1EQ – NUMBER SYSTEM – Important formula

• Divisibility by 7,11,13- If a number is divisibly by

NUMBER SYSTEM 7,11,13, then it will be divisible by 1001.
If the Number have 6-digits, the number will be in form
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS XYZXYZ
1. UNIT DIGIT Eg. If a number 238abc is divisible by 7,11,13, then find
Cyclicity – The cyclicity of any number is focused on its a+b+c?
unit digit mainly and how they appear in a certain Sol. since it is divisible by 7,11,13 then a=2, b=3, c=8
defined manner. Suppose a number has cyclicity 4 i.e. Therefore a+b+c= 2+3+8=13
the unit digit of this number will repeat after every 4th
power. • Divisibility by 3,7,11- If a number is divisibly by 3,
• Cyclicity = 1 7,11then it will be divisible by 231.
{0, 1, 5, 6}
3. FACTORS
• Cyclicity = 2
4odd = 4 unit digit 9odd = 9 unit digit
4even = 6 unit digit 9even = 1 unit digit
{4, 9}
• Cyclicity = 4
{2, 3, 7, 8}
Ø Step 1 – Divide the number by 4 and find out the
remainder (R) • Number of factors of ap ´ bq ´ cr
R Number of factors = (p+1)(q+1)(r+1)
Ø Step 2 - {2, 3, 7, 8} ® unit digit.
Eg. 2160 = 24 x 33 x 51
Eg. 241 ´ 742 ´ 843 . Find unit digit Number of factors = 5 x 4 x 2 = 40
Sol. 2 ´ 742 ´ 843 • Number of even factors of 2p bqcr = p(q + 1)(r + 1)
Cyclicity = 4 divide power by 4 find R.
Eg. 100 = 22 ´ 52
Unit digit ® 21 ´ 72 ´ 83 ® 2 × 9 × 2 ® 6
Eg. Find unit digit of 1! + 2! + 3! + ………+100! é 20 50 ù
ê ú
Sol. 1! + 2! + 3! + 4! + 5! +…. +100! (from 5! to 100! Every ê 21 51 ú
term has 0 in the last) ê ú
1 + 2 + 6 + 24 ® 2 + 1 = 3
ê 22 52 ú
êë úû
NOTE :
2 ´ 3 ® 6 No. of even factors.
If any power gets divided by 4 completely,then take
R=4
2. DIVISIBILITY
• Number of odd factors of 2p bqcr = 20 q + 1 r + 1 ( )( )
• Divisibility by 2 - Number will be divisible by 2 if last
⇒ (q + 1) (r + 1)
digit be is divisible by 2.
Eg. 100 = 22 ´ 52
• Divisibility by 4 – Number will be divisible by 4 if last 2
digit is divisible by 4.
Divisibility by 8 - Number will be divisible by 8 if last 3 é 0 50 ù
• odd ê 2 ú
digits is divisible by 8.
even ê 21 ´ 51 ú
• Divisibility by 16 – Number will be divisible by 16 if last ê ú
4 digits is divisible by 16. even ê22 ´ 52 ú
ëê ûú
Note – A number will be perfect square if its last digit 1×3=3
has (0, 1, 4, 5, 6, 9) No. of odd factors of 100 is 3.
• Divisibility by 3 - Number will be divisible by 3 if sum of
digits of number is divisible by 3. • Sum of factors of apbqcr

• Divisibility by 9 - Number will be divisible by 9 if sum of ( )( )(

= a0 + a1 + …ap b0 + b1 + …bq c0 + c1 + ....cr )
digits of number is divisible by 9.
Eg. 100 = 22 ´ 52
• Divisibility by 11 –
20 ® 50
21 ® 51
22 ® 52

1 + 2 + 1 + 1 = 5 ⇒ This sum must be 0, 11 or multiple of

11, so 98754321 Not divisible by 11.
(50
)(
+ 51 + 52 20 + 21 + 22 )
• Sum of even factors of 2p bq cr

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 1EQ – NUMBER SYSTEM – Important formula

( )(
= 21 + 22 + …2p b0 + b1 + …bq c0 + c1 + …cr )( ) 2x
D
® Rem. =
2R
D
Eg. 240 = 24 ´ 31 ´ 51 x
® Rem. = R
Sum of even factors D

( )(
= 21 + 22 + 23 + 24 30 + 31 50 + 51 )( ) x2
D
® Rem. =
R2
D
Þ 30 ´ 4 ´ 6 = 720
x R3
p q r ® Rem. =
• Sum of odd factors of 2 b c D D

( )(
Þ 20 b0 + b1 + …bq c0 + c1 + …cr ) • Concept of Remainder
A +B +C +D A + BR + CR + DR
Eg. 240 = 24 ´ 31 ´ 51 ®R = R
M M
(2 )(3
0 0
)( )
+ 31 50 + 51 = 1´ 4 ´ 6 = 24.
Ø
A ´B ´ C ´D
®R =
AR ´ BR ´ CR ´ DR
M M
number of factors Ø Concept Negative Remainder –
• Product of factors – ( N) 2
Sum of factor
Average of factors =
No. of factors

• Number of Prime factors - If ap bq cr than No. of Ø Remainders of algebraic expressions

prime factors is p + q + r.
Eg. No. of prime factors of 213 315 516 ® 13 +15 + 16 ( x + a)n ® R = an
= 44 x
Or
4. NUMBER OF ZEROES
én ù é n ù é n ù ( tx + a)x ® R = an éët - multiple of xùû
No. of zeros = No. of 5 = ê ú + ê ú + ê ú + … x
ë 5 û ë 52 û ë 53 û
Eg. Find No. of zeros in 100! ? 6. FERMAT THEOREM
Sol – aP -1
=R ®1
P
P is a Prime number and a, p both are co-prime
2100
20 + 4 = 24 Eg. Find the remainder in ?
101
5. REMAINDER THEOREM
• Dividend = divisor × quotient + remainder 2100
Sol - ® R = 1.
Eg. 101
7. WILSON THEOREM

(P - 1)! = P - 1 remainder
P
P is a prime no.
28!
Eg. Find the remainder in ?
17 = 5 × 3 + 2 29
NOTE : Sol – Remainder is 28.
8. LCM & HCF-

• Least Common Multiple (LCM) - LCM of x, y, z is the

smallest number which is exactly divisible by x, y, z.
Divisor = x = r1 + r2 - r3 Eg. Multiple of 12 – 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96
Eg - When a certain number is divided by a certain 16 – 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, 96
divisor leaves remainder 43 and another number is Common – 48, 96
divided by same divisor leaves remainder 37. If sum of Least – 48. ® LCM
both number is divided by same divisor leaves
• Important type
remainder 13. Find divisor?
Q. Find the smallest number which is exactly divisible by
Sol. Divisor = 43 + 37 – 13 = 67
x, y, z?
x
® Rem. = R Sol. LCM of x, y, z.
D

