PHYSICS-PROJECT
NAME:
CLASS:
SCHOOL:
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
To investigate the relation between
the ratio of : -
1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the
secondary coil and primary coil of a self-made
transformer.
CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THEORY
3. DIAGRAM
4. APPARATUS
5. PROCEDURE
6. OBSERVATION
7. RESULTS
8. PRECAUTIONS
9. SOURCES OF ERROR
10. BIBILOGRAPHY
AIM:
To investigate the relation between
the ratio of : -
1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the
secondary coil and primary coil of a self-made transformer.
INTRODUCTION:
Transformer is a device which increases or decreases the voltage. It is
based on the principle of mutual induction. According to this
principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an
e.m.f is induced in the neighbouring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the
A.C voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in both low
and high current circuit. As such transformers are built in an amazing
strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement and control circuits,
transformer size may be so small that it weighs only a few tens of
grams whereas in high voltage power circuits, it may weight
hundreds of tones.
In a transformer which increases the voltage is called step-up
transformers. A transformer which decreases the A.C voltage is
called a step-down transformer.an essential piece of the apparatus
both for high and low current circuits.
THEORY:
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an
alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the primary
produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the
primary as well as in the secondary. In a good transformer, whole of the
magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked with
the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. Induced in each turn of the
secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and
Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the
secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils
of the transformer and,
dф / dt = rate of change of flux in
each turn off the coil at this instant,
we have,
Ep = - Np dф/dt _______________ (1)
And
Es = - Ns dф/dt _______________ (2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we
get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ______________ (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil p1,
so the instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the difference (E – Ep )
in the instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp
is the resistance o, p1p2coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in
the primary coil is given by,
Ip = E– Ep / Rp
E– Ep = Ip Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be neglected so
therefore
E– Ep = 0
or
Ep = E
Thus back
e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E
= output e.m.f / input e.m.f
= Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.
EFFICIENCY
The efficiency p of a transformer is defined as the ratio of the useful
output power to the input power. Thus,
[η = Work done on the load Work done /the effort]
= W output W input
Transformers are highly efficient devices having their efficiency in
the range of 96 – 99%. Various energy losses in a transformer will not
allow them to be 100% efficient
ENERGY LOSSES
Step 1: Copper Loss
1. Copper loss occurs in the form of heat energy lost due to the
resistance of the copper coils used in the windings of a transformer.
2. Copper loss can be minimized by using wire with a large cross-
sectional area in the coils.
Step 2: Hysteresis Loss
1. Loss of energy due to continuous magnetization and
demagnetization of the transformer is called hysteresis loss.
2. Hysteresis loss in a transformer can be minimized by using soft
magnetic materials for the core like permalloy or silicon iron.
Step 3: Flux Loss
1. Flux loss occurs if the coupling of the primary and secondary coil is
not good.
2. Flux loss in a transformer can be reduced by winding the primary
and secondary coils one over the other.
Step 4: Eddy current Loss
1. Energy loss in a metallic plate when kept in a time-varying
magnetic field causes eddy current loss.
2. It can be minimized by using a laminated iron core in the
transformer.
DIAGRAMS OF THE TRANSFORMERS
PROCEDURE:
Take a laminated iron core and wind a small number [say about 2000 ]
of turns of thick insulated copper wire uniformly on it leaving two free
ends P 1 P 2.
Wind a large number of turns [say 100] of thin insulated copper wire on
the opposite arm of the core leaving two free end S 1& S 2
Connect the primary coil to a variable A.C supply source and secondary
to A.C voltmeter of suitable range.
Connect an A.C. voltmeter across the primary to measure the input
voltage
OBSERVATIONS:
No. of turns in primary, NP = 2000
No. of turns in secondary, NS
s.no Input voltage (Ep) Output voltage (Es) ES/EP
[VOLT] [VOLT]
1. 12V 240V 1/20
2. 240V 12V 20
RESULT:
Clearly ES/EP = NS/NP within experimental error
.
PRECAUTIONS:
Keep yourself safe from voltage.
While taking the readings of the current and voltage of the A.C should
remain constant.
SOURCES OF ERROR:
Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.
Eddy current can change the readings.
USES OF TRANSFORMER
According to the necessity, transformers are classified into:
Power Transformers: These kinds of transformers are used for
high voltage power transfer applications (more than 33 KV).
They are usually bigger in size and can occupy larger space.
Distribution Transformers: These types of transformers are
used to distribute the generated power to distant locations. It
is used for distributing electricity at low voltage that is less than
33 KV in industry or 220-440 V for household purposes.
Measurement Transformers: This kind of uses of transformer
helps in measuring voltage, current, and power, etc.
According to the place of use, transformers are classified into:
Indoor Transformers: These are covered with roofs and shelters
just like the industry types.
Outdoor Transformers: These are mainly kept outside and are
used as distribution type transformers.
CONCLUSION
1) The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil
depends upon the ratio (NS /NP) with respect to input voltage.
2) There is a loss of power between input and output coil of the
transformer.
BIBILOGRAPHY
1. Ncert text book
2. Lab manual
3. Wikipedia.com
