Gec 106 Prelim Notes

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Art Appreciation

something that will be useful to one’s day-to-day life. Ars in


GEC 106- Medieval Latin came to mean something different. It meant “any
special form of book-learning, such as grammar or logic, magic, or
What is Art: Introduction and Assumptions To function in the astrology”. It was only during the Renaissance Period that the word
complex human relationships in which we find ourselves, and to
reacquired a meaning that was inherent in its ancient form of craft.
understand human existence, we use variety of vantage points.
Early Renaissance artist saw their activities merely as
When, for example, we meet people, we usually choose several
craftsmanship, devoid of a whole lot of intonations that are attached
vantage points from which to perceive and relate to them: we can
to the word now. It was during the seventeenth century when the
see them as organized systems of chemical components; as
problem and idea of aesthetics, the study of beauty, began to
bundles of interacting psychological and social experiences; as
unfold distinctly from the notion of technical workmanship, which
spiritual entities; a combination of these, or something else
was the original conception of the word “art”. It was finally in the
altogether. How well we perceive and respond requires the
eighteenth century when the word has evolved to distinguish
development of certain skills. In a sense, these vantage points and
between the fine arts and the useful arts. The fine arts would come
skills are ways of “knowing” human reality or the “human condition.”
to mean “not delicate or highly skilled in arts, but “beautiful arts”.
Humans have organized these ways of knowing into categories
This is something more akin to what is now considered art. “The
generally called science, technology, social sciences, philosophy,
humanities constitute one of the oldest and most important means
humanities, and fine arts. We may say that science seeks to
of expression developed by man”. Human history has witnessed
examine reality; technology uses the discoveries of science to
how man evolved not just physically but also culturally, from cave
create tools for making life better; social science studies people
painters to men of exquisite paintbrush users of the present. Even if
behave; philosophy helps to understand the meaning of life; and
one goes back to the time before written records of man’s
humanities and fine arts try to describe what kind of creature we
civilization has appeared, he can find cases of man’s attempts of
are, and how we got to be this way. Specifically, the arts try to
not just crafting tools to live and survive but also expressing his
understand the human condition by drawing upon “creative
feelings and thoughts. The Galloping Wild Boar found in the cave of
impulses” that sometimes communicate through mysterious
Altamira, Spain is one such example. In 1879, a Spaniard and his
channels. Very often the boundaries between science, technology,
daughter were exploring a cave when they saw pictures of a wild
social science, philosophy, and the humanities and fine arts are
boar, hind, and bison. According to experts, these paintings were
blurred. The scientist often defends as much as the artist on
purported to belong to Upper Paleolithic Age, several thousands of
intuition to sense or imagine that there is something to be
years before the current era. Pre-historic men, with their crude
discovered. Art is something that is perennially around us. Some
instruments, already showcased and manifested earliest attempts
people may deny having to do with arts but it is indisputable that life
at recording man’s innermost interests, preoccupations, and
presents us with many forms of and opportunities for communion
thoughts. The humanities, then, ironically, have started even before
with the arts. A bank manager choosing what to wear together with
the term has been coined. Human persons have long been
his shirt and shoes, a politician shuffling her music track while
exercising what it means to be a human long before he was even
comfortably seated on her car looking for her favorite song, a
aware of his being one. The humanities stand tall in bearing witness
student marveling at the intricate designs of a medieval cathedral
to this magnificent phenomenon. Any human person, then, is
during his field trip, and a market vendor cheering for her bet in
tasked to participate, if not, totally partake in this long tradition of
dance competition on a noontime TV program all manifest concern
humanizing himself.
for values that are undeniably, despite tangentially, artistic. Despite
the seemingly overflowing instances of arts around people, one still
finds the need to see more and experience more, whether
consciously or unconsciously. One whose exposure to music is only
limited to one genre finds it lacking not to have been exposed to
more. One whose idea of cathedral is limited to the locally available
Assumptions of Art
ones, finds enormous joy in seeing other prototypes in Europe.
Plato had the sharpest foresight when he discussed in the 1. Art is universal. Literature has provided key works of
Symposium that beauty, the object of any love, truly progresses. As art. Among the most popular ones being taught in school
one moves through life, one locates better, more beautiful objects are the two Greek epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey. The
of desire. One can never be totally content with what is just before Sanskrit pieces Mahabharata and Ramayana are also
him. Human beings are drawn toward what is good and ultimately staples in this field. These works, purportedly written
beautiful. This lesson is about this yearning for the beautiful, the before the beginning of recorded history, are believed to
appreciation of the all-consuming beauty around us, and some be man’s attempt at recording stories and tales that have
preliminary clarifications on assumptions that people normally hold
been passed on, known, and sung throughout the years.
about art.
Art has always been timeless and universal, spanning
generations and continents through and through
Why Study the Humanities
In every country and in every generation, there is
For as long as man existed in this planet, he has cultivated the
always art. Oftentimes, people feel that what is
land, altered the conditions of the fauna and the flora, in order to
survive. Alongside these necessities, man also marked his place in considered artistic are only those which have been
the world through his works. Through his bare hands, man made long time ago. This is a misconception. Age is not
constructed infrastructures that tended to his needs, like his house. a factor in determining art. An “art is not good because
He sharpened swords and spears. He employed fire in order to melt
