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CH-1 (Evolution of Computers)

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SHIVAM CHAWLA
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191 views10 pages

CH-1 (Evolution of Computers)

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SHIVAM CHAWLA
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PASCAI ® Generations of LEARNING IN THIS CHAPTER Early IT Inventors eee Conon y = History of Computers rs Digi eotaaing Dovioos eNIAcand UNIVAG! o y ost advanced mach ing y i influenced by the ™ ky Every aspect of ourlivesin this present era has been ia engineers FOF COMIC cys 1 as computer. Initially, computers were used only DY scientis oo and were very expensive, but nowadays, computers canbe affor' . ee Be eave a individuals. Computers havenow becomea basicneed because of thei Ea hun ky, Computers are used extensively in banks, hospitals, media and enterte z "Se sag homes, space technology and research, railways, airports, and soon. 3 ' whi culate; but < re The term ‘Computer’ is derived from the word, ‘compute which means to calculate; but Mput not limited to perform only calculations. A computer is a versatile device that can hanc = ditt, applicationsat the same time. é Do you know how a computer came into existence? The present day computer is entire , diffe from the earlier devices that were invented for doing calculations. Let us glance throug) ther milestones in the journey leading to the evolution of present day computer. ‘a cH ‘® HISTORY OF COMPUTERS The need to keep a track of numbers, led to the invention of t El ° different calculating devices. Right from Abacus (the first counting = device), many devices were invented, leading to the development 4g. eB Al 0 of computers. B® CALCULATING DEVICES 3000-BC ABACUS 3 © Abacus was the first mechanical device for calculations, developed in Chin , a. i © It was made up of a wooden frame with rods, each havi — beads. i sae: se { © — Theframeisdividedi is divi led into two parts-Heavenand Earth, Dotti PT © Each rod in Heaven has 2 beads and e: i ‘ach r¢ oan ‘od in Earth has 5 © = Itwasused foraddition, subtraction, multiplication, and divi : - ision, Figure 1.1: Abacus Tools J] Kies }owr, tion: ever lace, Dols, eris ent ent jor oe called Pascal’s Calculator, at the age of 19, in the year 1642. @ Itused gears, wheels and dials, © Numbers were displayed by rotating the wheels. eee PP perforin addin ard Pique 1.2: Pescaine subtraction. © The gear principle was further employed in many mechanical calculators Taximeteris.a perfect example of amechanical calculator. LEIBNIZ CALCULATOR @ eibniz, the famous German mathematician improved on Pascal’s machine in 1671. Leibniz calculator was amechanical device. @ Apart from performing addition and subtraction, the Leibniz calculator could even do multiplication, Tages: division, and find square roots. Leibniz Calculator + @® EARLY IT INVENTORS CHARLES BABBAGE © Charles Babbage, a British mathematician, is considered as the father of computers. © He invented a working model of mechanical ° Control. © These units worked like the modern computer. All the computers which are used nowadays, are based onit. © Storewas used for storing the data and Mill was the Calculating Unit. © Controlunit was used for supervisingall the units. AUGUSTA ADA LOVELACE Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace, was an English mathematicianand writer, chiefly known forher work on computer, called the Difference engine in 1822. and charles Babbage the Analytical engine in 1833. The Analytical Engine had five units - input, Output, Store, Mill and John Napier culating doviee set of rectangular called Napier’s Bones. i eae sed for audition, subtraction and square roots August 12, 1981 marks the birth of the IBM PC, the computer that revolutionized the World, =m Around 1820, Charles Xavier Thomas created the fst commercial mechanical calculator, "Thomas Arithrmometer” that could add subtract, rultiply and divide. twa Lady Ada Lovelace based on Leibnie’s work a Tools {231 Kir “First ytical engine. She is considered as the Charles Babbage’s Anal Sai apa instead of Programmer’ who suggested Binary Data storage (0 and 1) ‘The EDVAC stands i, Electronic Diserete V ‘Automatic Compute was animproved version Ht ENIAC t decimalnumbersystem. GEORGE BOOLE George Boole was an English mathematician. He realized that complex mathematical problems could be solved by reducing them to a series of ; questions having either positive or negative answers. He linked them with the binary number system and represented the positive results by 1andthe negative ones by 0. This theory of Boolean Logic became the fundamental principle for the design of computer circuitry. DR. HERMAN HOLLERITH © Herman Hollerith, an American statistician, invented amachine called Tabulating machine. © _ [twas capable of reading data, processing it, and giving the desired output. | in-1890, the United states | © — Theinput was given through punched cards. Pees ecniors punched cards and sorg © The punched cards were used to record and : a, store data or information. ‘Herman Hollerith JOHN VON NEUMANN A modern type of computer came into existence with John von Neumann's development of software, written in binary code. It was John von Neumann who started the practice of storing data and instructions in binary code, in memory. Neumann joined hands with Presper Eckert (American electrical engineer) and John Mauchly (American physicist) in a consulting role and. EDVAC was built using binary codein 1950. JOHN VON NEUMANN EDVAC's concept of storing different programs on punched cards led to the advancement of computers that we know today. HOWARD AIKEN Howard Aiken was the primary engineer in IBM, who developed the first automatic sequence-controlled calculator, the Mark 1 in 1944, It was capable to execute long computations automatically, iB ENIAC ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer), the