked for fish......................................La pareja en aquella mesa pidi6 pescado.

They are asking him for the plan to the house . ........................ Ellos le piden a el el plan de la casa.
He asked her for a date . ............................................................El le pidi6 una cita a ell a.
He asked the date. [Calendar date] ........................................... El pregunt6 la fecha. [Inf. = preguntarJ
Mario asked which road to take . .............................................. Mario pregunt6 cual camino tomar.
Why is she asking you where the meeting place is? ................ 6 Por que te pregunta ella d6nde esta el lugar de encuentro?
(Familiar)
She is asking whether the connection will arrive late. .............Ella pregunta si la conexi6n llegara tarde.
They are asking for a conversation with the students. ............. Ellos piden una conversaci6n con los estudiantes.
The girls are asking to speak with the sin!,(er. .......................... Las chicas piden hablar con el cantante.
He asked me who had his novel. .............................................. El me pregunt6 quien tenfa su novela.
And later, he asked me for my book of stories . ........................ Y despues, [ el] me pidi6 mi libro de cuentos.
Just like there are two ways in Spanish to say "to know" , there are also two ways to translate "to ask (for)". Generally,
"to ask" in the sense of "to inquire" is translated as "preguntar", whence the word "preguntar", i.e., a "question". When
the speaker means "to ask for", in the sense of "to require" or "to request", then "pedir" is used. "Pedir" seldom takes
a preposition after it, as does "to ask for", so avoid using "por". "Preguntar" is a completely regular verb but "pedir"
is a stem-changing verb of the third type. The E changes to I in the present tense in all personal pronouns except for

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"nosotros" and "vosotros". These spelling changes in "pedir" are very important and should be memorized as soon as
possible. "Preguntar" may be followed by a question word such as "who", "where", etc., but not "pedir".
Present and Preterit of "pedir":
Present Preterit
yo pido yo pedf
tu pides tu pediste
el/ella/Ud. pide el/ella/Ud. pidi6
nosotros pedimos nosotros pedimos
vosotros pedfs vosotros pedisteis
ellos/ellas/Uds. piden ellos/ellas/Uds. pidieron

LESSON 99 - LECCION 99
THE PRESENT PERFECT - EL PRETERITO PERFECTO
I have not sung at the party.......................................................Yo no he cantado en la fiesta. [Inf.= cantarJ
Why haven't you danced with Edward? (Familiar) ................. (,Por que no has bailado [tu] con Eduardo? [Inf. = bailar]
Who has told you those stories? (Formal) ................................ /,Quien le ha contado a Ud. esas historias? [Inf. = contar]
The man has not denied his mistake ......................................... El hombre no ha negado su error. [Inf. = negar]
Maria has played the piano very well ....................................... Marfa ha tocado el piano muy bien. [Inf. = tocar]
We have turned down the radio beause it was too loud. .......... [Nosotros] Hemos bajado la radio porque estaba
demasiado alta. [Inf.= bajar]
Why haven't you sung in Spanish? (Familiar, plural) .............. /,Por que no habeis cantado [vosotros] en espafiol?
They have bought some very good novels . .............................. Ellos han comprado unas novelas muy buenas.
[Inf. = comprar]
They have spoken of going to Barcelona. (Feminine) ............. Elias han hablado de ir a Barcelona. [Inf. = hablarJ
Where have you traveled to? (Formal, plural) .......... ............... �Ad6nde han viajado Uds.? [Inf. = viajar]
That dog has bitten me! ....................................... ..................... i Ese perro me ha mordido! [Inf. = morder]
I have never possessed much money . ....................................... Nunca he posefdo mucho dinero. [Inf. = poseer]
She has had success in her studies . ................ .......................... Ella ha tenido exito en sus estudios. [Inf. = tener]
Where have you hidden my papers? (Familiar, plural) ............ ,,D6nde habeis escondido [vosotros] mis papeles?
[Inf. = esconderJ
They have never feared the police . ......... .................................. Ellos nunca han temido a la policfa. [Inf. = temer]
You haven't introduced anything new. (Familiar) .................... [Tu] No has introducido nada nuevo. [Inf. = introducir]
He has confused one girl with the other. .................................. El ha confundido a una muchacha con la otra.
[Inf. = confundirJ
We have not omitted anything . .................................. ............... [Nosotros] No hemos omitido nada. [Inf. = omitir]
Have you attended the conferences this week? ........................ ,.Han asistido l Uds.J a las conferencias esta semana?
(Formal, plural) [Inf. = asistirJ
I have returned the money. ....................................................... Yo he devuelto el dinero. [Inf. = devolver]
What has she discovered in her travels" ................................... i,Que ha descubierto ell a en sus viajes? [Inf. = descubrir]
He hasn' t done much this week . ....... ........................................ El no ha hccho mucho esta semana. [Inf. = hacer]
We haven't broken the window! .............................................. [Nosotros] iNO hemos roto la ventana! [Inf. = romper]
They have covered the car and arc leaving . ............... .............. Ellos han cubierto el carro y se van. [Inf. = cubrir]
I have put the water on the table . . . . . ........... .............................. He puesto cl agua en la mesa. [Inf. = poner]
The present perfect in Spanish is very similar to its English counterpart: it refers to a recent action that the speaker feels
has some direct link with the present, unlike the preterit or the imperfect, which are felt by the speaker to be removed
from the present and with few links (if any) to it. As in English, Spanish uses a helping or auxiliary verb, "haber" ("to
have"). and conjugates it for every personal pronoun. "Haber" can only be used as a helping verb, never by itself.

