Electrostatics

CLASS
XII
PHYSICS
FOR JEE I NEET & BOARD
ELECTROSTATICS
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PHYSICS BOOKLET FOR JEE NEET & BOARDS
ELECTROSTATICS
1 ELECTRIC CHARGE
Charge is the property associated with matter due to which it produces and experiences electrical
and magnetic effects.
All bodies consist of atoms, which contain equal amount of positive and negative charges in the
form of protons and electrons respectively. The number of electrons being equal to the number of
protons as an atom is electrically neutral. If the electrons are removed from a body, it gets positively
charged. If the electrons are transferred to a body, it gets negatively charged.
“Similar charges (charges of the same sign) repel one another; and dissimilar charges (charges of
opposite sign) attract one another.”
1.1 WAYS OF CHARGING A BODY
(i) Charging by friction
When two bodies are rubbed together, a transfer of electrons takes place from one body to
another. The body from which electrons have been transferred is left with an excess of positive charge, so
it gets positively charged. The body which receives the electrons becomes negatively charged.
“The positive and negative charges produced by rubbing are always equal in magnitude.”
When a glass rod is rubbed with silk, it loses its electrons and gets a positive charge, while the
piece of silk acquires equal negative charges.
An ebonite rod acquires a negative charge, if it is rubbed with wool (or fur). The piece of wool (or
fur) acquires an equal positive charge.
(ii) Charging by electrostatic induction
If a positively charged rod is brought near an insulated conductor, the negative charges
(electrons) in the conductor will be attracted towards the rod. As a result, there will be an excess of
negative charge at the end of the conductor near the rod and the excess of positive charge at the far end.
This is known as ‘electrostatic induction’. The charges thus induced are found to be equal and opposite to
each other. Now if we touch the far end with a conductor connected to the earth, the positive charges
here will be cancelled by negative charges coming from the earth through the conducting wire. Now, if
we remove the wire first and then the rod, the induced negative charges which were held at the outer
end will spread over the entire conductor. It means that the conductor has become negatively charged by
induction. In the same way one can induce a positive charge on a conductor by bringing a negative
charged rod near it.
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+ +
++ ++
++ + ++ ++
++ ++
+++   ++ 
 +
+++ 
  
Insulated
+
++
++ +
+ ++

 +   
   
Important points regarding electrostatic induction

(a) Inducing body neither gains nor loses charges.
(b) The nature of induced charge is always opposite to that of inducing charge.
(c) Induced charge can be lesser or equal to inducing charge but it is never greater than the
inducing charge.
(d) Induction takes place only in bodies (either conducting or nor conducting) and not in
particles.
(iii) Charging by conduction
Let us consider two conductors, one charged and the other uncharged. We bring the conductors
in contact with each other. The charge (whether negative or positive) under its own repulsion will spread
over both the conductors. Thus the conductors will be charged with the same sign. This is called ‘charging
by conduction (through contact)’.
1.2 UNIT OF CHARGE
q
I  
In SI units as current is assumed to be fundamental quantity and  t  , charge is a derived
physical quantity with dimensions [AT] and unit (ampere  second) called ‘coulomb (C)’.
The coulomb is related to CGS units of charge through the basic relation
1
1 coulomb = 3  10 esu of charge = 10 emu of charge
9
1.3 PROPERTIES OF CHARGE

(i) Charge is always associated with mass
The charge can not exist without mass though mass can exist without charge.
(ii) Charge is quantised
When a physical quantity can have only discrete values rather than any value, the quantity is said
to be quantised.
Several experiments have established that the smallest charge that can exist in nature is the
charge of an electron. If the charge of an election (= 1.6  1019C) is taken as the elementary unit, i.e.,
quanta of charge, and is denoted by e, the charge on any body will be some integral multiple of e, i.e.,
q =  ne ; n = 1, 2, 3, ……….. … (1)

 2e 
charge on a body can never be   , (17.2) e or (105) e etc.
 3 
(iii) Charge is conserved
A large number of experiments show that in an isolated system, total charge does not change
with time, though individual charges may change, i.e., charge can neither be created nor be destroyed.
This is known as the principle of conservation of charge.
(iv) Charge is invariant
This means that charge is independent of frame of reference, i.e., charge on a body does not
change whatever be its speed.
1.4 CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS
The conductors are materials, which allow electricity (electric charge) to pass through them due
to the presence of free elections. e.g., metals are good conductors.
The insulators are materials, which do not allow electric charge to pass through them as there is
no free electrons in them. e.g. wood, plastics, glass etc.
Illustration 1
Question: How many electrons must be removed from a piece of metal so as to leave it with a positive
charge of 3.2  1017 coulomb?
Solution: From ‘Quantization of charge’, we know Q = ne
Q 3.2  1017 C
n=  = 200
e 1.6  1019 C
Illustration 2
Question: A copper penny has a mass of 32 g. Being electrically neutral, it contains equal amounts of
positive and negative charges. What is the magnitude of these charges inC. A copper atom has
a positive nuclear charge of 3  1026 C. Atomic weight of copper is 64g/mole and Avogadro’s
number is 6  10 –26 atoms/mole.
Solution: 1 mole i.e., 64 g of copper has 6  1023 atoms. Therefore, the number of atoms in copper penny of
32 g is
6  1023
 32  10– 3  3 × 1020
64
One atom of copper has each positive and negative charge of 3  1026 C. So each charge on the
penny is
(3  1020)  (3  10 –26) = 9C.
2 COULOMB’S LAW
“Two stationary point charges repel or attract each-other q1 q2
with a force which is directly proportional to the product of the
A r B
magnitudes of their charges and inversely proportional to the square
of the distance between them.”
Let ‘r’ be the distance between two point charges q1 and q2.
| q || q |
According to Coulomb’s law, we have F  1 2 2
r
where F is the magnitude of the mutual force that acts on each of the two charges q1 and q2.

K | q1 | q 2 |
or, F= , where K is a constant of proportionality
r2
The value of K depends upon the medium in which two point charges are placed.
1
In the SI system. K = for vacuum (or air)
4  0
The constant 0 ( = 8.85 × 10–12 C2/N-m2) is called “permittivity” of the free space. Thus
| q1 | | q 2 |
1 | q 1 || q 2 | r2
F=  9 × 109 … (2)
4 0 r2
2.1 PERMITTIVITY OF A MEDIUM
If the medium between the two point charges q1 and q2 is not a vacuum ( or air). Then the
electrostatic force between the two charges becomes
1 | q1 | | q 2 | 1 | q1 | | q 2 |
F= = … (3)
4  r 2
4  0  r r2
where  = 0 r is called the ‘absolute permittivity’ or ‘permittivity’ of the medium and r is a
dimensionless constant called ‘relative permittivity’ of the medium which is a constant for a given
medium. r is also sometimes called “dielectric constant’ or ‘specific inductive capacity’ of the medium.
2.2 COLOUMB’S LAW IN VECTOR FORM
 Kq1 q2 rˆ
The vector form of Coulomb’s law is F  … (4)
r2
The unit vector rˆ has its origin at the ‘source of the force”. For
example, to find the force on q2, the origin of rˆ is at q1. The signs of the
r
charges must be explicitly included in equation (4). If F is the magnitude

  rˆ F
of the force, then F = + F rˆ means a repulsion, whereas F   Frˆ q1 q2
means an attraction.
3 PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
According to the principle of superposition, the force acting q2
on one charge due to another is independent of the presence of q3 –
charges. So, we can calculate the force separately for each pair of +
charges and then take their vector sum or find the net force on any
charge. q4
The figure shows a charge q1 interacting with other charges. 
– F 12
Thus, to find the force on q1, we first calculate the forces exerted by
 +

F 14 q1
each of the other charges, one at a time. The net force F 1 on q1 is 
    F 13
simply the vector sum F 1  F 12  F 13  F 14 + …
(5)

where F 12 is the force on the charge q1 due to the charge q2 and so on.
Illustration 3

Question: The electron and the proton in a hydrogen atom are 0.53 × 10 –11 m apart. Compare the
electrostatic and the gravitational forces between them in power of 10 –41.
Solution: The magnitude of the electrostatic force is
1 e2
FE =
4 0 r 2
(9  109 N  m2 / C2 )  (1.6  1019 C)2
=
(5.3  1011m)2
= 8.2 × 10–8 N
The magnitude of the gravitational force is
me mp
FG  G
r2
(6.67  1011N  m2 /kg2 ) (9.11 1031 kg) (1.67  1027 kg)
=
(5.3  1011m)2
= 3.6 × 10–47 N
The ratio of the forces
FG
= 44
FE
FG
 The is extremely small. So when we deal with the electrical interaction between elementary
FE
particles, gravity may safely be ignored.
Illustration 4
Question: Three charges lie along the x-axis as shown in the
figure. The positive charge x
q1 = 15.0 C is at x = 2.0 m, and the positive q2 q3 q1
charge q2 = 6.00 C is at the origin. Where must a
negative charge q3 be placed on the x-axis such
that the resultant force on it is zero? (in mm)
Solution: Since q3 is negative and both q1 and q2 are
   
positive, the forces F 31 and F 32 are both F 32 F 31
attractive. Let x be the co-ordinate of q3 + – + x
We have q2 q3
K | q3 | | q1 | K | q3 | |q2 |
F31 = ; F32 =
(2  x )2
x2
Since the net force on the change q3 is zero,
K | q3 | | q2 | K | q3 | | q1 |
we have, =
x2 (2  x )2
or, (4 – 4x + x2) (6 × 10–6C) = x2 (15 × 10–6 C)
Solving this quadratic equation for x, we get x = 775
Illustration 5

Question: Two identical small charged sphere, each having a mass of
3.0 × 10–2 kg, hang in equilibrium as shown below. If the
3 L   L
length of each string is m and the angle  = 45°, find
2
the magnitude of the charge on each sphere in nC. (g = 10 q q
m/s2)
a
Solution: From the right angled triangle, we have sin  =
L
or, a = L sin  = (15 m) sin 5° = 0.013 m

L
Hence, the separation of the spheres is
T
2a = 0.026 m
a
F.B.D. of one of the spheres:-
T cos  
 T
Fe T sin 
mg
Since the sphere is in equilibrium, the resultants of the forces in the horizontal and vertical
directions must separately add up to zero. thus
T sin  – Fe = 0
 T sin  = Fe … (i)
and T cos - mg = 0
 T cos  = mg … (ii)
Dividing equation (i) by equation (ii) , we get
Fe
tan  = or, Fe = mg tan 
mg
= (3 × 10-2 kg) × (10 m/s2) (tan 45°)
= 0.3 N
Let q be charge on each sphere.
According to Coulomb’s law
 1  | q || q |
Fe   

 4 0  r 2
 q = 15 C
4 FORCE DUE TO CONTINUOUS CHARGE DISTRIBUTIONS

To find the force exerted by a continuous charge distribution
on a point charge, we divide the charge into infinitesimal charge + +
elements. Each infinitesimal charge element is then considered as a dq +
+
point charge. q0
+ + 
+ r dF
+ +
The magnitude of the force dF exerted by the charge dq on the charge q0 is given by
1 | dq | | q 0 |
dF 
4 0 r2 ,
where r is the distance between dq and q0. The total force is then found by adding all the
infinitesimal force elements, which involves the integral
 
F  d F

Taking d F  dFx iˆ  dFy ˆj  dFzKˆ , we have
Fx  dFx  

Fy  dFy  … (6)

Fz  dFy 

Because of the vector nature of the integration, the mathematical procedure must be carried out
with care. The symmetry of charge distribution will usually result in a simplified calculation.
Each type of charge distribution is described (in the table given below) by an appropriate Greek
letter parameter: ,  or .
How we choose the charge element dq depends upon the particular type of the charge
distribution.
Charge distribution Relevant parameter SI units Charge element dq
Along a line , charge per unit length C/m dq =  dx
On a surface , charge per unit area C/m2 dq =  dA
Throughout a volume , charge per unit volume C/m3 dq = dV

Illustration 6
Question: A point charge q is situated at a distance
‘d ’ from one end of a thin non- P A B
conducting rod of length L having a  d
q L
charge Q (uniformly distributed along its
length) as shown. Find the magnitude of
the electric force between the two. (in N)
(take q = 10–6C, Q = 9  10–3C,
d = 1m, L = 2m)
Solution: Consider an element of rod of length x
‘dx ‘ at a distance x from the point dx
charge q. Treating the element as a A B
P
point charge, the force between q and +q
the charge element will be d L
1 qdQ
dF 
4 0 x 2
Q 
But dQ =   dx
L
1
So, dF =
4  0
qQdx
Lx 2
(d L )
1 qQ dx
 F=
4  0 L 
d
x2
d L
1  1
=
4 0  x 
 d
1 qQ  1 1 
= 

4 0 L  d d  L 
1 qQ
=
4 0 d (d  L )
= 27

Illustration 7
Question: A thin non-conducting rod of length L and having y
a charge Q (uniformly distributed along its
length) is placed along x-axis, as shown. Find the P q0
force (in N) exerted by the rod on the point
charge q0 located on the perpendicular bisector
of the rod (the positive y-axis) at a distance y
2 ++ + + + + + + + + +
from the centre (take y =1m, L = 2m, q0 = A O B x
10–6C, q= 9  10–3 C.) L
Solution: Consider an element of rod of length ‘dx ‘ at a y
distance x from the centre. Treating the element
as a point charge, the force between q and the  dF
charge element will be dF
1 q0 dq
dF 
4 0 r 2
 P
 dFcos dFcos
The direction of d F is shown in the figure. But
dq = dx y r
1 q 0  dx 
So, dF  
4 0 r2 ++++++++++ + x
For every charge element dq located at position A x O x B
dx
+x, there is another charge element dq located at L
–x. When we add the forces due to the charge
elements at + x and – x, we find the x components
have equal magnitudes but point in opposite
directions. So their sum is zero, i.e., Fx = 0
Now, dFy = dF sin 
1 q0dx y
=
4 0 x 2  y 2 x  y2
2
y
( r2 =x2 + y2; sin  = )
x2  y 2
1 q0ydx
or, dFy =
4 0 ( x  y 2 )3 / 2
2
L

2
1 dx
 Fy = dFy =
4 0
q0  y
L
( x  y 2 )3 / 2
2
Evaluating the integral, we obtain

1 q0 q
Fy = = 81
4  0 L2
y y  2
4

5 ELECTRIC FIELD
An electric field is defined as a region in which there should be a force on a charge brought into
that region. Whenever a charge is being placed in an electric field, it experiences a force.
Electric fields that we will study are usually produced by
different types of charged bodies – point charges, charged plates. q1 r q2
Charged sphere etc. We can also define the electric field of a charged
body as its region of influence within which it will exerts force on
other charges.
If two point charges are placed as shown, we describe the forces on them in two ways
(i) The charge q2 is in the electric field of charge q1. Thus the electric field of charge q1 exerts force
on q2.
(ii) The charge q1 is in the electric field of charge q2. Hence the electric field of charge q2 exerts a
force on q1.
Electric field    charges inside it.
exerts force on
Electric field   charged bodies.

is created by

5.1 ELECTRIC INTENSITY OR ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH ( E )
The electric field intensity at a point in an electric field is the force experienced by a unit positive
charge placed at that point, it is being assumed that the unit charge does not affect the field.

Thus, if a positive test charge q0 experiences a force F at a point in an electric field, then the

electric field intensity E at that point is given by

 F
E … (7)
q0
Important points regarding electric Intensity
(i) It is a vector quantity. The direction of the electric field intensity at a point inside the electric
field is the direction in which the electric field exerts force on a (unit) positive charge.
(ii) Dimensions of the electric field intensity
F [MLT 2 ]
E    [MLT 3 A 1 ]
q0 [ AT ]

In S.I. systems, the unit of E is N/C or V/m as
N N m J V
  =
C Cm C m m
5.2 FORCED EXERTED BY A FIELD ON A CHARGE INSIDE IT

 F
By definition as E  , i.e.,
q0
 
F  q0 E
 
If q0 is a +ve charge, force F on it is in the direction of E .
 
If q0 is a –ve charge, F on it is opposite to the direction of E
   
F   q0 E F   q0 E
 

E E

Illustration 8
Question: An electron (q = – e) is placed near a charged body experiences a force in the
positive y direction of magnitude 3.60 × 10–8 N.
(a) The electric field at that location is x  10–9, find x. (where x is in N)
(b) What would be the force exerted by the same charged body on an alpha particle
(q = +2e) placed at the location initially occupied by the electron?
Solution: Using equation (7), we have
| Fy | 3.60  10 8 N
Ey   = 225
| q0 | 1.60  10 19 C
The electric field is in the negative y direction.
(b) The force on the alpha particle is given by
Fy = q0 Ey = 2(+ 1.60 × 10–19 C) (2.25 × 1011 N/C) = 72
The force is in the negative y direction, the same direction as the electric field.
5.3 ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY DUE TO A POINT CHARGE
Let a positive test charge q0 be placed at a distance r O P
from a point charge q. The magnitude of force acting on q0 is +q +q0
given by Coulomb’s law,
1 q0q
F
4 0 r 2
The magnitude of the electric field at the site of the charge is
F 1 q
E  … (8)
q 0 4 0 r 2
 
The direction of E is the same as the direction of E3

F , along a radial line from q, pointing outward if q is P3
positive and negative if q is negative.

The figure given below shows the direction of the E2

electric field E at various points near a positive point P2
+q 
charge.
P1

E1
5.4 ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY DUE TO A GROUP OF POINT CHARGES
Since the principle of linear superposition is valid for Coulomb’s law, it is also valid for the
electric field. To calculate the electric field strength at a point due to a group of N point charges.
 
We first find the individual field strengths E 1 due to Q1, E 2 due to Q2, and so on
The resultant field strength is the vector sum of individual field strengths.
   
E  E1  E 2  E 3  …

=  E n (n = 1, 2, 3, … N)

Illustration 9
Question: A point charge q1 of + 1.5 C is placed at a origin of a co-ordinate system, and the
second charge q2 of + 2.3 C is at a position x = L , where L = 13 cm. At what point P
along the x-axis is the electric field zero (in mm).
Solution: The point must lie between the charges x
because only in this region the forces
exerted by q1 and q2 on a test charge   
 x


q1 E
2 P E1 q2
oppose each-other. If E 1 is the electric field
 L
due to q1 and E 2 is that due to q2, the
magnitudes of these vectors must be equal,
or
E1 = E2
We then have
1 q1 1 q2
 , where x is the co-ordinate of the point P.
4 0 x 2
4 0 (L  x ) 2
Solving for x, we have
L
x=
1  q2 / q1
Substituting numerical values for L, q1 and q2,
We obtain
x = 5.8 cm and x = – 54.6 cm
But the negative value of x is unacceptable
Hence, x = 58 mm
6 ELECTRIC FIELD OF CONTINUOUS CHARGE DISTRIBUTIONS

To find the field of a continuous charged distribution,
+ +
we divide the charge into infinitesimal charge elements. Each
+ + +
infinitesimal charge element is then considered as a point dq
+ +
charge and its field is given by +
1 dq + + +
dE = P
4 0 r 2 + + r
At a point distant r from the element, the net field is the 
summation of fields of all the elements. dE
 

E dE

Taking d E  dE x iˆ  dE y ˆj + dE z kˆ , we have E x  dE x , E y  dE y and Ez = dEz
 
Because of the vector nature of the integration, the mathematical procedure must be
carried out with care. Fortunately, in the cases we consider, the symmetry of the charge
distribution usually results in a simplified calculation.
Each type of charge distribution is described (in the table given below) by an appropriate
Greek-letter parameter: ,  or . How we choose the charge element ‘dq’ depends upon the
particular type of charge distribution.

Charge Distribution Relevant Parameter SI Units Charge Element dq
Along a line , Charge per unit length C/m dq =  dx
On a surface , Charge per unit area C/m2 dq =  dA
Throughout a volume , Charge per unit volume C/m3 dq =  dV
6.1 ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A UNIFORMLY CHARGED RING AT A POINT ON THE

AXIS OF THE RING
Let us consider a charge Q distributed uniformly on a thin, circular, non-conducting ring of
radius a. We have to find electric field E at a point P on the axis of the ring, at a distance x from
the centre.
From symmetry, we observe that y
every element dq can be paired with a
dq
similar element on the opposite side of dEsin
the ring. Every component dEsin
perpendicular to the x-axis is thus dE
a
 P 
cancelled by a component dEsin in the
opposite direction. In a summation O   2dEcos x
process, all the perpendicular x
components add to zero. Thus we only z dE
dEsin
add the dEx components.
1 dq
Now, dE =
4 0 (d  x 2 )
2
Hence, the resultant electric field at P is given by

E = dEx
=  dEcos 
1 dq  x 
 
=
4 0  2 
(a  x )  a 2  x 2
2 

1 x
=
4 0 ( a  x 2 ) 3 / 2
2  dq
As we integrate around the ring, all the terms remain constant and dq = Q
So, the total field is
1 xQ
E=
4 0 (a  x 2 ) 3 / 2
2
1 Qx
or E= … (9A)
4 0 (a  x 2 ) 3 / 2
2
6.2 ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A UNIFORMLY CHARGED DISC AT A POINT ON THE

AXIS OF THE DISC
Let us consider a flat, circular, non-conducting thin disc of radius R having a uniform
surface charge density  c/m2. We have to find the electric field intensity at an axial point at a
distance x from the disc.

Let O be the centre of a uniformly charged disc of P
radius R and surface charge density . Let P be an axial
point, distant x from O, at which electric field intensity is
x
required.
From the circular symmetry of the disc, we dr r
O
imagine the disc to be made up of a large number of
concentric circular rings and consider one such ring of
radius r and an infinitesimally small width dr
The area of the elemental ring = circumference x width = (2 rdr)
The charge dq on the elemental ring = (2rdr) 
Therefore, the electric field intensity at P due to the elementary ring is given by
1 (2rdr ) x x rdr
dE  = ,
4 0 (r 2  x 2 ) 3 / 2 2 0 (r 2  x 2 ) 3 / 2
and is directed along the x-axis. Hence, the electric intensity E due to the whole disc is
given by
R
x rdr
E
20  (r
O
2
 x 2 )3 / 2
R
x  1  x  1 1
=  2 2 1/ 2 
=  2  
2 0  ( r  x )  0 2 0  (R  x )
2 1/ 2
x
  x 
= 1  2 2 1/ 2 
… (9B)
20  (R  x ) 
Illustration 10
Question: A thin insulating rod of length L carries a uniformly distributed charge Q. Find the
electric field strength at a point along its axis a distance ‘a’ from one end. (In N/C)
(take Q = 10–9 C, a = 1m, L = 2m)
Solution: Let us consider an
infinitesimal element of length L B P
A 
dx at a distance x from the a dE
point P. The charge on this
+ + + + + + + + + +
element is dq = dx, where  x
dx
Q
(= ) is the linear charge
L
density.
The magnitude of the electric field at P due to this element is
1 dq 1 (dx)
dE  =
4 0 x 2
4 0 x2
and its direction is to the right since  is positive. The total electric field strength E is given
by
a L
1 dx
E
4 0
  x2
a
a L
  1
=
4 0  x 
 a
 1 1 
=   
4 0  a a  L 
Q
= =3
( 4 0 ) a (a  L)

7 MOTION OF A CHARGED PARTICLE IN AN UNIFORM ELECTRIC FIELD

A particle of mass m and charge q in an uniform electric field E experiences a force
 
F q E
From Newton’s second law of motion,
 
F  ma
Hence, the acceleration of the charged particle in the uniform electric field is

qE
a
m
Since the field is uniform, the acceleration is constant in magnitude and direction. So we
can use the equation of kinematics for constant acceleration. Now, there are two possibilities.
(a) If the particle is initially at rest
From equation v = u + at, we get
qE  qE 
v = at = t u  0; a 
m  m 
1 2
From equation S = ut + at , we have
2
1 2 qE 2
S= at  t
2 2m
(b) (ii) If the particle is projected perpendicular to the field with an initial velocity v0.
+ + + + + + + + + +
y +
y
–q 
x
v0 x
– – – – – – – – – –
L D
For motion along x-axis, we have vx = v0 = constant ( u = v0 and a = 0)
 x = v0t … (i)
for motion along y-axis, we have
1  qE  2
y=  t … (ii)
2  m 
 qE 
 u  0; a  m 
 
Substituting the value of t from equation (i) in equation (ii),
we get
2
qE  x 
y  
2m  v 0 
qE
= x2
2mv 02
Which is the equation of the parabola.

\
8 ELECTRIC LINES OF FORCE
The idea of electric lines of force or the electric field lines introduced by Michel Faraday is
a way to visualize electrostatic field geometrically.
The properties of electric lines of force are the following:
(i) The electric lines of force are continuous curves in an electric field starting from a
positively charged body and ending on a negatively charged body.
+ –
Electric lines of force due Electric lines of force due

to positive charge to negative charge
(ii) The tangent to the curve at any point gives the direction of the electric field
intensity at that point.
(iii) Electric lines of force never intersect since if they cross at a point, electric field
intensity at that point will have two directions, which is not possible.
(iv) Electric lines of force do not pass but leave or end on a charged conductor
normally. Suppose the lines of force are not perpendicular to the conductor surface. In this
situation, the component of electric field parallel to the surface would cause the electrons to
move and hence conductor will not remain equipotential which is absurd as in electrostatics
conductor is an equipotential surface.
–
–
–
–
– +
–
–
–
–
–
Fixed point charge near infinite
metal plate
(v) The number of electric lines of force that originate from or terminate on a charge is
proportional to the magnitude of the charge.
(vi) As number of lines of force per unit area normal to the area at point represents
magnitude of intensity, crowded lines represent strong field while distant lines weak field. Further,
if the lines of force are equidistant straight lines, the filed is uniform.
Both magnitude and

Magnitude is Direction is not Both magnitude and direction constant.
not constant constant direction not constant

+Q  +Q
O
Electric lines of force due to two equal positive charges (field is zero at O). O is a null
point.