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 1EQ – NUMBER SYSTEM – Important formula
Q. Find the smallest number which is divided by x, y, z ® a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d………
and leaves remainder r? Where a = 1st term, d = Common difference
Sol. LCM of (x, y, z) + r Ø nth term, an = a + (n – 1)d
Q. Find the smallest number k which is divided by x, y, z n n
and leaves remainder a, b, c respectively. Ø Sum of n terms, Sn = éë2a + (n - 1) dùû = éëa + lùû , where l
2 2
Sol. LCM of (x, y, z) – k, where
is the last term.
k=x–a=y–b=z–c
NOTE:
n (n + 1)
9. HIGHEST COMMON FACTOR (HCF) Ø Sum of 1st ‘n’ natural numbers =
2
HCF of x, y, z is the largest number which can divide x, y,
Ø Sum of 1st ’n’ odd numbers
z exactly
é last term + 1ù
Eg. Factors of 12 ® 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12 = n2 ® ê where Þ n = ú
Factor of 16 ® 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 ë 2 û
st
Common ® 1, 2, 4 Ø Sum of 1 ‘n’ even numbers = n(n + 1) ®
Highest ® 4 ® HCF é Last term ù
ên = ú
NOTE: ë 2 û
HCF can never be greater than the difference of two Ø Sum of squares of 1st ‘n’ natural numbers
numbers. HCF may be difference or factor of difference. n (n + 1)( 2n + 1)
=
6
2
é n (n + 1) ù
Ø Sum cubes of 1st n natural numbers = ê ú
êë 2 úû
NOTE:
If two number are divided by their difference or factor 2n (n + 1)( 2n + 1)
Ø Sum of squares of 1st n even numbers =
of difference then it leaves same remainder. 3
• Geometric Progression (GP)
• Important Type-
Q. Find the largest number which can divide x, y, z Ø nth term = an = arn-1
exactly.
where a is the first term, r is the common ratio, and n is
Sol. HCF of x, y, z
the number of terms.
Q. Find the largest number which can divided x, y, z and
Ø Sum of n terms of a geometric progression
leaves remainder ‘r’ in each case.
Sol. HCF of x–r, y–r, z–r
or Sn =
(
a 1- rn )
when r ¹ 1
1- r
HCF of x - y , y - z , z - x sn = na when r = 1
Q. Find the largest number which can divided x, y, z and Where n = number of
leaves remainder a, b, c. terms, a = first term, and d = common difference
Sol. HCF of (x-a), (y-b), (z-c) a
Ø Sum of infinite GP = , where -1<r<1.
10. Relation between HCF and LCM 1- r
• Product of two number = Product of their HCF and LCM
NOTE:
If HCF of two number is H then number can be Hx and
Hy where x and y are relatively prime numbers.
11. LCM and HCF of fraction

a c e LCM of a,c, e
LCM of , , =
b d f HCF of b,d, f

a c e HCF of a, c, e
HCF of , , =
b d f LCM of b,d, f
12. SEQUENCE AND SERIES

• Arithmetic Progression (AP)

AP series

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 1EQ – TRIGONOMETRY – Important formula
Ø sin (A - B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B
TRIGONOMETRY Ø cos (A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B
Ø cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS / मह#वपूण(
tan A + tan B
tan (A + B) =
*स,ांत Ø
1 - tan A tan B
tan A - tan B
Ø tan (A - B) =
1+ tan A tan B
Ø Trigonometry Table / /0कोण4म/त ता8लका cot A cot B - 1
Ø cot (A + B) =
cotB + cotA
cot A cot B + 1
Ø cot (A - B) =
cotB - cotA
Ø sin 2A = 2sinA.cosA
æ 2tan A ö
§ sin 2A = ç ÷÷
ç
è 1+ tan2 A ø
Ø cos 2A = cos²A – sin²A = 2cos2A -1 = 1 – 2sin²A
æ 2 ö
§ cos 2A = ç 1- tan A ÷
ç 1+ tan2 A ÷
è ø
æ 2tanA ö
Ø tan2A = ç
ç ÷÷
è 1- tan2 A ø
æ 2 ö
*ND ® Not defined / अप/रभा3षत Ø cot 2A = ç cot A - 1÷
ç 2cot A ÷
è ø
Ø sin 3A = 3sinA - 4 sin3 A
Ø cos 3A = 4 cos3A – 3 cosA
Ø SIGNS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS IN 3 ö
æ
DIFFERENT / /वHभJन /0कोण4मतीय फलनO के Qतीक Ø tan 3A = ç 3 tan A - tan A ÷
ç 1- 3tan2 A ÷
è ø
æ cot3 A - 3cot A ö
Ø cot 3A = ç ÷
ç 2 ÷
è 3cot A - 1 ø
Ø sin (A + B).sin (A - B) = sin2A - sin2 B = cos2 B - cos2A
Ø cos (A + B).cos (A - B) = cos2 A - sin2 B = cos2 B - sin2A
Ø tan (A+B+C)
tan A + tan B + tan C - tan A tan B tan C
=
1- ( tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A )
§ If A+B+C = 180° = p ,
tan A + tan B + tan C = tanA tanB tanC
and cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A = 1
Ø Change of Functions in Different Quadrants: / Ø 2sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A-B)
/वHभJन चतुथा]शO म_ फलनO का पaरवतcन: Ø 2cos A sin B = sin (A + B) - sin (A-B)
Ø sin (90° - q ) = cos q ; tan (90° + q ) = - cot q Ø 2cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A-B)
Ø sin (180° - q ) = sin q ; tan (180° + q ) = tan q Ø 2sin A sin B = cos (A - B) - cos (A+B)
Ø sin (180° + q ) = - sin q ; tan (360° - q ) = - tan q æ C +Dö æ C -D ö
Ø sin C + sin D = 2 sin ç ÷ cos ç ÷
Ø sin (360° + q ) = sin q ; cosec (360° + q ) = cosec q è 2 ø è 2 ø
Ø sin (360° - q ) = -sin q ; cos (180° - q ) = - cos q
æ C +D ö æ C -D ö
Ø IMPORTANT TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES / महgवपूणc Ø sin C - sin D = 2 cos ç ÷ sin ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø
/0कोण4मतीय सवcस4मकाएँ
Ø sin2θ + cos2θ = 1 æ C +Dö æ C -D ö
Ø cos C + cos D = 2 cos ç ÷ cos ç ÷
sec2θ - tan2θ = 1 è 2 ø è 2 ø
§ If (secθ + tanθ = k, then (secθ - tanθ) = 1/k æ C +Dö æ D-Cö
Ø cosec2θ - cot2θ = 1 Ø cos C - cos D = 2 sin ç ÷ sin ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø
1
§ If (cosec θ - cotθ)= p, then (cosec θ + cotθ)= 1
p Ø sin (60° – A) sin A sin (60° + A) = sin 3A
4
Ø sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B