gold. The initial meaning of the word “art” has something to do with it is old, but old because it is good”. In the Philippines,
all these craft. The word “art” comes from the ancient Latin, ars the works of Jose Rizal and Francisco Balagtas are not
which means a “craft or specialized form of skill, like carpentry or being read because they are old. Otherwise, works of
blacksmithing or surgery “. Art then suggested the capacity to
produce an intended result from carefully planned steps or method. other Filipinos who have long died would have been
When a man wants to build a house, he plans meticulously to get to required in junior high school too. The pieces
what the prototype promises and he executes the steps to produce mentioned are read in school and have remained to be
the said structure, then he engaged in art. The Ancient World did
with us because they are good. They are liked and
not have any conceived notion of art in the same way that we do
now. To them, art only meant using the bare hands to produce adored because they meet our needs and desires.
Florante at Laura never fails to teach high school blind men who one day argue against each other on
students the beauty of love , one that is universal and what an elephant looks like. Each of the live blind men
pure. Ibong Adarna, another Filipino masterpiece, has was holding a different part of the elephant. The first
always captured the imagination of the young with its was touching the body and thus, thought the elephant
timeless lessons. When we recite the Psalms, we feel in was like a wall. Another was touching the beast’s ear
communion with King David as we feel one with him in and was convinced that the elephant was like a fan. The
his conversation with God. When we listen to a rest were touching other different parts of the elephant
kundiman or perform folk dances, we still enjoy the way and concluded differently based on their perceptions.
our Filipino ancestors whiled away their time in the Art is like each of these men’s view of the elephant. It is
past. We do not necessarily like a kundiman for its based on an individual’s subjective experience of
original meaning. We just like it. We enjoy it. Or just as nature. It is not meant, after all, to accurately define
one of the characters in the movie Bar Boys thought, what the elephant is really like in nature. Artists are not
kundiman makes one concentrate better. expected to duplicate nature just as even scientists with
their elaborate laboratories cannot make nature.
The first assumption then about the humanities is that Once this point has been made, a student of humanities
art has been crafted by all people regardless of origin, can then ask further questions such as: What reasons
time place, and that it stayed on because it is liked and might the artist have in creating something? Why did
enjoyed by people continuously. A great piece of work Andres Bonifacio write “Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang
will never be obsolete. Some people say that art is art Lupa?”What motivation did Juan Luna have in creating
for intrinsic worth. In John Stuart Mill’s Utilitarianism his masterpiece, the Spoliarium? In whatever work of
(1879), enjoyment in the arts belongs to a higher good, art, one should always ask why the artist made it. What
one that lies at the opposite end of base pleasures. Art is it that he wants to show?
will always be present because human beings will
always express themselves and delight in these 3. Arts involve experience. Getting this far without a
expressions. Men will continue to use art while art satisfactory definition of art can be quite weird for
persists and never gets depleted some. For most people, art does not require a full
definition. Art is just experience. By experience, we
2. Art is not nature. In the Philippines, it is not entirely mean the “actual doing of something”. When one says
novel to hear some consumers of local movies remark that he has an experience of something, he often means
that these movies produced locally are unrealistic. They that he knows what that something is about. When one
contend that local movies work around certain formula claims that he has experienced falling in love, getting
to the detriment of substance and faithfulness to reality hurt, and bouncing back, he in effect claims that he
of the movies. These critical minds argue that a good know (sometimes) endless cycle of loving. When one
movie must reflect reality as closely as possible. Is that asserts having experienced preparing a particular
so? recipe, he in fact asserts knowing how the recipe is
Paul Cezanne, a French painter, painted a scene from made. Knowing a thing is different from others what the
reality entitled Well and Grinding Wheel in the Forest of said thing is. A radio DJ dispensing advice on love when
the Chateau Noir. The said scene is inspired by real he himself has not experienced it does not only really
scene In a forest around the Chateau Noir area near Aix know what he is talking about. A choreographer who
in Cezanne’s native Provence. Comparing the two, one cannot execute a dance step himself is a bogus. Art is
can see that Cezanne has changed some patterns and always an experience. Unlike fields of knowledge that
details from the way they were actually in the involves data, art is known by experiencing. A painter
photograph. What he did is not nature. It is art. cannot produce a work of art if a chisel is foreign to him.
One important characteristic of art is that it is not Dudley, et al, affirmed that “aII art depends on
nature. Art is man’s expression of his reception of experience, and if one is to know art, he must know it
nature. Art is man’s way of interpreting nature. Art is not as fact or information but as experience.” A work of
not nature. Art is made by man, whereas nature is a art then cannot be abstracted from actual doing, In
given around us It is in this juncture that they can be order to know what an artwork is, we have to sense it,
considered opposites. What we find in nature should see it or hear it, and see AND hear it. To fully appreciate
not be expected to be present in art too. Movies are not our national hero’s monument, one must go to Rizal
meant to be direct representation of reality. They may, Park and see the actual sculpture. In order to know
according to the moviemaker’s perception of reality, be Beyonce’s music, one must listen to it to actually
a reinterpretation or even distortion of nature. experience them. A famous story about someone who
The distinction assumes that all of us see nature, adores Picasso goes something like this: “Years ago,
perceive its elements in myriad, different, yet ultimately Gertrude Stein was asked why she bought the pictures
valid ways. One can only imagine that story of the five of the then unknown artist Picasso. ‘I like to look at