PROFICIENCY TEST I
The following questions deal with the basic concepts of this section. Answer the
following briefly. Go to the next section only if your score is at least 80%. Do not consult
the Study Material while attempting these questions.
1. A typical charge produced by rubbing is 1nC. Roughly no. of elementary charges (e) does
this involve in n. If n is given as x  107 .Find x
2. A positively charged glass rod is brought close to a suspended metal needle. What can
you say about the charge on the needle given that the needle is
(a) attracted; (b) repelled
3. A point charge q is placed at the mid-point between two equal point charges of magnitude
Q, as shown in the figure. Is q in equilibrium? If so is it stable or unstable equilibrium.
Consider q to have (a) the same sign and (b) the opposite sign to Q.
Q q Q
  
4. Two point charges of unknown magnitudes and signs are placed a distance d apart. If it is
possible to have E = 0 at any point not between the charges but on the line joining them,
what are the necessary conditions and where is the point located?
5. A positive charge is brought very close to uncharged conductor which is grounded. Is the
conductor charged positively, negatively, or not at all if
(a) the charge is taken away and then the ground connection is removed and
(b) the ground connection is removed and then the charge is taken away?
6. Two identical small spheres are charged positively. Each sphere is repelled from the
other with a force of 9  10–3 N when the spheres are 2 m apart. Calculate the charge (in
C) on each sphere.
7. In the given figure, find (a) the horizontal component +q a –q

of electric force on the charge in the lower left corner
of the square. Assume that the charges are at rest.
 1  1
(take kq   4   SI unit and a =
2 a
m) a
 2 2
+2q a –2q
8. Electric field lines never cross. Why?
9. A negatively charged particle of mass to charge ratio is 2, is accelerated eastward at 8

m/s2 by an electric field. Determine the magnitude and direction of the electric field.
10. An alpha particle, the nucleus of a helium atom, has a mass of 6.4 × 10–27 kg and a
charge of +2e. What are the magnitude and the direction of the electric field that will
balance its weight?

ANSWERS TO PROFICIENCY TEST I
1. 325
2. (a) negative charge or uncharged

(b) positive charge
3. (a) Yes, the charge q is in stable equilibrium.

(b) Yes, the charge q is in unstable equilibrium.
4. The charges must be of opposite signs and point should be near the charge of smaller
magnitude.
5. (a) The conductor is not charged at all

(b) the conductor is negatively charged.
6. 2 C
7. 31 N
8. Because electric field at a point has a unique direction
9. 16 N/C towards west
10. 200 nN/C upward

9 FLUX OF AN ELECTRIC FIELD OR ELECTRIC FLUX
Let us consider a plane surface of area S placed in an 

dS 
electric field E . E

Electric flux through an elementary area d S is defined as
  
the scalar product of d S and E i.e.
  
dE = E . d S , where d S is the area vector, whose dS
magnitude is the area ds of the element and whose direction is
along the outward normal to the elementary area.
Hence, the electric flux through the entire surface is given by
 
E =  E .d S … (10)
or, E =  EdS cos 
If the electric field is uniform, then E =  Eds cos  = E cos ds
When the electric flux through a closed surface is required, we use a small circular sign on the
integration symbol;
 
E = E .d S … (11)
Important points regarding electric flux:
(i) The number of lines of force passing normally to the given area gives the measure of flux
of electric field over the given area.
(ii) It is a real scalar physical quantity with units (volt × m).
(iii) It will be maximum when cos  = max. = 1, i.e.,  = 
E
0°, i.e., electric field is normal to the surface with 
(dE)max = EdS dS
(iv) It will be minimum when |cos | = min = 0, i.e., 

dS
 = 90°, i.e., field is parallel to the area with (dE)min E
=0
(v) For a closed surface, E is positive if the lines of force point outward everywhere
  
( E will be outward everywhere,  < 90° and E . d S will be positive) and negative if they point inward (
  
E is inward everywhere,  > 90° and E .d S will be negative)

E

dS
Positive flux Negative flux

Illustration 11

Question: In a region of space the electric field is given by E  8iˆ  4 jˆ  3kˆ . Calculate the electric flux
through a surface of area 100 units in x-y plane.

Solution: A surface of area 100 units in the xy plane is represented by an area vector S = 100 k̂ (direction
along the normal to the area). The electric flux through the surface is given by
 
 E  E . S = (8iˆ  4 ˆj  3kˆ ). (100kˆ )
= 300 units
Illustration 12
Question: Calculate the electric flux through a cube of side
y
‘a’ as shown, where Ex = bx1/2; Ey
= Ez = 0, a = 10 cm and b = 800 N/C-m1/2. (in
Nm2/C)
O
a x
a
z
Solution:
The electric field throughout the region is non-uniform and its x-component is given by
Ex = bx1/2, where b = 800 N/C1/2.
For the left face perpendicular to the x-axis, we have x = a = 10 cm, while for the right face x
= 2a = 20 cm. Hence for the left face, the x-component of the field is
Ex = 800 × (10 × 10-2 m)1/2 = 253 N/c
For the right face, we have
Ex  = 800 × (20 × 10–2 )1/2 = 358 N/C
The area of each face is S = 100 cm2 = 10–2m2
Hence, the flux through the left face
= –ExS = (253) (10-2) = – 2.53 N-m2/C
The flux through the right face
= Ex S = (358) (10–2) = 3.58 N-m2/C
The net flux through the other faces is zero, because Ey = Ez = 0
Hence, the net flux through the cube E = 3.58 – 2.53 = 1 (approx)
10 GAUSS’S LAW
This law gives a relation between the electric flux through any closed hypothetical surface (called
a Gaussian surface) and the charge enclosed by the surface. It states, “ The electric flux (E) through any
1
closed surface is equal to times the ‘net’ charge enclosed by the surface.”
0
That is,
 
E = E .d S 
q , … (12)
0
where q denotes the algebraic sum of all the charges enclosed by the surface.
If there are several charges +q1, + q2, + q3, –q4, –q5 … etc inside the Gaussian surface, then
q = q1 + q2 + q3 – q4 –q5 …

It is clear from equation (11) that the electric flux linked with a closed body is independent of the
shape and size of the body and position of charge inside it.
Applications of Gauss’s Law
Gauss’s law is useful when there is symmetry in the charge distribution, as in the case of
uniformly charged sphere, long cylinders, and flat sheets. In such cases, it is possible to find a simple
Gaussian surface over which the surface integral given by equation (10) can be easily evaluated.
These are steps to apply the Gauss’s law
(i) Use the symmetry of the charge distribution to determine the pattern of the lines
  
(ii) Choose a Gaussian surface for which E is either parallel to d S or perpendicular to d S
  
(iii) If E is parallel to d S , then the magnitude of E should be constant over this part of the
surface.
The integral then reduces to a sum over area elements.
10.1 FIELD DUE TO AN INFINITE LINE OF CHARGE
Consider an infinite line of charge has a linear charge density . Using Gauss’s law, let us find the
electric field at a distance ‘r’ from the line.
The cylindrical symmetry tells us that the field strength 
+ dS
will be the same at all points at a fixed distance r from the line. +
Since the line is infinite and uniform, for every charge element +
s2 
on one side, there is symmetrically located element on the other + E
side. The component along the line of the fields due to all such +
elements cancel in pairs. Thus, the field lines are directed + 

radially outward, perpendicular to the line of charge. E + s1 E


The appropriate choice of Gaussian surface is a cylinder d S + dS
 +
of radius r and length L. On the flat end faces, S2 and S3 , E is +

s3 +
perpendicular d S , which means no flux crosses them. On the E
    +
curved surface S1, E is parallel d S , so that E . d S = EdS. +

dS
The charge enclosed by the cylinder is Q = L.
Applying Gauss’s law to the curved surface, we have
L 
E .dS  E (2rL ) = or, E = … (13A)
0 2 0 r
10.2 FIELD DUE TO AN INFINITE PLANE SHEET OF CHARGE
+++
+ + +
+
+ +
 + + 
E P + P
E

+ + + + 
+ + + dS
dS + +
+ +
+ +
Let us consider a thin non-conducting plane sheet of charge, infinite in extent, and having a
surface charge density (charge per unit area)  C/m2. Let P be a point, distant r from the sheet, at which
the electric intensity is required.
Let us choose a point P  symmetrical with P, on the other side of the sheet. Let us now draw a
Gaussian cylinder cutting through the sheet, with its plane ends parallel to the sheet and passing through
P and P . Let A be the area of each plane end.

By symmetry, the electric intensity at all points on either side near the sheet will be perpendicular

to the sheet, directed outward (if the sheet is positively charged). Thus E is perpendicular to the plane
ends of the cylinder and parallel to the curved surface. Also its magnitude will be the same at P and P.
Therefore, the flux through the two plane ends is
   
 
E = E . d S  E . d S =  EdS + EdS = EA + EA = 2EA
 
The flux through the curved surface of the Gaussian cylinder is zero because E and d S are at
right angles everywhere on the curved surfaces.
Hence, the total flux through the Gaussian cylinder is
E = 2EA
The charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface q = A
Applying Gauss’s law, we have
A
2EA =
0

 E= … (13B)
2 0
10.3 ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A UNIFORMLY CHARGED SPHERICAL SHELL
Using Gauss’s law, let us find the intensity of the electric field due to a uniformly charged
spherical shell or a solid conducting sphere at
Case I: At an external point
At all points inside the charged spherical
conductor or hollow spherical shell, electric field


E = 0, as there is no charge inside such sphere. In an E 
+ + + dS
isolated charged spherical conductor any excess +
charge on it is distributed uniformly over its outer +
+ Gaussian
surface same as that of charged spherical shell or +
r + surface
hollow sphere. Since the charge lines must point + R
radially outward. Also, the field strength will have +
+ + +
the same value at all points on any imaginary
spherical surface concentric with the charged
conducting sphere or the shell. This symmetry leads
us to choose the Gaussian surface to be a sphere of
radius r > R.
   
Any arbitrary element of area d S is parallel to the local E , so E . d S  EdS at all points on the
surface.
Q
According to Gauss’s law, dS  E ( 4r ) 
0
1 Q
Therefore, E= … (13C)
4 0 r 2
For points outside the charged conducting sphere or the charged spherical shell, the field is same
as that of a point charge at the centre.
Case II: At an Internal Point (r < R)
The field still has the same symmetry and so we again pick a spherical Gaussian surface, but now
with radius r less than R. Since the enclosed charge is zero, from Gauss’s law we have
E (4r2) = 0
 E=0 … (13D)
Thus, we conclude that E = 0 at all points inside a uniformly charged conducting sphere or the
charged spherical shell.

Variation of E with The Distance from the centre (r)
E
1 Q
4 0 R 2
O
r=R r
10.4 ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A UNIFORMLY CHARGED SPHERE
A non-conducting uniformly charged sphere of radius R has a total charge Q uniformly distributed
throughout its volume. Using the Gauss’s Law, Let us find the field
Case I: at an internal point (r < R)
Positive charge Q is uniformly distributed throughout the + +
volume of sphere of radius R. For finding the electric field at a + + Gaussian
distance (r < R) from the centre, we choose a spherical Gaussian + +
+ + + surface
surface of radius r, concentric with the charge distribution. From + + +
symmetry the magnitude E of the electric field has the same + +
+ +
value at every point on the Gaussian surface, and the direction of + +

E is radial at every point on the surface.
So, applying Gauss’s law
Q
= E (4r2) = 
0
4  4  Q Qr 3
Q =  r 3  =  r 3  ×
Here, =
3  3  4R 3 R3
where  is volume density of charge.
Therefore
Qr 3
E (4r 2) = 3
R 0
1 Q
or, E= r … (13E)
4 0 R 3
The field increases linearly with distance from the centre

Case II: At an External point (r > R)
To find the electric field outside the charged sphere, we use a spherical Gaussian surface of radius
r (> R). This surface encloses the entire charged sphere. So, from Gauss’s law, we have
Q
E (4r 2) =
0
1 Q
or, E … (13F)
4 0 r 2
The field at points outside the sphere is the same as that of a point charge at the centre.
Variation of E with the distance from the centre (r )
E
1 Q
4 0 R 2
O
r=R r

11 CONDUCTORS
A conductor contains “free” electrons, which can move freely in the material, but cannot leave it.
Now, when an excess charge is given to an insulated conductor, it sets up electric field inside the
conductor. The free electrons will redistribute themselves and within a fraction of a second (approx. 10-12

s) the internal field will vanish. Thus, in electrostatic equilibrium the value of E at all points within a
conductor is zero. This idea, together with the Gauss’s law can be used to prove interesting facts
regarding a conductor.
11.1 CAVITY INSIDE A CONDCUTOR
Consider a charge + q0 suspended in a cavity in a conductor. Consider a Gaussian surface just

outside the cavity and inside the conductor. E = 0 on this Gaussian surface as it is inside the conductor.
Hence from Gauss’s law
+ + + + +
+ + + +
+ +
+ + + +
Gaussian +
+ – – + surface +
– + +
+ – + 
+ – q – + +
– +
+ – – +
+ +
+
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + +

E. dS

 q , we have
0
q = 0
This concludes that a charge of –q must reside on the metal surface of the cavity so that the sum
of this induced charge –q and the original charge +q within the Gaussian surface is zero. In other words, a
charge q suspended inside a cavity in a conductor induces an equal and opposite charge –q on the
surface of the cavity. Further as the conductor is electrically neutral, a charge +q is induced on the outer
surface of the conductor. As field inside the conductor is zero.
The field lines coming from q cannot penetrate into the conductor, as shown in the above figure.
The same line of approach can be used to show that the field inside the cavity of a conductor is
zero when no charge is kept inside it.
11.2 ELECTROSTATIC SHEILDING
Suppose we have a very sensitive electronic instrument that we want to protect from external
fields that might cause wrong measurements. We surround the instrument with a conducting box or we
keep the instrument inside the cavity of a conductor. By doing this, the charge in the conductor is so
distributed that the net electric field inside the cavity becomes zero and so instrument is protected from
the external fields. This is called electrostatic shielding.
12 FORCE ON THE SURFACE OF A CHARGED CONDUCTOR
In a charged conductor the charge resides entirely on the surface. This shows that every element
of the surface of the conductor experiences a normal outward force, which holds its charge there. This
force is produced as a result of repulsion of the charge on the element by the similar charge on the rest of
the surface of the conductor. Let us calculate this force.

Let dS be a small element of the surface of a charged
conductor. Let  be the surface density of charge. Let us  P 
E1 Q E1
consider a point P just outside the surface. The magnitude of the

electric intensity at P is given by  E2
 E2
E , and is directed along the outward drawn
0 dS
normal to the element.
The intensity E can be considered as made up of two parts: (i) an intensity E1 due to the charge
on the element dS, and (ii) an intensity E2 due to the charge on the rest of the surface of the conductor.
Since their directions are the same, we have

E1 = E1 + E2 = … (i)
0
Let us now consider a point Q just inside the surface. The intensity at Q may again be considered
as made up of two parts. The intensity due to the charge on the element dS is equal and opposite to that
at P i.e., –E1, since Q is very close to P but on the opposite side of the surface. The intensity due to the
charge on the rest of the surface is same in magnitude and direction as at P i.e, E2 (since Q is very close to
P). But the resultant intensity at Q must be zero, since Q lies inside the conductor. Hence
–E1 + E2 = 0
or E1 = E2.
Substituting this in equation (i), we get

2E2 =
0

 E2 =
20
This gives the outward force experienced by a unit positive charge on the elements dS due to the
charge on the rest of the surface. Since the charge on the element is  dS, the force on dS is
2dS
F  E 2 (  dS ) =
20
Hence the force per unit area of the surface is
F 2
 … (14A)
dS 20
Whatever the sign of , this force acts outward along the normal to the surface.

Now, from equation (i) E = , so that  = 0E.
0
Substituting this value of  in equation (14A), the outward force per unit area of the surface
(0E )2
=
20
 0E 2
= … (14B)
2
Hence the force per unit area (or electrostatic pressure) experienced by a charged conductor is 2
/20 or 0E2 /2 newton/meter2 directed along the outward drawn normal to the surface.

13 ENERGY DENSITY OF AN ELECTRIC FIELD
Let us consider an electrostatic field E around a charged conductor. The charged conductor
experiences a force of 0 E2/2 Newton per meter2 area, which is everywhere, directed along the outward
drawn normal to the surface. If the conductor is placed in a medium of dielectric constant K, the normal
force is K0 E2/2 newton.
Suppose the surface is displaced through a small distance of dl meter everywhere along its
outward normal. The work done per meter2 area of the surface
K  0E 2
= dl joule.
2
The volume swept out by 1 meter2 area is dl meter3. Thus the work done in producing
dl meter3 of the field
K0E 2
dl joule.
2
Hence the work done is producing unit volume of the field.
K0E 2
= joule
2
This work is stored as energy of strain in the field. Hence the energy per meter3, or the energy
density u, of the field is
1
u  K0 E 2 … (15)
2

PROFICIENCY TEST II
1. Consider the Gaussian surface that surrounds part of  q3  q4

the charge distribution shown above. P
(a) Which of the charges contribute to the electric
 q1
field at point P?
(b) Would the value obtained for the flux through
Gaussian
the surface, calculated using only the field due to  q2 surface
q1 and q2, be greater than, equal to, or less than
that obtained using the total field?
2. A point charge is placed at the centre of a spherical Gaussian surface. Is E changed?

(a) if the surface is replaced by a cube of the same volume?
(b) if the sphere is replaced by a cube of one-tenth the volume?
3. In the proceeding question, is E changed

(a) if the charge is moved off-centre in the original sphere, still remaining inside?
(b) if the charge moved just outside the original sphere?
4. In question (2), will E change

(a) if a second charge is placed near, and outside, the original sphere?
(b) if a second charge is placed inside the Gaussian surface
5. A cube with edge 2 m is oriented as shown z

above, in a region of uniform electric field. Find
the electric flux through the right face if the
electric field is given by
 N
(a)  6  iˆ ;
 C
(b) (–2N/C) ĵ , and
(c) (– 3N/C) iˆ + (4 N/C) k̂ ,
y
(d) calculate the total flux through the cube for
each of these fields. 1.4 m
x
6. A point charge q = 240 is placed at the centre of a cube of edge a. What is the flux through each
of the cube faces?
7. A point charge q = 48 0 is placed at one corner of a cube of edge a. What is the flux through each
of the cube faces?

8. A point charge +q = 60 is a distance d/2 from a square q
surface of side d and is directly above the centre of the d/2
square, as shown above. Find the electric flux through the
square.
d
1
9. A hemisphere of radius R= is placed in an uniform
 R

electric field | E | = 1 N/C with its axis perpendicular to 
 E
the electric field E . What is the electric flux through the
curved surface?
10. A flat plate with dimensions 50 cm × 60 cm is set with its


plane at 37° to a uniform electric field E  – 500 ˆj N/c,
as shown below. What is the flux through the plate?
37°

ANSWERS TO PROFICIENCY TEST II
1. (a) q1, q2, q3 and q4

(b) equal
2. (a) No
(b) No
3. (a) No
(b) Yes
4. (a) No
(b) Yes
5. (a) zero
(b) – 8 Nm2c-1
(c) zero
(d) zero in each case
6. 4
7. 2
8. 1
9. 1 Nm2/C
10. 90 N-m2/C

14 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
The electric potential at a point in an electric field is the external work needed to bring a unit
positive charge, with constant, from infinity (point of zero potential) to the given point. Thus,
Wext
V= … (16)
q0
Where Wext is work done in moving a charge q0 from infinity to that point.
Important points regarding electric potential
(i) As electric field is conservative, Wext = U .
So,
U
V
q0
or, U = q0 V
Thus, the electric potential at a point is numerically equal to the potential energy per unit charge
at that point.
(ii) It is a scalar having SI unit (J/C) called volt (V).
1J
1V =
1C
(iii) If VA and VB are the electric potentials of two points A and B, the potential difference between
A and B is equal to VB – VA.
Thus the potential difference between two points, A and B, is defined as
W
VB – VA = A B
q0
where WAB is the work done by an external agent in moving a positive test charge q0 from A to
B.
(iv) We know that
W
V = ext
q0
 
Now, Wext =  F ext . d l
Since the external force is equal and opposite of the electrostatic force, we have
 
F ext = –q E
 
or 
Wext = q E . d l
The figure shows a curved path in a non-uniform field. The
potential difference between the points A and B is given by B
B 

VB – VA = – E . d l
A
… (17)
dS
A
Since the electrostatic field is conservative, the value of this line integral depends only on the end
points A and B and not on the path taken. So the electric potential at a point can be interpreted as the
negative of the work done by the field in displacing a unit positive charge from some reference point
(usually taken at infinity) to the given point.

Illustration 13
Question: The electric potential at point A is 200 V and at B is –400 V. Find the work done by an external
force and electrostatics force in moving charge of 2  10–8 C slowly from B to A. (in J)
Solution: Here,
q0 = 2 × 10–8 C; VA = 200 V ;
VB = – 400 V
work done by the external force = WBA
= q0 (VA – VB)
= (2 × 10-8) [(200 – (-400)]
Work done by the electric force = – (WBA)external
= 12
Illustration 14
Question: Find the work done by some external force in moving a charge q = 2 C from infinity to a point
where electric potential is 106V. (in J)
Solution: (E   A ) external = (2 × 10–6) (104)
=2
14.1 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AT A POINT DUE TO A POINT CHARGE
 1 q   r  O
As E
4 0 r 3
r and V = –

E. d r
+q r A
r r
1 q   1 q
 V=–


4 0 r 3
r d r  
4 0 r

2
dr
1 q
or V= , … (18)
4 0 r
where r is the distance of A from the point charge q.
The electric potential at A (VA) is positive if the point charge q is positive. VA will be negative if the
point charge q is negative.
14.2 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DUE TO A GROUP OF POINT CHARGES
The potential at any point due to a group of point charges is the algebraic sum of the potentials
contributed at the same point by all the individual point charges.
V = V1 + V2 + V3 + … … (19)
Illustration 15
Question: Three point charges q1 = 1C; q2 = 2 C; and q1 P
q3 = 3 C are fixed at a position shown. How much +
work would be needed to bring a charge
q4 = 25 C from infinity and to place it at P?
3m 5m
(in mJ)
+ +
q2 q3
Solution: The external work is Wext = q[Vf – Vi]
In this case,Vi = 0.
So, Wext = q4 VP = (2.5 × 10–6 C) (7.65 × 103 V) =19

14.3 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DUE TO A CONTINUOUS CHARGE DISTRIBUTION
The electric potential due to a continuous charge distribution is the sum of potentials of all the
infinitesimal charge elements in which the distribution may be divided.

V  dV
dq
V=  4 0r
14.3.1 Electric Potential due to a charged ring

A charge Q is uniformly distributed over the circumference of a + +
ring. Let us calculate the electric potential at an axial point at a distance + +
R + z  R2  r 2
r’ from the centre of the ring. +
The electric potential at P due to the charge element dq of the ring is + O +
+ r P
given by
+ R
1 dq 1 dq +
dV   +
4 0 Z 4 0 (R 2  r 2 )1 / 2 + +
Hence, the electric potential at P due to the uniformly charged ring is given by
1 dq 1 1
V 
4 0 (R  r 2 )1/ 2 
 dq
4 0 (R  r )
2 2 1/ 2 2
1 Q
= … (19A)
4 0 (R  r 2 )
2
14.3.2 Electric potential due to a charged disc at a point on the axis

A non-conducting disc of radius ‘R’ has a uniform surface charge density  C/m2. Let us calculate
the potential at a point on the axis of the disc at a distance ‘r’ from its centre
The symmetry of the disc tells us that the appropriate choice of P
element is a ring of radius x and thickness dx. All points on this ring are
at the same distance Z  x 2  r 2 , from the point P. The charge on the
Z  x2  r 2 r
ring is dq = dA =  (2xdx) and so the potential due to the ring is
1 dq 1  (2xd x)
dV  
4 0 Z 4 0 x 2  r 2
x O
Since potential is scalar, there are no components to worry about.