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 1EQ – TRIGONOMETRY – Important formula
1 or a tan q - b sec q = d, then
Ø cos (60° – A) cos A cos (60° + A) = cos 3A
4 a2 - b2 = c2 - d2
Ø tan (60° – A) tan A tan (60° + A) = tan 3A {A ¹ 30°}
• WHEN SUM OR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE ANGLES
Ø If A ¹ 0° , A ¹ 60°, then
ARE GIVEN / जब कोणO के बीच योग या अंतर zदया जाये
cosec A cosec (60° – A) cosec (60° + A) = 4 cosec3A
Ø If A + B = 90°, then
Ø If A ¹ 90° , A ¹ 30°, then
tan A tan B = 1
sec A sec (60° – A) sec (60° + A) = 4 sec3A
sin A sec B = 1
Ø If A ¹ 0° , A ¹ 60°, then
cos A cosec B = 1
cot A cot (60° – A) cot (60° + A) = cot3A
cot A cot B = 1
Ø tan q + tan (60° + q ) + tan (120° + q ) = 3tan 3 q
sin2 A + sin2 B = 1
Ø cot q + cot (60° + q ) - cot (60° - q ) = 3 cot 3 q
cos2 A + cos2 B = 1
3
Ø cos3 a + cos3 (120° + a ) + cos3 (240° + a )= cos 3 a Ø If A + B = 45°, then
4 (1 + tan A) (1 + tan B) = 2
- 3 (1 - cot A) (1 - cot B) = 2
Ø sin3 q + sin 3 (120° + q ) + sin 3 (240° + q ) = sin 3 q
4 Ø If A - B = 45°, then
• ADVANCE IDENTITIES TO REMEMBER / महgवपूणc एडवांस (1 + tan A) (1 - tan B) = 2
सवcस4मकाएं Ø If A + B = 135°, then
Ø sin4 q + cos4 q = 1 - 2sin2 q cos2 q (1 - tan A) (1 - tan B) = 2
Ø sin6 q + cos6 q = 1 - 3sin2 q cos2 q (1 + cot A) (1 + cot B) = 2
Ø cos6 q = 32 cos6 q - 48 cos4 q + 18 cos2 q – 1 Ø If A + B + C = 180°, then
Ø (1 + tan q + sec q ) (1 + cot q - cosec q ) = 2 tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C
Ø (1 + cot q + sec q ) (1 + tan q - cosec q ) = 2 cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A =1
Ø (sin q + cos q + 1) (sin q + cos q - 1) = 2sin q cos q Ø If A + B + C = 90°, then
cot A + cot B + cot C = cot A cot B cot C
secq + tanq - 1 1+ sin q cos q
Ø = secq + tanq = = tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A = 1
tanq - sec q + 1 cosq 1- sinq Ø If A + B = 90°, then
Ø tan q (1 + sec 2 q ) (1 + sec 4 q ) (1 + sec 8 q ) = tan 8 q
tan A - tan B =2 tan(A-B)
Ø sec4 q - tan4 q = sec2 q + tan2 q =1+2 tan2 q = 2 sec2 q - 1
Ø cosec4θ–cot4θ=cosec2θ+cot2 q =1+2cot2 q = 2cosec2 q – 1 • Important Figures for quick results / gवaरत पaरणामO के
8लए महgवपूणc आकृ/तयाँ
sinq - cosq + 1 1
Ø = = sec q + tan q
sinq + cos q - 1 secq - tan q
Ø sin x = sin y Þ x = n p + (-1)n y ; n Î Z (integers/पूणा]क)
Ø cos x = cos y Þ x = 2n p ± y ; n Î Z
Ø tan x = tan y Þ x=np + y; n Î Z
Ø sin (x+ y + z) = sin x cos y cos z + cos x sin y cos z + cos
x cos y sin z - sin x sin y sin z
sin (x + y + z) = cosx cosy cosz [tanx + tany + tanz – tanx
tany tanz]
Ø cos (x + y + z) = cos x cos y cos z - sin x sin y cos z – sin
x cos y sin z - cos x sin y sin z
cos (x + y + z) = cos x cos y cos z [1- tan x tan y - tan y
tan z – tanz tanx]
Ø tan (x + y + z)
tan x + tan y + tan z – tan x tan y tan z
= • Maximum and minimum values of trigonometric
1- tanx tan y - tan y tanz – tanz tanx
identities / /0कोण4मतीय सवcस4मकाƒ के अ4धकतम और
• RESULTS TO FIND CONSTANT VALUES / qrथर मान sात Jयूनतम मान
करने के 8लए पaरणाम
Ø If a sin q + b cos q = m and a cos q - b sin q = n, then Ø Type 1- / Qकार 1
2 2
a + b =m + n 2 2 a sinq ± b cosq , a sinq ± b sinq ,a cosq ± b cosq
Ø If cosθ + sinθ = 2cos q , then
§ Maximum value / अiधकतम मान = a2 + b2
Þ cosθ - sin q = ± 2 sinθ
Ø If a sec q + b tan q = c § Minimum value / mयूनतम मान = - a2 + b2
b sec q + a tan q = d, then
a2 - b2 = c2 - d2 Ø (
Type 2 / Qकार 2 - sin q cos q )n
Ø If a sec q - b tan q = c
b sec q - a tan q = d

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 1EQ – TRIGONOMETRY – Important formula
n
§ Minimum value / mयूनतम मान = æç 1 ö÷
è2ø
§ Maximum value can go up to infinity / अiधकतम मान अनंत
तक हो सकता है
Ø Type 3 / Qकार 3 -
a cos2 q +b sec2 q , a sin2 q +b cosec2 q , a tan2 q +b cot2 q

§ Minimum value / mयूनतम मान = 2 ab b £ a

Ø Type 4 / Qकार 4 -
a sec2 q + b cosec2 q )

§ Minimum value / mयूनतम मान = ( a + b )2

VISIT WWW.1KITAB.com

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 1EQ – ALGEBRA – Important formula
1
ALGEBRA =
2
(a + b + c) éê(a - b)2 + (b - c )2 + (c - a)2 ùú
ë û

