Scribd
Upload
78 views

Lab 6

This document describes an experiment to demonstrate the effect of radiation on temperature measurement. The experiment uses three thermocouples of different sizes and emissivities inside a duct where the wall temperature and air velocity can be varied. Data is collected in two cases: 1) with varying voltage but constant velocity, and 2) with constant voltage but varying velocity. In both cases, increasing the heat source causes the thermocouple readings to increase due to radiation effects, with the largest thermocouple reading the highest temperature. Increasing the air velocity decreases the thermocouple readings by reducing the radiation effects. The goal is to show how sensor properties and environmental conditions can impact temperature measurement accuracy due to radiation.

Uploaded by

Dilshad S Faisal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
78 views

Lab 6

This document describes an experiment to demonstrate the effect of radiation on temperature measurement. The experiment uses three thermocouples of different sizes and emissivities inside a duct where the wall temperature and air velocity can be varied. Data is collected in two cases: 1) with varying voltage but constant velocity, and 2) with constant voltage but varying velocity. In both cases, increasing the heat source causes the thermocouple readings to increase due to radiation effects, with the largest thermocouple reading the highest temperature. Increasing the air velocity decreases the thermocouple readings by reducing the radiation effects. The goal is to show how sensor properties and environmental conditions can impact temperature measurement accuracy due to radiation.

Uploaded by

Dilshad S Faisal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 9

University of Zakho

College of Engineering
Mechanical Department

Ex. Name:
Effect of Radiation on Temperature
Measurement

Name: Sarkaft Muhager Samar


Stage: 3rd Stage
Group: B
Date of Submitting: 17/11/2019
PURPOSE:-
To demonstrate how temperature measurements can be affected by
radiative heat transfer to a sensor from its surroundings and to show:
a. The difference effect of temperature between the sensor and its
surroundings
b. The effect of air velocity
c. The effect of sensor size
d. The effect of sensor emissivity on the measurement error.

APPARATUS:
The HT16C Radiation Errors in Temperature Measurement Accessory
consists of:
a. Electrical Heater.
b. Electrical motor with centrifugal fan.
c. Axial Fan inside the cylinder.
d. Anemometer to measure air velocity and flow.
e. Thermocouples to measure temperatures.
f. Cylindrical envelope to contain the above.
g. Shields.
h. HT10XC Heat Transfer Service
Unit.
THEORY:
If a temperature sensor is used to measure the local temperature of a
stream of gas then the sensor must stabilize at the same temperature as
the gas if it is to provide an accurate measurement of the gas temperature.
Under ideal conditions heat will be lost or gained by the sensor through
convection to the gas until the sensor has stabilized at the same
temperature as the gas. However, if a source of radiation is present, which
is visible by the sensor, and then the sensor may not stabilize at the same
temperature as the gas resulting in an error in the temperature
measurement. If the radiating surface is hotter than the sensor then heat
will be gained by the sensor giving an elevated reading. Conversely, if the
radiating surface is cooler than the sensor then heat will be lost by the
sensor giving a depressed reading. The magnitude of the measurement
error will depend on many factors such as:
 The difference in temperature between the sensor and the radiating
surface
 The velocity of the gas passing the sensor
 The size of the sensor
 The emissivity of the sensor
 Other effects such as conductivity along the sensor connecting
lead, water vapor in the gas etc.
In this demonstration three different thermocouple beads are used to
measure the temperature of ambient air at the center of a vertical duct.
The section of duct wall adjacent to the thermocouples can be elevated in
temperature by a heating element which is clamped to the outside of the
wall. The velocity of the air flowing past the thermocouples can be varied
to investigate the variation of the radiation error at different air stream
velocities. Thermocouple T6 is installed in the duct wall below the test
section to measure the temperature of the air as it passes through the test
section. Thermocouple T7 is a normal thermocouple bead 1.0 mm
diameter with the leads and bead polished to minimize the effect of
radiation. Thermocouple T8 is the same construction as T7 but the leads
and bead are coated with black heat resistant paint to increase the
emissivity of the surface. Thermocouple T9 is a large thermocouple bead
3mm diameter with the leads insulated and the bead coated with the same
heat resistant paint as T8. The effect of emissivity and bead size can be
shown by comparing the measurements obtained from the three test
thermocouples with the measurement of the upstream air temperature.
Note: The effects of conduction have minimized by using fine
thermocouple leads and running the leads from the bead isothermally up
the center of the duct before exiting through the wall of the duct.
Although not required in these demonstrations, the actual power supplied
to the heated wall can be determined from:

This exercise is intended as a demonstration of the parameters which can


affect the accuracy of temperature measurement when a source of
radiation is present. More advanced students may be requested to analyze
the magnitude of the errors by applying radiation and convection theory
to the application.
Preparation:
1. In this experiment we used two devices (HT10XC, HT16C).
2. HT10XC is a computer controlled service unit, which can be used to
measure velocity of air, current, voltage, temperature, resistance, Fw.
3. HT16C Computer Controlled Radiation Errors in Temperature
Measurement, the device contains an electrical heater and motor
(Fan).