The potential due to the whole disc is given by
 
R
 xdx 

R
V = ( x 2  r 2 )1 / 2
2 0 2 0
0
O x r 2 2
=

2 0

(R 2  r 2 )1/ 2  r  … (19B)
 Let us see how this expression behaves at large distances, when r > > R. We use binomial theorem
(1 + x)n  1 + nx for small x to expand the first term
R2
(R2 + r2)1/2 = r [1 + 2 ]1 / 2
r
 R2 
 r 1  2  ...
 2r 
Substituting this into the expression for V, we find
1 Q
V , where Q = r2 is the total charge on the disc.
4 0 r

Thus, we conclude that at large distances, the potential due to the disc is the same as that of a
point charge Q.
14.3.3 Electric Potential due to a closed disc at a point on the edge.
Let us calculate the potential at the edge of a thin disc of radius ‘R’ carrying a uniformly
distributed charge with surface density 
Let AB be a diameter and A be a point where the potential is to P
be calculated. From A as centre, we draw two arcs of radii r and r + dr
as shown. The infinitesimal region between these two arcs is an
r
element whose area is dA = (2r) dr, where 2 is the angle subtended
by this element PQ at the point A. Potential at A due to the element PQ 
is A  B
dA 2rdr 2dr
dV   
4 0r 4 0r 4 0
From  APB, we have
Q
r = 2R cos
or, dr = –2R sin  d
Hence
 4 R sin  d
dV 
4 0
R sin d
0
V 
/2
 0
R 0 R
V    cos   sin   / 2 V = … (19C)
 0  0
14.3.4 Electric Potential due to a shell
A shell of radius R has a charge Q uniformly distributed over its surface. Let us calculate the
potential at a point
(a) outside the shell; (r > R) (b) inside the shell (r < R).
 1 Q
(a) At points outside a uniform spherical distribution, the electric field is E  rˆ
4 0 r 2
  
since E is radial, E . d r = Edr
since V (  ) = 0, we have
r r
Q Q  1
V (r ) V ()  

4  0 r 2
dr 
4  0
 r 
 
1 Q
 V= (r > R) … (19D)
4 0 r
We see that the potential due to a uniformly charged shell is the same as that due to a point
charge Q at the centre of the shell.
(b) At an Internal Point
At points inside the shell, E = 0. So, the work done in bringing a unit positive charge from a point
on the surface to any point inside the shell is zero. Thus, the potential has a fixed value at all points within
the spherical shell and is equal to the potential at the surface.
1 Q
V= … (19E)
4 0 R
Variation of electric potential with the distance from the centre (r)

V
1 Q
4  0 R
O r=R r
 All the above results hold for a “conducting sphere’ also whose charge lies entirely on the outer
surface.
14.3.5 Electric Potential due to a non-conducting charged sphere
A charge Q is uniformly distributed throughout a non-conducting spherical volume of radius R. Let
us find expressions for the potential at an (a) external point (r > R); (b) internal point (r < R); where r is the
distance of the point from the centre of the sphere.
(a) At an external point
Let O be the centre of a non-conducting sphere
of radius R, having a charge Q distributed uniformly over
its entire volume.
Let P be a point distant r ( > R) from O at which O
potential is required. Let  be the charge density r P
Let us divide the sphere into a large number of
R
thin concentric shells carrying charges q1, q2, q3 … etc.
The potential at the point P due to the shell of charge q1
1 q1
is
4 0 r
Now, potential is a scalar quantity. Therefore the potentials V due to the whole sphere is equal to
the sum of the potentials due to all the shells.
1 q1 1 q2
 V   …
4 0 r 4 0 r
1
= [q1 + q2 + q3 + …..]
4 0r
But q1 + q2 + q3 + … = Q, the charge on the sphere.
1 Q
 V= … (19F)
4 0 r
(b) Potential at an internal point
Suppose the point P lies inside the sphere at a distance r from the dx
centre O, If we draw a concentric sphere through the point P, the point P will
be external for the solid sphere of radius r, and internal for the outer spherical x
shell of internal radius r and external radius R. r P
4 3
The charge on the inner solid sphere is r . Therefore, the R
3
potential V1 at P due to this sphere is given by
1 4 / 3 r 3 r 2
V1  
4 0 r 30

Let us now find the potential at P due to the outer spherical shell. Let us divide this shell into a
number of thin concentric shells and consider one such shell of radius x and infinitesimally small thickness
dx. The volume of this shell = surface area × thickness = 4 x2d x. The charge on this shell, dq = 4x2 dx.
The potential at P due to this shell
1 dq 1 4x2 (dx )
dV2 = 
4 0 x 4 0 x
xdx
=
0
The potential V2 at P due to the whole shell of internal radius r and external radius R is given by
R R
xdx  x2
V2 
r

0
=
0 2 r
(R  r ) 2 2
=
20
Since the potential is a scalar quantity, the total potential V at P is given by
V = V1 + V2
r 2 (R 2  r 2 )
= 
30 20
(3R 2  r 2 )
=
6 0
Q
But  =
4
R 3
3
1 Q
 V = [3R2 – r2] … (19G)
4 0 2R 3
15 CALCULATION OF ELECTRIC FIELD FROM ELECTRIC POTENTIAL

In rectangular components, the electric field is

E  E x iˆ  E y ˆj  E z kˆ ;

and an infinitesimal displacement is d S  dxiˆ  dy ˆj  dz kˆ
Thus,
 
dV = – E . d S … (20)
= – [Ex dx + Ey dy + Ez dz]
for a displacement in the x-direction,
dy = dz = 0 and so
dV = –Ex dx. Therefore,
 dV 
Ex = –  
 dx  y ,z constant
A derivative in which all variables except one are held constant is called partial derivative and is
written with  instead of d. The electric field is, therefore,
 V ˆ V ˆ V ˆ
E  i j k … (21)
x y z

Illustration 16
1 Q
Question: The electrical potential due to a point charge is given by V  . Find
4 0 r
8
the x-component of the electric field .( take r = 2m, x = 1m, Q =  10 – 9 C) (in N/C)
9
Solution: (a) The radial component is given by
dV 1 Q
Er   
dr 4 0 r 2
(b) In terms of rectangular components, the radial distance is r = (x2 + y2 + z2)1/2 ; therefore, the
potential function
1 Q 1 Q
V 
4 0 r 4 0 ( x 2  y 2  z 2 )1/ 2
To find the x-component of the electric field, we treat y and z constants. Thus
V
Ex = 
x
1 Qx
or Ex = +
4 0 ( x 2  y 2  z 2 ) 3 / 2
1 Qx
= =1
40 r 3
16 EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACES
If we join the points in an electric field, which are at same potential, the surface (or curve) obtained
is known as equipotential surface (curve).
Important Points Regarding Equipotential surfaces
(i) The lines of forces are always normal to equipotential surfaces
(ii) The net work done in taking a charge from A to B is zero if A and B are on same
equipotential surface.
Examples
(i) In the field of a point charge, the equipotential surfaces are spheres centered on the point charge.
(ii) In a uniform electric field, the equipotential surfaces are planes which are perpendicular to the
field lines.
(iii) In the field of an infinite line charge, the equipotential surfaces are co-axial cylinders having their
axes at the line charge.
(iv) The surface of a conductor is an equipotential surface and the inside of conductor is equipotential
space. Hence there is no electric field (and charge) inside the conductor’s surface. The lines of
forces are always normal to the surface of a conductor.
17 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY
If a charge is moved between two points in an electric

field, work is usually done against the field or by the field. In
the figure, if a charge +q is moved from B to C in the electric
field of charge +Q, the work will have to be done by some
outside agency in pushing the charge +q against the force of +q B
field of +Q. C
This situation is very similar to that of a mass moved in gravitational field of earth away from it.
Work done against the gravitational pull of earth is stored in Gravitational potential energy and can be
recovered back. Similarly in electric field, work done against an electric field is stored in the form of
electric potential energy & can be recovered back. If the charge +q is taken back from C to B, the electric
force will try to accelerate the charge and hence to recover the potential stored in the form of kinetic
energy.

As the work done against an electric field can be recovered back, electrostatic forces and fields
fall under the category of conservative forces and fields. Another property of these fields is that the work
done is independent of path taken from one point to the another.
17.1 POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A SYSTEM OF TWO POINT CHARGES
The potential energy possessed by a system of two-point charges q1 and q2 separated by a
distance r is the work done required to bring them to this arrangements from infinity. This
electrostatic potential energy is given by
q q
U 1 2 … (22)
4 0 r
17.2 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A SYSTEM OF POINT CHARGES
The electric potential energy of such a system is the work done in assembling this system
starting from infinite separation between any two-point charges.
For a system of point charges q1, q2 …. qn, the potential energy is
1 n n qi q j
U 
2 i 1 j 1 4 0 rij
( i  j) … (23)
If simply means that we have to consider all the pairs that are possible.
Important points regarding Electrostatic potetnail energy
(i) Work done required by an external agency to move a charge q from A to B in an electric
field with constant speed
WAB = q [VB – VA]
(ii) When a charge q is let free in an electric field, it loses potential energy and gains kinetic
energy, if it goes from A to B, then loss in potential energy = gain in kinetic energy
1 1
or, q (VB – VA) = mV B2 – mV A2
2 2
Illustration 17
Question: Three point charges 1C, 2C and 3C are placed at the A 1C
corner of an equilateral triangle of side 1m. Calculate the
work required to move these charges to the corners of a
smaller equilateral triangle of side 0.5 m as shown. (in A
mJ)
B C
2C 3C
Solution: As the potential energy of two point charges separated by a distance ‘r ’ is given by
q q
[U = 1 2 ], the initial and the final potential energy of the system will be
4 0 r
10 –12 1 2 2  3 3  1
UI =  
4 0  1 1 1 
= 9 × 109 × 11 = 9.9 × 10–2 J
10 –12 1  2 2  3 3  1
UF     9  10 9  22  10 –12
4 0  0.5 0.5 0.5 
= 19.8 × 10–2 J
So, the work done in changing the configuration of the system
W = UF – UI = (19.8 – 9.9) × 1010  10–12
= 99 Mj

18 ELECTRIC DIPOLE
Two equal and opposite point charges placed at a short distance apart constitute an electric
dipole.
18.1 ELECTRIC DIPOLE MOMENT
 
Electric dipole moment is a vector p directed along the axis of -q p +q
the dipole, from the negative to the positive charge. 2a
The magnitude of dipole moment is
p = (2a) q
where 2a is the distance between the two charges. … (24)
18.2 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DUE TO AN ELECTRIC DIPOLE
Suppose, the negative charge q is placed at a point A and a P
positive charge q is placed at a point B. The separation
AB = 2a
The middle point of AB is O. The potential is to be evaluated at r
^ B
a point P where OP = r and POB = . Let AA be the perpendicular
from A to PO and BB be the perpendicular from B to PO. As 2a is very 
small compared to r, A O qB
q
AP = OP + OA = r + a cos 
AP ~
2a1
BP = OP  OB = r  a cos 
Similarly, BP ~ A
The potential at P due to the charge q is
2a
1 q ~ 1 q
V1    and that due to the charge + q is
4 0 AP 4 0 (r acos)
1 q ~ 1 q
V2  
4 0 BP 4 0 (r acos)
The net potential at P due to the dipole is
V = V1 + V2
1  q q 
= 

4 0  r  a cos  r  a cos  
1 2qa cos  p cos 
= 
~ . … (25)
4 0 (r  a cos )
2 2 2
4 0r
2
18.3 ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO AN ELECTRIC DIPOLE

Consider a point P at a distance r from O making an angle  Er
with AB. PP1 is a small displacement in the direction of OP and PP2 E P2 
P1
is a small displacement perpendicular to OP. Thus PP1 is in radial dr
rd P
direction and PP2 is in transverse direction. In going from P to P1,
the angle  does not change and the distance OP changes from r
d r
to r + dr. Thus PP1 = dr. In going from P to P2, the angle  changes
from  to  + d while the distance r remains almost constant so
 B
PP2 = r d. A –q O +q
2a
The component of the electric field at P in the radial direction PP1 is
dV V 1   pcos  2 pcos
Er =      .
dr r 4 0 r  r 2  4 0r 3

The component of the electric field at P in the transverse direction PP2 is
dV dV 1 V 1   pcos  p sin 
E =    =
 PP2 r d r   2 
r   4 0 r  4  r 3
0
2 2
The resultant electric field at P, E = E  E
r 
2 2
1  2pcos   psin 
=    
4 0  r 3   r 3 
1 p
= 3 cos 2 1 … (26)
4 0 r 3
If the resultant field makes an angle  with the radial direction OP, we have
psin
E 3 tan
tan  =   r 
E r 2pcos 2
3
r
 tan 
or  = tan 1   … (27)
 2 
Now consider some special cases
Case I:  = 0. In this case, the point P is on the axis of the dipole
p
V= … (28A)
4  0 r 2
2p
E= … (28B)
4  0 r 3
Such a position of the point is called an end-on position.
Case II:  = 90. In this case, the point P is on the perpendicular bisector of the dipole
V = 0, … (28C)
p
E= … (28D)
3
4  0r
tan
tan  = =
2
 = 90
The field is anti-parallel to the dipole axis. Such a position of the point P is called a broad side on
position.
18.4 DIPOLE IN AN EXTERNAL UNIFORM ELECTRIC FIELD

A p
+q 
F1
O

B  E 
 
F2 –q E
 
Suppose an electric dipole of dipole moment | p | = 2aq is placed in a uniform electric field E at
    
an angle . A force F 1  q E will act on positive charge and F 2 = – q E on the negative charge. Since F 1

and F 2 are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction, we have
 
F1 F 2 0

Thus, the net force on a dipole in a uniform electric field is zero.

The torque of F 1 about O,
    
 1 OA  F 1  q (OA  E )

The torque of F 2 about O,
    
 2 OB  F 2   q (OB  E )
 
= (BO  E )
The net torque acting on the dipole is
      
   1   2  q (OA  E )  q (BO  E )
  
= q (OA  BO )  E
 
= q (BA  E )
  
or, p  E … (29)
Thus, the magnitude of the torque is  = pE sin. The direction of torque is perpendicular to the
plane of paper and inwards. Further this torque is zero at  = 0° or  = 180°, i.e., when the dipole is

parallel or antiparallel to E and maximum at  = 90°.
18.5 POTENTIAL ENERGY OF DIPOLE
   
When an electric dipole is placed in an electric field E , a torque  = p  E acts on it. If we
rotate the dipole through a small angle d, the work done by the torque is
dW =  d
or, dW = –pEsin d
The work is negative as the rotation d is opposite to the torque. The change in electric potential
energy of the dipole is therefore
dU = –dW = pE sin d
Now at angle  = 90°, the electric potential energy of the dipole may be assumed to be zero as
net work done by the electric forces in brining the dipole from infinity to this position will be zero.
dU = pEsin d from 90° to , we have
 

90
dU   pE sin  d
90
or, U() – U(90°) = pE [-sin]90°
 
or U() = - pEcos = – p . E … (30)
It the dipole is rotated from an angle 1 to 2, then
work done by external forces = U(2) – U (1)
or, Wext = –pE cos2 – (pEcos1)
or, Wext = pE (cos1 – cos2) … (31)
Work done by electric force
Welectric force = – Wext = pE [cos2- cos1] … (32)
18.6 EQUILIBRIUM OF DIPOLE
When an electric dipole is placed in a uniform electric field, the net force on it is zero for any
position of the dipole in the electric field. But torque acting on it is zero only at  = 0° and 180°. Thus, we
can say that at these two positions of the dipole, net force or torque on it is zero or the dipole is in
equilibrium. Of this  = 0° is the ‘stable equilibrium’ position of the dipole because potential energy in this
position is minimum (U = –pE cos° = –pE) and when displaced from this position, a torque starts acting
on it which is restoring in nature and which has a tendency to bring the dipole back in its equilibrium

position. On the other hand, at  = 180°, the potential energy of the dipole is maximum (U = –pE cos 180°
= + pE) and when it is displaced from this position, the torque has a tendency to rotate it in other
direction. This torque is not restoring in nature. So this equilibrium is known as ‘unstable equilibrium
position’.
 
E E
+q +q -q
-q
 
p p
 = 0°  = 180°
U = minimum = pE U = max. = +pE
       
F net = 0 ;  = 0 F net = 0 ;  = 0
18.7 ANGULAR SHM OF DIPOLE

When a dipole is suspended in a uniform electric field, it will align itself parallel to the field. Now
if it is given a small angular displacement  about its equilibrium, the (restoring) couple will be
C = –pE sin
or, C = – pE  [as sin  , for small )
d 2
or, I 2 = –pE
dt
d 2 pE
or, 2
 
dt I
d 2
or,   2 
dt 2
pE
where 2 =
I
 2 
This is standard equation of angular simple harmonic motion with time-period T    . So the
 
dipole will execute angular SHM with time-period
I
T  2 … (33)
pE
18.8 FORCE ACTING ON A DIPOLE IN AN EXTERNAL NON-UNIFORM FIELD
When dipole lies in a non-uniform electric field the charges of the
dipole experience unequal forces. Therefore, the net force on the dipole
is not equal to zero. The magnitude of the force is given by the negative
derivative of the potential energy with respect to distance along the axis y
of the dipole

 dU  d E x
F   p.
dl dl
Illustration 18


Question: A dipole whose dipole moment is p lies along the x-axis ( p  piˆ ) in a non-uniform field
 C ˆ
E i . What is the magnitude of the force on the dipole? (take, P = 2 SI unit,
x
C = 1 SI unit, x = 1 SI unit) (in SI unit)
  C pC
Solution: We have U = – p . E   piˆ. iˆ  
x x
dU d pC pC
Now F=–  ( ) 2
dx dx x x
 pC ˆ
 F  i =2
x2
Illustration 19
Question: An Electric quadrupole consists of two equal and P
opposite dipoles so arranged that their electric effects do
not quite cancel each-other at distant points. In the
figure given, Calculate electric potential V for the point P +q r
on the axis of this quadrupole. d
8 –2q
(take q   10 – 9 C, d = 1, r = 2)
9
d
+q
Solution: The electric potential at P is given by
1  q  2q q 
V r  d  r  r  d 
4 0  
1 2qd 2 1 2qd 2
 
4 0 r (r  d ) 4 0
2 2
 d2 
r 3 1  2 
 r 
d2
Because d < < r, we can neglect compared to 1, in which case the potential becomes
r2
1 2qd 2
V=
4 0 r 3
=2
18.8 INTERACTION BETWEEN DIPOLES

In this situation, one dipole is in the field of other dipole. Depending on the positions of dipoles
relative to each other, force, couple and potential energy are different.

S. Potential Force (F) Couple (C)
No. Relative Position of Dipole energy (U)
r 1 2 p1p2 1 6 p1 p 2 O
 
p1 p2 4 0 r 3 4 0 r 4
1.
(along r)
F F
1 p1 p 2
4  0 r 3 1 3 p1p2

2. 4 0 r 4 O
p1 r p2
(along r)
F F
F O 1 3 p1 p2 on

4 0 r 4 1 2 p1 p2
P1 p2 p1 
(perpendicular + or) 4 0 r 3
3. (CW)
1 p1 p2
on p2 
F 4 0 r 3
(CW)
19 EARTHING A CONDUCTOR
Potential of earth is often taken to be zero. If a conductor is connected to the earth, the potential
of the conductor becomes equal to that of the earth, i.e., zero. If the conductor was at some other
potential, charges will l flow from it to the earth or from the earth to it to bring its potential to zero. The
figure given below shows the symbol for earthing.
Illustration 20
Question: Given two concentric conducting spheres of radii r and R +q0

(r < R). The inner surface carries a charge q0 and the outer r
sphere is earthed taking q0 = –1C.
Find the charge on the outer sphere. (in C) R
Solution: (a) Let q be a final charge on the outer sphere.

The potential of the outer sphere is given by
Kq0 Kq 1
V2   {k = }
R R 4  0
Since it has been earthed, V2 = 0

Kq0 Kq
Thus,  0
R R
 q=1
Illustration 21
Question: In the previous example, if the outer sphere carries a q0
charge q0 and the inner sphere is earthed, then find the
charge on the inner sphere. (Take q0 = 2C, r = 1m, R = 2m)
(in C)
Solution: Let q be the charge on the inner sphere.

The potential of the inner sphere is given by
k q k q0 1
V1   {k = }
r R 4  0
Since it is connected to earth, V1 = 0
Kq Kq0
  0
r R
r
 q = –q0 = –1
R

PROFICIENCY TEST III

1. An electric field is given E = 2x iˆ – 3y2 ĵ N/C. Find the change in potential from the
 
position r A = ( iˆ  2 ˆj ) m to r B  (2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ ) m.
2. Find the potential function V(x) corresponding to the electric field, at = 1m, where A = 2

E  ( Ax) iˆ ; Take V = 0 at x = 0
3. External work equal to (4 × 10–7) J is needed to move a – 5nC charge at constant speed
to a point at which the potential is –20 V. What is the potential at the initial point?
4. In the above figure, points A and B are 4 cm apart


along the lines of a uniform field E = 600 iˆ V/m.   
B A E
What is the change in potential energy (UB – UA) as
the point charge q = 3C is moved from A to B in J
5. A uniform electric field of 400 2 V/m is directed at

45° below the x-axis, as shown. Find the changes in C
potential (take AB = BC = 3cm) 
(a) VB – VA
(b) VB – VC  
A B 450 x
6. Charges +q, –q, +q, –q are placed at the corners A B

ABCD of a square of side a. A charge +q is placed
at the centre of square. Find the interaction energy
of the system.
(take
q2
40
 
 4  2 2 mJ-m, a = 1m) D C
7. It requires 1 mJ of work to move two identical positive charges +q from infinity so that they
are separated by a distance a. How much work is required to move three identical
positive charges +q from infinity so that they are arranged at the vertices of an equilateral
triangle with edge length a in mJ.

8. An electric dipole, consisting of charges of magnitude 1 C separated by 1 m, is in an
electric field of strength 1000 N/C.
(a) What is magnitude of the electric dipole moment (in pico-C-m)
(b) What is difference in potential energy corresponding to dipole orientations parallel and
antiparallel to the field in nJ.
9. An electric dipole consists of charges +2e and –2e separated by 0.78 nm. It is in an
electric field of strength 3.4 × 106 N/C. Calculate the magnitude of the torque on the
dipole when the dipole moment is (a) parallel, and (b) opposite the electric field.
10. A charge q = 3.16 C is 1 m from a small dipole along its perpendicular bisector. The
force on the charge equals 9 N. Find the dipole moment of the dipole in nCm.

