Flexible Learning A.Y.

2020-2021
DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSE GUIDE USING OBTL DESIGN v1

Module 5 : 15 hrs. Multiplexing

Course Instructor Jose Espino

FB Messenger Jose Espino

Contact Details Email Ad [email protected]

Phone No./s 09495039419

Consultation Hours MWF 8:30 – 9:30 TTH

Part I: TARGETED COURSE OUTCOMES AND LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Targeted Course Outcomes

1. Apply the knowledge of mathematics and sciences in understanding Digital Communication

Techniques to address issues of the society and environment.

Learning Outcomes: At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. Discover how Frequency Division Multiplexing works.

2. Discover how Time Division Multiplexing works.

3. Find out how they are applied to our telecommunication industry.

Part II: ASSESSMENT

Learning Evidence 1 (Assessment Task 1): Reading Assignment
Learning Evidence 2 (Assessment Task 2): Quizzes

Part III: TEACHING LEARNING ACTIVITIES

TLA 1: Reading Assignment 1

Activity 1:
Answer the questions below using the given activity sheet. ( 15 pts )

Question Answer

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What is multiplexing? 5 pts

Define Frequency Division Multiplexing 5 pts

Define Time Division Multiplexing 5 pts

Multiplexing
In telecommunications and computer networks, multiplexing (sometimes contracted to muxing)
is a method by which multiple analog or digital signals are combined into one signal over
a shared medium. The aim is to share a scarce resource. For example, in telecommunications,
several telephone calls may be carried using one wire.

Multiplexing originated in telegraphy in the 1870s, and is now widely applied in

communications. In telephony, George Owen Squier is credited with the development of
telephone carrier multiplexing in 1910.
The multiplexed signal is transmitted over a communication channel such as a cable. The
multiplexing divides the capacity of the communication channel into several logical channels,
one for each message signal or data stream to be transferred. A reverse process, known as
demultiplexing, extracts the original channels on the receiver end.
A device that performs the multiplexing is called a multiplexer (MUX), and a device that
performs the reverse process is called a demultiplexer (DEMUX or DMX).
Inverse multiplexing (IMUX) has the opposite aim as multiplexing, namely to break one data
stream into several streams, transfer them simultaneously over several communication channels,
and recreate the original data stream.
In computing, I/O multiplexing can also be used to refer to the concept of processing
multiple input/output events from a single event loop, with system calls like poll and select
(Unix).

Types of Multiplexing

Frequency-division multiplexing
Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) is inherently an analog technology. FDM achieves the
combining of several signals into one medium by sending signals in several distinct frequency
ranges over a single medium. In FDM the signals are electrical signals. One of the most common
applications for FDM is traditional radio and television broadcasting from terrestrial, mobile or
satellite stations, or cable television. Only one cable reaches a customer's residential area, but the
service provider can send multiple television channels or signals simultaneously over that cable to all
subscribers without interference. Receivers must tune to the appropriate frequency (channel) to
access the desired signal.

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A generic depiction of an FDM system is shown in Figure 8.4.

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The composite signal may then be shifted as a whole to another carrier frequency by an additional modulation step.
This second modulation step need not use the same modulation technique as the first.

Figure 8.5 points out two problems that an FDM system must cope with. The first is crosstalk, which may occur if
the spectra of adjacent component signals overlap significantly.

In the case of voice signals, with an effective bandwidth of only 3100 Hz (300 to 3400), a 4-kHz bandwidth is
adequate.

The spectra of signals produced by modems for voiceband transmission also fit well in this bandwidth.

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Time-division multiplexing

Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a digital (or in rare cases, analog) technology which uses
time, instead of space or frequency, to separate the different data streams. TDM involves
sequencing groups of a few bits or bytes from each individual input stream, one after the other,
and in such a way that they can be associated with the appropriate receiver. If done sufficiently
quickly, the receiving devices will not detect that some of the circuit time was used to serve
another logical communication path.

Consider an application requiring four terminals at an airport to reach a central computer. Each
terminal communicated at 2400 baud, so rather than acquire four individual circuits to carry such
a low-speed transmission, the airline has installed a pair of multiplexers. A pair of 9600 baud
modems and one dedicated analog communications circuit from the airport ticket desk back to
the airline data center are also installed.Some web proxy servers (e.g. polipo) use TDM in HTTP
pipelining of multiple HTTP transactions onto the same TCP/IP connection.

Carrier sense multiple access and multidrop communication methods are similar to time-division
multiplexing in that multiple data streams are separated by time on the same medium, but
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because the signals have separate origins instead of being combined into a single signal, are best
viewed as channel access methods, rather than a form of multiplexing.