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SUBJECT AUXILIARY VERB (POSSIBLE) PAST PARTICIPLES
yo he hablado (spoken)
tu has descubierto (discovered)
el/ella/Ud. ha viajado (traveled)
nosotros hemos comido (eaten)
vosotros habeis vivido (lived)
ellos/ellas/Uds. han roto (broken)
Unlike English, Spanish seldom introduces another word between the helping verb and the past participle since the
negation ("no") is put in front of the helping verb. The past participles are for the most part regular. Verbs that end in
"-ar" form the participle by taking the verb stem and adding "-ado", while the "---er" and "-ir" verbs add "-ido".
There are some verbs with irregular participles and these must be learned by memory. In Spanish, the participles do not
agree in gender and number with their subjects- just like they do not do in English-and often they can be used as
adjectives.
In this case, they do agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify:
Nosotros no hemos roto las ventanas. ("broken", past participle; no agreement)
vs.
Las ventan,lli estan rotas. ("broken", adjective; feminine, plural)
 LESSON 100 - LECCION 100
THE VERB "HACER" TO MEASURE TIME - EL VERBO "HACER" PARA MEDIR EL TIEMPO
I have been observh;ig that house for two days. ....................... Hace dos dfas � observo esa casa.
She has been insisting on that for a year. ................................. Hace un afio que ella insiste en eso. [Inf. = insistir]
We have been saving money for many months. ....................... Hace muchos meses que nosotros ahorramos dinero.
[Inf. = ahorrar]
They have been cashing their check here for years. ................. Hace afios que ellos cobran sus cheques aquf.
[Inf. = cobrar]
The United States has been trading with Canada ..................... Hace mucho tiempo que los Estados Unidos comercia con
for a long time. el Canada. [Inf. = comerciar]
I have been saving money at this bank for two months. .......... Ahorro dinero en este banco desde hace dos meses.
He has been exchanging his money here for a year. ................ El cambia su dinero aquf desde hace un afio. [Inf. = cambiar]
The dollar has been worth 100 pesetas for two weeks. ............ El d6lar Yf\k cien pesetas desde hace dos semanas.
[Inf. = valer]
The price has been too high for days........................................ El precio esta demasiado alto desde hace dfas.
The fare has cost 50 pesos for months. .................................... El pasaje cuesta cincuenta pesos desde hace meses.
They had a problem with it three weeks ;igQ. (Feminine) ........ Hace tres semanas � ellas tuvieron un problema con eso.
They accomplished it one week ago. ....................................... Hace una semana que ellos lo lograron. [Inf. = lograr]
You had a sale a month ago, right? (Formal, plural) ................ Hace un mes que Uds. tuvieron una venta,lno?
It happened to me two days ago. .............................................. Hace dos dfas que me pas6. [Inf. = pasar]
They killed her one month ago. ................................................ Hace un mes que [ellos] la mataron. [Inf. = matar]
I changed my money an hour ;igQ. ........................................... Cambie mi dinero hace una horn.
The thief entered the house two days ago. ............................... El ladr6n entr6 a la casa hace dos dfas.
I had been traveling in Mexico for five months . ...................... Hacfa cinco meses � yo viajaba por Mexico.
She had been copying the lesson for an hour ...........................Hacfa una hora que ella copiaba la lecci6n. [Inf. = copiar]
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We have been conversing for hours. ........................................ Hacfa horas que nosotros conversabamos. [Inf. = conversar]
He had been organizing that program for years . ...................... Hacfa afios queel organizabaese programa. [lnf.= organizar]
The same way that it can be used to indicate the weather. "hacer" can also be used to measure time. The sentence struc­
tures to measure time in Spanish are often quite different from English. To indicate the notion of "for" in the present,
use ··hace" + period of time + "que" + verb in the pres_ent:
"Hace dos dfas que observo esa casa." (I have been observing that house for two days.)
An alternative way is. verb in the present + "desde hace" + period oftime:
"Ahorro dincro en este banco desde hace dos meses." (I have been saving money at this bank for two months.)
When . referring to actions or states in the past and the notion of "ago", use "hace" + period of time + "que" + verb i n
preterit:
"Hace tres scmanas que el las tuvieron un problema con eso." (They had a problem with it three weeks ago.)
An alternative is, verb in the preterit + "hace" + period of time:
"Cambie mi dinero hace una hora." (I changed my money an hour ago.)
NOTICE THAT THE VERB TENSES DO NOT ALWAYS MATCH IN SPANISH AND ENGLISH, BUT THAT THE
MEANING IS THE SAME.
l'inally, to express two or more actions in the past, use "hacia" (imperfect tense) + period of. time + "que" + verb in
the imperfccJ. '·Hacfa" is used to measure the time that it took me to do the action; "viajaba" is the actual action that I
was doing.
"Hacfa cinco meses que yo viajaba por Mexico cuando conocf a Jose."
(I had been traveling in Mexico for five months when I met Jose.)
When formulating the question "How long has it been that/since ... ", Spanish favors, "i,Cuanto tiempo hace/hacfa que ,,,".
 LESSON 101 - LECCION 101
THE IMPERATIVE MODE: COMMANDS W ITH REGULAR VERBS -
EL MODO I M PERATIVO: MANDATOS DE VERBOS REGULARES.
Guard your purse' (Familiar) . .................................................. jVigila [tu] tu bolso!
Guard your checks! (Formal) ................................................... jVigile [Ud.] sus cheques'
Guard your house' (Familiar, plural) ................................. ....... j Vigilad [vosotros] vuestra casa!
Guard your money! (Formal, plural) ........................................ j Vigilen [Uds.] su dinero!
Let us guard our city! ............................................................... j Vigilemos [nosotros] nuestra ciudad!
Don't buy those articles! (Familiar) ......................................... jNo compres [tu] esos artfculos!
Don't speak loudly! (Familiar, plural) ...................................... j No hableis [vosotros] alto!
Eat with us! (Familiar) ............................ ................................. jCome [tu] con nosotros'
Eat like the Spanish! (Formal) ................................................. jCorna [Ud.] como los espanoles!
Eat earlier tonight! (Familiar, plural) ...... ................................. jComed [vosotros] mas temprano esta noche!
Let's eat here! ........................................................................... jCornamos [nosotros] aquf!
Don't drink from that water! (Familiar) ................................... jNo bebas [tu] de esa agua!
Don't read those books! (Familiar, plural) .............. ............. .... j No leais [vosotros] esos libros!
Write your answers in Spanish! (Familiar, plural) ................... j Escribid [vosotros] vuestras respuestas en espanol !
The imperative mode (commands) is much more complex in Spanish than in English because there are four ways to
give a command to "you" ("tu", "Ud.", "vosotros", and "Uds."). The verb also changes when the command is affirma­
tive or negative. With regular verbs of the first conjugation ("-ar" verbs), the spelling and pronunciation changes from
the present tense to the imperative as follows:

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INFINITIVE = VIGILAR (TO GUARD)
PRESENT AFFIRMATIVE I MPERATIV E NEGATIVE IMPERATIVE
[tu] vigilas vigila no vigiles
[Ud.] vigila vigile no vigile
[nosotros] vigilarnos vigilemos no vigilemos
[ vosotros] vigilais vigilad no vigileis
[Uds.] vigilan vigilen no vigilen
The second and third conjugations ("--er" and "-ir" verbs, respectively) are very similar to each other in the impera­
tive:
INFINITIVES: COMER (TO EAT) and ESCRIBIR (TO WRITE)
PRESENT AFFIRMATIVE IMPERATIVE NEGATIVE IMPERATIVE
[tu] cornes/escribes come/escribe no comas/escribas
[Ud.] come/escribe coma/escriba no coma/escriba
[nosotros] comemos/escribimos comamos/escribamos no comamos/escribamos
[vosotros] comeis/cscribfs comed/escribid no comais/escribais
[Uds.] comen/escriben coman/escriban no coman/escriban
In the imperative, personal pronouns are always optional and are included only to give greater emphasis to the com­
mand. Double exclamation marks ( i no ! ), however, are required, just as they are for question marks (i, que 0 ).