ANSWERS TO PROFICIENCY TEST III
1. 6V
1
2.  Ax 2 = –1
2
3. 60 V
4. 72 J
5. (a) – 12 V,
(b) –12 V
6. 12 J
7. 3 mJ
8. (a) 1 pico- C-m

(b) 2 nJ
9. (a) 0
(b) 0
10. 1

20 CAPACITY OF AN ISOLATED CONDUCTOR
When charge is given to an isolated body, its potential increases i.e.,
Q V
or, Q = CV … (34)
where C is a constant called capacity of the body.
if V = 1 then C = Q,
So Capacity of a body is numerically equal to the charge required to raise its potential by
unity.
In SI system, the unit of capacity is (Coulomb/volt) and is called farad (F).
1C 3  10 9 esu of charge
1F = = = 9 × 1011 esu of capacity.
1V  3 
  esu of potential
 300 
The capacity of a body is independent of the charge given to it and depends on its shape
and size only.
21 CAPACITOR
Capacitor is an arrangement of two conductors carrying charges of equal magnitude and
opposite sign and separated by an insulating medium. The following points may be carefully
noted
(i) The net charge on the capacitor as a whole is zero. When we say that a capacitor has
a charge Q, we mean that positively charged conductor has a charge +Q and the negatively
charged conductor has a charge –Q.
(ii) The positively charged conductor is at a higher potential than negatively charged
conductor. The potential difference V between the conductors is proportional to the magnitude of
charge Q and the ratio Q/V is known as capacitance C of the capacitor.
Q
C=
V
Unit of capacitance is farad (F). The capacitance is usually measured in microfarad F.
1F = 10–6F
(iii) In a circuit, a capacitor is represented by the symbol:–
21.1 PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR
A parallel plate capacitor consists of two metal plates d
placed parallel to each other and separated by a distance d that is + –
very small as compared to the dimensions of the plates. The area + –
of each plate is A. The electric field between the plates is given by + –
   + –
E   –
2 0 2 0  0 +
+ –
Where  is surface charge density on either plate.
+ –
the potential difference (V) between plates is given by
+ –
V = Ed.
 Q
or, V= d  d
0 A 0
Q 0 A
Hence, C =  … (35)
V d

21.2 CYLINDRICAL CAPACITOR
Cylindrical capacitor consists of two co-axial cylinders of
A
radii a and b and length l. If a charge q is given to the inner
cylinder, induced charge –q will reach to the inner surface of the – + + – B
outer cylinder. By symmetry, the electric field in region between the – + + –
cylinders is radially outward. – + + b–
– + + –
By Gauss’s theorem, the electric field at a distance r from the l
– + a+ –
axis of the cylinders is given by – + + –
E
1 q – + + –
2 0 l r – –
The potential difference between the cylinders is given by
a   a
1 dr

V   E .d r = –
b
2 0 l
q 
b
r
q  a
=  ln 
2 0 l  b 
q 2 0 l
or, V=  … (36)
V b
ln  
a
21.3 SPHERICAL CAPACITOR
A spherical capacitor consists of two concentric spheres of
+
radii a and b as shown. The inner sphere is positively charged to + +
potential V and outer sphere is at zero potential. + b
The inner surface of the outer sphere has an equal + a +
+
negative charge. + +
The potential difference between the spheres is
Q Q
V = 
4 0 a 4 0 b
Hence, capacitance
Q 4 0 ab
C=  … (37)
V ba
21.4 ISOLATED SPHERE AS A CAPACITOR
A conducting sphere of radius R carrying a charge Q can
be treated as a capacitor with high potential conductor as the
sphere itself and the low potential conductor as a sphere of
infinite radius. The potential difference between these two
spheres is
Q R Q
V= –0
4 0 R
Q
Hence, capacitance C = = 40R … (38)
V
22 ENERGY STORED IN CHARGED CAPACITOR

If dq charge is given to a capacitor at potential V
dW = dq (V)
q
q
or,
0

E    dq [ q = CV]
C
q2 1 1
or, W  CV 2  qV
2C 2 2
This work is stored as electrical potential energy i.e., a capacitor stores electrical energy
1 q2 1
U= CV2 = = qV … (39)
2 2C 2
22.1 ENERGY DENSITY OF A CHARGED CAPACITOR
This energy is note localized on the charges or the plates but is distributed in the field.
Since in case of a parallel plate capacitor, the electric field is only between the plates, i.e., in a
volume (A × d), the energy density
1
CV 2
U 2 1  A V 2
UE     0 
volume Ad 2  d  Ad
2
1 V  1  v 
or, UE  0     0 E 2   E  … (40)
2  
d 2  d 
22.2 FORCE BETWEEN THE PLATES OF A CAPACITOR
In a capacitor as plates carry equal and opposite charges, there is a force of attraction
between the plates. To calculate this force, we use the fact that the electric field is conservative
dU
and in a conservative field F = – . In case of parallel plate capacitor
dx
q2 1 q2x  A
U=  [ as C  0 ]
2C 2  0 A x
d  q2  1 q2
SO, F   x  = … (41)
dx  2 0 A  2 0 A
The negative sign implies that the force is attractive.
Illustration 22
Question: The plates of a parallel plate capacitor are 5 mm apart and 2m 2 in area. The plates
are in vacuum. A potential difference of 10,000 V is applied across a capacitor.
Calculate:-
(a) the capacitance: (in fm)
(b) the charge on each plate ; (in nC)
0 A 8.85  10 12  2
Solution: (a) C  = 3540
d 5  10 3
(b) Q = CV = (0.00354 × 10–6) × (10,000) = 3540
The plate at higher potential has a positive charge of +3.54 C and the plate at lower
potential has a negative charge of – 3.54 C.
23 EFFECT OF DIELECTRIC
When certain non-conducting materials such as glass, paper or plastic are introduced
between the plates of a capacitor, its capacity increases. These materials are called ‘dielectrics’
and the ratio of capacity of a capacitor when completely filled with dielectric C to that without
dielectric C0 is called ‘dielectric constant K, or relative permitivity r or specific inductive capacity
(S. I. C) i.e.,
C
K= … (42)
C0
The effect of dielectric on other physical quantities such as charges, potential difference,
field and energy associated with a capacitor depends on the fact that whether the charge
capacitor is isolated (i.e., charge held constant) or battery attached (i.e., potential is held
constant).
23.1 INTRODUCTION OF A DIELECTRIC SLAB OF DIELECTRIC CONSTANT K BETWEEN
THE PLATES
(a) When the battery is disconnected
+ + + + + + ++
+ + + + + + + + q0 + K
C0, V0, E0, U0
–+– – – – – – –
– – – – – – –
Let q0, C0, V0, E0 and U0 represents the charge, capacity, potential difference electric field
and energy associated with charged air capacitor respectively. With the introduction of a
dielectric slab of dielectric constant K between the plates and the battery disconnected.
(i) Charge remains constant, i.e., q = q0 , as in an isolated system charge is
conserved.
(ii) Capacity increases, i.e., C = KC0, as by the presence of a dielectric capacity
becomes K times.
V 
(iii) potential difference between the plates decreases, i.e., V =  0  ,as
K 
q q V
V   0  0 [ q = q0 and C = KC0]
C KC 0 K
E0
(iv) Field between the plates decreases, i.e., E  , as
K
V V0 E 0 V
E   [as V = 0 ]
d Kd K K
V0
and E0 =
d
(v) Energy stored in the capacitor decreases i.e.,
U 
U =  0  , as
 K 
q2 q2 V
U  0  0 (as q = q0 and C = KC0]
2C 2KC 0 K
(b) When the battery remains connected (potential is held constant)

(i) Potential difference remains constant, i.e., V = V0, as battery is a source of
constant potential difference.
(ii) Capacity increases, i.e., C = KC0, as by presence of a dielectric capacity becomes
K times.
(iii) Charge on capacitor increases, i.e., q = Kq0 , as
q = CV = (KC0)V = Kq0 [ q0 = C0v]
(iv) Electric field remains unchanged, i.e., E = E0, as
V V0 V
E=   E0 [as V = V0 and 0  E 0 ]
d d d
(v) Energy stored in the capacitor increases,
1 1 1
i.e., U = KU0, as U = CV2 = (KC0) (V0)2 = KU0
2 2 2
1
[as C = KC0 and U 0  C 0V 0 2 ]
2
Illustration 23
Question: A parallel plate capacitor has plates of area 4 m 2 separated by a distance of 0.5 mm.
The capacitor is connected across a cell of emf 100 V.
Find the energy store in the capacitor (in mJ) if a dielectric slab of dielectric
strength 3 thickness 0.5 mm is inserted inside this capacitor after it has been
disconnected from the cell.
K 0 A
Solution: C= = KC0 = 0.2124 F
d
Q Q0 V0 100
V=   = V
C KC0 K 3
2 2
Q0 Q U
U=  0  0
2C 2KC0 K
= 118
24 GROUPING OF CAPACITORS
Replacing a combination of capacitors by a single equivalent capacitor is called ‘grouping
of capacitors’. It simplifies the problem and is divided into two types
24.1 SERIES COMBINATION OF CAPACITORS.
q q q
q
+– +– +–
+–
+– +– +–
+–
– + – +–
+– +
C1 C2 C3 C
V1 V2 V3 V –
+ – +
V
Capacitors are said to be in series if charge on each individual capacitor is same.
In this situation,
V = V1 + V2 + V3
q
We know, V =   , so
C 
q q q q
  
C C1 C2 C3
1 1 1 1
or,    … (43)
C C1 C2 C3
In case the two capacitors connected in series, we have

 C2   C1 
V1 =   V ; V2    V
 C1  C2   C1  C2 
24.2 PARALLEL COMBINATION OF CAPACITORS
C1
+ –
+ –
Q1 + –
Q
a C2
+ – b
Q2
+ –
+ –
V
When capacitors are connected in parallel, the potential difference V across each is same
and the charge on C1, C2 is different, i.e., Q1 and Q2,
The total charge Q is given as
Q = Q1 + Q2
Q
Q = C1V + C2V or  C1  C2
V
Hence, the equivalent capacitance between a and b is
C = C1 + C2
The charges on capacitors is given as
 C1 
Q1 =  Q

 C1  C2 
 C2 
Q2 =  Q

 1
C  C 2 
In case of more than two capacitors.

C = C1 + C2 + C3 + ….. … (44)
Illustration 24
Question: Two capacitors of capacitances C1 = 6 F and C2 = 3F are connected in series
across a cell of emf 18 V. Calculate :-
(i) The equivalent capacitance (in F)
(ii) the potential difference across each capacitor (in V)
1 1 1
Solution: (i)  
C C1 C2 +– +–
+– +–
C1C 2 63 +– +–
 C=  = 2 F
C1  C 2 6  3
 C2   6  V
(ii) V1 =  V  
   18 = 12 V
 1
C  C2 63

Illustration 25
Question: In the circuit shown above, the capacitors are C1
C1 = 15 F ; C2 = 10 F and C3 = 25 F. Find
C3
(i) the charge on each capacitor (in C)
(ii) the potential difference across each
capacitor.(in V)
C2
10 V
Solution:
C1 + –
+–
Q +–
Q1 + – +–
Q2 + – +–
+– C3
+–
C2
10V
(i) Q = total charge supplied by the cell = CV = (12.5 × 10) C = 125
 C1   15 
Charge on C1 = Q1 =  Q  
   125 = 75
 C1  C2   15  10 
 C2   10 
charge on C2 = Q2 =   Q     125 = 50
 C1  C2   15  10 
Charge on C3 = Q = 125 C
Q 75
(ii) p.d. across C1 = V1 = 1  =5
C1 15
p.d. across C2 = V2 = V1 = 5
Q 125
p.d. across C3 = V3 = 3  =5
C3 25
25 REDISTRIBUTION OF CHARGE
If there are two spherical conductors of radii R1 and R2 at potentials V1 and V2
respectively, far apart from each-other (so that charge on one does not affect the potential of the
other). The charge on them will be
q1 = C1V1 and q2 = C2 V2
The total charge of the system
q = q1 + q2
The total capacity of the system
C = C1 + C2
Now if they are connected through a wire, charge will flow from conductor at higher
potential to that at lower potential till both acquire same potential.
(q 1  q 2 ) C1V1  C 2V 2 R1V1  R 2V 2
V=   ( C  R)
(C1  C 2 ) C1  C 2 R1  R 2

If q1 and q2 are the charges on two conductors after sharing, then
q1 = C1V and q2 = C2V , where
q1 + q2 = (q1 + q2) = q
q1  C1 R1
So,   [ as C  R)
q 2  C2 R2
i.e., charge is shared in proportion to capacity.
25.1 LOSS OF ENERGY DURING REDISTRIBUTION OF CHARGE
Initial potential energy of the system is
1 1
UI = C1V12  C 2V22
2 2
1
Final potential energy = UF = (C1 + C2) V 2
2
C1V1  C2V2
Putting V = and simplifying, we get
C1  C2
C1C 2
UF – UI = – (V1 ~ V2)2
2(C1  C 2 )
Now as C1, C2 and (V1 ~ V2)2 are always positive, there is decrease in energy of the
system, i.e., in sharing energy is lost. This energy is lost mainly as heat when charge flows from
one body to the other through the connecting wire and also as light and sound if sparking takes
place.
Illustration 26
Question: Two isolated metallic solid spheres of radius R and 2R are charged such that both
of these have same charge density . The spheres are located far away from each-
other and connected by a thin conducting wire. Find the new charge density (in SI
units) on the bigger sphere. ( = 6 SI units)
Solution: As charge density  on both spheres is same, total charge
q = q1 + q2 = 4 (R)2 + 4 (2R)2 = 20R2 … (i)
Now in sharing, charge is shared in proportion to capacity i.e., radius, so charge on the
bigger sphere
 R2   2R  2q
q 2     q    q 
 R1  R 2   R  2R  3
So charge density on bigger sphere after sharing

2
 q
q2  3 q
2 = = =
4(2R ) 2
16 R 2
2R 2
Putting the value of q from equation (i), we get
20 R 2  5σ
2 = = =5
24 R 2
6
26 VAN DE GRAFF GENERATOR
Van de graff generator is a machine that can build up high voltages of the order of a few
million volts. The resulting large electric fields are used to accelerate charged particles like
electrons, protons and ions to high energies needed for nuclear transmutation of one element
into other. The high energy particles can be used to probe the small scale structure of matter.

PRINCIPLE
Let us consider a large spherical conducting shell of radius R with uniform charge density.
Let the charge on the shell is Q. The corresponding potential due to the shell at various points
having distance r from the centre of the shell is given by
Q
v r  R
4 0r
Q
v r  R
4 0 R
Next imagine that a sphere of radius r0 r0  R carrying a total charge q (uniformly
distributed over it) is introduced in the larger conducting shell and placed at its centre. Potential
due to inner sphere at all points distant r from centre is given by
q
v r  r0
4 0 r
Applying superposition theorem, the potential due to the system (sphere inside the shell) is
1 Q q 
v R    ,
4 0  R r 
Q q 
v r 0  
1
  
4 0 r
 R r0 
the potential difference between the points r = r0 and r = R is
 1 1
v r 0   v R  
q
   … (45)
4 0
 r0 R 
Thus for positive value of q, whatever be the magnitude and sign of Q, the small sphere is
at a higher potential than the shell. If inner and outer conductors are connected, charge would
flow from the small sphere to the shell. By repeating the process, a large amount of charge can
be piled up on the shell, thereby raising its potential.
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING
To implement the principle in practice a large spherical conducting shell with radius of few
metres is supported on an insulating column several metres high. The conducting shell is made
highly polished and is known as metal dome. There are two pulleys, one at the centre of the shell
and the other at the ground. A long narrow belt made of insulating material passes over the
pulleys. Charge is sprayed on to the belt at the lower pulley by means of a discharge through a
metallic brush with sharp points connected to a high voltage source. The belt is moved rapidly by
a motor driving the lower pulley. The positive charge is carried upward by the belt and collected
by a metallic brush connected to the shell. As more and more charge is transferred to the sphere
S, its potential goes on rising. In this way, the shell builds up a huge voltage of the order of mega
volts.

+ + ++
++ A +
+ +
+
+ +
+ +
+ B2 +
Collecting comb + +
P1
+
+ Conveyor belt
+
C1 + C2
+
B1 + Insulating column
+
+
Spray comb Grounded metal base
HTB Electric
motor

PROFICIENCY TEST IV
1. When a dielectric is inserted to fill the space between a charged parallel plate capacitor,
does the stored energy increase or decrease given that (a) the battery remains
connected; or (b) the battery is first disconnected?
2. The potential difference across a capacitor is doubled. How does each of the following
quantities change: (a) the capacitance; (b) the stored energy; (c) the stored charge?
3. Given a battery, how would you connect two capacitors, in series or in parallel, for them to
store the greater; (a) total charge; (b) total energy
4. A parallel plate capacitor with large plates is charged and then disconnected from the
battery. As the plates are pulled apart, does the potential difference increase, decrease or
remain the same? How is the stored energy affected?
5. A parallel-plate capacitor is connected to a battery. Consider what happens as you move

the plates closer together.
(a) How are the charge, potential difference, and energy affected?
(b) Would you do positive or negative work in moving the plates?
6. Two identical capacitors are connected as shown in the

above diagram. A dielectric slab is inserted between the
plated of one capacitor, the battery remaining A
connected so that a constant potential difference V is V
maintained. Describe qualitatively what happens to the B K
charge, the capacitance, the potential difference for
each capacitor.
7. Given two capacitors, C1 = 1 F and C2 = 2 F, and a 12 V battery, find the charge and
potential difference for each if they are connected in series.
8. All the capacitors in the above diagram C
are identical, with C = 3 F. What is their
equivalent capacitance?
C C
C

9. Consider the combination of capacitor in
the diagram. The energy stored in the 5
3 F
F capacitor is 200 mJ. What is the 4 F 5 F
energy stored in the 4 F capacitor. 6 F
10. Find the equivalent capacitance and charge on

12F 10F 5F 9F 8F
5F capacitor
+ –
60V

ANSWERS TO PROFICIENCY TEST IV
1. (a) Increase
(b) Decrease
2. (a) No changed
(b) Increases four times
(c) Increases two times
3. (a) Parallel
(b) Parallel
4. (a) Potential difference increases

(b) Energy stored increases
5. (a) Charge increase, potential difference does not change, energy increases
(b) Negative work
6. Charge increases for each capacitor: the capacitance of capacitor A does not change
while that of B increase: potential difference across A increases and that across B
decreases.
7. 8C for C1 & C2 : 8 V for C1 & 4 V for C2
8. 4 F
9. 160 mJ
10. 4F, 50C

SOLVED OBJECIVE EXAMPLES
Example 1:
A charge q is placed at the centre of the line joining two equal charges Q. The system of the three charges
will be in equilibrium if q is equal to
Q Q Q Q
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d) 
2 4 4 2
Solution:
Let 2l = distance between the equal charges. For equilibrium of each outer charge,
Qq Q2 Q
 =0q+ =0
4 0l 2
4 0 (2l )2 4
Q
 q=–
4
 (b)
Example 2:
l
Three point charges 4q, Q and q are placed on a straight line of length l at points distant 0, and l
2
respectively. The net force on charge q is zero. The value of Q is
1
(a) –q (b) –2q (c)  q (d) 4q
2
Solution:
1 4q 2
Force between charges 4q and q =
4 0 l 2
1 Qq
Force between charges Q and q = 
4 0  l 2
 
2
1 4Qq 1 4q 2
  2  
4 0 l 4 0 l 2
Q=–q
 (a)
Example 3:
A charge Q is placed at each of the two opposite corners of a square. A charge q is placed at each of the
other two corners. If the resultant electric force on Q is zero, then Q is equal to
2 2 q
(a) (b) (c)  2 2q (d) 2 2q
q 2 2
Solution:
Obviously Q and q should be of opposite signs and the resultant intensity
  
E1E2 E3 0
  1 Qq
|E1||E 2 | 
4 0 a 2
where ‘a’ is the side of the square.
 1 Q2
|E 3 | 
4 0 (a 2 ) 2

  
Now |E1 E2|E1 2 |E3 | which gives Q = –2 2 q
 (c)
Example 4: Y
The wedge-shaped surface in figure is in a region of
uniform electric field E0 along x axis. The net electric flux
for the entire closed surface is
(a)9 E0 (b) 15 E0 Eo
(c) 12 E0 (d) zero
5m
3m X
4m
Z
Solution:
Since field is uniform, the net flux for the closed surface is zero.
 (d)
Example 5:
A charge Q is placed at the centre of a cube. The flux of the electric field through the six surfaces of the
cube is
Q Q Q Q
(a) (b) (c) (d) 2
60 0 6L2 3L
Solution:
Qenc
From Gauss’s law E 
0
 (b)
Example 6:
A block of mass m carrying a positive charge q is placed on a smooth E
horizontal table, which ends in a vertical wall situated at a distance d d
from block. An electric field E is switched on towards right. Assuming
elastic collisions, find the time period of resultant oscillation. m
2qEd 8md
(a) (b)
m qE
2md md
(c) (d)
qE qE
Solution:
qE
Acceleration of the block a =
m
1 2
d = at
2
8md
Required time = 2t =
qE
 (b)

Example 7:
An electric dipole is placed in an electric field generated by a point charge. Then
(a) the net electric force on the dipole must be zero
(b) the net electric force on the dipole may be zero
(c) the torque on the dipole due to the field may be zero
(d) the torque on the dipole due to the field must be zero
Solution:
The field is not uniform. However, the torque on the dipole can be zero if it is aligned along the line of
force.
 (c)
Example 8:
An electron having a charge – e located at A in the presence of a point charge +Q located at B is moved to
a point C so that ABC is an equilateral triangle. The work done in this process is
1 Q 1 Qe 1 Qe
(a) (b) (c) (d) zero
4o AC 4o AC 4o AB
Solution:
Electron is moved from A to C. A and C are equidistant from B and hence the potential at A due to charge
+Q = potential at C due to the same charge. Since there is no potential difference between A and C no work
is done in moving a charge from A to C.
 (d)
Example 9:
An infinite number of charges each equal to q are placed along the x-axis at x = 1, x = 2,
x = 4, x = 8 and so on. The resultant potential at x = 0 will be
q q q q
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 0 4 0 8 0 0
Solution:
q  1 1 1  q
V= 1     =
4 0  2 22 23   1
4  0 1  
 2
q
=
2π0
 (a)
Example 10:
A solid conducting sphere of charge Q is surrounded by an uncharged concentric conducting spherical
shell. The potential difference between the sphere and the shell is V. If the shell is now given a charge of
–3Q, the new potential difference between them will be
(a) V (b) 2 V (c) 4 V (d) –2 V
Solution:
The potential difference depends only on the charge on the inner sphere.
 (a)
Example 11:

In a parallel plate capacitor, the plate separation of 10 mm is very small compared with the size of the
plates. A potential difference of 5.0 kV is maintained across the plates. The electric field intensity
between the plates is
(a) 500 V/m (b) 2.5  105 V/m (c) 5  105 V/m (d) 2.5  103 V/m
Solution:
V 510 3
E  = 5  105 V/m
d 10 10 3
 (c)
Example 12: A
Three uncharged capacitors of capacities C1 , C2 , C2 are connected
as shown in figure to one another and to points A, B and C at
potentials V1 , V2 and V3 . Then the potential at O will be
V C V2C2 V3C3 V V V3 C1
(a) 1 1 (b) 1 2
C1  C2  C3 C1  C2  C3
O
V1(V2  V3 ) VV V C3
(c) (d) 1 2 3
C1(C2  C3 ) C1C2C3
B C2 C
Solution:
Taking into account the relation between capacitance, voltage and charge of a capacitor, we can write the
following equations for the three capacitors.
q q q
V1 V0  1 , V2 V0  2 , V3 V0  3
C1 C2 C3
where C1, C2 and C3 are the capacitances of corresponding capacitors and q1, q2 and q3 are charges on the
plates. According to charge conservation law, q1 + q2 + q3 = 0 and hence the potential V0 of the common
V C V2 C2 V3C3
point is V0  1 1 .
C1 C2 C3
 (a)
Example 13: 18 V
Two capacitors A (2 F) and B(5 F) are connected to two batteries as
shown in the figure. Then the potential difference in volts B
A
between the plates of A is
2 F 5
(a) 2 (b) 5 F
(c)11 (d)18
11 V
Solution:
Q Q 7Q
(18  11) =  
2F 5F 10F
Q = 10C
Q 10C
VA   =5V
C A 2F
 (b)
Example 14:

The effective capacitance between A and B K M
is ( each capacitor is of 1 F) A
15 L N
(a) μF
2
17
(b) μF P
3 O
13 B
(c) μF
8
19
(d) μF
8
Solution:
Circuit can be redrawn as K M O
13 A B
 C eq  F
8 L
 (c)
N
Example 15:
Two identical thin rings, each of radius R metres Q1 Q2
are coaxially placed at a distance R metres apart.
If Q1 and Q2 charges are spread uniformly on the q
two rings, the work done in moving a charge q 1 A B 2
from the centre of one ring to that of the other is R R
(a) zero
(b) q(Q1  Q2) ( 2  1)/ 2 (4 0 R ) R
(c) q 2 (Q1  Q2 )/ (4 0 R)
(d) q(Q1  Q2 ) ( 2  1) / 2 (4 0 R)
Solution:
KQ2 KQ1 KQ1 KQ2
VB =  , VA  
R 2R R 2R
KQ1  1  KQ2  1 
 VA – VB = 1     1
R   
2 R  2 
K 1 
 VA–VB = 1   (Q1  Q2 ) , where K  1
R 2 4 0
 W = q (VA – VB)
 (b)

SOLVED SUBJECTIVE EXAMPLES
Example 1:
K
Two charged balls are attached by silk threads of length l to the same point. Their velocity is , where
x
K is a constant and x is the distance between the balls, x is very small in comparison to l. Find the rate of
leakage of charge in 10–5 C/s.
l
(take  10 , k = 4 2 )
mg
Solution: O
Let T be the tension in each of the silk threads.