them’ said Miss Stein”. At the end of the day, one fully want the viewers to perceive. More often than not, people
gets acquainted with art if one immerses himself into it. are blind to this beauty and only those who have
In the case of Picasso, one only learns about Picasso’s developed a fine sense of appreciation can experience and
work by looking at it. That is precisely what Miss Stein see the art the same way artist did. Because of this,
did. In matters of art, the subject’s perception is of numerous artworks go unnoticed, artist are not given
primacy. One can read hundreds of reviews about a enough credit, and they miss opportunities. It sometimes
particular movie, but at the end of the day, until he sees takes a lifetime before their contribution to the
the movie himself, he will be in no position to actually development of art is recognized. Hence, refining one’s
talk about the movie. He does not know the movie until ability to appreciate art allows him to deeply understand
he experiences it. An important aspect of experiencing the purpose of an artwork and recognize the beauty it
art is its being highly personal, individual, and possesses. In cultivating an appreciation of art, one should
subjective. In philosophical terms, perception of art is also exercise and development his taste for things that are
always a value judgment. It depends on who the fine and beautiful. This allows individuals to make
perceiver is, his tastes, his biases, and what he has intelligent choices and decision in acquitting necessities
inside him. Degustisbus non disputandumest (Matters and luxuries, knowing what gives better value for time or
of taste are not matters of dispute). One cannot argue money while taking into consideration the aesthetic and
with another person’s evaluation of art because one’s practical value. This continuous demand for aesthetically
experience can never be known by another. Finally, one valuable things influences the development and evolution
should also underscore that every experience with art is of art and its forms. Frequenting museums, art galleries,
accompanied by some emotion. One either likes or performing art theaters, concert halls, or even mall that
dislikes, agrees or disagrees that a work of art is display art exhibition that are free in admission during
beautiful. A stage play or motion picture is particularly leisure time will not only develop an understanding of art,
one of those art forms that evoke strong emotions from but will also serve as a rewarding experience. Learning to
its audience. With experience comes emotions and appreciate art, no matter what vocation or profession you
feelings, after all. Feelings and emotions are concrete have, will lead to a further and more meaningful life.
proofs that the artwork has been experiences.
6. Art as Expression There may have been times when
4. Art Appreciation: Creativity, Imagination, and you felt something is going on within you, you try to
Expression It takes an artist make art. One may perceive explain it but you do not know how. You may only be
beauty on a daily basis. However not every beautiful thing conscious about feeling this sort of excitement, fear, or
that can be seen or experienced may truly be called a work agitation, but you know that just one word is not enough
of art. Art is a product of man’s creativity, imagination and to describe the nature of what you truly feel. Finally, you
expression. No matter how perfectly blended the colors of try to release yourself from this tormenting and disabling
a sunset are and now matter how extraordinarily formed state by doing something, which is called expressing
mountains are, nature is not considered art simply because oneself. Suppose this feeling is excitement. It is frustrating
it is not made by man. Not even photographs or sketches to contain such feeling, so you relieve it by expressing
of nature, though captured or drawn by man, are works of through shouting or leaping in excitement. An emotion will
art, but mere recordings of the beauty in nature. An remain unknown to a man until he expresses it. Robin
artwork may be inspired by nature or other works of art, George Collingwood, an English philosopher who is best
but an artist invents his own forms and patterns due to known for his work in aesthetic, explicated in his
what he perceives as beautiful and incorporates them in publication The Principles of art (1938) that what an artist
creating his masterpiece. Perhaps not everyone can be does to an emotion is not to induce it, but express it.
considered an artist, but surely, all are spectators of art. In Through expression, he is able to explore his own emotions
deciding what pair of shoes to buy, we carefully examine and at the same time, create something beautiful out of
all possible choices within our budget and purchase the them. Collingwood further illustrated that expressing
one that satisfies out beauty and practical standards. We emotions is something different form describing emotions.
are able to distinguish what is fine and beautiful from what In his example, explicitly saying “I am angry” is not an
id not and what id good quality from poor. This gives us expression of an emotion, but a mere description. There is
role in the field of art appreciation. no need in relating or referring to a specific emotion, such
as anger, in expressing one’ emotion. Description actually
5. Art Appreciation as a Way of Life Jean-Paul Sartre a destroy the idea of expression, as it classifies the emotion,
famous French philosopher of the twentieth century, making it ordinary freedom to express himself the way he
described the role of art as a creative work that depicts the wants to Hence, there is no specific technique in
world on a completely different light and perspective, and expression. This makes people’s art not a reflection of what
the source in due to human freedom. Each artwork outside or external to them, but a reflection of their inner
beholds beauty of its own kind that the artist sees and salves
before the current era. Pre-historic men, with their crude
instruments, already showcased and manifested earliest
attempts at recording man’s innermost interests,
preoccupations, and thoughts.
Basic Assumptions of the Art • The humanities, then, ironically, have started even before
 Art has been created by all people at all times, in the term has been coined. Human persons have long been
all countries and it lives because its well-liked and exercising what it means to be a human long before he was
enjoyed even aware of his being one. The humanities stand tall in
• Art involves experience; there can never be bearing witness to this magnificent phenomenon. Any
appreciation of art without experience human person, then, is tasked to participate, if not, totally
partake in this long tradition of humanizing himself
ART & NATURE