LESSON 102 - LECCION 102

IMPERATIVES WITH STEM CHANGES - IMPERATIVOS CON CAMBIOS DE RADICAL
Take the money out of the bank! (Formal) . . ............... .............. jSaque [Ud.] el dinero de] banco! [Inf. = sacar]
Let's dry the dishes later! ......................................................... jSequemos los platos mas tarde ! [Inf. = secar]
Explain the lesson in Spanish! (Formal, plural) ....................... jExpliquen la lecci6n en espaiiol ! [Inf. = explicar]
Indicate the road to them ! (Formal) ......................................... jindfqueles [Ud.] el camino! [Inf. = indicarJ
Let's not look for them here! .................................................... j No los busquemos aquf!
Don't arrive late! (Formal) ....................................................... iNO llegue [Ud.] tarde! [Inf. = llegar]
Hang that over there! (Formal, plural) ..................................... iCuelguen [Uds.] eso por alla' [Inf. = colgar] [see Note 1 J
Begin tomorrow at nine o'clock' (Formal) .............................. iComience [Ud.] maiiana a las nueve !
Don't start them yet' (Formal, plural) ...................................... iNo los empiecen [Uds.] todavfa'
Throw the ball' (Formal, plural) .............................................. iLancen [Uds.] la pelota! [Inf. = lanzar]
Replace the English words! (Formal) ....................................... j Reemplace [Ud.] las palabras inglesas!
[Inf. = remplazar]
Choose the best! (Formal, plural) ............................................. iEscoja [Ud.] lo mejor 1 [Inf. = escoger]
Let's take the bus to the beach' ................................................ jCojamos el autobus para la playa! [Inf. = coger]
[see Note 2]
NOTE l : "Colgar" not only undergoes a spelling change in the imperative, it also undergoes a stem-change from "O" to "UE".
NOTE 2 : "Coger" ("to catch" or "to take") is generally replaced by "agarrar" in Mexico. It is culturally very important
to keep this change in mind. In the rest of Latin America and in Spain, "coger" is not a "problem verb" with a "double
meaning".
There are some verbs in the imperative that for reasons of pronunciation have to undergo a spelling change in "Ud.",
"Uds." and "nosotros". Among the most common are "--car" verbs, in which "C" changes to "QU" ("Ud. no explica.
jExplique Ud.!"); "-gar" verbs, in which the "G" changes to "GU" ("Uds. Began tarde. jLleguen a tiempo ! ") ; and "­
zar" verbs, in which the "Z" changes to "C" ("Empezamos a las cuatro. iEmpecemos a las tres 1 "). Finally, "-ger"
verbs undergo a change from "G" to 'T' ("Nosotros escogemos bien. i NO escojamos mal 1 ") Also note that the direct
and indirect object pronouns are attached to the end of the affirmative imperative and how this often calls for a written

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accent: " i Escribamosles!" In the negative imperative, by contrast, the object pronouns are placed in front of the impera­
tive: " i No les escribamos !" As with regular verbs, personal pronouns are optional in the imperative but double exclama­
tion marks ( i no ! ) are mandatory.

LESSON 103 - LECCION 103

COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE IMPERATIVE -
VERBOS IRREGULARES COMUNES EN EL I MPERATIVO
Be still, this won't hurt ! (Formal) ............................................ iEste Ud. tranquilo, esto no duele! [Inf. = estarJ
Don't be here when I come back ! (Formal, plural) .................. iNo esten [Uds.] aquf cuando yo regrese 1
Don't be bad! (Familiar) ........................................................... iNo seas [tu] malo! [Inf. = ser]
Be good! (Familiar) ................................................. . .......... i Se [tu] bueno!
Be more serious in class' (Familiar, plural) ............................. iSed [ vosotros] mas serios en clase!
Don't be crazy! (Familiar, plural) ............................................ iNo seiiis [vosotrosj locos!
Know the lesson by tomorrow! (Formal, plural) ...................... iSepan [Uds.] la lecci6n para maiiana! [Inf. = saber]
Know the right conjugation' (Familiar, plural) ........................ iSabed [vosotrosj la conjugaci6n correcta 1
Give money for the poor! (Formal) .......................................... jDe [Ud.] dinero para los pobres! [Inf. = dar]
Give the cat something to eat 1 (Familiar. plural) ..................... iDad [vosotrosj de comer al gato!
.S.J!)'. the truth! (Familiar) ........................................................... iDi !tu] la verdad 1 [Inf. = decir]
Don't tell lies! (Familiar) ......................................................... iNo diw [tu] mentiras 1
.S.J!)'. where you are from ! (Familiar, plural) .............................. iDecid [vosotros] de d6nde sois!
Don't say that! (Familiar, plural) .............................................. iNo digais [vosotros] eso 1
Be careful' / Have caution! (Familiar) ..................................... i len [tu] cuidado ! [Inf. = tenerJ
Don't be afraid! / Don't have fear! (Familiar, plural) .............. jNo tengais [vosotros] miedo!
Be very lucky' I Have much luck! (Familiar, plural) ............... iiened [vosotros] mucha suerte !
See the coast of Spain' (Familiar, plural) ................................. iVed [vosotros] la costa de Espana! [Inf. = ver]
See the beauties of Mexico! (Formal, plural) ........................... iVean [Uds.] las bellezas de Mexico!
Don't see those people! (Familiar) . . ......................................... iNQ veas [tu] a esa gente!

There are several verbs in Spanish that are slightly or highly irregular in the imperative. Generally, they have one fea­
ture in common: the affi rmative and negative forms of "tu" and "vosotros" are quite different from each other. In gen­
eral, the negative imperative of "tu" and "vosotros" will be similar to all the forms of the other personal pronouns ( i.e.,
"Ud.", "Uds.". and "nosotros"J, which makes for easier memorization (consult chart below). What fo llows are some of
the more common irregular verbs in the imperative. When no negative form is given, it's because the negative and the
affirrnative share the same forrn.
INFINITIVE TU UD. NOSOTROS VOSOTROS UDS.
DAR da/no des de demos dad/no deis den
DECIR di/no digas diga digamos decid/no digais digan
HACER haz/no hagas haga hagamos haced/no hagais hagan
IR ve/no vayas vaya vayamos id/no vayais vayan
OIR oye/no oigas oiga oigamos oid/no oigais oigan
PONER pon/no pongas ponga pongamos poned/no pongais pongan
SABER sabe/no sepas sepa sepamos sabed/no sepais sepan
SER se/no seas sea seamos sed/no seais sean
TENER ten/no tengas tenga tengamos tened/no tengais tengan
VENIR ven/no vengas venga vengamos venid/no vengais vengan
VER ve/no veas vea veamos ved/no veais vean
o
It is worth learning these f rrns thoroughly at this time because the subjunctive mode, so often used in Spanish, will be
introduced soon and will come directly from the negative imperative form. Leaming one mode, then, has facilitated the
learning of a second.
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34
LESSON 104 - LECCION 104
COMPARISONS OF EQUALITY - COMPARACIONES DE IGUALDAD
I love this city. It's � beautiful' . . . . . . ........... ..... ..................... ... Me encanta esta ciudad. jes tan bell a'
She couldn't walk anymore because the blocks were .............. [ Ella] No pod fa caminar m:h porque las cuadras eran tan
so long. Jargas.
This washing machine is so fast' ............ .... .................... .......... iEsta lavadora es tan rapida'
The repair was so expensive' ............... .................................... j La �raci6n fue tan cara'
Your floor is so clean! (Familiar) ............................... ..... ......... iTu piso esta tan l impio 1
This room is ill, big lh\ the other one . ........................................ Esta habitaci6n es tan grande �omo la otra.
This house is as light as John's house . ..... ........................... ..... Esta casa es tan clam como la casa de Juan.
These colors are as bright as those . .......................................... Estos colores son tan alegrcs como aquellos.
This apartment is not as dark as mine . .. ................ . ....... ........... Este apartamento no es tan oscuro como el mfo.
My car does not work as well as Brian's . ................................. Mi carro no funciona tan bien como el carro de Brian.
This translation has l!5 many mistakes illi that one . .................. Esta traducci6n tiene tantos errores como aquella.
This store has as many brooms. as that one . .................... ......... Esta tienda tiene tantas escobas como aquella.
This apartment has as much room ill, the other one . ................. Este apartamento tiene tanto espacio como el otro.
This basement does not have as many windows as Aida's . ..... Este s6tano no tienc tantas ventanas como el de Aida.
This gfllil� does not have as many cars as the other one . ....... Este garai;e no tiene tantos carros como el otro.
This state has as much wood as California . ............................. Este estado tiene tanta madera como California.
I don ' t like plastic as much as wood . ....................................... No me gusta el plastico tanto como la madera.
They don't build as much as Americans . ................................. Ellos no construye11 tanto como los americanos.
[Inf. = construir I
Maria talks so much' ................................................................ iMaria habla tanto!
In this building they steal so much! ......................................... iEn este edificio roban tanto! [Inf. = robar]
The rent here costs so much' .................................................... iEI alquiler aquf cuesta tanto 1
Comparisons of equality are simple to formulate in Spanish:
"tan" + adjective/adverb + "como" = "as _ _ _ as"
"tanto/tanta" + noun + "como" = "as much as"
"tantos/tantas" + noun + "como" = ··as many as
noun or verb + "tanto como" (invariable) + noun or verb = "_ _ _ __ as much as _____
"tan" (by itself) = "so" (as in "very'' or "extremely")
"tanto" (invariable and by itself) = "so much"