IMPORTANT CONCEPTS (
= ( a+b+c ) a2 +b2 +c2 -ab-bc-ca )
é 2 ù
/ मह#वपूण( *स,ांत = ( a+b+c ) ê( a+b+c ) -3(ab+bc+ca)ú
ë û
1. SQUARE FORMULA / वग1 सू4 Ø If ( a + b + c ) = 0
2
• (a + b ) = a + b + 2ab
2 2
Then a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = 0
2
• (a - b ) = a2 + b2 - 2ab a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = 0
2
• (a + b ) = (a - b)2 + 4ab Ø If a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = 0
2 2 a, b and c are distinct no, then, a + b + c = 0
• (a - b) = (a + b) - 4ab
a , b और c अलग-अलग संAयाएँ हG, तो, a + b + c = 0
• (a 2
- ab + b2 ) (a 2
)
+ ab + b2 = a4 + a2b2 + b2 Ø a³ + b³+ c³- 3abc = 0
2 2 a, b and c all are +ve integer no (धनाPमक पूणाVक) then, a =
• (a + b ) – ( a - b ) = 4ab
b = c.
2
• a - b2 = ( a + b ) ( a - b ) Ø a2 + b2 + c2 - ab – bc – ca = 0
2
• (a + b + c ) = a + b + c + 2 ( ab + bc + ca)
2 2 2 a2 + b2 + c2 = ab + bc + ca
then a = b= c
2. CUBE FORMULA / घन सू4
3 Ø If a, b and c are in A.P. then / समांतर [ेणी म^ हG तो
• (a + b ) = a3 + b3 + 3ab ( a + b )
a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = 9bd2 (d=common difference /
3
• a3 + b3 = ( a + b ) - 3ab ( a + b ) उभयbनc अंतर)

• (
a3 + b3 = ( a + b) a2 - ab + b2 ) 8. TYPE BASE QUESTIONS / =वMभOन Pकार के PT
3 1 1
• (a - b ) = a3 - b3 - 3ab ( a - b ) • If x - = a then x2 + = a2 + 2
x 2
3 x
• a3 - b3 = ( a – b ) + 3ab ( a - b )
( )
1 2
and x 4 + = a2 + 2
• 3 3
(
a - b = ( a – b ) a + ab + b2 2
) x4
-2

1 1
3. SPECIAL CASE 1 / =वशेष ABथ=त 1 • If x + = a then x3 + = a3 - 3a
x x3
• If a2 - ab + b2 = 0 then a3 + b3 = 0
1 1
• If b = 1, then a2 - a + 1 = 0 , then a3 + 1 = 0 or a3 = - 1 If x - = a then x3 - = a3 + 3a
x x 3

4. SPECIAL CASE 2 / =वशेष ABथ=त 2

1
• If a2 + a + 1 = 0 then a3 - 1 = 0 or a3 = 1 • If x + =a
x
5. SPECIAL CASE 3 / =वशेष ABथ=त 3
a b
Then x5 +
1
5
x
( )(
= a2 - 2 a3 - 3a - a )
• If + = 1 then a³ + b³ = 0 æ 1ö
b a • If ç x - ÷ = a, then
1 1 1 è x ø
• If - = then a3 + b3 = 0
a b a-b
6. SPECIAL CASE 4 / =वशेष ABथ=त 4
5
x -
x
1
5 (
= a2 + 2 a3 + 3a - a)( )
( )
1 1 2
a b • x+ = a, then x6 + = a3 - 3a - 2
• If + = -1 then a3 - b3 = 0
b a
x x6
1 1
a b
• If + =
1
then a3 - b3 = 0 • If x + = 2 then x2 + = 0 or x 4 + 1 = 0 o x 4 = -1
x 2
b a a+b x
1 1
7. SPECIAL CASE 5 / =वशेष ABथ=त 5 • If x + = 3 then x3 + = 0 or x6 = -1
x 3
x
1
• If ab (a + b) = 1 then - a3 - b3 = 3 1
3 3
ab • If x + = 2 then x = 1
x
• a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = 1
If x + = -2 then x = -1
x

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 1EQ – ALGEBRA – Important formula
1 1 • Discriminant / bवbव‚कर (D) = b² - 4ac
• If xn + = a then xn - = ± a2 - 4
n n
x x
n 1 n 1
If x - = b then x + = ± b2 + 4
xn xn

1
• When a + = 1,
a
Or,
a2 - a + 1 = 0
Then a³ = -1
Or,
a³ + 1 = 0
1
⇒When a + = -1
a
Or,
a²+ a + 1 = 0
then,
a³ = 1
• Rationalizing factor of the surd (करणी का पlरमेयकरण )
1
x = a ± b and = a  b
x
Note : / नोट:
1 1
If xy = 1 then + =1
1+ x 1+ y
9. MISCELLANEOUS / =व=वध
• 1+ A + B + AB = (1+A)(1+B)

1é 2 2 2ù
• a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ca = ê( a - b) + (b - c ) + (c - a) ú
2ë û
If a, b, and c are in A.P. then,
• a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ca = 3d2 ( d = common difference )

1 1 1
• If a+ =x, b+ =y, c+ =z , then
b c a
1
abc+ =xyz- ( x+y+z )
abc
10. COMPONEDO & DIVIDENDO / योगांतरानुपात
a x a+b x + y
If = then C & D Þ =
b y a-b x - y
11. SPECIAL CASE / =वशेष ABथ=त
2nab x + na x + nb
If x = then + =2
a+b x - na x - nb
12. QUADRATIC EQUATION / =eघातीय समीकरण
Quadratic equation (bqघातीय समीकरण ) ax² + bx + c = 0
b
• sum of roots (मूलs के योग) = α + β = -
a
c
• product of roots (मूलs के गुणनफल) = αβ =
a
• roots of equation are (समीकरण के मूल हG)
-b + b2 - 4ac -b - b2 - 4ac
α= ,β
2a 2a
• An equation whose roots are α and β is given by x² - (α
+ β)x+ αβ = 0 / कोई समीकरण {जसके मूल α और β हG , x² - (α +
β)x+ αβ = 0 के }प म^ ~ात है

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 1EQ – GEOMETRY – Important formula

GEOMETRY
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS / मह#वपूण(
*स,ांत
1. WHEN A TRANSVERSAL LINE INTERSECTS TWO
PARALLEL LINES / जब एक अनु:;थ रेखा दो समानांतर रेखाG को
:HतIछे Kदत करती है
= 21 x1 ( y2 - y3 ) + x2 ( y3 - y1) + x3 ( y1 - y2 )
L7 = L5
3. PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES / HQभुज के गुणधमi
L2 = L4
• Exterior angle / बाy कोण
L6 = L8 vertically
Ð D = exterior angle
L1 = L3 opposite angles / शीषा?@भमुख कोण
= Ð A + ÐB
L3 = L5
• The angle between internal bisector
L2 = L8 Corresponding angles / संगत कोण
of a base angle and external bisector
L1 = L7
of the other base angle is half of
L4 = L6
the remaining vertex angle. i.e /
एक आधार कोण के आंत^रक
L3 = L7
समX~भाजक और €सरे आधार कोण के
L2 = L6 Alternate angles / एकाPतर कोण
बाy समX~भाजक के बीच का कोण
L1 = L5
शेष शीष? कोण का आधा होता है अथा?त् 2ÐBEC = ÐBAC .
L4 = L8
• In  ABC, AE ^ BD and AD
L7 + L2 = 180° is angle bisector of Ð A , then
L3 + L6 = 180° 1
Ð EAD = Ð B – Ð C
2
• Sine Rule / kया Hनयम
2. TRIANGLE / HQभुज
a b c
= = = 2R
sinA sinB sinC