4. Anemometer used to measure the velocity of air.


5. In this experiment we used Fan, fan is used to control the flow of air,
6. HT10XC and HT16C connected by mane thermocouples:
 Thermocouple T6 is used to measure temperature wall below the test
section.
 Thermocouple T7 is used to measure the temperature using small
polished bead.
 Thermocouple T8 is used to measure air temperature using small black
bead.
 Thermocouple T9 is used to measure the temperature using big black
bead.
 Thermocouple T10 is used to measure the surface temperature.
Procedure:
1. Connecting the HT16C to the Service unit by mane
thermocouples (𝑇6 , 𝑇7 , 𝑇8 , 𝑇9 , 𝑇10 ).
2. The HT16C has been connected to the HT10XC service unit, then
power the service unit on.
3. We measure data in two table, the first table doesn't use Fan and
second table using Fan.
4. For first table of data we turn off the Fan and don’t use
anemometer to natural convection.
5. We will give voltages and measure current, for each voltage that
given we will measure (𝑇6 , 𝑇7 , 𝑇8 , 𝑇9 , 𝑇10 ) when temperature should
be stable, and velocity are constant.
6. Again we will measure data for second table, but we will use Fan
and anemometer.
7. We will give voltage and velocity, measure current. So,
temperature should be stable then measure (𝑇6 , 𝑇7 , 𝑇8 , 𝑇9 , 𝑇10 ) for
second table, voltage and current are constant.
8. Plot the chart between velocity of air against temperature (𝑇7 , 𝑇8 , 𝑇9 ).
First table, when we don’t use Fan and anemometer (Velocity
constant), and voltage change:

Voltage Current
No. 𝑻𝟔 (℃) 𝑻𝟕 (℃) 𝑻𝟖 (℃) 𝑻𝟗 (℃) 𝑻𝟏𝟎 (℃)
(V) (A)

1 10 3.75 28.2 28.6 29.4 29.5 62

2 13 4.85 29.3 32.1 33.8 34.3 107

3 15 5.58 29.4 35.9 38.7 39.7 140

Second table, when voltage constant and velocity change:


Voltage Current
No. 𝑼𝒂 𝑻𝟔 (℃) 𝑻𝟕 (℃) 𝑻𝟖 (℃) 𝑻𝟗 (℃) 𝑻𝟏𝟎 (℃)
(V) (A)
1 15 5.58 2 27.5 28.4 29.8 30.4 124
2 15 5.58 4 26.9 27.6 28.4 28.7 104
3 15 5.58 6 26.7 27.2 27.8 27.9 87
4 15 5.58 7.7 26.2 26.6 27.2 27.3 78
Plot the chart between velocity of air against temperature
(𝑻𝟕 , 𝑻𝟖 , 𝑻𝟗 ).
𝑈𝑎 𝑇7 (℃) 𝑇8 (℃) 𝑇9 (℃)

2 28.4 29.8 30.4


4 27.6 28.4 28.7
6 27.2 27.8 27.9
7.7 26.6 27.2 27.3

31

30
Air temperature ( T7. T8, T9 ) (C)

29

28

27

26
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Air Velocity (m/s)
T9 T8 T7

As shown in graph, when we increase air velocity, the movement of


atom will decrease and the radiation decrease, the relation between
temperature and air velocity are inversely. Air temperature (T7, T8,
T9) have difference values, because the size and shape of them are
difference.
1
𝑉∝
(𝑇7 , 𝑇8 , 𝑇9 )
Discussion:
In this experiment we learned the effect of radiation for this three
deference thermocouples (T7 , T8 , T9 ) , in this experiment we have two
different cases, in case one velocity is constant and in case two voltage
constant.
In case one we used different voltage and velocity should be constant, we
seen that the temperature (T7 , T8 , T9 ) increased, because we used voltage,
mean voltage increase temperature. The temperature of T9 should be
greater than T8 because the diameter of T9 is bigger than diameter of T8,
T9 is blackbody absorption temperature. T8 is greater than T7 because T7
have small diameter and polished. T10 is greater than all Temperature
because it's temperature of heater. T6 is smaller than other Temperature
because don’t have effect of radiation.
In case two we used Fan and anemometer, the velocity doesn’t constant,
in this case voltage constant. When we increase velocity density of air
will increase, when density of air increase the movement of atom will
increase, when atom near each other the effect of radiation will decrease.
As shown in our tables when velocity increase temperature for three
thermocouple decrease and value of them are deference, and size and
shape of them difference. as we seen the temperature decrease during
velocity increase, T9 is blackbody and have high emissivity and bigger
than other temperature, T8 is have small diameter and it will absorption
smaller temperature than T9, T7 is smaller than all Temperature and it's
polished.
We learned Shield is important, if shield in bottom near heater it won't
show and appear the effect of radiation, so it will be in top to shown the
effect of radiation of the thermocouples.
We learned when body is blackbody and diameter is bigger, it will
absorption more temperature and emissivity is bigger. The emissivity of
blackbody is 1, and absorb temperature is more, and we learned that the
velocity have effect over temperature, when velocity increase temperature
will decrease as shown in our graph. Also we learned that l diameter have
effect over value of temperate.

You might also like