LESSON 105 - LECCION 105

COMPARISONS OF INEQUALITY AND THE SUPERLATIVE -
COMPARACIONES DE DESIGUALDAD Y EL S UPERLATIVO
My coat is more expensive than yours . .......... .......................... Mi abrigo es mas caro � el tuyo.
Your clothes are less elegant than mine. (Familiar) ................. Tu ropa es menos elegante � la mfa.
This watch is older than the other one . ................. .................... Este reloj es mas viejo que aquel.
This pocket is smaller than that one. ..................................... ... Este bolsillo cs menos grande que ese.
This l�shirt is less bright than mine. ........................................ Esta camiseta es menos alegre quc la mfa.
Her skirt is shorter than Marta's. ............................................ .. Su falda es mas corta que la de Marta.
I have more shoes than you. (Familiar) .................................... Yo tengo mas zapato� quc tu.
He has fewer suit jackets than I do........................................... El tiene menos sacos que yo.
We have more boots than they do. (Feminine) ......................... Nosotras tcncmos mas botas que ellas.
He bought more than ten jackets . ............................................. El compr6 m,\s de diez sacos.
I have fewer than three umbrellas. ..................................... ...... Yo tengo menos de tres paraguas. [see Note 1 J
Don't you have more than one pair of scissors? (Formal) ....... (,No tiene Ud. mas de un par de tijeras?
These pants are better. .............................................................. Estos pantalones son mejores.
Those shoes are worse than mine. ............................................ Esos zapatos son peores que los mfos.
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This is my younger brother....................................................... Este es mi hermano menor.
That one is my older sister ........................................................ Aquella es mi hermana mayor.
Yours is a minor problem. (Formal) ......................................... El suyo es un problema menor.
Mine is a major problem. ......................................................... El mfo es un problema mayor.
Louis's watch is the most beautiful of all. ................................ El reloj de Luis es el mas bello de todos.
The most colorful vest is Pepe's ............................................... El chaleco mas alegre es el de Pepe.
Elena's purse is the biggest one................................................ El bolso de Elena es el mas grande.
Juanito is the youngest one....................................................... Juanito es el meno_r.
Ester and Carmen are the eldest. .............................................. Ester y Carmen son las mayores.
This watch is the best. .............................................................. Este reloj es el mejor.
These scissors are the worst. .................................................... Estas tijeras son las peores.
This vest is very. very beautiful. .............................................. Este chaleco es bellfsimQ.
Their house is extremely small................................................. Su casa es peguefifsima
Our bags are very, very expensive . .......................................... Nuestras maletas son carisimas.
Her brassieres are extremely elegant. ....................................... Sus sostenes son elegantfsimos.
NOTE 1 : "paraguas" is both singular and plural: "un paraguas", "dos paraguas".
The simplest comparisons of inequality in Spanish are formed by the terms "mas/menos" + adjective/adverb + "quc".
"Mas/menos de" + "number" means "more/fewer/less than" + "number". Some adjectives have their own comparative
forms: "bueno" (good) --->"mejor" (better), "malo" (bad) ->"peor" (worse), "joven" (young) , "menor" (younger), and
"viejo" (old) -+ "mayor" (older). As with all adjectives, these have to agree in gender and number with the noun they
modify. They use the same form in the feminine but add "-es" to form the plural in both the masculine and the femi­
nine. " Mejor" (better) and "peor" (worse) can also serve as adverbs instead of "mas bien" or "mas ma!", which are
incorrect. When referring to physical size alone, "mas grande" and "mas pequcfio" are preferred to "menor"
and "mayor".
Spanish has two kinds of superlatives: relative and absolute. In the relative superlative . the speaker is selecting the
most extreme case from a group of related items ("'the most _ _ of .... ", "the least _ _ of . . . ", etc.). Some common
irregular relative superlatives arc "el mejor" (the best). "el peor" (the worst). "cl menor" (the least), and · 'cl mayor"
(the most). All these add "--cs" lo form the plural. With the absolute superlative, for example, "bcllfsimo" ("extremely
beautiful"). the speaker is not referring to any group but simply stating some exceptional quality of someone or some­
thing. It is equivalent to saying "very, very + adjective/adverb" or ··extremely + adjective/adverb". In such cases,
Spanish adds the following endings with number and gender agreements: "-fsimo". "-fsima". "-fsimos",
"-fsimas". Note the required accents for the absolute superlative. These endings can also be used on adjectives but
always keep the adverbial ending in the masculine singular: "Ella habla rapidfsimo" (She speaks very fast ).