T sin  = F, T cos  = mg
F q2 1
tan  =  
mg 4 0 x 2 mg
F x F
x
Since  is small, tan  = sin  =
2l mg mg
2lF 2l q2
x =  
mg mg 4 0 x 2
2l q 2 l
x3    q 2
mg 4 0 2 0 mg
1/ 3
 l 
x =  
 q2/3 … (i)
 2 0 mg 
1/ 3 1
dx dx dt  l  2 3
    q
dq dq dt  2 0 mg  3
1/ 3
dq dx 2 l 
 q1 / 3   … (ii)
dt dt 
3  2 0mg 
dx K K
It is given,   1/ 6
… (iii)
dt x  l 
  q1 / 3
 2 mg 
 0 
From equations (2) and (3), we get,
dq K
 1/ 2
dt 2  l 
 
3  2 0 mg 
1/ 2
3K  2 0 mg 
=  2  10–5
2  l 

 20 C/s

Example 2:
A rigid insulated wire frame in the form of a right-angled A
R1
triangle BAC is set in a vertical plane as shown in the Figure. q1 90°
Two beads of equal masses m = 1 kg each and carrying P  q2
the charges q1 =10C and q2 =100C are connected by a 60° T-F Q
cord of length l = 1m and can slide without friction on the 30° mg 60°
wires. Considering the case when the beads are B C
stationary determine (1) angle , (2) tension in cord and
(3) normal reaction on beads. ( 3  1.7 )
Solution:
The bead is at P, having charge q1and weight mg acting vertically downwards. The tension in the string is
acting along PQ. The electrical force F between the beads acting along length PQ is
1 q1q 2
F= 
4 0 l 2
R1 is the normal reaction of the wire on the bead. The forces acting are resolved along and perpendicular to
AB.
For the equilibrium of bead at P,
mg cos 60 = (T  F) cos  (parallel to AB) … (i)
R1 = mg cos 30 + (T  F) sin  … (ii)
For equilibrium of bead at Q ,
mg sin 60 = (T  F) sin  … (iii)
R2 = mg sin 30 + (T  F) cos  … (iv)
Dividing equation (iii) by equation (i) tan 60 = tan 
This gives  = 60
From equation (3), T  F = mg
qq
or T  1 2 2 = mg
4 0 l
q1q 2
or T = mg  = 19 N … (v)
4 0 l 2
From equations (2) and (4)
R1 = mg cos 30 + (T  F) sin 60
= mg cos 30 + mg sin 60 = 3 mg = 17 N
R2 = mg sin 30 + mg cos 60 = mg = 10 N.
Example 3: +q +q
Four charges + q, + q, – q and – q are placed respectively at the corners A B
A, B, C and D of a square of side a =  5  1cm arranged in the given
order. If E and P are the midpoints of sides BC and CD respectively, O E
what will be the work done in carrying a charge q0 from O to E and
from O to P?
D C
(take q = 10 C, q0 = 5 C) –q P –q
Solution:
ABCD is the given square of side a. The charges are placed at the corners as shown. O is the midpoint of
square.
a
OA = OB = OC = OD = r (say) =
2

1 q q q q
Potential at O due to the charges at the corners =      = 0
4 o r r r r 
Therefore O is at zero potential. The electric field at O due to charge at A
1 q
=  along OC.
4 o r 2
To find the work done in carrying a charge e from O to E
Potential at O = 0
q  1 1 1 1 
Potential at E =     
4 o  AE BE DE CE 
Since AE = DE and BE = CE the summation in bracket vanishes. So potential at E = 0.
Hence no work is done in moving the charge from O to E.
To find the work done in carrying the charge from O to P
q  1 1 1 1  2q  1 1 
Potential at P =      =  AP  DP 
4 o  AP BP DP CP  4  o  
2
a 5
Now AP = AD 2 DP 2 = a 2   = a
2 2
a
DP =
2
Potential at P
2q  2 2 2q 2  2 5 q 4(1  5 )
V =    =  =
4 o  5a a  4  o 5a 4  o 5a
Potential difference between O and P = 0 

q 4 1 5
=

q 4 5 1   
4 o 5a 4 o 5a
Work done in carrying a charge e from O to P =

1 4qe 5  1 
J = 36 J

4 0 5a
Example 4:
A particle of positive charge Q = 8q0, is having a fixed position P. Another charged particle of mass m and
charge q = 10 C moves at a constant speed in a circle of radius r1 = 2 cm with centre at P. Find the work
that must be done to increase the radius of circle to r2 = 4 cm.
Solution:
Let q orbit round Q in a circle of radius r.
1
K.E. of orbiting particle = mv2. ... (i)
2
where v is orbital velocity.
1 qQ
Potential energy of q =  .... (ii)
4 o r
P.E. is negative since q is negative.
1 Qq
Electrostatic attraction on q = .... (iii)
4 o r 2
This is used as centripetal force required for circular motion.
mv 2 1 Qq
= 
r 4 o r 2
1 Qq
mv 2  .... (iv)
4 o r

From (1) and (4)
1 1 Qq
K.E. = mv 2 = 
2 4 o 2r
Total energy of the orbiting charge
= K.E. + P.E.
1  1 Qq  1 Qq 1 . 1 Qq
 
=
2  4  r   4 r = – 2 4  r
 o  o o
The total energy of q when in orbit of radius r1

1 . 1 Qq
E1 = – 
2 4 o r1
When it is in orbit of radius r2
1 . 1 Qq
E2 = – 
2 4 o r2
The work done on q = change in energy
= E2  E1
1. 1 Qq  1 1 Qq  1 1 
=–        = Qq   
2 4 o r 2 
 2 4 o r1  8 o  r1 r 2 
8q0
2
1 1
=    = 90 J
8 0 r 
 1 r2 
Example 5: B
v1
A ball of mass m = 100 gm with a charge q can rotate in a vertical T1 E
plane at the end of a string of length l = 1 m in a uniform
mg
electrostatic field whose lines of force are directed upwards. What
horizontal velocity must be imparted to the ball in the upper T2
position so that the tension in the string in the lower position of
qE
the ball is 15 times the weight of the ball? (given qE = 3 mg)
A v2
mg
Solution:
As per principle of conservation of energy,
K.E. at B + P.E. at B = K.E. at A + P.E. at A.
Gain in K.E. = K.E. at A  K.E. at B
1

= m v 22 v12
2
 … (i)
Loss in P.E. = P.E. at B  P.E. at A.

= loss in gravitational P.E. at B  gain in electrical energy at A
= mg(2 l )  (qE)  2l = (mg  qE)2 l … (ii)
P.E. at B  P.E. at A = K.E. at A  K.E. at B
i.e.,
1
(mg  qE) 2 l = m v 22 v12
2
  … (iii)
mv 22
Centripetal force at A = = (T2 + qE  mg) … (iv)

From equation (3) mv 22 = 2(mg  qE)2 l + mv 12
From equation (4) mv 22 = l (T2 + qE  mg)

i.e., 2(mg  qE)2 l + mv 12 = l (T2 + qE  mg)
mv12
i.e., 4 mg  4qE + = T2 + qE  mg … (v)
l
Given in problem, T2 = 15 mg
m
 4 mg  4qE +  v 12 = 15 mg + qE  mg
 l 
m 2
or  v 1 = 10 mg + 5qE
 l 
l
or v 12  (10 mg + 5qE)
m
1/2
l 
Horizontal velocity to be imparted to the ball, v1   (10 mg  5 qE) = 50 m/s
 m 
Example 6: –q
In the figure shown alternative positive and negative charges q
of magnitude q = 10C are placed at the corners of a cube of +q –q
side length a = 1m. What is the work done (in mJ) in moving
the charges far from each other.
+q –q
–q +q
Solution: +q
Initial electrostatics potential energy of the system –q
 12  Kq 2 12Kq 2 4 Kq 2 –q +q
Ui   
a 2a 3a
Kq 2  4 
=  12  6 2   –q +q
a  3
+q –q
=
Kq 2
3a
6 6  12 3  4 
Final electrostatics potential energy of the system is zero.
i.e., UF = 0
 W=
Kq 2
 6 6  12 3  4 
3a
 work done =
2Kq 2
3a
6 
3  2  3 6 = 5357 J
Example 7: a
A capacitor is formed by two square metal plates of edge a A f e B
separated by a distance d = 0.061m. The dielectrics of dielectric K1
constants K1= 20 and K2 = 40 are filled within the gap, as shown in d
K2
Figure. Find the equivalent capacitance in nF. (loge 2 = 0.69, 0=
C g h D
8.85  20–12)
x dx

Solution:
y
Let us consider a capacitor efgh at distance x from C and of width dx.

The capacitor is made of two small capacitors in series, one of
dielectric constants K1 and the other of dielectric constant K2. Let dC1 x
and dC2 be the capacitances of the small capacitors.
K10adx K  adx
dC1  ;dC2  2 0 … (i)
(d y ) y
d
y = x tan  = x
a
K10adx K10a 2 dx
dC1  
 xd  d (a  x )
d  
 a 
K 2  0adx K 2  0a 2 dx
dC2  
xd xd
a
The equivalent capacitance of efgh
1 1 1 d (a  x ) xd
=    
dC dC1 dC2 K10a dx K 20a2 dx
2
K 2d (a  x )  K1xd
=
K1K 20a 2 dx
K1K 20a2 dx K1K 20a2 dx
i.e. dC = 
K 2d (a  x )  K1xd K 2da (K1  K 2 )dx
K1K 20a 2 dx
=
d K 2a  (K1  K 2 ) x
The differential capacitors are in parallel and x varies from 0 to a. The effective equivalent capacitance C is
a
K1K20a2 dx
C =
d  K a  (K
0 2 1  K2 )x
K K  a 2  log K a  (K 1  K 2 )x
a
= 1 2 0  e 2 
d  K1 K 2 0
K 1K 2  0 a 2
= loge K 2 a  (K 1  K 2 )aloge K 2 a
(K 1  K 2 )d
K 1K 2  0 a 2 K a
= loge  1 
(K 1  K 2 )d  K 2a 
K 1K 2  0 a 2 K 
= loge  1 
(K 1  K 2 )d  K2 
K1K 2 ε0 a 2 K 
or C = log e  2  = 4 nF

(K 2  K1 )d  K1 

Example 8:
Five capacitors, two batteries and two switches are connected as shown in the Figure. Initially S1 and S2
are open and all the capacitors are uncharged. After S1 and S2 are closed and steady state is attained, find
the p.d. between the terminals of the 3 F and 5 F capacitor.
a b
S2
   
2 F 5 F
55 V
E1 
c 4 F 13 V
 E2
S1
3 F 4 F
   
d e
Solution:
Assume that the p.d. across the capacitor C connected in the middle is V.
Effective p.d. across left branch = (55  V) V
23 6
Equivalent capacity C =  F
23 5
6
 charge in 2 F capacitor Q = CV = (55 V )
5
Effective p.d. across 5 F capacitor = (13 + V) V
5  4 20
Equivalent capacity of the right branch =  F
5 4 9
20
Charge in 5 F capacitor = (13 V )
9
6 20
Equating the charges in the capacitors, (55 V )  (13 V ) 4V
5 9
20 6
i.e., (13 V ) 4V  (55V )
9 5
260  20V 36V 330 6V

9 5
or 1300 + 100 V + 180 V = 2970  54 V or 334 V = 1670 or V = 5
Q 2
P.d. across 3 F capacitor = = (55 – 5) × = 20 V
C 5
4
P.d. across 5 F capacitor = (13 5) = 8 V
9
Example 9:

Find the electric flux crossing the wire frame ABCD of length A
l = 1m width b and whose center is at a distance OP = d (=b/2) from an b
infinite line of charge with linear charge density
B
 =   10 c/m. Consider that the plane of frame is perpendicular to
–9 d
O P
line OP.
l
D
C
Solution:
Flux through the element of width dx as shown in figure is
dx
 
  E.ds, E 
2 0 d sec 
and ds  ldx d
x ds
 
b/2
 cos  E
 

b / 2
2 0 d sec 
ldx
2
l
b/2
 d 

2 0 d  

b / 2  x  d
2 2
 dx


l  b 
 tan 1   = 90
 0  2d 
Example 10:
A capacitor of capacitance C1 = 1 F can withstand a maximum voltage of V1 = 6kV and another capacitor
of capacitance C2 = 2 F can withstand a maximum voltage of V2 = 4 kV. If they are connected in series
what maximum voltage (in volts) will the system withstand.
Solution:
Maximum charge C1 and hold, Q1  C1V1  1 10 6  6  10 3 , Q1  6  10 3 C and maximum charge C2
can hold Q2  C2V2  2  10 6  4  10 3 , Q2  8  10 3 C when connected in series, both will have
equal charges and so each can have charge Q1 which is smaller of the two.
In this case
Voltage across C1 = 6 kV
Q1 6  10 3
And voltage across C 2    3 kV
C2 2  10 6
 maximum voltage across the system = (6 + 3) kV = 9000 V

MIND MAP
1. Coulomb’s Law 3. Electric flux through a surface

1 q1 q2  
F 
4 0 r 2 
 E  E .d S
1 4. Gauss’s law
= 9  109 Nm2C–2
where
4 0  
E .d S 
q
2. (i) Electric field intensity due 0
to a point charge 5. Electric field intensity
1 |q| (i) at a point near an infinite
E
4 0 r 2 plane sheet of charge

(ii) Force exerted by an electric E
field on a charge inside it 2 0
  (ii) at a point near an infinite
F = q0 E conducting sheet of charge

E
0
ELECTRIC FIELD
6. Electric field intensity due to a uniformly 7. Electric field intensity due to a uniformly
charged spherical shell or a solid charged non-conducting sphere
conducting sphere (i) At an external point
(i) At an external point +
1 Q + + +
+ + ++ E
+ 4 0 r 2 + O+ +
r P
1 Q + R + P + + +
E + O +
4 0 r 2 + r
(ii) At an internal point
+ +
+ + +
+ + + 1 Q
E r + + +P+
(ii) At an internal point 4 0 R 3
+ + r +
+ + ++ +
+
+ + 8. Energy Density of an electric field
P
E= 0 + O r + 1
+ = 0E 2
+ 2
+ +
+ + +

MIND MAP
1. (i) Electric potential at a point due to a 2. Electric potential at an axial point of a

point charge uniformly charged ring.
1 q +q +
V + +
4 0 r O r A O P
1 Q + +
The electric potential at A is positive, if the V=
4 0 r
point charge q is positive and negative if R2  r 2 + R +
+++
the point charge is negative.
W 3. Electric potential at an axial point of a
(ii) Electric potential V  ext uniformly charged non-conducting disc
q0
of surface charge density .
(iii) The p.d. between two points, A and B,
P
is given by r
  2
R  r2  r
B 
V + + +

VB VA   E . dr 20   + + + +
+ R+ +
A
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
4. Electric potential due to a uniformly 5. Electric potential due to a uniformly

charged spherical shell or conducting charged non-conducting sphere at
sphere at (i) an external point
(i) an external point
+ + 1 Q + +
O+
+ V + + + A
1 Q + O
+ 4 0 r r
V + P + +R +
4 0 r + R
+ r + (ii) an internal point
+ + ++
+ + +
1 Q + +O + +
(ii) an internal point V  V
1 Q
[3R2 – r2] A
4 0 R 4 0 2R 3 + R+ r+ +
(iii) Variation of Electric Potential with + +
distance (r )
V 6. Electric potential energy of a system of
1 Q two point charges
4 0 R 1 q1q2
U
O 4 0 r
r=R r

MIND MAP
1. Electric dipole 3. Dipole in an uniform electric field

When two equal and opposite point charges (i) Torque on a dipole
are placed at a very short distance it forms   
an electric dipole. The magnitude of electric  = pE
dipole moment (ii) Potential Energy of a Dipole

p  
p = q 2a –q +q U = – p .E .
2a
(iii) Work-done by the external agent
Electric dipole moment is a vector quantity Wext = pE [cos1 – cos2]
and is directed along the axis of the dipole
from the negative to the positive charge.
ELECTRIC DIPOLE
2. Electric potential and electric field due to 4. (iii) At any point (r, )
an electric dipole E
(i) End-on position 
–q O +q P
1 p P
V r
4 0 r 2 a r


1 2p –q O +q
E (along p )
4 0 r 3
1 p cos 
(ii) Broad-side-on-position V 
4 0 r 2
V  0
 1 p
1 p (opposite to p ) E 1  3 cos 2 
E 4 0 r 3
4 0 r 3
1
P tan  = tan
E 2
r
–q +q

MIND MAP
Q 2. Energy stored in a charged capacitor

1. Capacitance of capacitor, C =
v
1 q2 1
U= CV 2 =  qV
Capacitance of 2 2C 2
0 A (a) Energy density of charged capacitor
(a) Parallel plate capacitor, C =
d
1
U= 0E 2
4 0ab 2
(b) Spherical capacitor, C =
ba (b) Force between the plates of capacitor
2 0 l 1 q2
(b) Cylindrical capacitor, C = F=
b 2 0 A
ln  
a
CAPACITOR
3. Effect of dielectric 4. Grouping of capacitors

(i) When battery is disconnected
C = KC0 (i) When capacitors are in series
V
V 0
K 1 1 1 1
q = q0    ...
C C1 C2 C3
E
E= 0
K (ii) When capacitors are in parallel
(ii) When battery is connected
C = KC0
C = C1 + C2 + C3 ….
V = V0
q = Kq0
E = E0

EXERCISE – I
IIT JEE & NEET-SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT
1. In induction, the charge induced in the near surface of a dielectric is

(a) equal and similar (b) greater and dissimilar
(c) lesser and dissimilar (d) equal and dissimilar
2. A soap bubble is given a negative charge. Then its radius

(a) decreases
(b) increases
(c) remains unchanged
(d) will change but the information is insufficient to predict whether it will increase or decrease.
3. 64 charged drops of capacity C and potential V are put together to form a bigger drop. If each
small drop had a charge q, then the charge on bigger drop will be
(a) q (b) 4q (c) 16q (d) 64q
4. Charges 2Q and –Q are placed as shown. The point at which electric

field intensity is zero will be –Q +2Q
– +
(a) somewhere between –Q and 2Q B
(b) somewhere on the left of –Q
(c) somewhere on the right of 2Q
(d) somewhere on the right bisector of line joining –Q and 2Q
5. A positively charged pendulum is oscillating in a uniform electric

– – – – – –
field as shown in figure. Its time period as compared to that when
it was uncharged
(a) will increase (b) will decrease +
(c) will not change (d) will first increase then decrease + + + + + + +
6. In which of the following states is the potential energy of an electric dipole maximum?
+q
–q +q
(a) (b) E
E
–q
+q
+q –q
(c) E (d)
E
–q
7. The equivalent capacitance between A and B in the figure is C
A
1F. Then the value of the capacitance C is
1F
(a) 1.4 F (b) 2.5 F 2.5F
B
(c) 3.5 F (d) 1.2 F

8. Three capacitors each of 1 F are connected as shown. The 1F
A 1F
capacitance between the points A and B is
B
(a) 3 F (b) 1 F
(c) (2/3) F (d) (1/3) F 1F
9. A hollow charged sphere of radius R has a constant surface charge density . The variation of the
electric field strength E with distance x from the centre of the sphere is
E E E E
(a) (b) (c) (d)

O x =R O x =R O x =R O x =R
10. In the figure, the potential at X due to the charges +Q and – 2d d

X
Q is, using SI units, +Q –Q
2Q Q  3Q Q
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9 0 d 6 0 d 4 0 d 6 0 d
11. The three capacitors in figure, store a total energy of 6F 6F
(a) 12 J (b) 36 J 3F

(c) 48 J (d) 80 J
4V
12. Four metallic plates, each having area A, are placed as shown. A
The distance between the consecutive plates is d. Alternate B
plates are connected to points A and B. The equivalent
capacitance of the system between A and B is
(a) 0A/d (b) 20A/d (c) 30A/d (d) 40A/d
13. A particle of mass m and charge q is placed at rest in a

uniform electric field E as shown and released. The kinetic + + + + +
energy it attains after moving a distance y is q
1
(a) qEy (b) qEy – – – – –
2
1
(c) qE2y (d) m(qEy )
2
14. A and B are two concentric spheres. If A is given a charge Q B
while B is earthed as shown in figure, +++ ++
(a) the charge density of A and B are same ++ A ++
++ +
(b) the field inside and outside A is zero ++++++
(c) the field between A and B is not zero
(d) the field inside and outside B is zero
15. A capacitor connected to a 10V battery collects a charge 40 microcoulomb with air as dielectric
and 100 microcoulomb with oil as dielectric. The dielectric constant of the oil is
(a) 4 (b) 2.5
(c) 0.4 (d) 1.0

16. A dielectric slab is inserted between the plates of an isolated capacitor. The force between the
plates will (Thickness of slab is less than separation between plates)
(a) increase (b) decrease
(c) remain unchanged (d) become zero
17. A thin metal plate P is inserted between the plates of a parallel-

P
plate capacitor of capacitance C in such a ways that its edges
touch the two plates (see the figure). The capacitance now
becomes
(a) C/2 (b) 2C
(c) 0 (d) 
18. Three identical metallic uncharged spheres A, B and C of radius a are kept at the corners of an
equilateral triangle of side d (d >>a). The fourth sphere (of radius a) which has a charge q touches
A and is then removed to a position far away. B is earthed and then the earth connection is
removed. C is then earthed. The charge on C is
qa  2d  a  qa  2d  a 
(a)   (b)  
2d  2d  2d  d 
qa  d  a  2qa  d  a 
(c)    (d)  
2d  d  d  2d 
19. Two similar conducting balls of mass m are hung from silk threads of
length L and carry similar charges q as shown in the figure. Assuming  L
L
 to be small, the distance x between the balls is q q
1/ 3 1/ 3
 q 2L   q 2L  m
x
m
(a)   (b)  
 4 0 mg   2 0 mg 
3/2 1/ 2
 q 2L   q 2L 
(c)   (d)  
 4 0 mg   2 0 mg 
20. A charge Q is placed at each of the two opposite corners of a square. A charge q is placed at each
of the other two corners. If the resultant force on Q is zero, then
(a) Q  2 q (b) Q   2 q
(c) Q  2 2 q (d) Q  2 2 q
21. If there are n capacitors in parallel connected to V volt source, then the energy stored equal to
1
(a) CV (b) nCV 2
2
1
(c) CV 2 (d) CV 2
2n
22. Three charges –q1, +q2 and –q3 are placed as shown in the figure. y
The x-component of the force on –q1 is proportional to –q3
q q q q
(a) 22  32 sin  (b) 22  32 cos 
b a b a a
q 2 a3 q2 q3 
(c) 2  2 sin  (d) 2  2 cos 
b a b a –q1
b +q2

23. If the electric flux entering and leaving an enclosed surface respectively is 1 and 2, electric
charge inside the surface will be
(   2 ) (   1 )
(a) 1 (b) 2
0 0
(c) (1 + 2)0 (d) (2 – 1)0
24. A thin spherical conducting shell of radius R has a charge q. Another charge Q is placed at the
centre of the shell. The electrostatic potential at a point P a distance R/2 from the centre of the
shell is
2Q 2q 2Q q
(a)  (b) 
4 0 R 4 0 R 4 0 R 4 0 R
(q  Q ) 2 2Q
(c) (d)
4 0 R 4  0 R
25. A charged particle q is shot from infinity towards another charged q v Q

particle Q, which is fixed, with a speed v. It approaches Q upto a r
closest distance r and then returns. If q were given a speed of 2v,
the closest distance of approach would be
(a) r (b) 2r
(c) r/2 (d) r/4

EXERCISE – II
IIT-JEE-SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT
1. Two small balls with like charges are suspended by light strings of equal length L from the same
point. When taken to a place where they are in a state of weightlessness the separation between
the balls will be
L L(L1)
(a) 2 L (b) (c) (d) L(L1)
2 2
2. A particle of mass m and charge q starts moving from rest along a straight line in an electric field
E = E0 – ax where a is a positive constant and x is the distance from starting point. Find the
distance travelled by the particle till the moment it came to instantaneous rest
2E 0 E E q E
(a) (b) 0 (c) 0 (d) 0
a a m q
3. The charge on a drop of water is 3  10–8 C. If its surface potential is 500 V, its radius must be
equal to
(a) 81 cm (b) 54 cm (c) 27 cm (d) 108 cm
4. A and B are two thin concentric hollow conductors having radii a and b and charges Q1 and Q2
respectively. Given that a > b and P is a point between the two spheres and distance of P from
the common centre is r (b < r < a). The potential at P is proportional to
Q  Q2 Q Q Q Q Q Q
(a) 1 (b) 1  2 (c) 1  2 (d) 1  2
r a r a b b a
3
5. How should 5 capacitors each of value 1 F be connected so as to produce a total capacitance
7
F?
(a) Two capacitors in parallel and the combination in series with other three capacitors
(b) Three capacitors in parallel and the combination in series with other two capacitors
(c) Four capacitors in parallel and combination in series with fifth capacitor
(d) All capacitors in parallel
6. In the network shown, we have three identical C

capacitors. Each of them can withstand a C
maximum 100 V p.d. What maximum voltage can A B
C
be applied across A and B so that no capacitor
gets spoiled?
(a) 150 V (b) 120 V
(c) 180 V (d) 200 V

7. Three point charges q, q, –2q are placed on an equilateral –2q
triangle of side a. The magnitude of dipole moment of the
arrangement is
3
(a) 3qa (b) qa
2
q q
(c) 2 3qa (d) 2qa
a
8. Four plates of area A are arranged as shown. The equivalent A d

capacitance between A and B is d
2A 0 3 A 0 d
(a) (b)
3d 2d B
4 A 0
(c) (d) none
3d
9. Three positive and three negative charges of equal magnitude are P Q

placed at the corners of a regular hexagon PQRSTU. If electric field at U R
O
O due to all the charges is twice the field at O due to a positive
S
charge at R only, the order in which the charges are placed at T
PQRSTU is
(a) +  +  +  (b)  + + +   (c) + + +    (d)  + +  + 
10. Three charges q1, -q1 and q2 are placed as shown. S is a spherical q2
Gaussian surface. Electric field at any point on S is
S -q1
(a) due to q2 only (b) uniform on all the points
(c) zero on all the points (d) due to all charges qq11
11. One plate of a capacitor having charge Q, and plate area A, is pulled
by a man keeping one plate at fixed position , as shown in figure
.What force should be applied by the man such that , plate moves
with constant velocity.
Q2 2 Q2 Q2
(a) (b) (c) zero (d)
A 0 3 A 0 2 0 A
12. A particle A has charge +q and particle B has charge + 4q with each of them having the same mass
m, when allowed to fall from rest through the same electrical potential difference in a gravity
free space, the ratio of their speeds v A / vB will become
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 1 : 4 (d) 4 : 1

13. In the circuit shown, a potential difference of 60 V A 2C M
is applied across AB. The potential difference
between the points M and N is
(a) 10 V (b) 15 V 60 V C C
(c) 20 V (d) 30 V
B 2C N
14. A conducting sphere of radius 10 cm is charged with 10C. Another uncharged sphere of radius
20 cm is allowed to touch it for some time. After that if the spheres are separated, then surface
density of charges on the spheres will be in the ratio of
(a) 1 : 4 (b) 1 : 3 (c) 1 : 2 (d) 1 : 1
15. Five vertices of a regular hexagon of side L are occupied by five point charges. The value of each
point charge is +q. Another point charge –q is placed at the centre of the hexagon. What is the
magnitude of the force on –q due to all the charges placed at the vertices of hexagon?
q2 3q 2 q2
(a) (b) (c) zero (d)
4 3  0 L2 4 0 L2 4 0 L2
16. A, B, C, D corners of a square are occupied by q, –q, 2Q and Q charges respectively. The side of
q
square is 2a. The field at the mid point of side CD is zero. What is the value of ?
Q
5 5 2 2 2 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 5 5 2
17. The variation of electric field between the two charges q1 and E
q2 along the line joining the charges is plotted against distance
from q1 (taking rightward direction of electric field as positive)
as shown in the figure. Then the correct statement is
x
(a) q1 and q 2 are positive charge and q1  q2 q1 q2
(b) q1 and q 2 are positive charges and q1.  q2
(c) q1 and q 2 are negative charges and q1  q2
(d) q1 and q 2 are negative charges and q1.  q2
18. Charge q is distributed uniformly on an arc of radius R ++

+ +q
subtending an angle /2 at its centre. Another charge –q is +
placed at the centre of the arc. The electric dipole moment of +
+
the system is -q
2 2qR 2qR qR 2qR

(a) (b) (c) (d)
   

19. Two thin different dielectrics are inserted between a parallel Q –Q
plate capacitor. Then electric field verses separation graph is (k1 + –
+ –
< k2)
+ –
+ –
+ k1 k2 –
+ –
+ –
–
E E E E
(a) (b) (c) (d)
a a a a
20. A uniform rod of length l and mass m charged with a

charge q is hanging from one of its ends as shown in +
figure. At t = 0 a horizontal electric field E is switched on +
in the horizontal direction perpendicular to the rod. Find + E
the minimum value of E so that the rod rotates upto +
horizontal level. +
2mg mg mg
(a) (b) (c) (d) none
q q 2q
ONE OR MORE THAN ONE CHOICE CORRECT
1. Which statement(s) is/are correct?

