University of Zakho

College of Engineering
Mechanical Department

Ex. Name:
Determination of Thermal Conductivity

Name: Sarkaft Muhager Samad

1
PURPOSE:-
Using analytical transient-temperature/heat flow charts to determine the
conductivity of a solid cylinder from measurements taken on a similar cylinder
but having a different conductivity.

APPARATUS:
The HT17 Computer Compatible Linear Heat Conduction Accessory consists
of:
1. Water bath.
2. Circulating pump
3. Carrier.
4. Heating Element
5. Shape.
6. Drain.
7. HT10XC Heat Transfer Service Unit.

THEORY:
Analytical solutions are available for temperature distribution and heat flow as a
function of time and position for simple solid shapes which are suddenly
subjected to convection with a fluid at a constant temperature. A typical chart is
included below which is constructed for a long cylinder of radius b where the
whole of the surface is suddenly subjected to a change in temperature (the effect
of the end faces is considered to be negligible).

2
To use the charts it is necessary to evaluate appropriate dimensionless
parameters as follows:

Where

Since the flow of water vertically upwards through the duct is constant for all of
the measurements, the heat transfer coefficient h will remain constant for each
shape.

3
EXPERMENTAL PROCEDURE

Preparation:
1. In this experiment we used two devices (HT10XC, HT17), HT10XC is
a computer controlled service unit, which can be used in conjunction
with a range of small-scale accessories for a wide range of
demonstrations into the modes of heat transfer. HT17 is Computer
Compatible Linear Heat Conduction
2. We used three thermal cables and we connected to Carrier in HT17
to measuring temperature 𝐓∞ is temperature of water bath and 𝐓𝐢 is
initial temperature of cylinder and we measure T3 for our samples
brass and steel.
3. We will switch on HT10XC service unit, this device contains two
system remote and manual, in manual system we work by hands
meaning we increase and decrease voltage and we change it to
determine current and resistance. And remote system we use
computer and all work we done in computer and determine all things
in computer.
4. The HT17 is Analytical solutions are available for temperature
distribution and heat flow as a function of time and position for simple
solid shapes, which are suddenly subjected to convection with a fluid
at a constant temperature. Simple shapes are provided together with
appropriate classical transient-temperature/ heat flow charts, which
enable a fast analysis of the response from actual transient
measurements. Each shape is allowed to stabilize at room
temperature then suddenly immersed in a bath of hot water at a
steady temperature.
5. We used water as liquid in our experiment. The electric that we used
is AC, and I sensor and motor (pump) is DC and in heater is AC.

HT12XC HT17

4
 Experimental procedure:-
1. In this experiment we need some devices (HT10XC service unit, HT17,
thermocouples, cylinder shape (sample of brass and steel).
2. First we need to connect HT10XC with HT17, and connecting three thermal
cables between Carrier and HT10XC.
3. Thermal cable that connected T1 is measure fluid temperature around the
pump, and Thermal cable that connected T2 is measure fluid temperature
around the sample. Thermal cable that connected T3 is measure the center line
temperature of the sample.
4. We need to connect the power cord of HT10XC service unit to the power
outlet and the mini pump to the back side of the HT10XC service unit.
5. We need to turn indicate knob (change to V) and voltage should be 5.6 volts.
6. After that we need to turn on the power outlet and service unit.
7. We use cell phone to recording data because temperature changes very fast
form 25 degree Celsius to 95 degree Celsius.
8. First we need to do is attach the sample to the Carrier. Without touching the
bottom of sample.
9. We will put the carrier into the water path two time for (brass and steel
samples), and recording data of temperatures, during 50 second for brass
temperatures and 30 second for steel temperatures.
10. We found data of temperature for brass and steel samples and we will use
them in the calculation.
11. Finally we need to turn off our devices.