LESSON 106 - LECCIC)N 106

THE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE OF REGULAR VERBS
EL PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO DE VERBOS REGULARES
I don't want that you deceive me. (Familiar) .......................... Yo no quiero que tu me engafies. [ Inf. = engafiar]
to wish/to desire/to want .... ........................................... ........... de sear
He wishes that I abandon this project. . .................................... El de sea que yo abandone este plan. [Inf. = abandonar]
She demands that he assure her of his intentions . .................... Ella cxige quc cl le asegure de sus intenciones.
[Inf. = asegurar]
to beg ................................... ................. ..................... ............... rogar
The men beg the police not to beat them . ...... . . ........................ Los hombres le ruegan a la policfa que no los golpee.
! Inf. = golpear]
The school insists that all children register. ............................. La escuela insiste que todos los nifios se matriculcn.
[Inf. = matricularse]

37

38
The Spanish teacher asks that we spell all the words . .............. El maestro de espafiol nos pide que deletreemos todas las
palabras. [Inf. = deletrear]
I prefer that you don't examine my bags. (Familiar, plural) .... Yo prefiero que vosotros no examinei.5. mis malctas.
I Inf. = examinar J
I fear that you depend too much on me. (Familiar) .................. Yo temoquc tii g_cpendasdemasiadoen mi. [ Inf. = depender]
She is afraid that the dogs will bite her. ......... ..................... ..... Ella tiene miedo que los perros la muerdan. [Inf. = morderJ
!See note I ]
to be sorry ................................................................................. sentir
They are sorry that we hide our emotions . .... ................ ........... Ellos sienten que nosotros escondamos nuestras emociones.
[Inf. = esconder)
I don't like that you break the dishes. (Familiar) ................... No me gusta que [tiij rompas los platos. [Inf. = romper)
to inconvenience/ to bother ..................................................... molestar
I don't mind that you run in the garden. (Familiar, plural) ...... No me molesta que vosotros corrais por el jardfn.
[Inf. = correr]
to doubt ............................................... ...................................... dudar
I doubt that the professor will cover all lessons . .......... ............ Yo dudo que el profesor Q!bn, todas las lecciones.
[Inf. = cubrir] [See note I ]
to be sure ...................... ............................................ ................ estar seguro[ s]
We are not sure that they will decide by tomorrow. ................. No estarnos seguros que cllos decidan para mafiana.
[Inf. = decidir] [ See note l ]
I don't believe [that] those problems exist at our job . ......... ..... N o creo que esos problemas existan e n nuestro trabajo.
[Inf. = exitir]
Note I: All the verbs in the Subjunctive refer to actions or states which are in the future. Sometimes English will even
translate the Spanish Subjunctive with the modal "will", but in actuality all the states in the Subjunctive are
"non-realized", that is, still to come or contrary to present reality.
 In Spanish, the Indicative mode relays information that the speaker considers to be facts. These facts can be in either a
present, past, or future tense. As in English, when the speaker wants to relay information that he docs not consider to be
fact but that is rather the effect of an influence, an emotion, or a doubt, the speaker then uses the Subjunctive mode.
THE S U BJUNCTIVE IS NOT A TENSE. It has almost as many tenses as the Indicative mode. It simply indicates the
effects of influence, emotion or doubt.
Several requirements have to be met before a sentence can use the Subjunctive: there must be a main clause (which has
the principal verb of the sentence). the relative pronoun "que" ("that"), and a dependent or subordinate clause whose
verb is in the Subjunctive:
YO QUIERO QUE TU ENTIENDAS LA LECCION.
(main subject) (main verb) (rel. pronoun) (second subject) (Subjunctive) ( rest of sentence)
For the Subjunctive to appear in Spanish, there must also be two different subjects: one dominating the main sentence
and a second in the subordinate clause. The first (or main) verb must be a verb of either influence, emotion, or doubt.
"Que" ("that") can never be omitted, as it often is in English. It is "que" that which "sub-joins" the two clauses and
calls for the "sub-junctive" (i.e., the "sub- joined" or dependent clause where the Subjunctive verb will appear).
In the main clause, verbs of influence may include: "desear" ("to wish"). "esperar" ("to hope"). "exigir" ("to de­
mand"), "insistir" ("to insist"), ·'mandar" ("'to command"), "pedir" ("to ask to"), "prcferir" ("to prefer"), "querer" ("'to
want"), "rogar" ("to beg"), "prohibir" ("'to forbid"), and "recomendar" ("to recommend"). Verbs of emotion may
include: "alegrarsc de" ("to be happy that"), "gustar" ("to be pleasing to"), "sentir" ("to feel" or "to be sorry about"),
"temer" ("to fear"), and "tencr miedo" ("to be afraid that"). The most common verbs of doubt are "dudar" ("to
doubt"), "creer" ("to believe"), and '·pensar" ("to think"); often calling for the Subjunctive of doubt is the expression
··no es tar seguro de" ("not to be sure of something").
Conjugating the present Subjunctive of regular verbs is not difficult: the "o" is dropped from the present Indicative of
"yo" in any regular verb and the Subjuctive endings are added:

39

40
-AR VERBS: HABLAR -ER AND -IR VERBS: COMER/VIVIR
que yo habl(e) que yo com(a)/viv(a)
que tu habl(es) que tu com(as)/viv(as)
que el/ella/Ud. habl(e) que el/ella/Ud. com(a)/viv(a)
que nosotros habl(emos) que nosotros com(amos)/viv(amos)
que vosotros habl(eis) que vosotros com(ais)/viv(ais)
quc el los/ellas/Uds. habl(en) que ellos/ellas/Uds. com(an)/viv(an)
When not sure of how to conjugate the present Subjunctive, a review of the Imperative mode will ususally yield the
present Subjuctive of both regular and irregular verbs.

LESSON 107 - LECCION 107

THE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE OF IRREGULAR VERBS
EL PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO DE VERBOS IRREGULARES
I wish that they would look for my money . . . . . .......................... Deseo que ellos busquen mi dinero. [ Inf. = buscar]
She doesn 't want that the children fall. .................................... Ella no quiere que los nifios se caigm1. [Inf. = caerse]
Mom insists that we don't take any more chocolates . .............. Mama insite que no cojamos mas chocolates. [ Inf. = coger]
The tourists hope that he doesn't drive so fast. . . . . .................... Los turistas es pc ran que el no conduzca tan rapido.
[Inf. = conducir]
I like them to meet more people . . ............................................ Me gusta que ellos conozcan a mas gente. [Inf. = conocer]
[ L. To me it is pleasing that they meet more people.]
We're happy that they 're building our new home . .................. Nos alegramos que ellos construyan 1uestra nueva casa.
[ Inf. = construir]
I'm afraid they won't � us our money. ................................ Temo que ellos no nos den nuestro dinero. [ Inf. = dar]
[L. I'm afraid that they don't give us our money.]
He is sorry that she does not tell him the truth . ........................ El sicnte que ella no le � la verdad. [ Inf. = decir]
They recommend that I do it like this . ..................................... Ellos recomiendan que yo lo haga asf. [Inf. = hacer]
He wants them to hear his idea. I He wants ............................. El quiere que ellos oigan su idea. [ Inf. = oir]
that they hear his idea.
I doubt that she (will) go out tonight . ....................................... Yo dudo que ella salga esta noche. [Inf. = salir]
She is not sure that I will come to sec her. ............................... Ella no esta segura que yo vcnga a verla. [ Inf. = venir]
[L. She is not sure that I come to see her.]
The teacher demands that they think about the lesson . ............ EI maestro exigc quc ellos piensen en la lecci6n.
[Inf. = pensar]
She wishes that they find her purse . ........................................ Ella de sea que ellos le encuentren el bolso. [Inf. = encontrar]
They doubt that I will begin at noon . .................... ................... Ellos dudan que yo empiece a mediodfa. [Inf. = empezar]
[L. They doubt that I begin at noon.]
Conjugating the present Subjunctive form of irregular verbs can be detailed but it is not difficult. Many irregular verbs
form their present Subjunctive by taking the "o" off the present Indicative of "yo" and adding the present Subjunctive
endings. Whatever irregularities there were in the present Indicative of "yo" carry over into all the conjugations of the
present Subjunctive.
Example: decir: yo digo (Indicative)
que yo diga
que tu digas
que cl/ella/Ud. diga
que nosotros·digamos
que vosotros digais
que ellos/cllas/Uds. digan