(a) Electric field at the equatorial point on a dipole will be anti parallel to the dipole moment.
(b) Electric field lines begin from (+q) charge and terminate in (–q) charge.
(c) Electric field lines intersect at only one point
(d) Charge is always associated with mass
2. A particle of mass m and charge q is fastened to one end of a A

string of length l. The other end of the string is fixed to the E
point O. The whole system lies on a frictionless horizontal l
plane. Initially, the mass is at rest at A. A uniform electric field
in the direction shown is then switched on. Then 60°
2qEl O B
(a) the speed of the particle when it reaches B is
m
qE l
(b) the speed of the particle when it reaches B is
m
(c) the tension in the string when particles reaches at B is 2qE
(d) the tension in the string when the particle reaches at B is zero

3. A capacitor C is charged to a potential V by a battery. The emf of the battery is V. It is then
disconnected from the battery and again connected with its polarity reversed to the battery.
(a) the work done by the battery is 2CV2
(b) The total charge that passes through battery is 2 CV.
(c) The initial energy of the capacitor is greater than the final energy of the capacitor
(d) The heat generated in the circuit is 2CV2
4. Three identical metallic plates are placed at a separation of d1 and d2 Q

as shown in figure. A charge Q is given to middle plate which is free
to move, then
(a) it will slide towards left if d2 > d1 d1 d2
(b) it will slide towards right if d2 < d1
(c) it will remain in equilibrium if d1 = d2
(d) it will remain in equilibrium in all the cases
5. Three capacitors each having capacitance C = 2F are S

connected to battery of emf 30 V as shown in the figure.
When the switch is closed. C
(a) the amount of charge flow through the battery is 20 C C C
(b) heat generated in the circuit is 0.6 mJ
(c) work done by the battery is 0.6 mJ 30V
(d) the charge flow through the switch is 60 C
6. Three charged particles are in equilibrium under their electrostatic force only. Then choose the correct
statements
(a) the particles must be collinear
(b) all charges cannot have same magnitude
(c) all charges cannot have same nature
(d) the equilibrium is unstable
7. Charges Q1 and Q2 are inside and outside respectively of a closed surface S. Let E be the field at any
point on S and  be the flux of E over S. Then choose the correct statements
(a) if Q1 changes, both and E and  will change
(b) if Q2 changes, E will change but  will not change
(c) if Q1 = 0 and Q2 = 0, then E  0 but  = 0
(d) if Q1 = 0 and Q2 = 0, then E = 0 and  = 0
8. Two point charges +q and –q are held fixed at (–d, 0) and (d, 0) respectively of a (x, y) co-ordinate
system, then:

(a) The electric field E at all points on the x-axis has the same direction.

(b) E at all points on the y-axis is parallel to x-axis
(c) Work has to be done in bringing a test charge from infinity to the origin
(d) The dipole moment is 2qd directed along – ve x-axis.

9. A parallel plate capacitor of plate area A and plate separation d is charged to potential difference
V and then the battery is disconnected. A slab of dielectric constant K is then inserted between
the plates of the capacitor so as to fill the space between the plates. If Q, E and W denote
respectively, the magnitude of charge on each plate, the electric field between the plates (after
the slab is inserted) and work done on the system, in the process of inserting the slab, then
 0 AV  0 KAV V  0 AV 2  1
(a) Q  (b) Q  (c) E  (d) W  1  K 
d d Kd 2d  
10. An elliptical cavity is carved within a perfect conductor. A positive

charge q is placed at the centre of the cavity. The points A and B
A
are on the cavity surface as shown in the figure. Then q B
(a) electric field near A in the cavity = electric field near B in
the cavity.
(b) charge density at A = charge density at B
(c) potential at A = potential at B
(d) total electric field flux through the surface of the cavity is
q/0.

EXERCISE –III
MATCH THE FOLLOWING
Note: Each statement in column – I has one or more than one match in column –II.
1. A parallel plate capacitor with air between its plates is charged using a battery and then
disconnected from the battery.
Column – I Column -II
I. Potential difference between the plates A. Separation between the plates is increased
will decrease if to K/2 times the initial value and space
between the plates after the separation has
increased, is completely filled with a
dielectric (here K is the dielectric constant)
II. Electric field strength between the B. Separation between the plates is increased
plates will reduce if
III. Electric energy stored in the capacitor
C. A dielectric with K > 1 is filled between the
will decrease if
plates of capacitor.
IV. Electric energy density will decrease if D. Separation between the plates is reduced
E. Area of the plates is increased
REASONING TYPE
Directions: Read the following questions and choose
(A) If both the statements are true and statement-2 is the correct explanation of statement-1.
(B) If both the statements are true but statement-2 is not the correct explanation of statement-
1.
(C) If statement-1 is True and statement-2 is False.
(D) If statement-1 is False and statement-2 is True.
1. Statement-1: A positively charged particle always moves along an electric line of force.
Statement-2: Force on a charged particle is tangential to electric line of force.
(a) (A) (b) (B) (c) (C) (d) (D)

2. Statement-1: If the electric field intensity E is zero at a point, then electric potential should be
necessarily zero at that point (assuming potential is zero at infinity)
Statement-2: Electric field is zero at a point exactly midway between two equal and similar charge.
(a) (A) (b) (B) (c) (C) (d) (D)
3. Statement-1: Electric field is discontinuous across the surface of a charged conductor.

Statement-2: Electric potential is constant on the surface of conductor.
(a) (A) (b) (B) (c) (C) (d) (D)
4. Statement-1: Work done by the electrostatic field on charge moving on circular or elliptical path
will be zero.
Statement-2: electrostatic field is a conservative field.
(a) (A) (b) (B) (c) (C) (d) (D)

5. Statement-1: Electric lines of forces are perpendicular to equipotential surface.
Statement-2: Work done by electric field on moving a positive charge on equipotential surface is
always zero.
(a) (A) (b) (B) (c) (C) (d) (D)
LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE
The capacitors in the figure are initially uncharged and are connected as shown.
6 F 8 F
a
28 V
S
b
5 F 13 F
1. What is the potential difference Vab ?
(a) 4.2 V (b) 5.2 V
(c) 6.2 V (d) 7.2 V
2. Now the key S is closed. What is the potential of point a?

(a) 9.2 V (b) 9.4 V
(c) 9.6 V (d) 7.8 V
3. How much charge flowed through the switch when it was closed?
(a) 3.36  C (b) 33.6  C
(c) 336  C (d) 0.336  C

EXERCISE – IV
SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS
1. Two charges 500 C each are at a distance r from each other. A third charge q is placed on the
line joining the above two charges such that all the three charges are in equilibrium. What is the
magnitude (in C) of charge q ?
2. Two uniformly charged large plane sheets S1 and S2 having charge densities 1 and 2 1  2 
are placed at a distance d parallel to each other. A charge q0 is moved along a line of length
aa  d  at an angle 450 with the normal to S1 . Calculate the work done (in Joule) by the electric
field. (take 1 - 2 = 4 2 and q0 = 0, a = 1 unit )
3. A particle having a charge 1.6  10–19 C enters midway between the plates of a parallel plate
condenser. The initial velocity of the particle is parallel to the plane of the plates. A potential
difference of 300 V is applied to the capacitor plates. If the length of the plates be 10 cm and the
plates are separated by a distance of 2 cm, calculate the greatest initial velocity (in km/s)for
which the particle will not be able to come out of the capacitor plates. The mass of the charged
particle is 12  10–24 kg.
4. Two spherical bobs of same mass and radius having equal charges are suspended from the same
point by strings of same length. The bobs are immersed in a liquid of relative permittivity r and
density 0. Find the density  of the bob (kg/m3) for which the angle of divergence of the strings
to be the same in the air and in the liquid? (Take 0 = 200 kg/m3, r = 5)
5. A thread carrying a uniform charge  = 10–7c/m has the

configuration shown in figure. Assuming the curvature radius R
= 2 m to be considerably less than the length of the thread,
find the magnitude of the electric field strength at the point O.
(in N/C)
O
R
6. Find the energy stored (in J) in the electric field produced by a metal sphere of radius 1m
containing a charge of 100 C.
7. An isolated conductor initially free from charge is charged by repeated contacts with a plate
which after each contact is replenished to a charge 100 C from an electrophorus. If 20 C is the
charge on the conductor after the first operation, find the maximum charge (in C) which can be
given to the conductor.

8. A parallel plate capacitor has a capacity C = 200 F. The gap between the plates is completely
filled with a glass plate of dielectric constant K = 6. The system is connected across a d.c voltage
source E = 100 V. Find the amount of mechanical work done in removing the dielectric plate,
battery still connected.
9 What amount of heat will be generated in the circuit shown

in figure after the switch Sw is shifted from position 1 to C0
C C
position 2?
Sw
Given C = 1F, C0 = 4F and  = 12V 1 2
10. Three concentric, conducting spherical shells A, B and C have radii a = 10 cm, b = 20 cm and c = 30
cm respectively. The innermost shell A is earthed and charge q2 = 4 C and q3 = 3C are
given to shells B and C respectively. Calculate energy (in mJ) stored in the system.

ANSWERS
EXERCISE – I
IIT JEE & NEET-SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (a)
6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (b)
16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (d)
21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (d) 24. (b) 25. (d)
EXERCISE – II
IIT-JEE-SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b)
6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (d)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (d)
16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (b)
ONE OR MORE THAN CHOICE CORRECT
1. (a,b,d) 2. (b,c) 3. (a,b,d) 4. (a,b,c) 5.(a,c,d)
6. (a,b,c,d) 7. (a,b,d) 8. (b, d) 9. (a,c,d) 10. (c,d)
EXERCISE – III
MATCH THE FOLLOWING

1. I – A, C, D, E; II – A, C, E; III – A, D, C, E; IV – A, C, E
ASSERTION AND REASON
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (a)

PASSAGE BASED PROBLEMS
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b)
EXERCISE – IV
1. 125
2. 2
3. 10
4. 250
5. 900
6. 45 J
7. 25
8. 5J
9. 96 J
10. 450

IMPORTANT PRACTICE QUESTION SERIES FOR IIT-JEE EXAM – 1
Q.1 The capacitance of a metallic sphere will be 1F, if its radius is nearly-
(1) 9 km (2) 10 m
(3) 1.11 m (4) 1.11 cm
Q.2 The energy of a charged conductor is given by the expression-

q2 q2 q2
(1) (2) (3) 2qC (4)
2C C 2C 2
Q.3 No current flows between two charged bodies connected together when they have the same-
(1) capacitance or Q/V ratio
(2) charge
(3) resistance
(4) potential or Q/C ratio
Q.4 Two spherical conductors A and B of radii R and 2R respectively are each given a charge Q. When
they are connected by a metallic wire. The charge will-
(1) flow from A to B
(2) flow from B to A
(3) remain stationary on conductor
(4) none of these
Q.5 The potential energy of a charged conductor of charge (q) and potential (V) is given by-
1 1 2
(1) qV (2) qV
2 2
1 q 1
(3) (4) qV2
2 V 2
Q.6 A conductor of capacitance 0.5F has been charged to 100 volts. It is now connected to
uncharged conductor of capacitance 0.2F. The loss in potential energy is nearly -
(1) 7 × 10–4 J (2) 3.5 × 10–4 J
(3) 14 × 10–4 J (4) 7 × 10–3 J
Q.7 Two spherical conductors of capacitance 3.0F and 5.0F are charged to potentials of 300 volt
and 500 volt. The two are connected resulting in redistribution of charges. Then the final
potential is -
(1) 300 volt (2) 500 volt
(3) 425 volt (4) 400 volt
Q.8 N drops of mercury of equal radii and possessing equal charges combine to form a big spherical
drop. Then the capacitance of the bigger drop compared to each individual drop is-
(1) N times (2) N2/3 times
1/3
(3) N times (4) N5/3 times
Q.9 The capacity of a parallel plate condenser is C. Its capacity when the separation between the
plates is halved will be-
(1) 4C (2) 2C (3) C/2 (4) C/4
Q.10 A parallel plate condenser has a capacitance 50F in air and 110 F, when immersed in an oil. The
dielectric constant K of the oil is-
(1) 0.45 (2) 0.55 (3) 1.10 (4) 2.20

Q.11 The capacity of a parallel plate condenser is 5F. When glass plate is placed between the plates of
the conductor, its potential becomes 1/8th of the original value. The value of dielectric constant
will be -
(1) 1.6 (2) 5 (3) 8 (4) 40
Q.12 If the p.d. across the ends of a capacitor 4F is 1.0 kilovolt. Then its electrical potential energy will
be-
(1) 4 × 10–3erg (2) 2 erg
(3) 2 joule (4) 4 joule
Q.13 A 6F capacitor charged from 10 volts to 20 volts. Increase in energy will be -
(1) 18 × 10–4 J (2) 9 × 10–4 J
–4
(3) 4.5 × 10 J (4) 9 × 10–9 J
Q.14 The energy of a charged capacitor resides in -
(1) the electric field only
(2) the magnetic field only
(3) both the electric and magnetic field
(4) neither in electric nor magnetic field
Q.15 The capacity and the energy stored in a parallel plate condenser with air between its plates are
respectively C0 and W0. If the air is replaced by glass (dielectric constant = 5) between the plates,
the capacity of the plates and the energy stored in it will respectively be -
W0
(1) 5C0 , 5W0 (2) 5C0 ,
5
C0 C W
(3) , 5W0 (4) 0 , 0
5 5 5
Q.16 By inserting a plate of dielectric material between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor, the
energy is increased five times. The dielectric constant of the material is -
(1) 1/25 (2) 1/5 (3) 5 (4) 25
Q.17 A capacitor of capacity C has charge Q and stored energy is W. If the charge is increased to 2Q the
stored energy will be -
(1) 2W (2) W/2 (3) 4W (4) W/4
Q.18 A glass slab is put with in the plates of a charged parallel plate condenser. Which of the following
quantities does not change?
(1) energy of the condenser
(2) capacity
(3) intensity of electric field
(4) charge
Q.19 A parallel plate capacitor is connected to a battery and inserted a dielectric plate between the
place of plates then which quantity increase-
(1) potential difference
(2) electric field
(3) stored energy
(4) E. M . F of battery
Q.20 A parallel plate capacitor is connected to a battery and decreased the distance between the
plates then which quantity is same on the parallel plate capacitor-
(1) potential difference
(2) capacitance
(3) intensity of electric field
(4) stored energy

Q.21 A parallel plate capacitor is charged by a battery after charging the capacitor , battery is
disconnected. And if a dielectric plate is inserted between the place of plates. Then which one of
the following statements is not correct-
(1) increase in the stored energy
(2) decrease in the potential difference
(3) decrease in the electric field
(4) increase in the capacitance
Q.22 A parallel plate capacitor has a capacity C. The separation between plates is doubled and a
dielectric medium is inserted between plates. The new capacity is 3C. The dielectric constant of
medium is-
(1) 1.5 (2) 3.0 (3) 6.0 (4) 12.0
Q.23 A parallel plate capacitor is charged by a battery after charging the capacitor, battery is
disconnected and decrease the distance between the plates then which following statement is
correct ?
(1) electric field is not constant
(2) potential difference is increased
(3) decrease the capacitance
(4) decrease the stored energy
Q.24 The capacitance of a parallel plate condenser does not depend upon-
(1) the distance between the plates
(2) area of the plates
(3) medium between the plates
(4) metal of the plates
Q.25 A metallic plate of thickness (t) and face area of one side (A) is inserted between the plates of a
parallel plate air capacitor with a separation (d) and face are (A). Then the equivalent capacitance
is -
0 A 0 A
(1)  (2)
d (d  t )
0 A 0 A
(3) (4)
(d  t ) (d  t )
Q.26 An air capacitor of 1F is immersed in a transformer oil of dielectric constant 3. The capacitance
of the oil capacitor is-
1
(1) 1F (2) F
3
(3) 3F (4) 2F
Q.27 Two metal plates form a parallel plate condenser. The distance between the plates in d. Now a
metal plate of thickness d/2 and of same area is inserted completely between the plates, the
capacitance -
(1) remains unchanged
(2) is doubled
(3) is halved
(4) reduced to one fourth
Q.28 The capacity of a parallel plate capacitor with air as medium is 2F. After inserting a sheet of mica
a equal air thickness , it becomes 5F. The dielectric constant of mica is -
(1) 0.1 (2) 0.4
(3) 2.5 (4) 10

Q.29 A parallel plate capacitor has rectangular plates of 400 cm2 and are separated by a distance of
2 mm with air as medium. What charge will appear on the plates. If a 200 volt potential
difference is applied across the condenser?
(1)3.54 × 10–6 C (2) 3.54 × 10–8 C
(3) 3.54 × 10–10 C (4) 1770.8 × 10–13 C
Q.30 A parallel plate condenser is immersed in an oil of dielectric constant 2. The field between the
plates is-
(1) increased proportional to 2.
(2) decreased proportional to 1/2
(3) increased proportional to 2
(4) decreased proportional to 1/2
Q.31 A parallel plate capacitor consists of two plates of 2m × 1m. The space between the plates is of
1mm and filled with a dielectric of relative permittivity of 7. A potential difference of 300 V is
applied across the plates. Find the potential gradient -
(1) 6 × 105 N/C (2) 3 × 105 N/C
5
(3) 18 × 10 N/C (4) 12 × 105 N/C
Q.32 Two conductors insulated from each other, charged by transferring electrons from one conductor
to the other. After 25 × 1012 electrons have been transferred. The potential difference between
the conductors is found to be 16V. The capacitance of the system is-
(1) 25F (2) .25F
(3) 25 nF (4) 25 PF
Q.33 The energy density in a parallel plate capacitor is given as 2.2 × 10–10 J/m3. The value of the
electric field in the region between the plates is-
(1) 7 NC–1 (2) 3.6 NC–1
(3) 72 NC –1 (4) 8.4 NC–1
Q.34 If a 10F capacitor is to have an energy content of 1 Joule. It must be placed across a p.d. of (in
volts)-
(1) 900 (2) 450 × 108 (3) 200 (4) 450
1
Q.35 A capacitor of capacitance F is connected to a battery of 300 volt and charged. Then the
3
energy stored in capacitor is-
(1) 3 × 10–2 joule (2) 1.5 × 10–2 joule
(3) 6 × 102 joule (4) 12 × 102 joule
Q.36 The two parallel plates of a condenser have been connected to a battery of 300V and the charge
collected at each plate is 1C. The energy supplied by battery is -
(1) 6 × 10–4 J (2) 3 × 10–4 J
(3) 1.5 × 10–4 J (4) 4.5 × 10–4 J
Q.37 The plates of a parallel plate capacitor are charged with a battery so that the plates of the
capacitor have acquired the P.D. equal to e.m.f of the battery. The ratio of the work done by the
battery and the energy stored in capacitor is-
(1) 2 : 1 (2) 1 : 1 (3) 1 : 2 (4) 1 : 4
Q.38 A parallel plate condenser has plates of area 200 cm2 and separation 0.05cm has been filled with
a dielectric having K = 8 and then charged to 300volts. The final energy of condenser is -
(1) 1.6 × 10–5 J (2) 2.0 × 10–6 J
(3) 12.8 × 10–5 J (4) 64 × 10–5 J

Q.39 Three capacitors of capacity C1 , C2 , C3 are connected in series. Their total capacity will be-
1
(1) C1 + C2 + C3 (2)
(C1  C 2  C3 )

(3) C11  C21  C31  (4) none of these
Q.40 Three capacitors each of capacitance 1F are connected in parallel. To this combination a fourth
capacitor of capacitance 1F connected in series. The resultant capacitance of the system is-
(1) 4F (2) 2 F
(3) 4/3 F (4) 3/4 F
Q.41 Two capacitances of capacity C1 and C2 are connected in series and potential difference V is
applied across it. Then the potential difference across C1 will be-
C2 C1  C 2
(1) V (2) V
C1 C1
C2 C1
(3) V (4) V
C1  C 2 C1  C 2
Q.42 Two condensers of capacities 1F and 2F are connected in series and system charged to
120 volts. Then the P.D on 1F capacitor (in volts) will be-
(1) 40 (2) 60 (3) 80 (4) 120
Q.43 Two condensers of capacity 0.3F and 0.6F respectively are connected in series. The
combination is connected across a potential of 6 volts. The ratio of energies stored by the
condensers will be -
(1) 1/2 (2) 2 (3) 1/4 (4) 4
Q.44 Three capacitors Ca < Cb < Cc are connected in series. Their resultant capacitance will be-
(1) equivalent capacitance greater than Cc
(2) equivalent capacitance less than Cc but greater than Ca
(3) equivalent capacitance less than Ca
(4) equivalent capacitance is infinite
Q.45 The equivalent capacity in the system of capacitance will be-

1.5µF
3µF 3µF
1.5µF
(1) 1F (2) 2F (3) 1.5 F (4) 3F
Q.46 Three capacitors of capacitance 3F , 9F and 18F are connected once in series and another
C  
time in parallel. The ratio of equivalent capacitance in the two cases  s  will be -
 Cp 
 
(1) 1 : 15 (2) 15 : 1
(3) 1 : 1 (4) 1 : 3

Q.47 Three equal capacitors, each with capacitance C are connected as shown in figure. Then the
equivalent capacitance between A and B is -
C C C
A B
(1) C (2) 3C
(3) C/3 (4) 3C/2
Q.48 Three capacitors are connected to D.C. source of 100 volts as shown in the adjoining figure. If the
charge accumulated on plates of C1 , C2 and C3 are qa , qb, qc , qd , qe , qf respectively then -
2µF 3µF 4µF
ab cd ef
100V
(1) qb + qd + qf = 100/9 Coulomb
(2) qb + qd + qf = 0
(3) qa + qc + qe = 50 Coulomb
(4) qb = qd = qf
Q.49 A capacitor C1 = 4F is connected in series with another capacitor C2 = 1F. The combination is
connected across a d.c. source of voltage 200V. The ratio of potential across C1 and C2 is -
(1) 1 : 4 (2) 4 : 1 (3) 1 : 2 (4) 2 : 1
Q.50 Two condensers of 20 and 30 microfarads are connected in series across a 200 volt D.C. supply.
Find the charge on each condenser ?
(1) 2400 C (2) 4200C
(3) 2600C (4) 3000C
Q.51 The three condensers of capacitances 10, 20 and 30F are first connected in series and then
connected in parallel. The ratio of the resultant capacitance in the two cases is -
(1) 1 : 11 (2) 11 : 1
(3) 1 : 6 (4) 6 : 1
Q.52 Five equal capacitors, each with capacitance (C) are connected as shown in the adjoining fig. Then
the equivalent capacitance between A and B is -
C
C C C
A B
C
(1) C (2) 5C (3) C/5 (4) 3C
Q.53 The total capacity of the system of capacitors shown in adjoining figure between the points A and
B is -
2µF
A
1µF
1µF 2µF
B
2µF
(1) 1F (2) 2F (3) 3F (4) 4F

Q.54 The equivalent capacitance between the points A and B in the given diagram is -
2µF
A B
2µF 2µF
2µF
8 3
(1) 8F (2) 6F (3) F (4) F
3 8
Q.55 Five capacitors of 10F capacitor each are connected to a D.C. potential of 100 volts as shown in
the adjoining figure. The equivalent capacitance between the points A and B will be equal to-
10µF 10µF
A 10µF B
10µF 10µF
100V
(1) 40F (2) 20 F
(3) 30 F (4) 10 F
Q.56 Three capacitors of capacity 10F , 5F and 5F are connected in parallel. The total capacity will
be-
(1) 10F (2) 5F
(3) 20 F (4) none of the above
Q.57 Two capacitors connected in parallel having the capacities C1 and C2 are given 'q' charge, which is
distributed among them. The ratio of the charge on C1 and C2 will be -
C1 C2
(1) (2)
C2 C1
1
(3) C1C2 (4)
C1C 2
Q.58 In an adjoining figure are shown three capacitors C1 , C2 and C3 joined to battery. The correct
condition will be-
V2 C2 Q2
V1 C1 Q1
V3 C3 Q3
V
(1) Q1 = Q2 = Q3 and V1 = V2 = V3 = V
(2) Q2 = Q2 + Q3 and V = V1 + V2 + V3
(3) Q1 = Q2 + Q3 and V = V1 + V2
(4) Q2 = Q3 and V2 = V3
(Symbols have their usual meanings)
Q.59 Two capacitors of equal capacity are first connected in parallel and then in series. The ratio of the total
capacities in the two cases will be -
(1) 2 : 1 (2) 1 : 2 (3) 4 : 1 (4) 1 : 4

