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Class Notes

This document provides techniques for evaluating definite integrals of various types of functions. It begins by introducing the standard forms for integrals involving square roots or trigonometric substitutions. Examples are then provided of integrals involving square roots or trig substitutions that should be solved using the given approaches. The document then discusses techniques for integrals involving rational expressions or fractional exponents before introducing properties of definite integrals. Examples of definite integrals are given applying the properties and techniques discussed. In all, the document outlines methods for evaluating a wide range of definite integrals through appropriate substitutions or using properties of integration.

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Sonalika Shaw
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© © All Rights Reserved
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137 views12 pages

Class Notes

This document provides techniques for evaluating definite integrals of various types of functions. It begins by introducing the standard forms for integrals involving square roots or trigonometric substitutions. Examples are then provided of integrals involving square roots or trig substitutions that should be solved using the given approaches. The document then discusses techniques for integrals involving rational expressions or fractional exponents before introducing properties of definite integrals. Examples of definite integrals are given applying the properties and techniques discussed. In all, the document outlines methods for evaluating a wide range of definite integrals through appropriate substitutions or using properties of integration.

Uploaded by

Sonalika Shaw
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FORM

1 𝐿2 √𝐿1 1
∫ 𝑜𝑟 ∫ 𝑜𝑟 ∫ 𝑜𝑟 ∫
𝐿2 √𝐿1 √𝐿1 𝐿2 𝑄 √𝐿1

Approach: Substitute 𝐿1 = 𝑡 2
1 1
FORM ∫ or ∫
𝐿√𝑄 𝐿𝑚 √𝑄

1 1
Approach: Substitute 𝐿 = or use ∫ ⅆ𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑡 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1

Q1. Find
1
i. ∫ (3𝑥−5)√𝑥+2
ⅆ𝑥

ⅆ𝑥
ii. ∫
(𝑥−3)√𝑥 2 +𝑥+1
𝑥 ⅆ𝑥
iii. ∫ (𝑥 2 +1)√𝑥 2 −4

ⅆ𝑥
iv. ∫
(𝑥 2 +4)√4𝑥 2 +1

𝑥 ⅆ𝑥
FORM ∫
(𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏)√𝑝𝑥 2 +𝑞

Approach: Substitute 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞 = 𝑡 2
ⅆ𝑥
FORM ∫
(𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏)√𝑝𝑥 2 +𝑞
1
Approach: Substitute 𝑥 = or use trigo substitution
𝑡

Kutur Putur Technique (Miscellaneous Technique) ∫ 𝑥 𝑚 (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑛 )𝑝 ⅆ𝑥


Substitution after Manipulation

Q2. Find
𝑥5
i. ∫ ⅆ𝑥
√𝑥 2 +1

√𝑥 2 +1
ii. ∫ ⅆ𝑥
𝑥4

1
iii. ∫ ⅆ𝑥
𝑥 2 (𝑥 5 +1)4∕5
1
iv. ∫ ⅆ𝑥
𝑥(𝑥 𝑛 +1)

1
v. ∫ ⅆ𝑥
𝑥 𝑛 (𝑥 𝑛 +1)1∕𝑛
1
vi. ∫ ⅆ𝑥
(𝑥−3)2 √𝑥 2 −6𝑥+10

5𝑥 4 +4𝑥 5
vii. ∫ (𝑥 5 +𝑥+1)2
ⅆ𝑥
1
6 3) 3
viii. ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑥 (𝑥 + 2) ⅆ𝑥 3

1
3𝑚 2𝑚 𝑚 )( 2𝑚 𝑚
ix. ∫ (𝑥 +𝑥 +𝑥 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 6) ⅆ𝑥
𝑚
DEFINITE INTEGRATION
If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) is cont in [𝑎, 𝑏], then
𝑏

∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) ⅆ𝑥 =
𝑎

Note:
𝑏
i. ∫𝑎 𝑔(𝑥 ) ⅆ𝑥 = algebraic sum of areas bounded btw
𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥 ), 𝑥 − axis & ordinates 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑥 = 𝑏

ii. If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) is cont in (𝑎, 𝑏) but not at end points, then


𝑏

∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) ⅆ𝑥 = [𝑓(𝑥 )]𝑏𝑎 = 𝑓(𝑏 − ) − 𝑓 (𝑎+ )


𝑎
𝑏

∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑔(𝑥 ))𝑔′ (𝑥 ) ⅆ𝑥 =
𝑎

𝑏
iv. ∫𝑎 𝑢𝑣 ⅆ𝑥 =

Q1. Find
8
𝑠𝑖𝑛 √𝑥+1
i. ∫ ⅆ𝑥
√𝑥+1
3
4
√𝑥 2 −4
ii. ∫ ⅆ𝑥
𝑥4
2

1
iii. ∫0 ln 𝑥 ⅆ𝑥
PROPERTIES
𝑏 𝑏
P-1 ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ⅆ𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡) ⅆ𝑡
𝑏 𝑎
P-2 ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ⅆ𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥 ) ⅆ𝑥
Proof:

𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
P-3 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥 ) ⅆ𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ⅆ𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ⅆ𝑥
where c may or may not lie in (𝑎, 𝑏)

Note: P-3 is used when 𝑓(𝑥 ) is (i) DC or DNE at 𝑥 = 𝑐 (ii) piecewise function
Q2. Find
5
i. ∫−5 |𝑥 + 2| ⅆ𝑥
2
ii. ∫0 |2𝑥 − 1| ⅆ𝑥

𝜋
iii. ∫ √2 + 2 cos 2𝑥 ⅆ𝑥
0
2
iv. ∫−2 [𝑥 ] ⅆ𝑥
𝑁
1
v. ∫ [𝑥 + ] ⅆ𝑥 where N is some natural no
2
−1

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