IV B.Tech.

I Sem (R15) ECE : Embedded Systems : UNIT -3 1

UNIT – 3

3.1. Embedded hardware and various building blocks

3.2. Processor Selection for an Embedded System
3.3. Interfacing Processor, Memories and I/O Devices
3.4. I/O devices and I/O interfacing concepts
3.5. Serial Bus Communication protocols
3.6. I/O Buses b/w networked multiple devices

3.7. Timer and Counting Devices

3.8. Embedded System development process and design cycle
3.9. Use of Software Tools and IDE for Development of an Embedded System
3.10. Emulator and In-Circuit Emulator (ICE)
3.11. Issues in Hardware- Software Design and Co-design
3.12. Design metrics of embedded systems
- low power, high performance, cost, time-to-market.

2.1. . Embedded hardware and various building blocks:

3.5. Communication Interface /

Serial bus communication Protocols
Communication interface is required to interface an embedded system with external
world. The need for communication interfaces are
(a) to communicate with host system/PC/work station
(b) to send/receive data to other embedded system
(c) to interact with another system for sharing data
(d) to share data with other embedded systems which are connected to a network
(e) to connect to internet so that anyone can access the embedded system

The different types of communication interfaces are given below. These interfaces provide
different functionality and different data transmission rates.
(i) I2C bus
(ii) SPI bus
(iii) CAN bus
(iv) UART
(v) USB
(vi) 1-wire interface
(vii) Ethernet
(viii) Infrared
(ix) Bluetooth
(x) ZigBee

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A Controller Area Network (CAN bus) is a robust vehicle bus standard designed to

allow microcontrollers and devices to communicate with each other in applications without a host
computer. It is a message-based protocol, designed originally for multiplex electrical wiring within
automobiles to save on copper, but is also used in many other contexts.

CAN is a multi-master serial bus standard for connecting Electronic Control Units [ECUs] also known
as nodes. Two or more nodes are required on the CAN network to communicate. The complexity of the
node can range from a simple I/O device up to an embedded computer with a CAN interface and
sophisticated software. The node may also be a gateway allowing a standard computer to
communicate over a USB or Ethernet port to the devices on a CAN network.

Each node requires a:

 Central processing unit, microprocessor, or host processor

 The host processor decides what the received messages mean and what messages it wants to
transmit.
 Sensors, actuators and control devices can be connected to the host processor.
 CAN controller; often an integral part of the microcontroller
 Receiving: the CAN controller stores the received serial bits from the bus until an entire
message is available, which can then be fetched by the host processor (usually by the CAN
controller triggering an interrupt).
 Sending: the host processor sends the transmit message(s) to a CAN controller, which
transmits the bits serially onto the bus when the bus is free.
 Transceiver Defined by ISO 11898-2/3 Medium Access Unit [MAU] standards
 Receiving: it converts the data stream from CANbus levels to levels that the CAN controller
uses. It usually has protective circuitry to protect the CAN controller.
 Transmitting: it converts the data stream from the CAN controller to CANbus levels.

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Each node is able to send and receive messages, but not simultaneously. A message
or Frame consists primarily of the ID (identifier), which represents the priority of the message, and up to
eight data bytes. A CRC, acknowledge slot [ACK] and other overhead are also part of the message.
The improved CAN FD extends the length of the data section to up to 64 bytes per frame. The
message is transmitted serially onto the bus using a non-return-to-zero (NRZ) format and may be
received by all nodes.
The devices that are connected by a CAN network are typically sensors, actuators, and other control
devices. These devices are connected to the bus through a host processor, a CAN controller, and a
CAN transceiver.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAN_bus

https://aticleworld.com/difference-between-i2c-and-spi/

USB : Universal Serial Bus

 Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a high speed serial bus for data communication between host
system and peripherals.

 The Universal Serial Bus was developed to simplify and improve the interface between
personal computers and peripheral devices. Because of its wide variety of uses, including
support for electrical power, the USB has replaced a wide range of interfaces like the parallel
and serial port.

Features
 True Plug-and-Play

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 Self configuring
 Hot swapping - plug and unplug without rebooting
 Easy of use
 Up to max. 127 physical devices
 Low cost cables and connectors

Uses
It connects peripheral devices such as digital camera, mice, keyboard, printer, scanner, media
device, modems, joysticks, external hard drive and flash memory cards etc.