Art is not nature; Nature is not art


Functions and Philosophical Perspective on Art
 Art and Nature Art is not nature. Art is made by human
beings. Artists frequently find their inspiration and POPULAR ART EXPRESSIONS
subject matter in nature, and artists do use nature as a
medium, but art itself not nature.
 Art is made by human beings, and no matter how close 1. VISUAL ARTS Is the kind of art form that the
it is to nature, it always shows that it was made by population is most likely more exposed to, but its
human beings. variations are so diverse they range from
 The function of the artist is to help us understand the sculptures that you see in art galleries to the last
nature of things, to realize the possibilities in the world, movie you saw. Some mediums of visual arts
to develop insights or enlarge imagination by creating or include paintings, drawings, lettering, printing,
revealing new subjects
sculptures, digital imaging, and more
 Art is made by man; 2. FILM refers to the art of putting together
 Art is everywhere successions of still images in order to create an
 Art is man’s oldest means of expression; illusion of movement, Filmmaking focuses on its
 Art as a means of expression & communication. aesthetic, cultural, and social value and is
considered as both an art and an industry.
“The humanities constitute one of the oldest and most
3. Performance Art Performance art is a live art and
important means of expression developed by man”.
the artist’s medium is mainly the human body
Human history has witnessed how man evolved not just
which he or she uses to perform, but also employs
physically but also culturally, from cave painters to men of
other kind of art such as visual art, props, or sound.
exquisite paintbrush users of the present. Even if one goes
4. Poetry Performance Poetry is an art form where
back to the time before written records of man’s
the artist expresses his emotions not by using
civilization has appeared, he can find cases of man’s
paint, charcoal, or camera, but expresses them
attempts of not just crafting tools to live and survive but
through words.
also expressing his feelings and thoughts. The Galloping
5. Architecture– is the art of designing and
Wild Boar found in the cave of Altamira, Spain is one such
constructing buildings and other types of
example. In 1879, a Spaniard and his daughter were
structures. It is often referred to as the “mother of
exploring a cave when they saw pictures of a wild boar,
the arts” because it houses, serves as background
hind, and bison.
for, or occurs in relation to other fields of art.
Materials used include stone, concrete, brick,
The Galloping Wild Boar found in the cave of Altamira,
wood, steel, glass, and plaster.
Spain
6. Dance is series of movements that follows the
rhythm of the music accompaniment
 Dance (French dancier)
 generally, refers to human movement
either used as a form of expression or
presented in a social, spiritual or
performance setting
 Choreography
HISTORY OF PAINTING  is the art of making dances, and the
person who does this is called
PREHISTORIC PAINTINGS choreographer.
• According to experts, these paintings were purported to 7. Literary Art Literary art goes beyond the usual
belong to Upper Paleolithic Age, several thousands of years professional, academic, journalistic, and other
technical form of writing. It focuses on writing  Art as a Representation
using a unique style, not following a specific form  Art as a Disinterested Judgment
or norm. It may include both fiction and non-fiction  Art as a Communication of Emotion
such as novels, biographies and poems.
8. Theater uses live performers to present accounts
or imaginary events before a live audience. Theater SUBJECT AND CONTENT
art performance usually follows a script, though
they should not be confused with literary arts. •Subject refers to the visual focus or the image that may
9. Applied Arts Applied arts incorporate elements of be extracted from examining the artwork.
style and design to everyday items with the aim of • Content is the meaning that is communicated by the
increasing their aesthetical value. Artists in this artist or the artwork
field bring beauty, charm, and comfort into many
things that are useful in everyday life. TYPES OF SUBJECT

