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    1 23setoperations

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    Breech Edubas
    The document discusses sets, set operations, and Venn diagrams. It defines key terms like universal set, complement of a set, subset, union, and intersection of sets. Examples are provided to demonstrate finding complements, subsets, unions, and intersections of sets. Venn diagrams are introduced as a visual way to represent relationships between sets. Applications of Venn diagrams include solving word problems involving sets. The inclusion-exclusion principle is also mentioned as a way to calculate sizes of unions and intersections of multiple sets.

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    1 23setoperations

    Uploaded by

    Breech Edubas
    26 views30 pages
    The document discusses sets, set operations, and Venn diagrams. It defines key terms like universal set, complement of a set, subset, union, and intersection of sets. Examples are provided to demonstrate finding complements, subsets, unions, and intersections of sets. Venn diagrams are introduced as a visual way to represent relationships between sets. Applications of Venn diagrams include solving word problems involving sets. The inclusion-exclusion principle is also mentioned as a way to calculate sizes of unions and intersections of multiple sets.

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    Lesson about Set operations (MMW)

    Original Title

    1.23Setoperations

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    The document discusses sets, set operations, and Venn diagrams. It defines key terms like universal set, complement of a set, subset, union, and intersection of sets. Examples are provided to demonstrate finding complements, subsets, unions, and intersections of sets. Venn diagrams are introduced as a visual way to represent relationships between sets. Applications of Venn diagrams include solving word problems involving sets. The inclusion-exclusion principle is also mentioned as a way to calculate sizes of unions and intersections of multiple sets.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    26 views30 pages

    1 23setoperations

    Uploaded by

    Breech Edubas
    The document discusses sets, set operations, and Venn diagrams. It defines key terms like universal set, complement of a set, subset, union, and intersection of sets. Examples are provided to demonstrate finding complements, subsets, unions, and intersections of sets. Venn diagrams are introduced as a visual way to represent relationships between sets. Applications of Venn diagrams include solving word problems involving sets. The inclusion-exclusion principle is also mentioned as a way to calculate sizes of unions and intersections of multiple sets.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 30

    Complements,

    Subsets and Set


    Operations
    Universal set, complement of a set, subset, proper subset, set
    operations, Venn diagram
    Set Complement, Subsets and Set
    Operations
     Universal Set, denoted by .
    The set of all elements we are considering in our
    investigations.
     Set complement (complement of set A), denoted
    by .
    Set of all elements in the universal set that are
    not elements of set A
    Example Finding the set complement

    Let ,
    and .
    Find the following.
    a.
    Example Finding the set complement
    Let , and . Find the following.
    a. b.
    Solution
    a.
    b.
    Subsets of a Set

     Subset of a set
    Set is a subset of set , denoted by , if and
    only if all elements of are also elements of .
     Proper subset of a set
    Set is a proper subset of set if and only if all
    elements of are also elements of , but .
    Subset of a set

     Subset relationships
    For any set A,
    a. is a subset of itself, .
    b. The empty set is a subset of .
    Example 1 Enumerate the subsets of a
    set
    Consider . List down all the subsets of set .

    Solution
    Subsets of set :
    Number of subsets of a set

     Number of subsets of a set


    If A has n elements, the number of subsets A has
    is .
    Set Operation
     Set union
    Given two sets and , their set union,
    denoted by , is the set of elements that
    belong to either or or to both.
    Set Operation
    Union of Sets A and B

    Example: Given A = {1, 2}, B = {2, 3}, U = {1, 2, 3, 4}


    Find 𝐴∪𝐵

    A∪B={1,2,3}
    Example Find the union of sets

    Let , , and .

    Find the following.


    a.
    b.
    c.
    Example Find the union of sets
    Let , , and . Find the following.
    a. b. c.

    Solution
    a.
    b.
    c.
    INTERSECTION OF SETS A AND B
    Given two sets and , their intersection,
    denoted by , is the set of elements common
    to both and .

    {1,2}∩{2,3}
    A∩B={2}
    Example 1.Find the intersection of sets

    Let , and .