• Cosine Rule / कोkया Hनयम

b2 + c2 - a2
cos A =
2bc

a2 + c2 - b2
cos B =
2ac
• Perimeter of triangle / HQभुज का प_रमाप (p ) = a + b + c
b2 + a2 - c2
Ø Semi-perimeter of triangle / XYभुज का अध?-प^रमाप (s) cos C =
2ab
p a+ b+ c
= =
2 2 • Stewart’s Theorem:
• Area of triangle ∆ / HQभुज ∆ का aेQफल / …ट‡वट? का ‰मेय:
Ø Heron’s formula / हीरोन का सूY, ∆ = s ( s - a)( s –b)(s –c )
b²m + c²n = a ( d² +mn )

4. CENTERS OF TRIANGLE / HQभुज के कst

• Circumcenter / प_रकst:
Ø The length from all 3 vertices to the
circumcenter is equal and is called
circumradius. / सभी 3 शीषq से प^रकेPŒ
1
Ø ∆= ´ base ´ height तक क• लंबाई समान होती है और इसे प^रXY‘या
2 कहते ह’।
1 1 1 Ð QCR = 2Ð QPR ,..
Ø ∆ = ´ ac × sin B = ab sin C = bc sin A
2 2 2
Ø Circumradius of a triangle where
Ø If coordinate of three vertices are given / यoद तीन शीषq के
PQ, QR and PR are sides c, a, and b
Xनदs शांक tात हu

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 1EQ – GEOMETRY – Important formula

respectively. / एक XYभुज क• प^रXY‘या जहाँ PQ, QR और PR ˜मशः

भुजाएँ c, a, और b ह’। • The distance (d) between the
abc circumcenter ( rc ) and
R=

4 ( area of ) incentre ( ri ) of a triangle is /
Ø Location of circumcenter XYभुज के प^रक£Œ(𝑟! ) और अPतःक£Œ
§ The circumcenter of an acute triangle is inside the triangle. (𝑟" ) के बीच €री(d)
§ The circumcenter of an obtuse triangle is outside the
triangle. d = rc2 - 2rcri
§ The circumcenter of a right-angled triangle is on the A B C
hypotenuse. • r = 4R(sin sin sin )
2 2 2
§ It is the midpoint of hypotenuse.
A B C
hypotenuse length • Area of triangle / XYभुज का ेYफल = r2 ( cot + cot + cot )
So, R = in right triangle 2 2 2
2 8. ORTHOCENTER / ल‹बकst
Ø प_रकेvt का ;थान • ∠BOC = 180° - ∠A, ∠AOC
§ एक Pयूनकोण XYभुज का प^रकेPŒ, XYभुज के अंदर होता है। = 180° - ∠B, ∠AOB = 180° - ∠C
§ एक अšधककोण XYभुज का प^रकेPŒ, XYभुज के बाहर होता है।
1 1 1
§ एक समकोण XYभुज का प^रकेPŒ, कण? पर होता है। • h1 : h2 : h3 = : :
a b c
§ यह कण? का म›यœब•ž है।
• AO ´ OD = BO ´ OE = CO ´ OF
कण# क% ल'बाई
अतः, R = समकोण म& • Sum of sides > Sum of altitudes
!
AB+BC+CA>AD+BE+CF (भुजा© का योग > शीष?लªब
AB+BC+CA>AD+BE+CF का योग)
5. INCENTER / अvतःकst
ÐA ÐB 9. CENTROID / केvtक
• ∠BIC = 90 + , Ð AIC = 90° + ,
2 2 • Median divides the area of triangle into two equal area of

Ð BIA = 90° +
ÐC 
triangles, Area of ABD = Area of ACD 
2 मा¬›यका XYभुज के ेYफल को XYभुजu के दो बराबर ेYफलu म£ Xवभा-जत
• AI : ID = b + c : a ; BI : IE = a + c : b ; करती है | △ ABD का ेYफल =△ ACD का ेYफल
CI : IF = a + b : c
• Area of six smaller triangles formed by 3 medians
and 3 sides are equal and is equal to
AB BD
=
AC DC 6
1

×Area ABC .
•

• Inradius of a right angle ∆ABC • 3 मा¬›यका© और 3 भुजा© से Xन¯म•त छह छोटे

#
/ एक XYभुज ∆ABC क• अPतःXY‘या XYभुजu के ेYफल बराबर ह’ और यह $ × △
ABC का ेYफल के बराबर ह’।
AB + BC - AC
r=
2 • Centroid G divides each median in the ratio 2 : 1. / केPŒक G
• Area of any triangle is product of inradius ‰²येक मा¬›यका को 2 : 1 के अनुपात म£ Xवभा-जत करता है।
and semi perimeter / Xकसी भी XYभुज का AG : GD = BG : GE = CG : GF = 2 : 1
ेYफल, अंत:XY‘या और अध?-प^रमाप का गुणनफल
होता है। • Lengths of medians / मा¬›यका© क• लªबाई
A = r.s 1
AD = 2b2 + 2c2 – a2
2
6. EX-CIRCLE / बHहवृ~
• In a triangle three times of sum of
A square of sides equal to four times of sum of square of
• ÐBEC= 90° - 2 medians i.e / एक XYभुज म£ भुजा© के वग? के योग का तीन गुना, मा¬›यका
के वग? के योग के चार गुना के बराबर है अथा?त्
• Ex-radii: / बाy-XY‘या: 4
AB² + BC² + AC² = ( AD² + BE² + CF² )
ra =
 ; rb =
 ; 3
s-a s -b
rc =
 • Area of triangle formed by joining mid-points of two sides
1 th
s-c and centroid is of area of triangle.
12
7. RELATION BETWEEN R(IN-RADIUS), R (CIRCUM-RADIUS) दो भुजा© और एक केPŒक के म›य-XबPž© को जोड़ने पर Xन¯म•त XYभुज का
#
AND ANGLES OF TRIANGLE / R(अvतः-HQkया), R (प_रHQkया) ेYफल, XYभुज के ेYफल का #%th है।
और HQभुज के कोणˆ के बीच संबंध