 These types of art have subjects that refer to object or


THE FUNCTIONS OF ART
events occurring in the real world. Often, it is also termed
figurative art, because as the name suggest, the figures
A. AS A THERAPY In its therapeutic function, art can
depicted are easy to makes out and decipher.
be and is used as therapy for individuals with a
variety of illnesses, both physical and mental
Representational art
B. ART AS ARTIFACT Art also functions as an artifact: A
Non-Representational art
product of a particular time and place, an artwork
 This art does not make a reference to the real
represents the ideas and technology of that
world, whether it is a person, place, thing, or even
specific time and place. As we look back over
a particular event. It is stripped down to visual
history, we find in art striking, and in some cases,
elements such as shapes, lines, emotion, and even
the only, tangible records of some peoples. The
concept.
insights we gain into cultures, including our own
Non-Representational art
are enhanced tremendously by such artifacts as
paintings, sculptures, poems, plays, and buildings. SOURCES OF SUBJECT
C. PERSONAL FUNCTION OF ART The personal
functions of art are varied and highly subjective. o Nature
This means that its function depend on the person- o History
the artist who created the art. o Greek and Roman Mythology
D. SOCIAL FUNCTION OF ART Art is considered to o Judeo- Christian Tradition
have a social function if and when it addresses a o Sacred Oriental Texts
particular collective interest as opposed to a o Other works of art
personal interest. Political art is a very common
example of an art with a social function. Art may KINDS OF SUBJECT
convey message of protest, contestation, or o History
whatever message the artist intends his work to
o Animals
carry.
o Still Life
E. PHYSICAL FUNCTION OF ART The physical functions
o Fantasies
of art are the easiest to spot and understand. The
o Seascape
physical functions of art can be found in artworks
o Figures
that are crafted in order to serve some physical
purpose. o Landscape
F. Other Functions of Art Music as an art is also o Mythology
interesting to talk about in relation to function. o Cityscape
Music in its original form was principally functional. o Dreams
Music was used for dance and religion. Unlike o Myth
today, when one can just listen to music for the o Nature
sake of music’s sake, the ancient world saw music
only as an instrument to facilities worship and CONTENT IN ART
invocation to gods. Music also was essential to  Levels of meaning
dance because music assures synchronicity among  FACTUAL- pertains to the most rudimentary level
dancers of meaning for it may be extracted from the
G. Other Functions of Art identifiable or recognizable forms in the artwork
and understanding how these elements relate to from one part of the room to another or from one
one another. part of a design to another (Sanchez, et al., 2009)
 CONVENTIONAL- meaning, on the other hand, C. Regular Repetition ➢A means of creating
pertains to the acknowledged interpretation of the rhythm in which elements of a composition are
artwork using motifs, signs, symbols and other duplicated at orderly or fixed intervals. ➢The
cyphers as bases of its meaning. These conventions easiest and most precise way to create rhythm.
are established through time, strengthened by ➢Regular repetition was a core property of
recurrent use and wide acceptance by its viewers Minimalist artists, of which Flavin was one.
or audience and scholars who study then D. Alternating Rhythm a type of rhythm in which
 SUBJECTIVE- When subjectivities are consulted, a different elements in a work repeat themselves in
variety of meaning may arise when a particular predictable order.
work of art is read. These meanings stem from the E. Progressive Rhythm ➢Minor variations in
viewer’s or audience’s circumstances that come rhythm can add interest to a composition. Such
into play when engaging with art. variations are seen in progressive rhythm, in which
the rhythm of elements of a work of art such as
shape, texture, or color change slightly as they
PRINCIPLE OF DESIGN move, or progress toward a defined point in the
composition.
refer to the visual strategies used by artists, in conjunction
with the elements of arts – for expressive purposes
(Fichner-Rathus, 2008). Balance
Balance is the concept of visual equilibrium, and
relates to our physical sense of balance. It is a
reconciliation of opposing forces in a composition
that results in visual stability. Most successful
compositions achieve balance in one of two ways:
symmetrically or asymmetrically.