    Find the following.


    a. b. c.
    Example 1. Find the intersection of
    sets
    Let , and .
    Find the following.
    b. c.
    Solution
    a.
    b.
    c.
    Disjoint sets
    Two sets are disjoint if their intersection is empty. In
    the example we just did, sets B and C are disjoint.

    Example: Let , and .


    Venn Diagram
     Venn diagrams can be used to express the logical (in the
    mathematical sense) relationships between various sets.
     It is a pictorial representation of sets. The rectangle
    represents the entire universal set U. Circles,
    squares, and other geometric figures represent
    some subsets of the universal set.
     Venn diagrams were invented by a guy named John Venn 
    Example Venn diagram
    Shade the region in the Venn Diagram which
    represents the following sets.
    a. b. c. d.
    Solution

    a. 𝐴∩𝐵 b. 𝐵∪𝐶 c. 𝐴′ ∪𝐶 d. 𝐵′ ∩𝐶
    APPLICATIONS OF THE VENN DIAGRAM
    EXAMPLE 1.

    In a survey of 500 investors, it was reported that


    270 invested in stocks, 300 invested in bonds,
    and 100 invested in both stocks and bonds. Use
    Venn diagram to answer the following.
    a. How many invested in stocks only?
    b. How many invested in bonds only?
    c. How many invested in neither stocks nor
    bonds?
    SOLUTION

    a. 170 invested in stocks


    only
    b. 200 invested in bonds
    only
    c. 30 did not invest in
    either stocks or bonds
    APPLICATIONS OF THE VENN DIAGRAM
    EXAMPLE 2.

    Out of forty students, 14 are taking English


    Composition and 29 are taking Chemistry.
    1. If five students are in both classes, how
    many students are in neither class?
    2. How many are in either class?
    3. What is the probability that a randomly-
    chosen student from this group is taking only
    the Chemistry class?
    APPLICATIONS OF THE VENN DIAGRAM
    EXAMPLE 2 SOLUTION.
    APPLICATIONS OF THE VENN DIAGRAM
    EXAMPLE 2 SOLUTION.
    APPLICATIONS OF THE VENN DIAGRAM
    EXAMPLE 2 SOLUTION.
    EXAMPLE 2 ANSWERS/SOLUTION.
    Out of forty students, 14 are taking English Composition and 29 are taking Chemistry.
    1. If five students are in both classes, how many students are in neither class?
    2. How many are in either class?
    3. What is the probability that a randomly-chosen student from this group is taking only the Chemistry class?

    ANSWERS
    1.Two students are taking neither class.
    2. There are 38 students in at least one of the classes.
    3. There is a 60% probability that a randomly-chosen student in this group is
    taking Chemistry but not English.
    Example 3: Application of Venn
    Diagram
    At a certain high school, each student is a member of
    the English Club, the Science Club, or the Mathematics
    Club. Of the 79 students asked, 33 are members of the
    English Club, 37 are members of the Math Club, and 37 are
    members of the of the Science club. Furthermore, 7 are
    members of both the English and the Math Clubs, 12 are
    members of both the English and the Science Clubs, and 9
    are members of the Science and Math Clubs. No high
    school student is a member of all the three clubs. How
    many joined only the Math Club?
    Example 3 SOLUTION
    Let E, S, and M denote the sets of members of
    English, Science, and Mathematics Club, respectively.

     the universal set U has cardinality n(U ) = 79,


     n(E) = 33, n(M) = 37, and n(S) = 37.
     n(E ∩ M) = 7, n(E ∩ S) = 12, and n(S ∩ M) = 9.
     E∩S∩M=?
    Example 3 SOLUTION

    Since n(E ∩ S ∩ M) = 0, then the number of students who only joined the
    Mathematics Club is

    n(M) − n(E ∩ M) − n(S ∩ M) = 37 − (7 + 9)


    n(M) − n(E ∩ M) − n(S ∩ M) = 21:
    Example 3 SOLUTION
    Inclusion-Exclusion Principle
     Inclusion-exclusion principle
    For any finite sets and

     Percent inclusion-exclusion principle


    For all any finite sets and

    where is the proportion of set relative to


    the total number of elements in the
    universal set.

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