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 1EQ – GEOMETRY – Important formula

 
Ø Ar OFE = Ar OFD = Ar OED =  1
12
ABC
Ar
Ø
πR2
=
area of circumcircle 4
=
πr2 area of incircle 1
Ø O is also centroid of ∆DEF / O , ∆DEF का केPŒक भी है। πR% प^रक£Œ का Y े फल 4
= =
πr %
अPतः का ेYफल 1
• Let m₁, m₂ & m₃ are three medians, then by Heron’s 3 2
formula. (मान ली-जये Xक m₁, m₂ और m₃ तीन मा¬›यकाएं ह’, तो हीरोन के area of = 4
a
सूY ~ारा) Ø
1
Area of  /का ेYफल =
4
S ( S – m1)( Sm – m2 )( Sm – m3 )
æ

2
ö
ç\ = a ´ a ´ sin60° ÷
3 m m è ø
m + m2 + m3
Where, Sm = semi median = 1 2
2 a= éëp1 + p2 + p3 ùû
• If the medians intersect at 90 , 0 3
then 5BC²=AB²+AC² • Right Angled Triangle / समकोण HQभुज
1
(यoद मा¬›यकाएं 900 पर ‰Xत¸छे oदत होती
Ø Area = pb
2
ह’, तो 5BC²=AB²+AC² ) h
Ø R=
2
Relations of medians in right
p +b -h
angled triangle, (समकोण XYभुज म£ Ø r=
2
मा¬›यका© का संबंध)
4 ( AL² + BM²) = 5AB² Ø  ( )
= s s - 2R = r2 + 2R.r
AB.BC
BD =
• Apollonius theorem / अपोलोXनयस ‰मेय AC
Ø Important Results:/मह²वपूण?
प^रणाम:

AB² + AC² = 2 ( AD² + BD²)

10. TYPES OF TRIANGLES / HQभुजˆ के :कार

• Equilateral Triangle / समबा• HQभुज:
All sides and angles are equal. (इसक• सभी
भुजाएं और कोण बराबर होते ह’।)
§ AB = BC = CA = a
§ ∠A = ∠B = ∠C = 60°
3
Ø Altitude (शीष?लªब ), AD = h = a
2
Ø All centers (orthocenter, circumcenter, incentre & centroid)
lie on same point. (सभी क£Œ (लªबक£Œ, प^रक£Œ, अPतःक£Œ और केPŒक)
समान œब•ž पर होते ह’।)
Ø All medians = All altitudes = All perpendicular Bisector = All • Isosceles triangle /समH’बा• HQभुज:
3 Ø If Any two sides are equal. /यoद कोई दो भुजाएं बराबर ह’
angle bisector = a AB = AC , then Ð C = Ð B
2
Ø (सभी मा¬›यकाएं = सभी शीष?लªब= सभी Ø If AD ^ BC , then
लªब समX~भाजक = सभी कोण BD = CD ( AD = angle bisector )
3 Ø Height (Altitude)/ऊंचाई(शीष?लªब),
समX~भाजक = a)
2 b2 4a2 - b2
AD = a2 - =
a 4 4
Ø Circumradius / प^रXY‘य, R = ;
3
1 4a2 - b2 b
Ø Area = ´b´ = 4a2 - b2
a R 2 2 2 4
Inradius / अPतःXY‘या, r = ; =
2 3 r 1 11. QUADRILATERAL / चतुभुiजीय

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 1EQ – GEOMETRY – Important formula

• ÐA + ÐB + ÐC + ÐD = 360 
1
• Area(ABCD) = AC (h1 + h2 )
2
• Area

= (s - a)(s - b)(s - c)(s - d)

a+b+c +d • If P and Q are mid-point of DC & BC respectively then area
Where s =
2 APQ = 83 area of ABCD / यoद P और Q ˜मशः DC और BC के
1
• Area = ´ AC ´ BD ´ sinθ !
2 म›यœब•ž है तो △ APQ का $े&फल = ABCD का " $े&फल

• If diagonals intersect at 900,

then
Ø AB2 + CD2 = BC2 + AD²

• The angle bisectors of a parallelogram form a rectangle.

PQRS is a rectangle. / समांतर चतुभु?ज के कोण समX~भाजक एक आयत
बनाते ह’। PQRS एक आयत है।

Ø AB+CD = BC + AD

12. PARALLELOGRAM / समानांतर चतुभुiज

13. RECTANGLE / आयत
• Area of ABCD = AB x BC .
• Area (ABC) = area(BCD) = area(ABD)
• AC²+BD² = AB²+BC²+CD²+AD²= 2(AB²+BC²) = area ( ACD) = 21 (ABCD)
• Area of parallelogram(समानांतर चतुभु?ज का ेYफल ) = Base ×
height = AD x ABsinÐDAB
• Two diagonals of a parallelogram divide the parallelogram
into triangles of four equal areas but opposite triangles are
• Diagonals bisect each other / Xवकण? एक €सरे को समX~भा-जत करते
congruent only./ एक समाPतर चतुभु?ज के दो Xवकण? समांतर चतुभु?ज को
ह’
चार बराबर ेYफलu वाले XYभुजu म£ Xवभा-जत करते ह’ लेXकन संगत XYभुज केवल
• P is any point in rectangle ABCD, then
सवा»गसम होते ह’।
AP 2 + CP 2 = BP 2 + PD2

14. SQUARE / वगi

• AREA of ABCD = side2
• AB = BC= CD = DA = a
Area ( ेYफल) = X1 = X2 = Y1 = Y2
• AC = BD = a 2
 
Congruent (सवा»गसम) = X1 @ X2 & Y1 @Y2 • Diagonals bisect each other O is
• If ‘P’ is a point inside a parallelogram then mid-point of diagonals at 90° / Xवकण?
(Area  APD+ Area  PBC)= (Area  APB + Area  DPC) एक €सरे को समX~भा-जत करते ह’ O, 90° पर
1 Xवकणq का म›य-œब•ž ह’
• = area of ABCD. / यoद ‘P’ , समाPतर चतुभु?ज म£ एक œब•ž है तो
2
(△APD का ेYफल + △PBC का ेYफल)= (△APB का ेYफल + △DPC • R = OA = OC & OM = r
का ेYफल) a 2 a
R:r= : = 2 :1
=ABCD का
!
ेYफल 2 2
"
15. RHOMBUS / समचतुभुiज

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1 • Sum of all interior angles of a polygon with ‘n’ sides (n’

