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Chem Chapter 11 - 12 Notes

The document discusses several topics related to atmospheric science and air pollution: 1) It describes different types of air pollutants like smog, ozone, and volatile organic compounds and their effects on air quality. 2) It explains the production of ground-level ozone from VOC's and nitrogen oxides. 3) It discusses factors that influence indoor air quality like combustion, radon, formaldehyde, and biological pollutants. 4) It also covers atmospheric pressure, gas laws like Charles' Law, standards of temperature and pressure, Dalton's Law of partial pressures, and Avogadro's hypothesis.

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Kavya Pandya
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94 views9 pages

Chem Chapter 11 - 12 Notes

The document discusses several topics related to atmospheric science and air pollution: 1) It describes different types of air pollutants like smog, ozone, and volatile organic compounds and their effects on air quality. 2) It explains the production of ground-level ozone from VOC's and nitrogen oxides. 3) It discusses factors that influence indoor air quality like combustion, radon, formaldehyde, and biological pollutants. 4) It also covers atmospheric pressure, gas laws like Charles' Law, standards of temperature and pressure, Dalton's Law of partial pressures, and Avogadro's hypothesis.

Uploaded by

Kavya Pandya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Atmosphere and Pollution - 11.4 & 11.

Air quality

● If there are no restrictions on industrial pollution, photochemical smog will be the reality
in many urban areas.
● Smog is a mixture of ground level ozone, fine particles, sulfur and nitrogen oxides.
● Other outdoor pollutants that reduce air quality are carbon monoxide and volatile organic
compounds (VOC’s)
Ground Level Ozone Production

● Ground level ozone on the other hand is highly toxic. Ozone is so powerful it is actually
used to disinfect water and clean surfaces. Below is the production of ground level ozone

Voc’s produce NO2 which then contribute to the production O3


AIR QUALITY
● This is one of the ways you can judge how healthy the outdoor air is to breath.
● This can be found on the Environment Canada website or any weather application
INDOOR AIR QUALITY

● Incomplete combustion of fossil fuels can cause CO gas concentrations to increase


● In basements, there is a concern that Radon gas can enter the house through cracks in the
wall. Radon is radioactive which could lead to cancer with prolonged exposure
● VOC’s from a variety of sources can cause pollutant concentrations to increase.
● Formaldehyde (also known as methanol, a common preservative) is found in many of our
wood based products, paints and fabrics.
● There are also a number of biological pollutants that exist in your home including:
bacteria, viruses, mold and airborne particles from humans, pets and mites.
Atmospheric Pressure - 11.7 & 12.4

Air Pressure
● Pressure is the force per unit of area. If gas molecules collide in a container they exert
pressure on the container.
● Atmospheric pressure is the force per meter square exerted by air on all objects.
● We always experience pressure from the atmosphere. This is what prevents the water and
mercury from going higher than 10m and 760mm respectively.
● At sea level the atmospheric pressure is 1 atm or 760mmHg or 760 torr or 101.325kPa

FUN NOTE
● At higher elevations there is less air above so the air pressure is lower.
● This means that the boiling point of water also decreases and it takes longer to cook food.

Standard Pressure
● Unlike solids and liquids, gasses are compressible. Its volume depends on two factors,
temperature (in kelvin or Celsius) and pressure (in kilopascals).
● Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) is defined as 273K and 101.3kPa
○ This is not very comfortable for lab technicians so…
● Standard Ambient Temperature and Pressure (SATP) is defined as 298K (250C) and
100kPa

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures


● John Dalton did testing of water vapor at different temperatures and found that the higher
the temperature the more water it was able to hold. He also found that as the vapor
increased so did the pressure
● He concluded that the total pressure of a container is the sum of the partial pressures
(pressure exerted by each gas in the mixture) of all the gasses in the container.
● Dalton's Law: Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 …
Charles, Boyle, and Gaylussac’s Gas Laws - 11.8 & 11.9

Temperature Scale
● Remember we must use the kelvin scale when doing all calculations Tkelvin = Tcelsius + 273
● Did you know?
○ The Celsius scale was invented in 1742 by Andres Celsius based on the freezing
and boiling point of water
○ Lord Kelvin (1848) found by extrapolating a graph of temperature vs volume all
gasses would have a volume of zero at -273.15 C
○ This is known as absolute zero (all motion stops) and is the point where Lord
Kelvin stated his scale.

Charles Law (Jacques Charles)


● Consider a balloon filled with air. According to the Kinetic Theory of Gases, if the
temperature is increased (and the pressure inside the balloon stays constant) the volume
will increase
● Conversely, if the temperature of the balloon decreases then the volume will decrease
Avogadro’s Hypothesis - 12.1

Dalton History
● John Dalton suggested atoms of different elements have different masses.
● Dalton worked on reacting elements and decomposing compounds.
● He found the ratio of oxygen to hydrogen (by mass in water) was 8:1
● Dalton believed the formula for water was HO

Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac


● Measured the volumes that the reactants and products made
● For water he found that 2 L of hydrogen reacted with 1 L of oxygen to form 2 L of water.
● Law of combining Volumes: when gasses react, they do so in simple, whole number
ratios by volume

Amedeo Avogadro
● Avogadro combined these two ideas and suggested that gas particles themselves were not
atoms but diatomic molecules
● So 2H2(g)+ O2(g) → 2H2O(l). This statement is correct when considering volumes and
number of particles
● We see that at same temperature and pressure all molecules have the same kinetic energy
● Avogadro’s Hypothesis: Equal volumes of gasses at the same temperature and pressure
contain an equal number of molecules

Avogadro’s Hypothesis
● This means that 1 L of H 2 at STP has the same number of molecules as 1 L of N 2 at STP
● The mass of nitrogen is 14 times greater and is therefore 14 times more dense.

Molar Volume
● Conversely 1 mole of gas occupies the same volume as 1 mole of another gas at the same
temperature and pressure.
● This is called the molar volume (or the volume 1 mole of substance occupies)
● @STP 1 mole occupies 22.4L (22.4L/mol)
● @SATP 1 mole occupies 24.8L (24.8L/mol)
Real vs. Ideal - 12.2

Real vs Ideal
● Ideally you are always prepared and on time. In reality this is not always the case
● Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) is ideal and ideal doesn’t always happen in the real
world.
● Real gasses often do not behave as ideal gasses
● Real gasses exhibit intermolecular attractions (polar molecules like to stick to other polar
molecules)
○ When the temperature is low the particles slow down and the gas may condense
○ When the pressure is high the particles are forced together

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