TD is a legacy multiplexing technology still providing the backbone of most National fixed line
Telephony networks in Europe, providing the 2m/bit voice and signalling ports on Narrow band
Telephone exchanges such as the DMS100. Each E1 or 2m/bit TDM port provides either 30 or
31 speech timeslots in the case of CCITT7 signalling systems and 30 voice channels for
customer connected Q931, DASS2, DPNSS, V5 and CASS signalling systems.

Application areas

Telegraphy
The earliest communication technology using electrical wires, and therefore
sharing an interest in the economies afforded by multiplexing, was
the electric telegraph. Early experiments allowed two separate messages
to travel in opposite directions simultaneously, first using an electric battery
at both ends, then at only one end.
Émile Baudot developed a time-multiplexing system of
multiple Hughes machines in the 1870s. In 1874, the quadruplex
telegraph developed by Thomas Edison transmitted two messages in each
direction simultaneously, for a total of four messages transiting the same
wire at the same time. Several researchers were investigating acoustic
telegraphy, a frequency-division multiplexing technique, which led to
the invention of the telephone.

Telephony
In telephony, a customer's telephone line now typically ends at the remote
concentrator box, where it is multiplexed along with other telephone
lines for that neighborhood or other similar area. The multiplexed signal is
then carried to the central switching office on significantly fewer wires and
for much further distances than a customer's line can practically go. This is
likewise also true for digital subscriber lines (DSL).
Fiber in the loop (FITL) is a common method of multiplexing, which
uses optical fiber as the backbone. It not only connects POTS phone lines
with the rest of the PSTN, but also replaces DSL by connecting directly
to Ethernet wired into the home. Asynchronous Transfer Mode is often
the communications protocol used.
Cable TV has long carried multiplexed television channels, and late in the
20th century began offering the same services as telephone
companies. IPTV also depends on multiplexing.

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Video processing

In video editing and processing systems, multiplexing refers to the process

of interleaving audio and video into one coherent data stream.
In digital video, such a transport stream is normally a feature of a container
format which may include metadata and other information, such
as subtitles. The audio and video streams may have variable bit rate.
Software that produces such a transport stream and/or container is
commonly called a statistical multiplexer or muxer. A demuxer is software
that extracts or otherwise makes available for separate processing the
components of such a stream or container.

Digital broadcasting
In digital television systems, several variable bit-rate data streams are
multiplexed together to a fixed bitrate transport stream by means
of statistical multiplexing. This makes it possible to transfer several video
and audio channels simultaneously over the same frequency channel,
together with various services. This may involve several standard definition
television (SDTV) programmes (particularly on DVB-T, DVB-S2, ISDB and
ATSC-C), or one HDTV, possibly with a single SDTV companion channel
over one 6 to 8 MHz-wide TV channel. The device that accomplishes this is
called a statistical multiplexer. In several of these systems, the multiplexing
results in an MPEG transport stream. The newer DVB standards DVB-S2
and DVB-T2 has the capacity to carry several HDTV channels in one
multiplex.
In digital radio, a multiplex (also known as an ensemble) is a number of
radio stations that are grouped together. A multiplex is a stream of digital
information that includes audio and other data.
On communications satellites which carry broadcast television
networks and radio networks, this is known as multiple channel per
carrier or MCPC. Where multiplexing is not practical (such as where there
are different sources using a single transponder), single channel per
carrier mode is used.

Analog broadcasting
In FM broadcasting and other analog radio media, multiplexing is a term
commonly given to the process of adding subcarriers to the audio signal
before it enters the transmitter, where modulation occurs. (In fact, the
stereo multiplex signal can be generated using time-division multiplexing,
by switching between the two (left channel and right channel) input signals
at an ultrasonic rate (the subcarrier), and then filtering out the higher
harmonics.) Multiplexing in this sense is sometimes known as MPX, which
in turn is also an old term for stereophonic FM, seen on stereo
systems since the 1960s.

Learning Evidence 2 (Assessment Task 2): Quiz 1. (10 points )

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1) ______ can be applied when the bandwidth of a link (in hertz) is greater
than the combined bandwidths of the signals to be transmitted.

A)   TDM

B)   FDM

C)   Both (a) or (b)

D)   Neither (a) or (b)

2. In TDM, the transmission rate of the multiplexed path is usually _______

the sum of the transmission rates of the signal sources.

A)   equal to

B)   less than

C)   greater than

D)   not related to

3. In ________ TDM, each input connection has an allotment in the output

even if it is not sending data.

A)   isochronous

B)   statistical

C)   synchronous

D)   none of the above

4. In ________ TDM, slots are dynamically allocated to improve bandwidth

efficiency.

A)   isochronous

B)   synchronous

C)   statistical

D)   none of the above

5. The word ______ refers to the portion of a _______ that carries a

transmission.

A)   line; channel

B)   channel; link

C)   link; channel

D)   line; link

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