41

42
Similar "yo·'-changes happen with verbs like "conocer" ("to know"), "tener" ("to have"), "construir" ("to construct"),
"hacer" ('"to do"), "oir" ("to hear"), · 'poner" ("to put"), ··salir" ("to go out"), "traer" ("to bring"), "valer" ("to be
worth"), "venir" ("to come"), and "ver" ("to see").
"Dar" ("to give"), "ir" ("to go"), "saber" ("to know" facts), and "ser" ("to be") are quite irregular in the Present
Subjuctivc and should be memorized separately:
dar 1r saber ser
que yo de que yo vaya que yo scpa que yo sea
que tu des que tu vayas que tLI scpas que tu seas
que 'el/ella/Ud. de que el/ella/Ud. vaya que el/ella/Ud. sepa que el/ella/Ud. sea
que nosotros demos que nosotros vayamos que nosotros sepamos que nosotros seamos
que vosotros deis que vosotros vayais que vosotros sepa1s que vosotros scais
que cllos/ellas/Uds. den que ellos/ellas/Uds. vayan que ellos/ellas/Uds. sepan que ellos/ellas/Uds. sean
Stem changes that exist in the present Indicative are preserved in the present Subjunctive: stem-changing verbs (que yo
pueda, etc., que yo �nse, etc., que yo Jlli)!l, etc.). Verbs ending in "---<;ar" and "-gar" also keep their irregular spell­
ings in the present Subjunctive: "buscar", que yo QIJfillll�, etc.; "llegar", que yo llef[JJ..t;., etc. Finally, "z" to "c" changes
of "-zar" verbs are also maintained in the present Subjunctive: "empezar", que yo empiece. etc.

LESSON 108 - LECCION 108

THE INDICATIVE VS. THE SUBJUNCTIVE - EL INDICATIVO VS. EL SUBJUNTJVO
There is no do_ubt that you are in love. ( Formal. plural) .......... No hay_gud<\ que Uds. es tan enamorados.
It's dotLbtful that they are in love . ............................................ !;.i dudoso que ellos esten enamorados.
I doubt very much that you are in love. (Formal, plural) ......... Dudo mucho quc Uds. cs ten enamorados.
I don ·1 doubt that you miss me. (Familiar) .. , . ................... ........ No dudo que tu me �tra!}�.:;. [ Inf. = extrafiar]
They say that we are patient. /They say that ........................... [Ellos] Dicen que nosotros tenemos paciencia.
we hav� patience.
They tell us to be patient. / They tell us to have patience . ....... [Ellos] Dicen que nosotros tengamos paciencia.
They think that she iB French . .................................................. Ellos piensan que ella !cl francesa.
They don't think that she iB German. ............... ........................ Ellos no piensan que ella sea alemana.
I believe you're seeing too many boyfriends. (Familiar) ......... Yo creo que tu ves a demasiados novios.
I don't believe you're see_ing your parents enough. (Familiar) .. Yo no creo que tu veas bastante a tus padres.
He does not deny that she feels the same way . ................... ...... El no niega que ella siente lo mismo.
He denies that she feels the same way. ........ ............................. El niega que ell a ti_ent<! lo mismo.
Do you believe she y,:i)J come? (Formal) . ............................... ;. Cree Ud. que ella yf_ndra 0
Do you believe she migllt com� '! (Fmmal) ....................... . . . . . /. Cree Ud. que ella venga ?
Do they think he will bring his girlfriend ? .............................. /, Piensan cllos que el traera a su novia 0
Do they think he may bring his girlfriend o ......... ................... .;, Piensan ellos que el traiga a su novia '?
It's doubtful that he has a girlfriend . ........................................ Es dudoso que el �ngg_ novia .
It's true that he h.illi a girlfriend . . .. ............................ ................. Es verdad que el tiene novia.
It's possible that they may marry in the spring. ....................... Es posible que ellos se casen en la primavera.
[Inf. = casarse l
It's certain that they will fI!illD' in the spring . ........................ .. Es cicrto que ellos se casaJ]!J! en la primavera.
There is doubt of their going to Spain . ..................................... Hay cluda de quelellosJ se vayan a Espana.
There is no doubt that they'ITc.ZQ!!lg to Mexico . .... .................. No hay duda de que [ellosj se \/£I! a Mexico.
It is not difficult to decide when a subordinate verb in Spanish is in the Indicative or Subjunctive mood. When the
main verb is not a verb of influence, emotion. or doubt. the verb in the subordinate clause is in the Indicative (present
past, or future tense). A verb of influence, emotion . or doubt in the main clause calls for the subordinate verb to be in
the Subjunctive (see Lesson 1 06). However, there are some verbs that are more complicated: with "pensar" ("to
think") and "creer" ("'to believe'"), the subordinate verb is in the Subjunctive when the main verb is negated and in
the Indicative when the main verb is in the affirmative:

43

44
No creo/pienso que tu sepas. (I don't believe/think that you know.) But,
Creo/pienso quc tu sabes. ( I believe/think that you know.)
In formulating a question with "creer" or ··pensar", the speaker has the option of putting the subordinate verb in either
the Indicative or the Subjunctive, depending on the degree of doubt or certainty he wishes to give to the action or state
in the subordinate clause.
With "dudar" ("to doubt") and ··negar" ("to deny"), the situation is more clear-cut: when used in the affirmative and as
the main verbs, their subordinate verbs are in the Subjunctive (non-reality): when "dudar" and "negar" are in the nega­
tive (certainty) and are the main verbs . their subordinate verbs are in the Indicative:
Dudo/niego que ellos vcngan. (I doubt/deny that they may come.) (Subjunctive)
No dudo/no niego que ellos vendnin. (I don't doubt/don't deny that they will come.) (Indicative)
"Decir" changes meaning completely: when it means "to say", it calls for the Indicative in the subordinate clause:
when it means "to tell" (someone to do something), it calls for the Subjuctive as a verb of influence:
Digo que Uds. limpian la casa todos los dfas. (I say that you clean the house everyday.) (Indicative)
Digo que Uds. limpien la casa todos los dfas. (I tell you to clean the house everyday.) (Subjunctive)
Some idiomatic and impersonal expressions (i.e., with no specific subject) by their very nature either call into question
or reaffirm reality. When these expressions put reality in doubt, the subordinate verb is in the Subjunctive: when they
confirm or assert reality, the subordinate verb is in the Indicative. Thus,
Es posible que ellos vengan. (It's possible that they might come.) (Subjunctive) But,
Es cierto que ellos vendnin. (It's certain that they will come.) (Indicative)
In general, the structure "ser" + "adjective/noun· · + "que" + "verb" calls for the subordinate verb to be in the Subjunc­
tive, UNLESS THE A DJECTIVE OR NOUN IS ONE OF CERTAI NTY, in which case the Indicative is used in the
subordinate verb (see above example).
 LESSON 109 - LECCION 109
AFFIRMATIVE VS. NEGATIVE WORDS -
PALABRAS AFIRMATIVAS VS. PALABRAS NEGATIVAS
Someone else can bring the softdrinks. .................................... Alguien mas puede traer los refrescos.
No one bought the butter. ......................................................... Nadie compr6 la mantequilla.
Bring me something sweet from the store. (Familiar) .............Traeme [tu] ltlgQ duke de la tienda.
to bake ...................................................................................... hornear
The oven is broken, so they don't bake anything. .................... El homo esta roto, por eso ellos no hornean nada.
Nothing pleases me here. ......................................................... No me gusta nada aquf.
Do you know ll good restaurant around here? (Familiar) ......... 6Conoces [tu] al gun buen restaurante por aquf?
Do you need some drinks for the party? (Familiar, plural) ...... 6Necesitais [ vosotros] algunas bebidas para la fiesta?
I need a good wine, do you have one? (Formal) ..................... Necesito un buen vino, 6tiene Ud. alguno?
No, I don't have lll)'.. ................................................................ No, no tengo ninguno.
They don't have lll)'. non-alcoholic drinks. .............................. No tienen ningunos refrescos sin alcohol.
They don't serve lll)'. Spanish dishes. ...................................... No sirven ningun plato espaiiol.
The professor speaks Spanish and also English. ...................... El profesor habla espaiiol y tambien ingles.
The professor doesn't speak Spanish; ...................................... El profesor no habla espaiiol y tampoco habla ingles.
he also doesn't speak English.
It's always a good idea to watch your wallet. (Forn1al) ........... Siempre es una buena idea vigilar su billetera.
I never exchange my money at that bank . ................................ Yo nunca cambio mi dincro en ague! banco.
I never exchange more than $100 at a time. .............................Yo no cambio jamas mas de cien d6lares a la vez.
We'II buy either a magazine Qr a newspaper. ........................... Compraremos Q una revista Q un peri6dico.
We want neither soup nor salad. ............................................... No queremos ni sopa ni ensalada.
We didn't even see her.............................................................. Ni siquiera la vimos.
He doesn't even return my calls. .............................................. Ni siquiera me devuelve las llamadas.
45

46
Spanish negation is generally more complicated than in English. Double negation is not uncommon and it is always
grammatically correct: ex., "Yo no digo nada" (L., "I don't say nothing"). In fact, neutral words like "anything"
or "anyone", which often are paired with "no" in English to form a negative phrase, do not even exist in Spanish,
where everything is either "something" ("algo") or "nothing" ("nada"). Negation can be either single (emphatic)
or double (normal speech): "Nada me gusta" (emphatic: "I don't like anything") or "No me gusta nada" ("I don't
like anything"). When single negation is used, the negative term precedes the verb and "no" is not used. When double
negation is used, "no" precedes the verb and the negative term follows it.
With "alguno" ("some", "one") and "ninguno" ("no one", "none"), the final "o" is lost when they serve as adjectives,
so that "alguno estudiante" becomes "algun estudiante" and "ninguno libro" becomes "ningun libro". This does NOT
happen either with the feminine or the plural but only with the masculine singular. Some grammarians consider
"ningunos" and "ningunas" to be incorrect since, they argue, nothingness cannot be pluralized. However, in spoken
Spanish and occasionally even in written Spanish the plurals·are indeed used ("ningunos", "ningunas").
"Never" or "not ever" has two correpondents in Spanish: "nunca" and "jamas". They mean the same thing and both
can take the double negation or be used in single negation. The only difference is that "jamas" may sound a bit more
literary or elegant. "Never ever" is said "nunca jamas", but it cannot be said in reverse order.
TERMS USED IN SPANISH NEGATION AND THEIR AFFIRMATIVE COUNTERPARTS:
nadie (no one) I alguien (someone)
nada (nothing) I alga (something)
ningun(o), ninguna (not one); ningunos (no one); ningunas (none)/ algun(o), alguna (some); algunos (someone);
algunas ( some people)
tampoco (neither, nor, also...not) / tambien (also)
nunca, jamas (never) I siempre (always)
ni...ni (neither...nor) I o...o (either...or)
 LESSON 110 - LECCION 110
THE CONDITIONAL MODE - EL MODO CONDICIONAL
to affect ..................................................................................... afectar
The doctor told me that cigarettes would affect me. ................ El doctor me dijo que los cigarrillos me afectarfan.
to miss (someone, something, some place) ..............................extrafiar
I knew that I would miss you. (Familiar) .................................Yo sabfa que te extrafiarfa.
He thought that you people would wait for him ....................... El pens6 que vosotros lo esperarfais.
(Familiar, plural)
She believed that I would want to see her. ............................... Ella crey6 que yo desearia verla.
to suspect .................................................................................. sospechar
I never suspected that she would cry so much. ........................ Nunca sospeche que ella lloraria tanto.
to fight ...................................................................................... pelear
We never thought we would fight so frequently....................... No pensamos jamas que peleariamos con tanta frecuencia.
I was hoping that you would kiss me that night. (Familiar) ....Yo esperaba que tti me besarfas esa noche.
I didn't know how your parents would feel about us. .............. Yo no sabfa c6mo se sentirfan tus padres acerca de nosotros.
(Familiar)
We thought we would hate the new professor but.................... Pensabamos que odiarfamos al nuevo profesor pero nos
we liked him. gusto.
What would you do in such a situation? (Familiar) ................. lQue harfas tti en ta! situaci6n?
Where would you Pl!! the new furniture? (Familiar) ................ <,D6nde pondrfas [tti] los muebles nuevos ?
They would have been around twenty five years old. .............. Tendrfan unos venticinco afios.
[L. They would have had some/about twenty five years.]
It was around three o'clock in the afternoon. ........................... Serfan las tres de la tarde.
They may have gone to see their grandmother. ........................Irian a ver a su abuela.
It probably was worth around [some] $ 100. ...........................Valdrfa unos cien d6lares.
47