Q.60 A 4F condenser is connected in parallel to another condenser of 8F. Both the condensers are
then connected in series with a 12F condenser and charged to 20 volts. The charge on the plate
of 4F condenser is-
(1) 3.3 C (2) 40C
(3) 80 C (4) 240 C
Q.61 If three capacitors each of capacity 1F are connected in such a way that the resultant capacity is
1.5F then-
(1) all the three are connected in series
(2) all the three are connected in parallel
(3) two of them are in parallel and then connected in series to the third
(4) two of them are in series and then connected in parallel to the third
Q.62 Two capacitor each of 1F capacitance are connected in parallel and are then charged by 200
volts D.C. supply. The total energy of their charges (in joule is)-
(1) 0.01 (2) 0.02
(3) 0.04 (4) 0.06
Q.63 Four capacitors are connected as shown in the fig. The equivalent capacitance between the
points P and Q is-
1µF
1µF 1µF
P Q
1µF
(1) 4F (2) 1/4 F

(3) 3/4 F (4) 4/3 F
Q.64 The total capacity of the system of capacitors shown in the adjoining figure between the points A
and B will be-
3µF
A
1µF 6µF
B
2µF
(1) 1F (2) 2F
(3) 3F (4) 4F
Q.65 Two dielectric slabs of constant K1 and K2 have been filled in between the plates of a capacitor as
shown below. What will be the capacitance of the capacitor -
d/2 K1
d/2 K2
2 0 A 2 0 A  K1  K 2  d 2 0 A  K1  K 2 
(1) (K1 + K2) (2)   (3) (4)  
d d  K1  K 2  2 0 A d  K1  K 2 

Q.66 A parallel plate capacitor with air as medium between the plates has a capacitance of 10F. The
area of capacitor is divided into two equal halves and filled with two media having dielectric
constant K1 = 2 and K2 = 4. The capacitance of the system will now be-
(1) 10F (2) 20 F (3) 30 F (4) 40 F
Q.67 Separation between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor is d and the area of each plate is A.
When a slab of material of dielectric constant K and thickness t (t < d) is introduced between the
plates , its capacitance becomes-
0A 0A
(1) (2)
 1  1
d  t 1   d  t 1  
 K  K 
0A 0A
(3) (4)
 1  1
d  t 1   d  t 1  
 K  K 
Q.68 If area of each plate is A and plates are separated from each other by a distance d then Ceq.
between A and B is -
A
B
3 0 A 0 A
(1) (2)
d 3d
3 0 A 2 0 A
(3) (4)
2d 3d
Q.69 The capacitance of a capacitor, filled with two dielectrics of same dimensions but of dielectric
constants K1 and K2 respectively as shown will be -
d K1 K2
0 A 0 A
(1) (K1 + K2) (2) (K1 + K2)
2d d
 A K K   A K K 
(3) 0  1 2  (4) 0  1 2 
2d  K 1  K 2  d  K1  K 2 
Q.70 The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is 2.5F when it is half filled with a dielectric as
shown in the figure, Its capacitance becomes 5F , the dielectric constant of the dielectric is-
Air Medium
(1) 7.5 (2) 3.0 (3) 0.33 (4) 4.0
Q.71 The capacitance of a spherical condenser is 1F. If the spacing between the two spheres is 1mm,
then the radius of the outer sphere is-
(1) 30cm (2) 6 m (3) 5 cm (4) 3m
Q.72 The capacitance (C) for an isolated conducting sphere of radius (a) is given by 40.a. If the
sphere is enclosed with an earthed concentric sphere. The ratio of the radii of the sphere being
(n/n–1) then the capacitance of such a sphere will be increased by a factor -
(1) n (2) n/(n–1)
(3) (n–1)/n (4) a.n

Q.73 A1 is a spherical conductor of radius (r) placed concentrically inside a thin spherical hollow
conductor A2 of radius (R). A1 is earthed and A2 is given a charge +Q then the charge on A1 is -
(1) –Q (2) Qr/R
(3) –rQ/R (4) –Q (R–r)/R
Q.74 Two spherical conductors A1 and A2 of radii (r1) and (r2) (r2 > r1 ) are placed concentrically in air.
A1 is given a charge +Q while A2 in earthed. Then the capacitance of the system is -
r1 . r2
(1) 40 (2) 40 (r1 + r2)
r2  r1
r22
(3) 40 . r2 (4) 40
r2  r1
Q.75 A capacitor of capacitance 100µF is charged by connecting it to a battery of emf 12V and internal
resistance 2. The time taken before 99% of the maximum charge is stored on the capacitor-
(1) 0.92 ms (2) 0.4 ms
(3) 0.8 ms (4) 0.1 ms
Q.76 A capacitor of capacitance 0.1 µF is charged to certain potential and allow to discharge through a
resistance of 10 MHow long will it take for the potential to fall to one half of its original value-
(1) 0.1s (2) 0.2346 s
(3) 1.386 s (4) 0.693 s
Q.77 A 500F capacitor is charged at a steady rate of 100C/sec. The potential difference across the
capacitor will be 10V after an interval of-
(1) 5 sec. (2) 20 sec. (3) 25 sec. (4) 50 sec.
Q.78 A C. R series circuit is connected to a battery of e.m.f E. The time required by the capacitor to
acquire maximum charge, depends upon -
(1) R only
(2) C only
(3) RC
(4) applied potential difference
Q.79 Calculate the charge on the plates of the capacitor C in the given circuit -
E r
C R1
A B
R2
ER 2 ER 1
(1) C × (2) C ×
R2  r R1  r
E R1.R 2 E R1
(3) C × (4) C ×
R1  R 2 R2  r

Q.80 In the adjoining circuit diagram E = 5 volt,
r = 1 ohm , R2 = 4 ohm, R1 = R3 = 1 ohm and
C = 3F. Then the numerical value of the charge on each plate of the capacitor is –
C R1 C
R2
C R3
C
E,r
(1) 24C (2) 12C
(3) 6C (4) 3C
Q.81 Two condensers of capacities 2C and C are joined in parallel and charged upto potential V. The
battery is removed and the condenser of capacity C is filled completely with a medium of
dielectric constant K . The p.d. across the capacitors will now be -
3V 3V
(1) (2)
K2 K
V V
(3) (4)
K2 K
Q.82 0.2F capacitor is charged to 600V by a battery. On removing the battery. It is connected with
another parallel plate condenser (1.0F). The potential decreases to-
(1) 100 volts (2) 120 volts
(3) 300 volts (4) 600 volts
Q.83 A 0.01F capacitor is charged to a potential of 500v. It is then connected to an instrument of

input capacitance 1.0F. The p.d across the instrument in V is now-
(1) 1.00 (2) 4.95 (3) 5.00 (4) 50.0
Q.84 A condenser of capacitance 10F has been charged to 100V. It is now connected to another
uncharged condenser. The common potential becomes 40V. The capacitance of another
condenser is -
(1) 5F (2) 10F (3) 15F (4) 20F
Q.85 A capacitor having capacitance C is charged to a voltage V. It is then removed and connected in
parallel with another identical capacitor which is uncharged. The new charge on each capacitor is
now-
(1) CV (2) CV/2 (3) 2CV (4) CV/4
Q.86 Two capacitors of capacities C1 and C2 are charged to voltages V1 and V2 respectively. There will
be no exchange of energy in connecting them in parallel. If-
(1) C1 = C2 (2) C1V1 = C2V2
C1 C
(3) V1 = V2 (4) = 2
V1 V2

Q.1 A parallel plate capacitor is charged and kept connected with the battery. If now a dielectric slab
is inserted between the plates to fill the entire space between the plates then what will be the
change in the charge, potential difference and electric field intensity between the plates
respectively -
(1) increases , constant, increases
(2) increases, constant , constant
(3) increases , constant , decreases
(4) constant, decreases , decreases.
Q.2 A parallel plate air capacitor is connected to a battery. The quantities charge, voltage electric
field, and energy associated with this capacitor are given by Q0, V0 , E0 and U0 respectively. A
dielectric slab is now introduced to fill the space between the plates with battery still in
connection. The corresponding quantities now given by Q , V, E, and U are related of the previous
one as -
(1) Q > Q0 (2) V > V0
(3) E > E0 (4) U  U0
Q.3 A battery charges a parallel plate capacitor of thickness (d) so that an energy [U0] is stored in the
system. A slab of dielectric constant (K) and thickness (d) is then introduced between the plates
of the capacitor. The new energy of the system is given by -
(1) KU0 (2) K2 U0
U0
(3) (4) U0/K2
K
Q.4 Two spheres of radii R1 and R2 have equal charge are joint together with a copper wire. If the
potential on each sphere after they are separated to each other is V, then initial charge on any
1
sphere was (k = )–
4 0
V V
(1) (R1+ R2) (2) (R1 + R2)
k 2k
V V (R1R 2 )
(3) (R1 + R2) (4)
k k R1  R 2
Q.5 Calculate the reading of voltmeter between X and Y then (VX – VY ) is equal to -
1F
2F X
1F
A V B
3F Y
6F
20V
(1) 10 V (2) 13.33V
(3) 3.33 V (4) 10.33 V

Q.6 The capacitance of two capacitors was compared with the aid of an electrometer. The capacitors
were charged to potential of
V1 = 300V and V2 = 100V and were connected in parallel. The potential difference between the
plates measured by the electrometer was 250V. The capacitance ratio is -
(1) 3 : 1 (2) 1 : 3
(3) 1 : 2.5 (4) 2.5 : 1
Q.7 Three capacitors 2, 3 and 4F are connected in series with 6V battery. When the current stops,
the charge on the 3F capacitor is
(1) 5.5 C (2) 4.4 C
(3) 3.3 C (4) 2.2 C
Q.8 There are two metallic plates of a parallel plate capacitor. One plate is given a charge +q while the
other is earthed as shown . Points P , P1 and P2 are taken as shown in adjoining figure. Then the
electric intensity is not zero at -
+ –
+ – P1
P2
+ P –
+ –
+ –
+ –
(1) P only (2) P1 only
(3) P2 only (4) P , P1 and P2
Q.9 The resultant capacitance between (A) and (B) in the following figure is -
A
3µF 3µF 3µF
2µF 2µF 3µF
B
3µF 3µF 3µF
(1)1F (2) 3F
(3) 2F (4) 1.5F
Q.10 The diameter of the plate of a parallel plate condenser is 6 cm. If its capacity is equal to a sphere
of diameter 200 cm, the separation between the plates of the condenser is -
(1) 4.5 × 10–4m (2) 2.25 × 10–4m
(3) 6.75 × 10–4 m (4) 9 × 10–4 m
Q.11 Four metallic plates of each with a surface area of one side (A) , are placed at a distance (d) from
each other. The alternate plate are connected to point (A) and (B) as shown in the fig. The
capacitance of the system is
A
B
0 A 2 0 A
(1) (2)
d d
3 0 A 4 0 A
(3) (4)
d d

Q.12 A sheet of aluminium foil of negligible thickness is placed between the plates of a capacitor of
capacitance C as shown in the figure then capacitance of capacitor becomes
Foil d/2
d/2
(1) 2C (2) C (3) C/2 (4) zero

Q.13 In above problem if foil is connected to any one plate of capacitor by means of conducting wire
then capacitance of capacitor becomes -
(1) 2C (2) C (3) C/2 (4) zero
Q.14 For circuit, the equivalent capacitance between P and Q is -

P Q
C C C C C C
(1) 6C (2) 4C (3) 3C/2 (4) 3C/4
Q.15 The figure shows a circuit consisting of four capacitors. The effective capacitance between A and
B is –
1µF 1µF
A 1µF B
2µF
5 7 8
(1) F (2) F (3) F (4) 1F
6 6 3
Q.16 The p.d. across the capacitance of 2F in the figure along with is -
3µF
6µF 2µF
3µF
+ –
70V
(1) 10V (2) 60V (3) 28 V (4) 56V
Q.17 A circuit is shown in the figure below. Find out the charge of the condenser having capacity 5F-
2µF
3µF
4µF 5µF
+ –
6V
(1) 4.5 µC (2) 6.0 µC (3) 9.0 µC (4) 30 µC

Q.18 In the circuit shown in the following fig. The p.d across 3F capacitor is -
20V
3µF 5µF
4V
(1) 4 V (2) 6 V (3) 10 V (4) 16 V
Q.19 Three capacitors of capacitors C1 , C2 , C3 are connected as shown in the figure. The points A , B
and C are at potential V1 , V2 and V3 respectively. Then the potential at O will be –
A
C1
O
C2
C3
B C
V1  V2  V3 V1V2  V2 V3  V3V1
(1) (2)
2 V1  V2  V3
(3) V1C1  V2C2  V3C3 (4) zero

C1  C2  C3
Q.20 Three capacitors A , B and C are connected to a battery of 25volt as shown in the figure. The ratio of
charges on capacitors A , B and C will be -
A
5µF
B C
25V
8µF 12µF
(1) 5 : 2 : 3 (2) 5 : 3 : 2
(3) 2 : 5: 3 (4) 2 : 3 : 5
Q.21 Four equal capacitors , each with a capacitance (C) are connected to a battery of E.M.F 10volts as
shown in the adjoining figure. The mid point of the capacitor system is connected to earth. Then
the potentials of B and D are respectively-
A C
B D
Earthed
(1) +10 volt , zero volt (2) +5 volt , –5 volt
(3) –5 volt, +5 volt (4) zero volt, 10 volt
Q.22 A circuit has a section AB as shown in the fig. With E = 10V , C1 = 1.0F, C2 = 2.0F and the
potential difference VA – VB = 5V. The voltage across C1 is -
A E
– + B
C1 C2
(1) zero (2) 5V (3) 10V (4) 15V

Q.23 The potential difference between points (A) and (B) of the circuit is-
A
C1 C2
C3 C4
B
E
(1) (C2 – C1 ) E (2) (C4 – C3) E
(3) (C2C3  C1C4 )E (4) (C 2 C3  C1C 4 )E
(C1  C2  C3  C4 ) (C1  C 2 )(C3  C 4 )
Q.24 A 1F capacitor is connected in the circuit shown below. The e.m.f of the cell is 2 volts and internal
resistance is 0.5 ohm. The resistors R1 and R2 have values 4 ohm and 1 ohm respectively. The charge
on the capacitor must be-
E=2V, r = 0.5
1µF R1
R2
(1) 2C (2) 1C (3) 1.33C (4) zero

Q.25 In the figure shown, the capacity of the condenser C is 2F. The current in 2 resistor is-

2µF  
+ –
6V 
1 1
(1) 9 A (2) 0.9 A (3) A (4) A
9 0 .9
Q.26 In the circuit shown here C1 = 6F, C2 = 3F and battery B = 20V. The Switch S1 is first closed. It is
then opened and afterwards S2 is closed. What is the charge finally on C2 ?
C2 3µF
S2
C1 6µF
S1
B=20V
(1) 120C (2) 80C (3) 40C (4) 20C
Q.27 As in figure shown, if a capacitor C is charged by connecting it with resistance R, then energy is
given by the battery will be -
C
R
V
1 1
(1) CV 2 (2) More than CV 2
2 2
1
(3) Less than CV 2 (4) Zero
2

Q.28 A parallel plate capacitor has plate area A and separation d. It is charged to a potential difference
V0. The charging battery is disconnected and the plates are pulled apart to three times the initial
separation. The work required to separate the plates is -
3 0 AV02  0 AV02
(1) (2)
d 2d
 0 AV02  0 AV02
(3) (4)
3d d
Q.29 A capacitor of capacity C1 is charged to the potential of V0. On disconnecting with the battery, it is
connected with a capacitor of capacity C2 as shown in the adjoining figure. The ratio of energies
before and after the connection of switch S will be -
S
C1V0
C2
(1) (C1 + C2)/C1 (2) C1/(C1 + C2)

(3) C1C2 (4) C1/C2
Q.30 Condenser A has a capacity of 15F when it is filled with a medium of dielectric constant 15.
Another condenser B has a capacity of 1F with air between the plates. Both are charged
separately by a battery of 100 V. After charging, both are connected in parallel without the
battery and the dielectric medium being removed. The common potential now is -
(1) 400 V (2) 800 V
(3) 1200 V (4) 1600V
Q.31 A parallel plate capacitor is charged to a P.d. of 50 V. it is discharged through a resistance. After
1s, the P.d. between plates becomes 40 V. Then -
(1) Fraction of stored energy after 1s is 16/25
(2) P.d. between the plates after 2 s will be 32 V
(3) P.d. between the plates after 2 s.will be 20 V
(4) Fraction of stored energy after 1 s. is 4/5
Q.32 Three identical capacitors are given a charge Q each and they are then allowed to discharge
through resistance R1, R2 and R3. Their charges, as a function of time shown in the graph below.
The smallest of the three resistance is -
Q
R3
R2
R1
t
(1) R3 (2) R2
(3) R1 (4) Cannot be predicted
Q.33 A glass slab is put with in the plates of a charged parallel plate condenser. Which of the following
quantities does not change ?
(1) energy of the condenser (2) capacity
(3) intensity of electric field (4) charge

Q.34 A parallel plate capacitor is connected to a battery and inserted a dielectric plate between the
place of plates then which quantity increase-
(1) potential difference (2) electric field
(3) stored energy (4) e.m.f. of battery
Q.35 A parallel plate capacitor is charged by a battery after charging the capacitor, battery is
disconnected and decrease the distance between the plates then which of the following
statement is correct-
(1) electric field is not constant
(2) potential difference is increased
(3) decrease the capacitance
(4) decrease the stored energy
Q.36 A parallel plate capacitor has rectangular plates of 400 cm2 and are separated by a distance of
2mm with air as medium. What charge will appear on the plates. If a 200 volt potential
difference is applied across the condenser. ?
(1) 3.54 × 10–6 C (2) 3.54 × 10–8 C
–10
(3) 3.54 × 10 C (4) 1770.8 × 10–13 C
10
Q.37 Seven capacitors each of capacitance 2F are to be so connected to have total capacity
11
µFWhich will be the necessary figure as shown-
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Q.38 An infinite number of identical capacitors each of capacitance 1F are connected as in adjoining
figure. Then the equivalent capacitance between A and B is-
8 capacitor
16 capacitor
A  B
1
(1) 1µF (2) 2µF (3) µF (4) 
2
Q.39 An air capacitor, a capacitor with a dielectric and a capacitor with a conducting slab (thickness
one half the separation introducing between the plates of parallel plate air capacitor in both case)
has capacity C1, C2 and C3 respectively then-
(1) C1 > C2 > C3 (2) C2 > C3 > C1
(3) C3 > C2 > C1 (4) C3 > C1 > C2

Q.40 Two spheres of radii 1 cm and 2 cm have been charged with 1.5 × 10–8 and 0.3 × 10–7 coulomb of
positive charge. When they are connected with a wire, charge-
(1) will flow from the first to the second
(2) will flow from the second to the first
(3) will not flow at all
(4) may flow either from first to second, or from the second to first, depending upon the length
of the connecting wire
Q.41 A number of capacitors, each of capacitance 1µF and each one of which gets punctured if a
potential difference just exceeding 500 volt is applied are provided. Then an arrangement
suitable for giving a capacitor of capacitance 3µF across which 2000 volt may be applied requires
at least -
(1) 4 component capacitors
Q.42 A circuit has a section AB as shown in the figure with E = 10V, C1 = 1.0µF, C2 = 2.0 µF and the
potential difference VA – VB = 5V. The voltage across C1 is-
E
– +
A B
C1 C2
(1) zero (2) 5V (3) 10V (4) 15V

Q.1 The effective capacity of the network between terminals A and B is-
6µF 6µF
A 20µF B
6µF 6µF
(1) 6 µF (2) 20 µF (3) 3 µF (4) 10 µF
Q.2 The energy and capacity of a charged parallel plate capacitor are U and C respectively. Now a
dielectric slab of r = 6 is inserted in it then energy and capacity becomes (Assuming charge on
plates remains constant)
U
(1) 6U, 6C (2) U, C (3) , 6C (4) U, 6C
6
Q.3 A capacitor is charged with a battery and energy stored is U. After disconnecting battery another
capacitor of same capacity is connected in parallel with it. Then energy stored in each capacitor
is-
(1) U/2 (2) U/4 (3) 4U (4) 2U
Q.4 Energy per unit volume for a capacitor having area A and separation d kept at potential difference
V is given by-
1 V2 1 V2
(1) 0 2 (2)
2 d 2 0 d 2
1 Q2
(3) CV 2 (4)
2 2C
Q.5 A capacitor of capacity C1 charged upto V and then connected to an uncharged capacitor of
capacity C2. Then final potential difference across each will be-
C2V C1V
(1) (2)
C1  C 2 C1  C 2
 C2   C2 
(3) 1   .V (4) 1   . V
 C1   C1 
Q.6 Three capacitors each of capacity 4 µF are to be connected in such a way that the effective
capacitance of 6 µF. This can be done by-
(1) connecting all of them in series
(2) connecting them in parallel
(3) connecting two in series and one in parallel
(4) connecting two in parallel and one in series
Q.7 A network of four capacitors of capacity equal to C1 = C, C2 = 2C, C3 = 3C and C4 = 4C are
connected to a battery as shown in the figure. The ratio of the charges on C2 and C4 is-
C2
C3 C1
C4
V
7 22 3 4
(1) (2) (3) (4)
4 3 22 7

Q.8 A parallel plate air capacitor is charged to a potential difference of V volts. After disconnecting
the charging battery the distance between the plates of the capacitor is increased using an
insulating handle. As a result the potential difference between the plates-
(1) Decreases (2) Does not change
(3) Becomes zero (4) Increases
C
Q.9 Two condensers, one of capacity C and the other of capacity , are connected to a V-volt
2
battery, as shown. The work done in charging fully both the condensers is-
V C C/2
1
(1) CV2 (2) 2 CV2
2
1 3
(3) CV2 (4) CV2
4 4
Q.10 If the distance between the plates of a parallel plate condenser is halved and the dielectric is
doubled, then its capacity will-
(1) remain the same (2) increase by 2 times
(3) increase by 4 times (4) increase by 6 times
Q.11 What is the area of the plate of a 3F parallel plate capacitor, if the separation between the plates
is 5 mm ?
(1) 1.694 × 109 m2 (2) 4.569 × 109 m2
9 2
(3) 9.281 × 10 m (4) 12.918 × 109 m2
Q.12 The dimensions of RC is equal to-
(1) time
(2) inverse time
(3) square of inverse time
(4) square of time
Q.13 Minimum number of 8µF and 250 V capacitors used to make a combination of 16 µF and
1000 V are -
(1) 32 (2) 16 (3) 8 (4) 4
Q.14 Three capacitors of capacitance 3µF, 10µF and 15µF are connected in series to a voltage source of
100 V. The charge on 15µF is-
(1) 50 µC (2) 160 µC
(3) 200 µC (4) 280 µC
Q.15 Two materials of dielectric constant k1 and k2 are filled between two parallel plates of a capacitor
as shown in figure. The capacity of the capacitor is-
k1 k2
A 0 (k1  k 2 ) 2A 0  k 1k 2 
(1) (2)  
2d d  k1  k 2 
A 0  k 1k 2  A 0  k1  k 2 
(3)   (4)  
d  k1  k 2  2d  k 1k 2 
Q.16 A conducting sphere of radius 10 cm is charged with 10 µC. Another uncharged sphere of radius
20 cm is allowed to touch it for some time. After that if the sphere are separated, then surface
density of charged on the spheres will be in the ratio of-

(1) 1 : 4 (2) 1 : 3 (3) 2 : 1 (4) 1 : 1
Q.17 In the given figure, the capacitors C1, C3, C4, C5 have a capacitance 4µF each. If the capacitor C2
has a capacitance 10µF, then effective capacitance between A and B will be-
C4
b d
A B
a C C2 c C3
1
C5
(1) 2µF (2) 4µF (3) 6µF (4) 8µF
Q.18 A 40 µF capacitor in a defibrillator is charged to 3000 V. The energy stored in the capacitor is sent
through the patient during a pulse of duration 2 ms. The power delivered to the patient is-
(1) 45 kW (2) 90 kW
(3) 180 kW (4) 360 kW
Q.19 Five capacitors, each of capacitance value C are connected as shown in the figure. The ratio of
capacitance between P and R, and the capacitance between P and Q is-
P
C C
Q T
C C
R S
C
(1) 3 : 1 (2) 5 : 2 (3) 2 : 3 (4) 1 : 1
Q.20 Three capacitors each of capacitance C and of breakdown voltage V are joined in series. The
capacitance and breakdown voltage of the combination will be-
C V
(1) 3C, 3V (2) ,
3 3
V C
(3) 3C, (4) , 3V
3 3
Q.21 A parallel plate condenser has a uniform electric field E (V/m) in the space between the plates. If
the distance between the plates is d (m) and area of each plate is A (m 2) the energy (joules)
stored in the condenser is :
1
(1) 0E2 Ad (2) E2Ad/0
2
1
(3) 0E2 (4) 0EAd
2