In architectural works like the United States Capitol


– the house in which the laws of the land are
created – repetition and symmetry can imply
rationality and decorum, tying the structure of the
building to a certain symbolic ideal.

Types of Balance
Symmetrical Balance  the type of balance in
which the elements of a work are balanced by
similarity of form or arrangement on either side of
a dividing line or plane, or to correspondence of
parts, as in size, shape, or position.

Asymmetrical Balance  the type of balance in


How we apply the principles of design determines which there are more than slight differences
how successful we are in creating a work of art between the divided areas of a work, yet there is
an overall sense of balance. (Fichner-Rathus,2008
A. HARMONY  in visual design means all parts of
the visual image relate to and complement each Emphasis by Directional Lines
other. Harmony is the visually satisfying effect of
combining similar or related elements.  Directional lines. Lines that lead the eye to a focal
B. RHYTHM  ✓ is organized movement, a beat, a point
repetition. ✓is created by repetition, and repetitive
patterns convey a sense of movement. ✓in the
 Emphasis by Isolation
visual arts, the viewer perceives rhythm by
grouping elements such as color, line and shape.
Rhythmical patterns help the eye to move easily
❖Here a group of performers is found standing
silently within a barren landscape. Even though
there are many of them and they are dressed in
their costumes, they are less likely to draw the
viewer’s eye than the delicately rendered woman Visual Elements
in “street clothes,” who is seated apart in the lower
right and looks beyond the edge of the canvas The Elements of Visual Arts
(Fichner-Rathus,2008). 1. Lines
❖Picasso’s emphasis on the woman’s aloneness 2. Colors
draws us to her along the edge of the canvas 3. Texture
(Fichner-Rathus,2008). 4. Perspective
5. Space
6. Form
Unity is a powerful concept 7. Volume
In art, unity implies harmony. It suggests that the
parts of a composition are there by happenstance;
rather, they fit together to form a meaningful
whole (Fichner-Rathus, 2008).
Unity is powerful, but, as the British writer Aphra
Behn said, “Variety is the soul of pleasure.”
Without variety, life would comprise a bland
sameness, a cookie-cutter existence from which we
all shrink. Variety in art, as in life, is seductive. It
demands our attention, turns the predictable on
edge (Fichner-Rathus, 2008)