• Area ( ेYफल ) = × AC× BD
2 ( )
भुजा© वाले एक ब½भुज के सभी आंत^रक कोणu का ) = n - 2 ´ 180°
Ø All sides are equal but AC ¹ BC. • Interior angle (आPत^रक कोण) =
सभी भुजाएं समान होती ह’ लेXकन AC ≠ (n - 2) ´ 180 = 180 - extrior angle
BC.
n
Ø Diagonals bisect each other at
• each exterior angle of a regular polygon / एक सम ब½भुज का
900 / Xवकण? एक €सरे को 900 पर
360°
समX~भा-जत करते ह’ ‰²येक बाहरी कोण =
n
Ø Diagonal divides the
rhombus into 4 congruent right triangles. / Xवकण? समचतुभु?ज n (n - 3 )
• Number of diagonals / Xवकणq क• सं¿या =
को 4 सवा»गसम समकोण XYभुजu म£ Xवभा-जत करता है। 2
16. TRAPEZIUM / समल‹ब चतुभुiज • Area of regular polygon / सम ब½भुज का ेYफल na2
°
æ 180 ö
= ´ cot ç ÷
1 4 è n ø
• Area ( ेYफल ) = ´ h (AB 18. CIRCLE / वृ~
2
+ CD) It is locus of the points which are equidistance from a fixed
point. The fixed point is called the centre of the circle and
OA OB AB
• = = fixed distance is called the radius. / यह उन XबPž© का XबPžपथ है
OC OD CD जो एक Xन@Áत XबPž से समान €री पर होते ह’। Xन@Áत XबPž को वृà का केPŒ तथा
• AC2 + BD2 = AD2 + BC2 + Xन@Áत €री को XY‘या कहते ह’।
2AB.CD
• Chord / जीवा
• Relation between areas formed by the diagonals. /Xवकणq ~ारा The line segment joining the two points on a circle’s
Xन¯म•त ेYफलu के बीच संबंध circumference. / एक वृà क• प^रšध पर दो œब•ž© को šमलाने वाला
रेखाखंड।

• If E and F are mid-points of AC and BD respectively, then

1
EF =
2
( AB - CD) / यoद E और F ˜मशः AC और BD के म›यœब•ž ह’, तो
1
EF = ( AB - CD)
2
• IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF CIRCLES- / वृ~ˆ के मह–वपूणi
गुणधमi -
Ø Equal chords subtend equal angles at the centre and vice
versa. / समान जीवाएं क£Œ पर समान कोण अंत^रत करती ह’ और इसके
Xवपरीततया भी सही है ।

• P and Q are the mid-points of AD and BC respectively, then

1
PQ =
2
( AB + CD) /P और Q ˜मशः
AD और BC के म›यœब•ž ह’,तो
1 Ø Equal chords are equidistance from the centre and vice
PQ =
2
( AB + CD) versa. / समान जीवाएँ क£Œ से समान €री होती ह’ और इसके Xवपरीततया भी
• The length of parallel side EF / समानांतर भुजा EF क• लªबाई सही है ।
ad + bc
EF =
a+b

Ø The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord

bisect the chord. / वृà के क£Œ से एक जीवा पर लªब जीवा को
समX~भा-जत करता है।

17. POLYGONS / ब•भुज

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 1EQ – GEOMETRY – Important formula

Ø The angle subtended by an chord at the Centre of a circle is

twice the angle subtended by the chord at any point on the
major arc. / एक जीवा ~ारा वृà के क£Œ पर अंत^रत कोण, जीवा ~ारा द‡घ?
Ø The angle made by the diameter at circumference is 900 /
चाप पर Xकसी œब•ž पर अंत^रत कोण का दोगुना होता है।
Æास ~ारा प^रšध पर बनाया गया कोण 900 है।

Ø
Angle made by the diameter on circumference is always
2πr
90° / प^रšध पर Æास ~ारा बनाया गया कोण हमेशा 90° होता है। Ø Length of arc (चाप क• लªबाई ) = ×θ ( θ in degree )
360
l = rθ (θ in radius) (∵ 2π = 360°)
πr2
* area of sector= ×θ (in degree ) /
360
πr !
*'()यखंड का 0े(फल= ×θ#6ड7ी म&$
360
Ø If two chords intersect inside a circle / यoद दो जीवाय£ एक वृÃ के 1 1
= r2θ ( θ is in radian)( 2π=360°) = lr (Ql=rθ)
अंदर ‰Xत¸छे oदत होती ह’, 2 2

Then, AE ´ EB = CE ´ ED
Ø If two chords intersect outside a circle or two secant Ø Angles by the same segment of a circle are equal. / एक वृÃ
intersect each other. / यoद दो जीवाएँ एक वृÃ के बाहर ‰Xत¸छे oदत होती के समान खंड के कोण बराबर होते ह’
ह’ या दो छे दक एक €सरे को काटते ह’, i.e., ÐACB = ÐADB
Then EA ´ EB = EC ´ ED

Ø If a secant and a tangent externally intersect each other

Ø If two chords AB and CD intersect at P, then / यoद दो जीवाय£ AB
/यoद एक छे दक और …पश?रेखा एक €सरे को बाy Çप से काटते ह’,
और CD , P पर ‰Xत¸छे oदत होते ह’, तो
Then DC² = DA ´ DB
1
ÐAPC = ÐBPD = ( x + y )
2

Ø Two chords AB and AC of a circle are equal. Then the centre

of the circle lies on the angle bisector of ÐBAC . / एक वृÃ क•
दो जीवाय£ AB और AC बराबर है, तो वृà का क£Œ, ∠BAC के कोण समX~भाजक
पर है।

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 1EQ – GEOMETRY – Important formula

Ø If two chords AB and CD intersect Ø Tangents drawn from an external point to a circle / Xकसी
each other at 900, then /यoद दो बाहरी œब•ž से वृà पर खÍची गई …पश?रेखाएं
जीवाय£ AB और CD एक €सरे को 900 पर § PQ = PR
‰Xत¸छे oदत करते ह’, तो § ÐQPO = ÐOPR = ÐSQP
4r2 = AE2 + BE2 + CE2 + DE2 § ÐQOP = ÐPOR = ÐPQS
PQ QS
§ =
Ø In the above figure, AE is angle QO SO
bisector of ÐBAC then / उपरोÊ § PQOR is a cyclic quadrilateral / एक च˜•य चतुभु?ज है
आकृXत म£, AE , ∠BAC का कोण समX~भाजक है तो
AB. AC + DE.AE = AE² Ø Alternate segment Theorem / एकाvतर खंड :मेय
The angle between a chord and a tangent drawn at end
point of chord is equal respectively to the angle formed in
the corresponding alternate segments. / एक जीवा और जीवा के
अंXतम œब•ž पर खÍची गई …पश?रेखा के बीच का कोण ˜मशः संगत एकाPतर खंडu
म£ बने कोण के बराबर होता है।