first general Figure 1.5: Mark | ey Tools fF Kins numbers in 200 microseconds, @® UNIVACI André Treone trong Thi (1936-2005) a Vietnames UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer |) was the world's first commercially available computer, designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly i 1951. ed tobe the Father ofthe Personal Computer MICRAL(microcor based on an Inte! 8008 E in 1973 in Itwas the first computer to handle both numeric and |g text data. It was also the first computer to come Figure 1.7: UNIVAC 1 equipped with magnetic tape unit andto use buffer memory, Know the Physical, ENIAC wa large in size. it weighed tons and congomed: 40 of power twas feet ong ® GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS Evolution of the present day computer can be classified into generations of computers. Generation/ Period External Circuitry eloraee! Data Input Data Output Punched 1" Magnetic Machine, a Printouts ae AssemnBhy 1940-56 paper Taper Fortran, = : Cobol, Printouts: Basic, 1956-63 PLL Sophisticated : OS were =) Magnetic used, Pascal, Disks Fortran, 1964-71 Use of speciat software for maintaining: large database RDBMS, C++ 1972- 5] Optical fiber understand technology to human speech, | handle artificial recognize | S intelligence, patterns, like | Present ce et ee i lex images. think and complex reason. —— Eachnew generation resulted inthe following changesin computers: t “INCREASE in SPEED, STORAGE CAPACITY and RELIABILITY gy @® TYPES OF COMPUTERS Computers can be classified into the following types with respect to their size, and cost: MICRO COMPUTERS © These computers are smallin size and cost less. © They are usually designed for personal use, therefore, they are also called DECREASE in COST and SIZE speed, storage capac Personal Computers. @ They are mainly used in homes, schools, offices, shops, banks, etc. These computers are given different names according to their usage. Examples: Commodore 64, 18M PC. Desktop Computers: These computers are designed to fit comfortably on top desks. Desktop computers typically come with several units, such as monitor, CP keyboard, and mouse, which are connected to each other and work like a single unit = Laptop Computers: These computers are small in size and can be placed on the lap. These are battery operated and portable. We can perform all the \ tasks as we do on a desktop. But Laptops are more expensive than desktop computers. These computers are mainly used by business travelers. We can fold down the screen of laptop onto the keyboard when not in use. Laptops usually come in13to 15inch screen. Tablet Computers: These computers are smaller and lighter than lap‘ computers but bigger than Smart phones. Instead of a keyboard and ap’ tablets use touch-sensitive screen for typing and navigation. Tablet: a inch, 8 inch or 10 inch screen. Popular uses of tablets include “a 4 he eee Treading e- watching movies, viewing photos, browsing net etc eading e-boc apo 4 to Boe 200 users simultaneously. They are usedin banks, universities, andin any other big organizations. Example: PDP-8, These computersare very powerful. They are big in size with a large memory and high speed. — +4 They are designed to tackle = my if Sunway Taihutight amount ofdata. Li isthe worle's fasts I = = supercomputer. developed by China Nationa Research Ce of Parallel Comput | engineering & Techno “(nner More than hundred users can use a mainframe computer simultaneously. These computers are used in networked environment. Mainframe computers are very expensive and are used in large business organisations, universities, banks, scientific laboratories, airline and railway ticket reservation, stock exchange markets, etc. Examples :1BM Zseries, PDP-10and System 210. RCOMPUTER They are the most powerful computers with a huge processing speed. | rans wes These computers are used for eine ting, space research, Bardeen, Will weather forecasting, SP | shoekley aod Brattain at Bel satellite control, etc. mm invented Diff, © Charles Babbage is considered as the father of computers. He invented Differs, enginein 1822 and Analytical enginein 1633. e © Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace was the first programmer ntedin 1946. ENIAC was the first general purpose electronic digital computer Inve lata. .d, storage capacity, size, and «ast Mainframe computers, anc sup, UNIVAC Iwas the first computer to handle both numericand text d Computersare categorizedinto four types with respect to their spee’ Mini computers, The four types of computers are Micro computers, computers. SECTION - A A. Fill in the blanks: 2 1. Thefirst mechanical calculating device was. invented the first automatic sequence controlled calculator-Mark |. 2 3 isthe world’s fastest Super Computer. 4, Thefirst general purpose electronic computerwas....— 12 5. Analytical engine was invented in Toa) » ENIAC + Howard Aiken » Abacus: 21833, = Sunway TaihuLight | B. State True or False: UNIVAC | was the first computer to handle both numeric and text data. 2. Charles Babbage invented the Difference engine in 1822. 3, _ Thefirst generation computers used transistors technology. 4, Tabulating machine was invented by J. Presper Eckert. Aural alt 5. George Boole designed the Boolean logic. BY toate AFA Kios G ni Se D. 4. Match the following by colouring the pair with the same colour: [a] Lady Augusta Lovelace Je Pascaline Second G nput Sit |Generation Computers) @ The first programmer Blaise Pascal ° Transistors Third Generation Computers 1973 MICRAL. Integrated circuits / Application Based Questions: Raman is working in the National Weather Forecasting agency. Which type of a computer is he t to forecast the weather conditions? Which type of computers do Indian Railways use to interact with the customers for the bookin cancellation of tickets? Multiple Choice Questions: The era of first generation computers was a. 1920-1936 bd 1940-1956 ¢.1950-1958

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