PROPORTION LINE- Line is a mark on a surface that describes a shape or


Proportion refers to the relative size and scale of outline. It can create texture and can be thick and thin.
the various elements in a design. The issue is the Types of line can include actual, implied, vertical,
relationship between objects, or parts, of a whole. horizontal, diagonal and contour line. is an important
This means that it is necessary to discuss element at the disposal of every artist. always has
proportion in terms of the context or standard direction, always moving. as used in any work of art, may
used to determine proportions. either be straight or curved. Lines are the first element of
art and are continuous marks that are made on any surface
with a moving point. Lines can be used in various ways to
CONTRAST create different compositions. A line can be used to
express various things or feelings; it can be used to show
various moods or anything abstract.
Line serves as an essential building block of art, but it can
also serve as the content itself of a work of art, or be
manipulated to evoke an emotional or intellectual response
from a viewer (Fichner-Rathus, 2010)
What do these lines suggest?
a) Vertical Lines- Vertical lines are poised for action.
They are poised, balanced, forceful, and dynamic.
They express an impression of dignity. Only vertical
lines can be used to express an orderly feeling
b) Horizontal Lines- Horizontal lines are lines of
repose and serenity. They express ideas of
calmness and quiescence. Horizontal lines are lines
of repose and serenity. They express ideas of
calmness and quiescence.
c) Diagonal Lines- Diagonal lines are used to create
Attributes of Color
feelings of movement or action.
d) Curved Lines- Curved lines, sometimes referred as
S curves, suggest gracefulness or sexiness. If you Hue is the term for the pure spectrum colors
want to photograph S curves, the human body commonly referred to by the "color names" - red,
makes for a wonderful subject. From the arch of a orange, yellow, blue, green violet - which appear in
foot to the curve of a neck, you can find many ways the hue circle or rainbow. Theoretically all hues can
to capture curved leading lines by photographing be mixed from three basic hues, known as
the human form primaries

There are various ways to integrate lines into a photograph


to help strengthen the overall composition and draw
attention to a specific focal point.

Three Main Types of Lines Color Wheel


 Lines that are in opposition to each other form a A color wheel is an abstract illustrative
contrast organization of color hues around a circle, that
 A transition line is a line that connects two shows relationships between primary, secondary,
workflow elements. Transition lines allow you to and tertiary colors, etc
define what the next step in a workflow will be
Value
refers to the lightness or darkness of a color. It is
the quality which depends on the amount of light

The Art Element of Color and dark in color

Tints are values above the normal


Shades are values below the normal.
Color refers to the visual perception of light being reflected Intensity refers to the brightness or darkness of
from a surface of an artwork. In the most basic color. It gives color strength. When a hue is vivid
classification, colors can be divided into three groups: form, it is said to be in full intensity. When it is
primary, secondary and tertiary. dulled, it is said to be partly neutralized.

Psychology of Colors
Colors have varied psychological and emotional
connotations.
◦ Black is associated with death and gloom
◦ White stands for purity and innocence
◦ Red is associated with blood, anger and fear
◦ Green implies happiness and abundance

TEXTURE
➢ is the element that deals more directly with the
sense of touch.
➢ applies to how an object feels or appears to  Space can be positive (white or light) or negative
feel. (black or dark), open or closed, shallow or dee p and
➢ can be either implied or actual. two-dimensional or three-dimensional.

Texture is the element that deals more directly  Sometimes space isn't actually within a piece, but the
with the sense of touch. It has to do with the illusion of it is.
characteristics of surfaces which can be rough or
smooth, fine or coarse, shiny or dull, plain or
irregular
Kinds of Space
Positive space - the areas in a work of art that are the
subjects, or areas of interest. Negative space – areas
Implied texture expresses the idea of how a around the subjects, or areas of interest.
surface might feel. For example, a painting of a
blanket might convey the idea that the blanket is
soft. FORM
Actual texture, on the other hand, is texture that
Form applies to the over-all design of a work of art. It
can actually be felt. For example, a ceramic bowl
describes the structure or shape of an object.
might feature a carved texture that could be felt
when holding that bowl
The Art Element of Form.
Form refers to a three-dimensional object. As such, form is
PERSPECTIVE an art term that is only applied to those artworks that are
Perspective deals with the effect of distance upon the three-dimensional, such as sculpture and pottery.
appearance of objects, by means of which the eye judges Forms, much like shapes, can be geometric or organic.
spatial relationships. Geometric forms have hard lines and edges. Organic forms
are curvy and more free-form.

Kinds of Perspective Types of Form


a) Linear perspective is the representation of an appearance
of distance by means of converging lines. It has to do with Form and shape can also be described as either organic or
the direction of lines and with the size of objects geometric.
•Painters usually show the effect of space and distance by
using converging lines and diminishing size. Organic forms such as these snow-covered boulders
•Parallel lines below the eye level seem to rise to a typically are irregular in outline, and often asymmetrical.
vanishing point in the horizon, while those above the eye Organic forms are most often thought of as naturally
level seem to descend to the vanishing point. occurring.

