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Lecture 10

The document discusses the derivation and applications of the Bernoulli equation. The Bernoulli equation relates pressure, velocity, and elevation of a fluid particle and expresses the conservation of mechanical energy along a streamline. It can be used to analyze problems involving steady, incompressible flow where friction and compressibility are negligible, such as calculating the maximum height reached by a water jet from a hose or the maximum velocity of water draining from a tank. Examples are provided and solved using the Bernoulli equation to determine pressure, velocity, or height given other variables.

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Muhammad Sameer Nawaz
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139 views6 pages

Lecture 10

The document discusses the derivation and applications of the Bernoulli equation. The Bernoulli equation relates pressure, velocity, and elevation of a fluid particle and expresses the conservation of mechanical energy along a streamline. It can be used to analyze problems involving steady, incompressible flow where friction and compressibility are negligible, such as calculating the maximum height reached by a water jet from a hose or the maximum velocity of water draining from a tank. Examples are provided and solved using the Bernoulli equation to determine pressure, velocity, or height given other variables.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Sameer Nawaz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Bernoulli equation and its applications

Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation

Canceling dA from each term and simplifying, we get

-dP - ρ g dz = ρ V dV

Noting that V dV = 1 /2 d(V2) and dividing each term by ρ gives


(dP/ ρ )+ (1/2). d(V2 ) + g dz = 0
Integrating we get,
Bernoulli equation and its applications
Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation

This is the famous Bernoulli equation, which is commonly used in fluid mechanics for steady, incompressible
flow along a streamline in inviscid regions of flow.

We recognize V2/2 as kinetic energy, gz as potential energy, and P/ ρ as flow energy, all per unit mass. Therefore,
the Bernoulli equation can be viewed as an expression of mechanical energy balance and can be stated as follows

“The sum of the kinetic, potential, and flow energies of a fluid


particle is constant along a streamline during steady flow
when compressibility and frictional effects are negligible”.
Bernoulli equation and its applications
Water is flowing from a garden hose Figure. A child places his thumb to cover most of the hose outlet, causing a thin
jet of high-speed water to emerge. The pressure in the hose just upstream of his thumb is 400 kPa. If the hose is held
upward, what is the maximum height that the jet could achieve?

SOLUTION: Water from a hose attached to the water main is


sprayed into the air. The maximum height the water jet can rise
is to be determined.

Assumptions:
1 The flow exiting into the air is steady, incompressible, and ir-
rotational (so that the Bernoulli equation is applicable).
2 The surface tension effects are negligible.
3 The friction between the water and air is negligible.
4 The ir-reversibilities that occur at the outlet of the hose due
to abrupt contraction are not taken into account.

Properties :We take the density of water to be 1000 kg/m3


Bernoulli equation and its applications
Analysis: This problem involves the conversion of flow, kinetic,
and potential energies to each other without involving any
pumps, turbines, and wasteful components with large frictional
losses, and thus it is suitable for the use of the Bernoulli
equation. The water height will be maximum under the stated
assumptions. The velocity inside the hose is relatively low
(V1 2 << Vj 2, and thus V1 = 0 compared to Vj ) and we take the
elevation just below the hose outlet as the reference level
(z1 = 0). At the top of the water trajectory V2 = 0, and
atmospheric pressure pertains. Then the Bernoulli equation
along a streamline from 1 to 2 simplifies to
Bernoulli equation and its applications

A large tank open to the atmosphere is filled with water to a height of 5 m from the outlet tap Figure. A tap near the
bottom of the tank is now opened, and water flows out from the smooth and rounded outlet. Determine the
maximum water velocity at the outlet.

SOLUTION: A tap near the bottom of a tank is opened. The maximum exit
velocity of water from the tank is to be determined.

Assumptions:
1 The flow is incompressible and ir-rotational (except very close to the walls).
2 The water drains slowly enough that the flow can be approximated as
steady (actually quasi-steady when the tank begins to drain).
3 Irreversible losses in the tap region are neglected

Properties :We take the density of water to be 1000 kg/m3


Bernoulli equation and its applications
Analysis: This problem involves the conversion of flow, kinetic, and potential energies to each other without
involving any pumps, turbines, and wasteful components with large frictional losses, and thus it is suitable for
the use of the Bernoulli equation. We take point 1 to be at the free surface of water so that P1 = Patm (open to
the atmosphere), (V1 2 << V2 2, and thus V1 = 0 compared to V2) (the tank is very large relative to the outlet),
z1 = 5 m and z2 = 0 (we take the reference level at the center of the outlet). Also, P2 = Patm (water discharges into
the atmosphere). For flow along a streamline from 1 to 2, the Bernoulli equation simplifies to

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