48
They may have gone out to buy some vegetables. ................... Saldrfan a comprar algunos vegetales.
He may have come to speak with you. (Familiar) .................... Vendrfa a hablar contigo.
Could you please show me the road? (Formal, plural) ........... <,Podrian Uds. ensefiarme el camino?
Would you be kind enough to help me? (Formal, plural) ........<,Tendrfa Ud. la bondad de ayudarme?
[L. "Would you have the kindness to help me 1 "]
I can't go, but you could go with your sister. (Familiar) .......... Yo no puedo ir, pero tti podrfas u: con tu hermana.
It would be necessary to consult with the doctor. .................... Habrfa que consultar con el medico.
Would you know how to translate this letter for me? ............... ;,Sabrfa Ud. traducirme esta carta ?
(Formal)
I wouldn 't fill)' that he's a thief. ................................................ Yo no dirfa que [el] es un ladr6n.
The Conditional is the last of the four verbal modes that exist in Spanish. Along with the Indicative, the Imperative. and
the Subjunctive, the Conditional expresses a way of viewing reality and can have more than one tense. Remember that
modes are not tenses. The Conditional alone has three tenses. The simple Conditional is formed very easily by taking
the infinitive and adding the characteristic conditional endings:
HABLAR (+ endings)
yo hablar(ia)
tti hablar(ias)
el/ella/Ud. hablar(ia)
nosotros hablar(iamos)
vosotros hablar(iais)
ellos/ellas/Uds. hablar(ian)
There is no difference in forming the Conditional in the first, second or third conjugations (i.e. the condit.ional is formed
the same way for "-ar", "-er" and "-ir" verbs): "yo hablarfa" ("I would speak"), "yo comerfa" ("I would eat"), or "yo
vivirfa" ("I would live"). Generally, the Conditional is used to express an action that, at a time in the past, was still in
the future. Because of this, the Conditional has been termed "the future of the past".
Example: "He said he would come."
At the time he said it, he had not yet come, so his action was still in the future even though now I recount the whole
situation as being in the past. The Conditional then relates to past tenses such as the Preterit and the Imperfect just like
the Future tense relates to the Present tense.
.,
Ordinarily. the Spanish Conditional is translated into English with the modal "would but this "would" is different from
the Imperfect's "would", which indicates a habitual action:
"U'{puld go every week to my aunt's house." ("Yo iba todas las semanas a casa de mi tia." Imperfect.)
"He knew LY{9uld go to his house." ("El sabfa que yo irfa a su casa." Conditional. The action of "going" was then still
in the future and was no1 habitual.)
The Conditional also serves two other major grammatical functions. First, it indicates probabili.D' in the past, which is
often translated into English using extra words such as "might", · · may" "about", or "around". Lastly, it serves as a
tense of politene;;s to soften commands, suggestions, or requests. Thus,
"El serfa un joven de quince anos." (He probably was a boy of about fifteen. Probability.)
and
"i.Qtirrrfa Ud. pasarme la sal?" (":Would you lik_\'. to pass me the salt'' Politeness.)
With "querer", however. a more common form of politeness would be "Quisiera", which is the Imperfect Subjunctive,
not yet covered in these lessons. In pronouncing "querrfa" the Y' must be rolled, not tapped, because otherwise the
speaker ends up saying "querfa", which means ·'used to want", and not "would you like to .. :· or "I would like ... ")
Finally, several verbs have the same irregular stem in the Conditional that they have in the Future tense. The most often
used ones are: haber, poder, querer, saber, poner, salir, tener, valer, venir, decir, and hacer. All are included in the
above sample sentences.

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LESSON 111 - LECCION 111
TWO WAYS TO SAY "FOR" - POR VS. PARA
He didn't do it because of fear of the consequences . ............... No lo hizo llQ! miedo a las consecuencias.
For whom are you writing this letter'' (Familiar) ·····················i, Para quien escribes ! tu ] esta carta?
I ' m writing it for my lover. ....................................................... La escribo )lli[l! mi amante.
They didn't fight for the sake of the children . .. . . ............. ......... No se pelearon llQ! los nifios.
For which company do you work'? ........................................... ;, Para cual compania trabaja Ud.?
They argued on account of the money . . . ......................... .......... Discuticron llQ! el dinero.
I work very hard in order to earn more money . . ....................... Trabajo muy duro P!lli! hacer mas dinero.
They came b),: here i_n the afternoon . . . ........................... ........... Vinieron llQ! aquf llQ! la tarde.
They went off to Spain for three weeks . ......................... ......... Se fueron a Espana llQ! tres semanas.
We are studying Spanish in order to understand ...................... Estudiamos espafiol P!lli! entender a nuestros vecinos.
our neighbors.
How many pesetas did they give you for $ I 00 ° (Familiar) ..... ,.Cuantas pesetas te dieron llQ! cien d6lares?
How much do they pay you for the translations? ..................... i.Cuanto te pagan llQ! las traducciones 0
Where is this train going to? ............................................... ..... ,, Para d6nde va este tren?
It's going toward Barcelona, through Madrid . ......................... Va P!lli! Barcelona, por Madrid.
I will teach class for Clara today. ............................................. Hoy ensenare la clase llQ! Clara.
The nurse will speak to the relatives on behalf of the doctor. .. La enfermera hablara llQ! el medico a los parientes.
We passed through P ortugal on the way to Spain . ................... Pasamos llQ! Portugal hacia Espana.
We traveled to Seville for the celebrations of Holy Week . ...... Viajamos a Sevilla P!lli! las celcbracioncs de Semana Santa.
I walked along the beach and enjoyed myself. ......................... Camine llQ! la playa y me divertf.
We took a tour around Seville . ................................................. Hicimos una gira llQ! Sevilla.
[L. We made a tour around Seville.]
Did you go !:2x boat or !:2x plane'? (Formal, plural) .................... �Fueron [Uds.J I!QI barco o I!QI avion ?
They 're running 1Q Prof. Gomez's lecture . ... . ........................... Corren I!llli! la conferencia del profesor Gomez.
Who went out for the wine? ..................................................... ,.Quien fue I!QI el vino?
They went for a doctor. ............................................................ Fueron I!QI un medico.
I have to be home !:2x Christmas. .............................................. Tcngo que cstar en casa I!llli! Navidad.
We buy eggs !:2x the dozen . ............................... . ....................... Compramos los huevos I!QI la docena.
This must be ready !:2x five . ...................................................... Esto debe estar listo I!llli! las cinco.
For every cup of rice, put in two of water. (Familiar) .............. Por cada taza de arroz, pon [tii] dos de agua.
He's very tall for his age . ...... ................................................... El es muy alto I!llli! su edad.
We see Luisa two times ii month . ..................... . ....................... Vemos a Luisa dos veces I!QI mes.
He has too much imagination for a banker. .............................. Tiene demasiada imaginacion llilli! banquero.
The prepositions "por" and "para" have several meanings in English. The most common ones for "por" are: because
of, on account of, for the sake of (cause or motive); for, in (to express time); for (in exchanges); as wells as on
behalf of, in place of, through, along, around, by, and by means of. "Por" is also used when indicating the object of
an errand, or to measure quantifiable frequencies, measures, and just general quantitites.
"Para" is equally diverse in its uses. It is ususally translated as for when it is used to introduce an intended recipient
(whether human or not); to indicate usage, direction, purpose, the deadline for a specific event or a point in time, or
when comparing unexpected states or actions with what they normally would have been.
The best way to learn these uses for "por" and "para" is simply through extended exposure to Spanish and by listening
to native speakers. Sometimes the changes in meaning between the two can be almost imperceptible to non-native
speakers and can only be imitated intuitively and after extended exposure.

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NOTES