Ø When two chords AB and CD are extended to meet at P,

then / जब दो जीवा© AB और CD को P पर šमलाने के Ëलए बढ़ाया जाता है,
1
तो APC = y - x
2
Ø PT is a tangent and PAB is a secant / PT एक …पश?रेखा है और PAB
एक छे दक है।

• Tangents / ;पशiरेखाएं PT2 = PA ´ PB

A line segment touches only at one point of a circle is called 19. CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL / च›œय चतुभुiज
a tangent of the circle and the point of contact or tangent
• ÐA + ÐC = ÐB + ÐD = 1800
point. / एक वृà के केवल एक œब•ž पर …पश? करने वाला एक रेखा खंड वृà क•
…पश?रेखा और संपक? œब•ž, …पश? œब•ž कहलाता है

• ÐADC = ÐCBP

• Important Properties of Tangent / ;पशiरेखा के मह–वपूणi

गुणधमi
Ø The line joining centre of circle and point of contact is
perpendicular to the point. / वृà के क£Œ और संपक? œब•ž को šमलाने
वाली रेखा, œब•ž पर लंबवत होती है।
• Ptolemy’s theorem: / टॉलेमी ‰मेय:
AC.BD = AB.DC + AD.BC

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 1EQ – GEOMETRY – Important formula

DCT = d2 - (r1 - r2 )2

• If one diagonal bisects the other / यoद एक Xवकण? €सरे को

समX~भा-जत करता है
AB AD = BC CD
21. TRANSVERSE COMMON TANGENT / अनु:;थ उभयHनž
;पशiरेखा (𝑇𝐶𝑇)
• TCT = d2 - (r1 + r2 )2
Here, ( d > (r1 + r2 )

• SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS / कुछ मह–वपूणi प_रणाम

• If a quadrilateral circumscribed a circle./ यoद एक चतुभु?ज वृÃ को
घेरता है
AB + DC = AD + BC
22. FOR EXTERNALLY TOUCHING CIRCLES / बाहरी Ÿप से ;पशi
करने वाले वृ~ˆ के लए
• PQ = 2 r1r2

• AB + BC + AC = 2AQ = 2AR

• r2 = r1r3
• ÐAPB is always right angle / हमेशा समकोण होगा

1 1 1
• = + , where a,b,c are radii
c a b
• Remember ÐPOQ = 90° and r2 = PC x CQ 23. INTERSECTING CIRCLES / :HतIछे द¡ वृ~

• ÐPAQ + ÐPBQ = 180° ; PQ2 = XY2 - AB2

20. DIRECT COMMON TANGENT / :–यa उभयHनž ;पशiरेखा(𝐷𝐶𝑇)

• Here, length of C1C2 = d

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 1EQ – MENSURATION – Important formula

5. SOME IMPORTANT DEDUCTIONS

MENSURATION
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
1. CUBOID

If the above rectangular sheet of paper (ABCD) is rolled

along its length to form a cylinder, then the radius (r) of the
L
cylinder will be and its height will be b and volume of
2π
L2b
this cylinder where l is the length of the rectangle.
4π
• Volume = Area of base × height = lbh
• In Figure 2, ED is the diagonal of the cuboid. Moreover, the 6. RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE
area of the surface GDCH is x, the area of the surface HEBC 1
is y, and the area of the surface GFEH is z, then Volume = • Volume = × π r2h
3
xyz • Slant height = l = r2 + h2
• Lateral surface area (LSA) or area of the four walls • Curved surface area (CSA)=
= 2 (l + b) h πrl
• Total surface area (TSA) = 2 (lb + bh +lh) • Total surface area (TSA)
2 2 2 = πr(l+r)
• Diagonal of cuboid= l +b +h
2. CUBE
• Volume = a3 7. FRUSTUM OF CONE
• Lateral surface area (LSA) or area of
the four In the above figure, r is the radius of
walls = 4a2 the base, h is the vertical height of
• Total surface area (TSA) = 6a2 the frustum, and λ is the slant height
• Diagonal= a 3 of the frustum.
πh 2 2
3. RIGHT CIRCULAR CYLINDER • Volume = (R +r +Rr)
3
• Volume = π r2h 2
• Curved/Lateral surface area • Slant height = λ =
(R - r ) + h2
(CSA/LSA) = 2 π rh • Curved surface area (CSA)= π (R+r) λ
• Total Surface Area (TSA) = 2 π r (r + h) • Total surface area (TSA) = π (R λ + r λ + r2 + R2)
Rh
• To find the height (H) of original cone H =
R -r
8. SPHERE
4. HOLLOW CYLINDER
R= External radius, r=Internal radius and h= Height
4
• Volume = π r3
3
• Surface area = 4 π r2

9. HOLLOW SPHERE OR SPHERICAL SHELL

4
Volume of hollow sphere = π (R3-r3)
3
Volume of hollow cylinder = π h (R2-r2) • Total surface area= 4 π (R2 + r2)
Curved surface area = 2 π h (R+r)
Total surface area = 2 π h (R+r) + 2 π (R2-r2)

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 1EQ – MENSURATION – Important formula

2rh
10. HEMISPHERE a=
2r + h
2
• Volume = π r3 15. SOME IMPORTANT DEDUCTIONS
3
• Curved surface area (CSA)
=2 π r2
• Total surface area (TSA)
= 3 π r2

11. PRISM

• Volume = Area of base × Height

• If a cone is made by a sector of a circle (AOBD), then the
• Lateral surface area (LSA)
area of the sector of a circle (AOBD) = the CSA of the cone
= Perimeter of the base × Height
• Ratio of Volume of cone to Slant
• Total surface area (TSA)
height, Height, Radius of cone:
=LSA+(2 × Area of the base)

3 3 3
V1 h1 r1 l1
= = =
V2 3 3 3
12. PYRAMID (REGULAR POLYGON) h2 r2 l2

1
• Volume = × Area of the base × Height
3
• Lateral surface area (LSA)
1
= (Perimeter of the base) × Slant Height
2
• Total surface area (TSA) = LSA + Area of the base

13. TETRAHEDRON
Tetrahedron (Triangular Pyramid with all sides as
equilateral triangles)
2a3
Volume of Tetrahedron =
12
3 3a2
Lateral Surface Area (LSA) =
4
Total Surface Area (TSA) = 3a2

14. INSCRIBED AND CIRCUMSCRIBED SOLIDS

• If a sphere of the maximum volume is inscribed in a cube
x
of edge ‘x’, then the radius of the sphere =
2
• If a cube of the maximum volume is inscribed in a sphere
2x
of radius 'x’, then the edge of the cube =
3
• Radius of the circle from a cone, maximum volume of cube
with side “a”

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