Bandwidth
 USB 1.1 : Low Speed - 1.5 Mbit per second - that is mostly used for Human Input
Devices such as keyboards, mice, joysticks and often the buttons on
higher speed devices such as printers or scanners; - 3m
Full Speed - 12 Mbit per second which is widely supported by USB hubs

 USB 2.0 : Hi-Speed - 480 Mbit per second – 25m

 USB 3.0 : Super Speed - 4800 Mbit per second
 Wireless USB with Ultra Wide Band Technology -480 Mbit per second – 3m

The standard was made to improve plug and play devices. This means that a device can be
plugged into a free socket, and simply work. The computer will notice the device. The computer
sometimes installs special software to use the device. The device can be removed after it stops
being used. This technology is called "hot swapping". "Hot swapping" means it can be plugged
and unplugged while the power is on. The computer does not need to be turned off for people to
change the devices.

 A USB is intended to enhance plug-and-play and allow hot swapping. Plug-and-play enables
the operating system (OS) to spontaneously configure and discover a new peripheral device
without having to restart the computer.
 As well, hot swapping allows removal and replacement of a new peripheral without having to
reboot.
 The USB interface is self-configuring, so the user need not adjust settings on the device and
interface for speed or data format, or configure interrupts, input/output addresses, or direct
memory access channels.
 Small devices can be powered directly from the USB interface.
 USB can provide a small amount of power to the attached device through the USB cord.
Devices that only need a little power can get it from the bus, and do not need a separate
electric power plug. That allows gadgets like USB battery chargers, lights, and fans.

Although there are several types of USB connectors for connecting the USB peripheral and host
devices, the majority of USB cables are one of two types, Type A and Type B.

Type A connector is used for upstream connection (connection with host). It has a flat rectangle
interface that inserts into a hub or USB host which transmits data and supplies power. The USB
connectors present in desktop PCs / laptops are examples for Type A USB connectors.

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Type B USB connector is used for downstream connection (connection with slave device). It is
square with slanted exterior corners. The type B connector also transmits data and supplies power.
Some type B connectors do not have a data connection and are used only as a power connection.

Both Type A and Type B connectors contains 4-pins for communication. The pin details for
connectors are listed in the table given below.

USB has 4 shielded wires:

Two for power (+5v & GND) and
Two for differential data signals (labelled as D+ and D- in pin out).

In a USB data cable Data+ and Data- signals are transmitted on a twisted pair with no termination
needed. Half-duplex differential signalling is used to reduce the effects of electromagnetic noise
on longer lines. D+ and D- operate together; they are not separate simplex connections.

A USB device must indicate its speed by pulling either the D+ or D- line high to 3.3 volts. These
pull up resistors at the device end will also be used by the host or hub to detect the presence of a
device connected to its port. Without a pull up resistor, USB assumes there is nothing connected to
the bus.

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The Universal Serial Bus is a network of attachments connected to the host computer. These
attachments come in two types known as Functions and Hubs. Functions are the peripherals
such as mice, printers, etc. Hubs basically act like a double adapter does on a power-point,
converting one socket, called a port, into multiple ports. Hubs and functions are collectively
called devices. 
The host has a hub embedded in it called the root hub, and in practical implementations hubs are
usually combined with one or more functions, such as keyboards or monitors. These are
called compound devices and act like a hub with the functions permanently connected, along
with any additional ports. Hubs may be connected to other hubs in a tiered arrangement, but the
bus topology still applies.

 USB has a strict "tree" topology and

"master-slave" protocol for addressing peripheral devices; peripheral devices cannot interact
with one another except via the host, and two hosts cannot communicate over their USB ports
directly.
 A USB system consists of a host with one or more downstream ports, and multiple peripherals,
forming a tiered-star topology. Up to 127 devices may be connected to a single host controller.

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 A USB interface can be designed to provide the best available latency for time-critical
functions, or can be set up to do background transfers of bulk data with little impact on system
resources.

Isochronous transfers
At some guaranteed data rate (for fixed-bandwidth streaming data) but with possible data
loss (e.g., realtime audio or video)

Interrupt transfers
Devices that need guaranteed quick responses (bounded latency) such as pointing
devices, mice, and keyboards

Bulk transfers
Large sporadic transfers using all remaining available bandwidth, but with no guarantees
on bandwidth or latency (e.g., file transfers)

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