b) Aerial perspective is the representation of relative Geometric forms are those which correspond to named
distances of objects by gradations of tone or color. regular shapes, such as squares, rectangles, circles, cubes,
Objects become fainter in the distance due to the effect of spheres, cones, and other regular forms
the atmosphere. Objects appear to be lighter in color as
they recede into the distance or atmosphere
VOLUME
Volume refers to the amount of space occupied in three
The Art Element of Space
dimensions. It refers to solidity or thickness
 Space refers to how the artist fills the surface on Question 1
which a work or art is created. It can also refer to the These lines suggest gracefulness or sexiness.
expression of depth within a work of art. Response: Curve
 When talking about a three-dimensional object,
Question 2
space is the actual volume that is taken up by the Identify at least three functions of arts. Among the three, choose one
artwork. and expound how it is contributory to society.
Response: Functions; As a Therapy, Art as Artifact and Social Function of
 Space as an element of art, refers to distances or art. As therapy, art is used to help people realize their full potential. It
areas around, between or within components of a helps them develop a sense of self and gain confidence in themselves,
that makes it a "therapy" to some. It releases psychological stress :
piece.
anxiety and depressions. I think the moment that they overcome it, that
becomes a factor that Arts, indeed, contributes to society.
Question 3
It is a means of creating rhythm in which elements of a composition are
duplicated at orderly or fixed intervals. Question 14
Response: Regular Repetition/ BUT IN THE ANSWER it’s wrong A function of art where art plays a vital role in assisting people with
mental disorders and psychological malfunctioning.
Question 4 Response: Art as Therapy
This is a type of art expression that the population is most likely more
exposed to, but its variations are so diverse they range from sculptures Question 15
that Choose one popular art expression, define it, and give at least three
you see in art galleries to the last movie you saw. examples of that particular art expression.
Response: VISUAL ARTS Response: Visual arts; for me it is an expression of human creativity. It
varies from the production of simple drawing to the production of
Question 5 grand, complex structures. Visual art can be any forms; it can be a
Art has been created by all people at all times, in all countries and it lives photographic art, a painting or even a film.
because its well-liked and enjoyed
Response: True Question 16
It is texture that can actually be felt. For example, a ceramic bowl might
Question 6 feature a carved texture that could be felt when holding that bowl.
Knowing the basic of principles of arts can help any artist to create a Response: Actual Texture
well-balanced and beautiful designs.
Response: True

Question 7 Question 17
It is a type of balance in which the elements of a work are balanced by It refers to the visual focus or the image that may be extracted from
similarity of form or arrangement on either side of a dividing line or examining the artwork.
plane, or to correspondence of parts, as in size, shape, or position. Response: Subject
Response: Symmetrical Balance
Question 18
Question 8 Art is not nature; Nature is not art.
It is the term for the pure spectrum colors commonly referred to by the Response: TRUE
"color names"
Response: Hues

Question 9
It is a principle of art that is a reconciliation of opposing forces in a Question 19
composition that results in visual stability. It is a level of meaning that pertains to the most rudimentary level of
Response: Balance meaning for it may be extracted from the identifiable or recognizable
forms
Question 10 in the artwork and understanding how these elements relate to one
Among all the assumptions of arts that we have discussed, choose one another.
and explain it exhaustively, then discuss its relevance to art Response: Factual
appreciation.
Response: ART IS UNIVERSAL. It has been around for centuries, and will Question 20
continue to exist long after we are gone. It has been present over the An element of art defined as a mark on a surface that describes a shape
years due to its ability to touch us emotionally. Paintings, sculptures, or outline.
plays and even movies can make us move in ways words can't describe. Response: Line
"Art has always been around us since then". This statement can be a
basis for an answer to HOW DOES THIS ASSUMPTION (Art is Universal) Question 21
When conventional level is concerned, a variety of meaning may arise
becomes relevant to the course. I mean, if we happen to know that art
when a particular work of art is read. These meanings stem from the
has always been around us even in the past, we undoubtedly feel the
viewer’s or audience’s circumstances that come into play when
urge to explore it. We may come across to those art that paved its way
engaging with art.
'til now or those arts that has been overlooked. By then, we've obtained Response: False
knowledge and makes us appreciate "ART" in general.
Question 22
Question 11
A function of art that preserves a portion of our history and
Only diagonal lines can be used to express an orderly feeling
commemorates the happenings in the past.
Response: False
Response: Art as Artifact
Question 12
Question 23
It is often referred to as the “mother of the arts” because it houses,
It is a principle of art that means all parts of the visual image relate to
serves as background for, or occurs in relation to other fields of art.
and complement each other.
Response: Architecture
Response: Harmony
Question 13
According to Color Psychology, this color implies happiness and
abundance.
Response: GREEN

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