5
Results and Calculations
Determine the value for h using the result obtained for the brass cylinder as
follows:
Plot the first graph using the Graph screen of the software. Select the graph
screen using the icon, then select the icon to open the graph configuration
screen. The available results are listed on the left. Highlight the first required
series (the temperatures T2 and T3 for the large brass cylinder) and use the red
arrow button to transfer them to ‘Series on Primary Axis’, then select ‘OK’. The
graph may be printed to a printer (if one is available) by selecting the icon.
Establish where t = 0 (i.e. T2 step changes from room temperature to T ∞)
Choose a point on the temperature/time plot for the brass cylinder and measure
the corresponding values of temperature T3 and time t. (the point should be
close to the final temperature e.g. 2 or 3 degrees away from the final
temperature).
Calculate 𝜃 knowing Ti (T3 at t=0), T∞, and T3 ie. T(r=0, t)
Calculate 𝜏 knowing 𝛼, t and b (assume 𝛼 = 3.7 x 10-5 m2s-1 for brass)
Read value for 1/Bi on chart using the calculated values for 𝜃 and 𝜏.
Calculate h knowing Bi, b and k (assume k = 121 Wm-1 oC-1 for brass).
This value of h will be the same for the stainless steel cylinder since the size,
shape, surface finish and water velocity are constant.
Plot the graph for the stainless steel cylinder: first highlight the results for the
brass cylinder and use the red arrow button to transfer them back to ‘Available
Series’. Then select the results for the stainless steel cylinder from the available
series, and transfer them to the primary Y-axis. Select ‘OK’, then print the
graph (if a printer is available).
Choose a point on the temperature/time plot for the stainless steel cylinder and
measure the corresponding values of temperature T at time t. (the point should
be close to the final temperature e.g. 2 or 3 degrees away from the final
temperature).
Calculate 𝜃 knowing Ti (T3 at t=0), T∞, and T3 i.e. T(r=0, t)
Calculate 𝜏. knowing 𝛼, t and b (assume 𝛼 = 0.6 x 10-5 m2s-1 for stainless steel).
Read value for 1/Bi on chart using the calculated values for 𝜃 and 𝜏.
Calculate k knowing Bi, b and h. (Use the calculated value for h obtained using
results from the brass cylinder. The typical value of k for stainless steel is
25Wm-1 oC-1.)

6
Calculation:
𝐓(𝐫,𝐭) −𝐓∞ 𝐛𝐡 𝛂𝐭
𝛉= 𝐁𝐢 = 𝛕=
𝐓𝐢 −𝐓∞ 𝐤 𝐛𝟐
−𝟓 −𝟓
𝛂𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒔𝒔 = 𝟑. 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝟐 ⁄𝒔 𝛂𝑺𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝟐 ⁄𝒔
b = 10mm → b = 0.01m 𝒌 = 𝟏𝟐𝟏 𝐖⁄𝐦 . ℃
𝐈 𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐧 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐚𝐭 𝐭 = 𝟐𝟏𝐬𝐞𝐜
𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐁𝐫𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐓(𝐫,𝐭) = 𝟖𝟗. 𝟐℃ , 𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 𝐓(𝐫,𝐭) = 𝟖𝟗. 𝟑℃