Q.1 Two capacitors of 1F and 2F are connected in series and this combination is charged upto a
potential difference of 120V. What will be the potential difference across 1 µF capacitor ?
(1) 40 V (2) 60 V
(3) 80 V (4) 120 V
Q.2 The capacity of a parallel plate air capacitor is 10F. As shown in the figure this capacitor is
divided into two equal parts, these parts are filled by media of dielectric constants K1 = 2 and K2 =
4, capacity of this arrangement will be -
a
A/2 A/2
d K1 K2
b
(1) 20 F (2) 30 F (3) 10 F (4) 40 F
Q.3 Parallel combination of two capacitors, each of value 10 F is charged by 200 volt d.c. Total
energy of the charges in joules will be -
(1) 0.1 (2) 0.2 (3) 0.4 (4) 0.6
Q.4 Three capacitors, each of value 1F are such combined that the resultant capacity is 1.5 F. Then
(1) All three capacitors are connected in parallel.
(2) All three capacitors are connected in series.
(3) Third capacitor is in series with parallel combination of others two.
(4) Third capacitor is in parallel with series combination of others two.
Q.5 As shown in figure, two identical capacitors of values C1 and C2 are connected with a battery.
Space between the plates of C1 is filled with air and that of between plates of C2 is filled with an
insulator, then -
C1 C2
0 +
– r
Q1 Q2
(1) Q1 > Q2 (2) Q1 < Q2
(3) Q1 = Q2 (4) None of the above
Q.6 Charge and the energy stored of a capacitor of value C are respectively Q and W. If its charge is
increased to 2Q, then the stored energy will be -
(1) 2 W (2) W/2 (3) 4 W (4) W/4
Q.7 A capacitor of capacity C is charged to a potential V. Then it is taken out and connected in parallel
with an uncharged identical capacitor. Then charge on each capacitor will be -
(1) CV (2) CV/2 (3) CV/8 (4) CV/4
Q.8 Two capacitors of value 0.3 F and 0.6F are connected in series with a source of 6 volt, then the
ratio of energy stored in each capacitor will be -
1 1
(1) (2) 2 (3) (4) 4
2 4
Q.9 A parallel plate capacitor is connected with a battery whose potential is constant. If the plates
capacitor are shifted apart then the intensity of electric field -
(1) Decrease and charge on plates also decreases.
(2) Remains constant but charge on plates decreases.
(3) Remains constant but charge on plates increases.
(4) Increase but charge on plates decreases.
Q.10 Half of the space between parallel plate capacitor is filled with a medium of dielectric constant K
parallel to the plates. If initially the capacity is C, then the new capacity will be -

(1) 2KC/(1+K) (2) C(K+1)/2
(3) CK/(1+K) (4) KC
Q.11 The distance between the plates of a circular parallel capacitor of diameter 40 mm, whose
capacity is equal to that of a metallic sphere of radius 1m will be -
(1) 0.01 mm (2) 0.1 mm
(3) 1.0 mm (4) 10 mm
Q.12 When a slab of dielectric medium is placed between plates of a parallel plate capacitor high is
connected with a battery, then the charge on plates in comparison with earlier charge -
(1) Is less
(2) Is same
(3) Is more
(4) Depends on the nature of the material inserted
Q.13 Two identical parallel plate capacitors are connected in series and then joined with a battery of
100 V. A sheet of dielectric constant 4.0 is inserted between the plates of second capacitor. The
potential difference across the capacitors will be respectively -
(1) 50V, 50V (2) 80V, 20V
(3) 20V, 80V (4) 75V, 25V
Q.14 If a capacitor, with air as dielectric, is so charged that the potential difference across the plates
becomes 100V. If now the space between plates is filled with a medium of dielectric constant 10,
then the potential difference across the plates will be -
(1) 1000 V (2) 100 V (3) 10 V (4) zero
Q.15 A capacitor of value 4F charged at 50V is connected with another capacitor of value 2F charged
at 100V, in such a way that plates of similar charges are connected together. Before joining and
after joining the total energy in multiple 10–2 J will be -
(1) 1.5 and 1.33 (2) 1.33 and 1.5
(3) 3.0 and 2.67 (4) 2.67 and 3.0
Q.16 64 small drops of water, whose charge and radius are same, are joined to make a big drop. The
capacity of big drop is following times that of small drop -
(1) 4 (2) 8 (3) 16 (4) 64
Q.17 The radii of a spherical capacitor are 0.5 m and 0.6 m. If the empty space is completely filled by a
medium of dielectric constant 6, then the capacity of the capacitor will be –
(1) 3.3 × 10–10 F (2) 2 × 10–9 F
(3) 2 F (4) 18 F
Q.18 The distance between plates of a parallel plate capacitor is 'd'. Another thick metal plate of
thickness d/2 and area same as that of plates is so plated between the plates, that it does not
touch the plates. The capacity of the resultant capacitor –
(1) remains same (2) becomes double
(3) becomes half (4) becomes one fourth
Q.19 When air is replaced by a dielectric medium from the space between the plates of a charged
parallel plate capacitor, then the intensity of electric field -
(1) Decreases (2) Remain same
(3) Becomes zero (4) Increases
Q.20 In a parallel plate capacitor, sheets of thickness t1 and t2 with dielectric constant of K1 and K2
respectively are placed. Capacity of this condenser will be -

 t1 t   K1 K 2 
(1) 0A/   2  (2) 0A/   
 K1 K 2   t1 t2 
 t1 t   K2 K1 
(3) 0A/   2 (4) 0A/   
 K 2 K1   t1 t2 
Q.21 When a capacitor of value 200F charged to 200V is discharged separately through resistance of
2  and 8 , then heat produced in joule will respectively be -
(1) 4 and 16 (2) 16 and 4
(3) 4 and 8 (4) 4 and 4
Q.22 A series combination of two capacitors of value 0.1 F and 1F is connected with a source of
voltage 500 volt. The p.d. in volt across the capacitor of value 0.1 F will be-
(1) 50 (2) 500
(3) 45.5 (4) 454.5
Q.23 The magnitude of storing capacity of a PPC does not depend on -
(1) area of the plate
(2) medium between the plates
(3) distance between the plates
(4) metal of the plate
Q.24 An uncharged capacitor is connected with a battery on charging the capacitor fully -
(1) The total energy given is stored in capacitor.
(2) Half of the energy given is stored in capacitor.
(3) The energy stored depends only on capacity of capacitor.
(4) The energy stored depends on the time taken to charge the capacitor.
Q.25 Three capacitors of value 6, 3 and 9F are joined according to the circuit and then the
combination is connected with a battery of 10 volt. The potential difference across the third
capacitor plates will be –
6F
9F
3F
+ –
10V
(1) 4 V (2) 5 V (3) 6 V (4) 2 V
Q.26 Two uncharged capacitors are charged with a battery of E volt. The ratio of charges produced on
these capacitors Q1/Q2 will be-
C1 4F 2F C2
E
(1) 1 : 2 (2) 2 : 1 (3) 4 :1 (4) 1 : 1

Q.27 A parallel plate capacitor is charged with a battery and afterwards the battery is removed. If now
with the help of insulating handles, the distance between plates is increased, then -
(1) charge on capacitor increases and capacity decreases.
(2) potential difference between plates increases.
(3) capacity of capacitor increases.
(4) value of energy stored in capacitor decreases.
Q.28 Capacity of a capacitor is C and the potential given to it is V. Now if it is connected with a
resistance R, then the energy across the resistance R liberated as the form of heat will be

(1) 1/2 CV2 (2) 1/2 CV
(3) Q/2C (4) QV2 /2
Q.29 A 3F capacitor is charged to a potential of 300 V and 2F capacitor is charged to 200 V. The capacitor
are then connected in parallel with plates of opposite polarity joined together. What amount of
charge will flow, when the plates are so connected ?
(1) 1300 C (2) 800 C
(3) 600 C (4) 300 C
Q.30 The value of capacitor formed by a thin metallic foil is 2 F. The foil is attached to both sides of
paper having a thickness of 0.015 mm. The dielectric constant of the paper is 2.5 and its breadth
is 40 mm. The length of the foil used is-
(1) 0.34 m (2) 1.33 m
(3) 13.4 mm (4) 33.9 m
Q.31 The value of equivalent capacitance of the combination shown in fig., between the points P and Q
is -
P
2C
2C
2C C
C C
Q
(1) 3 C (2) 2 C (3) C (4) C/3
Q.32 The equivalent capacitance of the circuit shown, between points A and B will be -
A 1F 1F B
1F
2F
2 5
(1) F (2) F
3 3
8 7
(3) F (4) F
3 3
Q.33 The effective capacitance between the points P and Q of the arrangement shown in the fig. is -
2F
P 2F 1F Q
2F 5F
2F 1F
(1) (1/2) F (2) 1 F
(3) 2 F (4) 1.33 F
Q.34 In the given circuit if point C is connected to the earth and a potential of + 2000 V is given to point
A, the potential at B is -
5F 10F 10F
C
A B
10F
(1) 1500 V (2) 1000 V
(3) 500 V (4) 400 V
Q.35 A capacitor of capacitance 5 F is connected as shown in the fig. The internal resistance of the
cell is 0.5 . The amount of charge on the capacitor plate is -

1 1
5F 2
2.5V
+ –
(1) 0 C (2) 5 C
(3) 10 C (4) 25 C
Q.36 Choose the incorrect statement from the following when two identical capacitors are charged
individually to different potentials and connected parallel to each other after disconnecting them
from the source-
(1) Net charge equals the sum of initial charges
(2) The net energy stored in the two capacitors is less than the sum of the initial individual
energies.
(3) The net potential difference across them is different from the sum of the individual
initial potential difference.
(4) The net potential difference across them equals the sum of the individual initial
potential differences.
Q.37 The area of the plates of a parallel plate condenser is A and the distance between the plates is 10
mm. There are two dielectric sheets in it, one of dielectric constant 10 and thickness 6 mm and
the other of dielectric constant 5 and thickness 4 mm. The capacity of the condenser is-
12 2
(1) 0A (2) 0A
35 3
5000
(3) 0A (4) 1500 0A
7
Q.38 Two condensers C1 and C2 in a circuit are joined as shown in fig. The potential of point A is V1 and
that of B is V2. The potential of point D will be -
A D B
V1 C1 C2 V2
1 C 2 V1  C1V2
(1) (V1 + V2) (2)
2 C1  C 2
C1V1  C 2 V2 C 2 V1  C1V2
(3) (4)
C1  C 2 C1  C 2
Q.39 An air capacitor of capacity C = 10 F is connected to a constant voltage battery of 12 V. Now the
space between the plates is filled with a liquid of dielectric constant 5. The additional charge that
flows now from battery to the capacitor is -
(1) 120 C (2) 600 C
(3) 480 C (4) 24 C
Q.40 The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is C and distance between the plates is d. If the space
between the plates is filled with a substance of dielectric constant K as shown in the fig. then
what will be the new capacitance of the capacitor -
A A/2 A/2
d C d K
d
I-Condition II-Condition
C C
(1) (1 + K) (2) (K)
2 2
C
(3) (4) 2 C
2
Q.41 If there are three capacitors and a source which has an e.m.f. V then how the three capacitors
should be connected across the source for the stored energy to be maximum -

(1) All the three capacitors should be connected in parallel
(2) All the three capacitors should be connected in series
(3) The stored energy will be same in all cases
(4) Nothing can be said
Q.42 A capacitor is charged, now the battery is removed and a dielectric plate is entered, then choose
the correct statement -
(1) Charge increases, voltage decreases and electrostatic energy increases
(2) Charge remains constant, voltage increases and electrostatic energy decreases
(3) Charge remains constant and voltage and electrostatic energy both decrease
(4) None of these
Q.43 In the given circuit, the potential difference across 3F capacitor will be -
20V
3F 5F
4V
(1) 16 V (2) 10 V (3) 6 V (4) 4 V

Q.44 A parallel plate capacitor has the space between its plates filled by two slabs of thickness d/2
each and dielectric constant K1 and K2 . d is the plate separation of the capacitor. The capacitance
of the capacitor is -
2 0 A  K1  K 2  2 0 A
(1)   (2) K1  K 2 
d  K 1K 2  d
2 0 A  K1K 2  2 0 d  K1  K 2 
(3)   (4)  
d  K1  K 2  A  K 1K 2 
Q.45 A 10 F capacitor is charged to a potential difference of 50 V and is connected to another

uncharged capacitor in parallel. Now the common potential difference becomes 20 volt. The
capacitance of second capacitor is -
(1) 10 F (2) 20 F (3) 30 F (4) 15 F
Q.46 The equivalent capacitance of three capacitors of capacitance C1 , C2 and C3 are connected in
parallel is 12 units and product C1 . C2. C3 = 48. When the capacitors C1 and C2 are connected in
parallel, the equivalent capacitance is 6 units. Then the capacitance are -
(1) 2, 3, 7 (2) 1.5, 2.5, 8
(3) 1, 5, 6 (4) 2, 4, 6
Q.47 Two charged spheres having radii a and b are joined with a wire then the ratio of electric field
Ea/Eb on their surface is -
(1) a/b (2) b/a (3) a2/b2 (4) b2/a2
Q.48 Two capacitors A and B are connected in series with a battery as shown in the figure when the
switch S is closed and the two capacitors get charged fully, then -
2F 3F
A B
10V S
(1) The p.d. across the plates of A is 4 V and across the plates of B is 6V
(2) The p.d. across the plates of A is 6V and across the plates B is 4V
(3) The ratio of electrical energies stored in A and B is 2 : 3
(4) The ratio of charges on A and B is 3 : 2

Q.49 In a capacitor of capacitance 20 F the distance between the plates is 2mm. If a dielectric slab of
width 1 mm and dielectric constant 2 is inserted between the plates, then the new capacitance
will be -
(1) 22 F (2) 26.6 F
(3) 52.2 F (4) 13 F
Q.50 An automobile spring extends 0.2 m for 5000 N load. The ratio of potential energy stored in this
spring when it has been compressed by 0.2 m to the potential energy stored in a 10 F capacitor
at a potential difference of 10000 V will be
1 1
(1) (2) 1 (3) (4) 2
4 2
Q.51 In the given figure the steady state current is -
2
3
C = 0.2F
4
6V 2.8
(1) zero (2) 0.6 A (3) 0.9 A (4) 1.5 A
Q.52 The charge on capacitors shown in fig. and the potential difference across each will be
respectively -
C2
C1 2F
3F C3
4F
120V
(1) 240 C, 80 C, 160 C and 80 V, 40 V, 40 V (2) 300 C, 75 C, 150 C and 40 V, 80 V, 60 V
(3) 220 C, 70 C, 140 C and 60 V, 50 V, 40 V (4) none of these
Q.53 Three capacitor 2F, 3F and 6F are connected in series with 10 volt battery then charge on 3F
capacitor is -
(1) 5C (2) 10C
(3) 11 C (4) 15 C
Q.54 Two capacitors C1 = 2F and C2 = 6F in series, are connected in parallel to a third capacitor
C3 = 4F. This arrangement is then connected to a battery of e.m.f = 2V, as shown in the fig. How
much energy is given by the battery in charging the capacitors -
C1 C2
C3
2V
(1) 22 × 10–6 J (2) 11 × 10–6 J

 32   16 
(3)   × 10–6 J (4)   × 10–6 J
 3   3

Q.55 A solid conducing sphere of radius R1 is surrounded by another concentric hollow conducting
sphere of radius R2. The capacitance of this assembly is proportional to -
R 2 – R1 R 2  R1
(1) (2)
R1R 2 R1R 2
R1R 2 R1R 2
(3) (4)
R1  R 2 R 2 – R1
Q.56 Two conducting spheres of radii R1 and R2 are charged with charges Q1 and Q2 respectively. On
bringing them in contact there is -
(1) No change in the energy of the system
(2) An increase in the energy of the system if Q1R2  Q2R1
(3) Always a decrease in energy of the system
(4) A decrease in energy of the system if Q1R2  Q2R1
Q.57 When the key is pressed at time t = 0 then which of the following statement about the current i in
the resistor AB of the given circuit is true -
K A B
2V 1000
i 1F C 1000
(1) at t = 0, i = 2mA and with time it goes to 1mA

(2) i oscillates between 1 mA and 2 mA
(3) i = 2mA at all t
(4) i = 1 mA at all t
Q.58 Time constant of a series R–C circuit is -

(1) + RC (2) – RC
R C
(3) (4)
C R
Q.59 Two capacitors of capacitances 3F and 6F are charged to a potential of 12V each .They are now
connected to each other with the positive plate of each joined to the negative plate of the other.
The potential difference across each will be -
(1) 3V (2) Zero (3) 6V (4) 4V
Q.60 A capacitor of 0.2 F capacitance is charged to 600 V. On removing the battery, it is connected
with a 1.0 F capacitor in the parallel then the potential of capacitor will become -
(1) 300V (2) 600V
(3) 100V (4) 120V
Q.61 Mean electric energy density between the plates of a charged capacitor is -
Here q = Charge on capacitor
A = Area of the plate of the capacitor
(1) q2/20A2 (2) q/20A2
(3) q2/20A (4) None of these
Q.62 If potential difference across a capacitor is changed from 15 V to 30 V, work done is W. The work
done when potential difference is changed from 30 V to 60 V, will be -
(1) W (2) 4W (3) 3W (4) 2W

Q.63 The combination of capacitors with C1 = 3F, C2 = 4F and C3 = 2F is charged by connecting AB to a
battery. Consider the following statements –
(I) Energy stored in C1 = Energy stored in C2 + Energy stored in C3
(II) Charge on C1=Charge on C2 + Charge on C3
(III) Potential drop across C1 = Potential drop across C2 = Potential drop across C3
Which of these are correct –
C3
A B
C1 C2
(1) I and II (2) II only

(3) I and III (4) III only
Q.64 A capacitor is connected to 10 V. The charge on plates is 40 C. If medium between plates is air.
The charge on plates will become 100C if the space between the plates is filled with oil. The
dielectric constant of oil is-
(1) 2.5 (2) 4 (3) 6.25 (4) 10
Q.65 The energy density of electric field is proportional to -
1 1
(1) (2) E (3) (4) E2
E2 E
Q.66 If the distance between plates of a capacitor having capacity C and charge Q is increased to
double then work done will be -
(1) Q2/4C (2) Q2/2C (3) Q2/C (4) 2Q2/C
Q.67 A slab of copper of thickness d/2 is introduced between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor
where d is the separation between its two plates. If the capacitance of the capacitor without
C
copper slab is C and with copper slab is C then is -
C
1
(1) 2 (2) 2 (3) 1 (4)
2
Q.68 Two capacitor each having a capacitance C and break down voltage V are joined in series. The
effective capacitance and maximum working voltage of the combination is-
C V C
(1) 2C, 2V (2) , (3) 2C, V (4) , 2V
2 2 2
Q.69 The capacitance of a capacitor is 4 × 10–6 F and its voltage is 100 V. The energy required to
discharge it completely -
(1) 0.025 J (2) 0.05 J
(3) 0.02 J (4) 0.04 J
Q.70 Between the plates of parallel plate capacitors of capacity C two parallel plates of the same metal
and area same as the plates of the original capacitor are placed. If the thickness of each plate is
1
equal to th of the distance between the plates of the original capacitor then the capacity of the
5
new capacitor is -
5 3 3 10
(1) C (2) C (3) C (4) C
3 5 10 3

Q.71 The charge on any one of the 2F capacitor and lF capacitor will be given respectively (in C) as
2F 2F
1F
2V
(1) 1,2 (2) 2,1 (3) 1,1 (4) 2,2
Q.72 The electric field between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor when connected to a certain
battery is E0. If the spaced between the plates of the capacitor is filled by introducing a material
of dielectric constant K without disturbing the battery connections, the field between the plates
shall be -
(1) KE0 (2) E0
E0
(3) (4) None of the above
K
Q.73 Two capacitor with capacity C1 and C2 , when connected in series, have a capacitance Cs and when
connected in parallel have a capacitance Cp. Which of the following is true -
C1C 2
(1) Cs = C1 + C2 (2) Cp =
C1  C 2
Cs C
(3) = 1 (4) CsCp = C1C2
Cp C2
Q.74 A parallel plate capacitor C has a charge q and potential V between the plates. Work required to
double the distance between the plates is -
1 1
(1) CV 2 (2) CV 2
2 4
2
1 V
(3) C  (4) CV2
2 2
Q.75 Two metallic spheres of radii R1 and R2 are connected by a thin wire. If + q1 and +q2 are the
charges on the two spheres then -
q1 R 12 q1 R 1
(1)  (2) 
q 2 R 22 q2 R 2
q1 R 13

q1 
R 2 – R 22
 12

(3)
q 2 R 32
(4)
q2 
R 1  R 22 
Q.76 Two same sphere having radii 10 cm and 20 cm. these have been given total charge 150 C and
connected by a wire. Their common potential will be -
(1) 9 × 106 volt
(2) 4.5 × 106 volt
(3) 1.8 × 106 volt
(4) 1.35 × 109 volt

These questions of two statements each, printed as Assertion and Reason. While answering
these Questions you are required to choose any one of the following four responses.
(A) If both Assertion & Reason are true & the Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion.
(B) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not a correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(C) If Assertion is true but the Reason is false.
(D) If Assertion & Reason both are false.
Q.1 Assertion: Farad is too big a unit of capacity.

Reason: Capacity of earth- which is the largest sphere is in microfarad.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Q.2 Assertion : Capacity of a parallel plate condenser increases on introducing a conducting or
insulating slab between the plates.
Reason : In both the cases, electric field intensity between the plates reduces.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Q.3 Assertion : When charges are shared between any two bodies, some charge is lost, and some loss
of energy does occur.
Reason : Some energy disappears in the form of heat, sparking etc.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Q.4 Assertion : The whole charge of a body can be transferred to another body.
Reason : Charge can not be transferred partially.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Q.5 Assertion : In a series combination of capacitors, charge on each capacitor is same.
Reason : In such a combination, charge can move only along one route.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Q.6 Assertion : Increasing the charge on the plates of a capacitor means increasing the capacitance.
Reason : Because Q = CV  Q C.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Q.7 Assertion : The capacitance of a capacitor depends on the shape, size and geometrical placing of
the conductors and its medium between them.
Reason : When a charge q passes through a battery of emf E from the negative terminal to an
positive terminal, an amount qE of work is done by the battery.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Q.8 Assertion : A dielectric slab is inserted between the plates of an isolated charged capacitor. The
charge on the capacitor will remain the same.
Reason : Charge on a isolated system is conserved.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D

IMPORTANT PRACTICE QUESTION SERIES FOR IIT-JEE EXAM – 1 (ANSWERS)
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 1 4 1 1 1 3 3 2 4 3 3 2 1 2 2 3 4 3 1
Q.No. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 1 3 4 4 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 4 2 2 1 3 4 4
Q.No. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. 3 3 2 3 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 3 1 3 3 2
Q.No. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
Ans. 4 3 4 2 4 3 3 3 1 2 4 1 3 1 1 4 4 3 1 3
Q.No. 81 82 83 84 85 86
Ans. 1 1 2 3 2 3
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 1 4 3 2 3 3 3 1
Q.No. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 2 3 4 3 2 3 2 4 1 2 1,2 3 4 3 4 2 1 2 3 3
Q.No. 41 42
Ans. 3 3
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 1 3 2 1 2 3 3 4 4 3 1 1 1 3 1
Ques. 16 17 18 19 20 21
Ans. 3 2 2 3 4 1
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 3 2 3 4 2 3 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 3 1 1 2 2 1 1
Q.No. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 1 3 4 1 3 2 3 3 4 3 3 3 1
Q.No. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. 1 3 2 3 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 1 2 1 4 4 1 1 4 3
Q.No. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76
Ans. 1 2 2 1 4 2 2 4 3 1 4 2 4 1 2 2
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ans. 1 1 4 3 1 4 2 1

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CLASS

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Important points regarding electrostatic induction

1.3 PROPERTIES OF CHARGE

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4 FORCE DUE TO CONTINUOUS CHARGE DISTRIBUTIONS

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Evaluating the integral, we obtain

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Electric field   charged bodies.

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6 ELECTRIC FIELD OF CONTINUOUS CHARGE DISTRIBUTIONS

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6.1 ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A UNIFORMLY CHARGED RING AT A POINT ON THE

Hence, the resultant electric field at P is given by

6.2 ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A UNIFORMLY CHARGED DISC AT A POINT ON THE

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Electric lines of force due Electric lines of force due

Both magnitude and

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7. In the given figure, find (a) the horizontal component +q a –q

9. A negatively charged particle of mass to charge ratio is 2, is accelerated eastward at 8

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2. (a) negative charge or uncharged

3. (a) Yes, the charge q is in stable equilibrium.

5. (a) The conductor is not charged at all

8. Because electric field at a point has a unique direction

9. 16 N/C towards west

10. 200 nN/C upward

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(iv) It will be minimum when |cos | = min = 0, i.e., 

Positive flux Negative flux

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The field increases linearly with distance from the centre

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1. Consider the Gaussian surface that surrounds part of  q3  q4

2. A point charge is placed at the centre of a spherical Gaussian surface. Is E changed?

3. In the proceeding question, is E changed

4. In question (2), will E change

5. A cube with edge 2 m is oriented as shown z

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10. A flat plate with dimensions 50 cm × 60 cm is set with its

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1. (a) q1, q2, q3 and q4