𝐓∞ = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟗℃ 𝐓𝐢 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟖℃
First we will find value of (𝛉) & (𝛕) for brass:
𝐓(𝐫,𝐭) − 𝐓∞ 89.2 − 98.9
𝛉= θ= 𝛉 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟑
𝐓𝐢 − 𝐓∞ 29.8 − 98.9
𝛂𝐭 (3.7 × 10−5)(21)
𝛕= 𝟐 τ= 𝛕 = 𝟕. 𝟕𝟕
𝐛 (0.01)2
We need to find the value of (Bi) in the table:
𝛉 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟑 𝟏 𝟕+𝟖 1
𝛕 = 𝟕. 𝟕𝟕 = → Bi = → 𝐁𝐢 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟑
𝐁𝐢 𝟐 7.5
Now we will put value of (𝐁𝐢)in the equation, to find value of (𝐡𝐛𝐫𝐚𝐬𝐬 ):
𝐛𝐡 121 (0.133)
𝐁𝐢 = → h= → 𝐡𝐛𝐫𝐚𝐬𝐬 = 𝐡𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 = 𝟏𝟔𝟏𝟐. 𝟗𝟑 𝐖⁄𝐦𝟐 . ℃
𝐤 (0.01)
After that, we will find value of (𝛉) & (𝛕) for steel:
𝐓(𝐫,𝐭) − 𝐓∞ 79.3 − 98.9
𝛉= θ= 𝛉 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟑𝟔
𝐓𝐢 − 𝐓∞ 29.8 − 98.9
𝛂𝐭 (𝟎. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 )(𝟐𝟏)
𝛕= 𝟐 𝛕= 𝛕 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟔
𝐛 (𝟎. 𝟎𝟏)𝟐
We need to find the value of (Bi) in the table:
𝛉 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟑𝟔 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟏. 𝟒 → 𝐁𝐢 = → 𝐁𝐢 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟒
𝛕 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟔 𝐁𝐢 𝟏. 𝟒
Now we will put value of (𝐁𝐢) in the equation, to finding value of (𝐡𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 ):
𝐛𝐡 0.01 (1612.93)
𝐁𝐢 = k= 𝐤 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟖 𝐖⁄𝐦𝟐 . ℃
𝐤 (0.714)

7
Error between typical value of (k) for stainless steel and the value of stainless
steel that we found:
𝐤 𝒑𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒄 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟖 𝐖⁄𝐦 . ℃ 𝐤𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒚 = 𝟐𝟓 𝐖⁄𝐦 . ℃
k𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦 − k𝑝𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐
Error = × 100%
k𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦
25 − 22.58
Error = × 100%
25
𝐄𝐫𝐫𝐨𝐫 = 𝟗. 𝟔𝟖%

8
Time (𝒔𝒆𝒄) 𝑻𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒔𝒔 (℃) 𝑻𝑺𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 (℃) Time(𝒔𝒆𝒄) 𝑻𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒔𝒔 (℃) 𝑻𝑺𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 (℃)
7 56.6 46.6 18 85.2 74.7
8 60.3 49.8 19 86.9 76.2
9 63.7 52.9 20 87.9 78.2
10 66.9 55.8 21 89.2 79.3
11 71.2 58.6 22 90 80.9
12 73.8 62.4 23 90.4 81.4
13 76.1 64.6 24 91.4 82.4
14 78.2 66.8 25 92 83.9
15 80.1 68.8 26 92.5 84.7
16 82.5 71.5 27 93 85.5
17 83.9 73.2 28 93.6 86.5

100

90

80
Temperature (C)

70

60

50

40
5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (sec)
Tbrass

The relation between time and temperature is directly, and when time increase also
temperature increase and also velocity increase, the temperature of brass is greater than
temperature of steel. Because the melting temperature of steel greater than melting
temperature of brass.
Melting temperature of steel is (1510℃) and Melting temperature of Brass (1000℃).
9
Discussion:
We learned what is unsteady heat transfer are a precursor to steady state
conduction. No system exists initially under steady state conductions.
Sometime must pass, after heat transfer is initiated, before the system
reached steady state. During that period of transition the system is under
unsteady state conditions.
In this experiment we used some devices like (HT10XC, HT17), and how
we use it.
We used three thermal cables and we connected between our devices. By
thermal cables we found three temperatures (T1, T2, T3). And we
recorded T3 by video recording on HT10XC service unit. And for each
second we write data of temperature.
We used two cylinder brass and steel, different metal but velocity and
size and shape are same and constant, (h) for brass and steel are same
value, we put it in equation of steel ,because shape and size is constant, it
helped us to find value of thermal conductivity of brass.
We used three equations in this experiment:

𝐓(𝐫,𝐭) −𝐓∞ 𝐛𝐡 𝛂𝐭
𝛉= 𝐁𝐢 = 𝛕=
𝐓𝐢 −𝐓∞ 𝐤 𝐛𝟐

And we explained this equation and how we find values in calculation.

10