HIGH VISION INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

& JUNIOR COLLEGE

BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY

CLASS XII YEAR 2022-2023

Piyush Mohabe
12th Science B
Roll No 25
 Radhika Education Society’s
HIGH VISION INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
CBSE Affiliation no-1130485

TO WHOMSOEVER IT MAY CONCERN

This certify that Mr./Ms.___________________________________________________________________________

Have successfully completed project / practical work entitled,

”___________________________________________________________________________________”

During the academic year _____________ Roll No _________ Exam No ______________

in partial fulfillment under the guidance of ______________________________ (Subject Teacher)

has satisfactorily completed his/her project/practical in the school as laid down
by the CBSE Board.

INTERNAL EXAMINER: ___________________

EXTERNAL EXAMINER: ______________________ STAMP

HOD DEPT. PRINCIPAL

(HIGH VISION INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL & JUNIOR COLLEGE)
 Acknowledgment
I would like to express the deepest appreciation and grateful our
respected Principal, Vice Principal, for valuable advice, ethical
support and intellectual guidance throughout the project work.
I would like to extend my gratitudes to my project guide Mrs. Smruti
Pathre subject incharge of the biology department, in conducting
project, great efforts during this projectwork to accomplish the task
and preparation of this project report.
I am also thankful my professors for the immeasurable kindness and
encouragement and patience are commendable.
It is my pleasure to express my deep sense of gratitude for their,
understanding nature liable treatment throughout the project work
and giving me a freedom for my work.
It is my obligation to thank all non teaching staff for their help during
these periods. I express sincere thanks to all my classmates and my
friends for the encouragement and their assistance.
Finally, I would like to thank my parents and my family for the
encouragement and financial support.
 INDEX
1 OBJECTIVE
2 INTRODUCTION
3 REVIEW
4 NEED AND IMPORTANCE
5 CONTENT/METHOD
6 OBSERVATION AND VIEWS
7 CONCLUSION
8 REFERENCES
 Objectives
 To study about population Interaction and its
various types.
 To know the need of different types of
interactions in Nature.
 To review and understand about various
researches done on the topic.
 To share the observations and opinions.
 Conclusion on population interaction.
 Introduction
Population Interaction
A population is defined as a group of
individuals of the same species. The
interrelationship between the individuals in an
ecosystem is termed population
interaction. The organisms in an interaction
are most likely to be influenced by each other
either positively, negatively, or neutral. It
consists of
 Mutualism (+/+)
 Competition (-/-)
 Predation (+/-)
 Parasitism (+/-)
 Commensalism (+/o)
 Amensalism (-/o)
Need and Importance of Population
Interaction:-
 Interaction of different population is needed for
maintaining the balance of different species of organisms
in the Ecosystem. It takes into account the effects that
Organisms belonging to a community have on everybody
else and one another.
 Predation keeps the prey population under check, so as to
maintain an ecological balance. Weak and less efficient
members in the prey population are removed.
 Most important significance is in the practical utility of
prey predator relationship on biological control of weeds
and pests. Many insect pests are kept under check by
introducing their predator into the area.
 Some bacteria that reside within the human digestive
system also live in mutualistic symbiosis with humans.
 These bacteria aid in the digestion of organic compounds
that otherwise would not be digested. They also produce
vitamins and hormone-like compounds. In addition to
digestion, these bacteria are important to the development
of a healthy immune system.
Introduction to Predation
- A. Minelli

Predation is the ecological process by which energy is

transferred from living animal to living animal based on the
behavior of a predator that captures and kills a prey before
eating it. Predators occupy the upper levels of food chains.
This top position helps explain their generally low density,
frequently spaced distribution, and usually small total
biomass. In terms of conservation, this is sometimes critical
for the survival of local predator populations. Effective
predation requires structural, functional, and behavioral
adaptations whose nature depends on the general bodily
organization and size of the predator, the kind of predatory
strategy adopted, the general environmental conditions
where predation is practiced, and the defensive strategies of
the available preys.
Risk of Parasite Infection
-Iain Barber and Niels J. Dingemanse

Although variation in almost any behavioural trait has the potential

to generate individual differences in parasite exposure, behaviours
commonly accepted as major axes of personality may be
particularly important. For example, variation among individuals in
the extent to which they approach novel entities in their
environment (i.e. neophilia) may determine whether they are
exposed to previously un-encountered sources of infection,
predisposing more exploratory individuals to infection with novel
parasites and generating a cost of exploration. Similarly, individual
variation in social behaviour (e.g. Pike et al. 2008; Croft et al.
2009; Dingemanse et al. 2009) may influence the level of exposure
to directly transmitted parasites, with less social individuals
acquiring fewer parasites.
Mutualism
Kayla R. S. Hale, Fernanda S. Valdovinos and Neo D. Martinez 
Abstract-
Ecosystems are composed of complex networks of many species
interacting in different ways. While ecologists have long studied
food webs of feeding interactions, recent studies increasingly focus
on mutualistic networks including plants that exchange food for
reproductive services provided by animals such as pollinators.
Here, we synthesize both types of consumer-resource interactions
to better understand the controversial effects of mutualism on
ecosystems at the species, guild, and whole-community levels. We
find that consumer-resource mechanisms underlying plant-
pollinator mutualisms can increase persistence, productivity,
abundance, and temporal stability of both mutualists and non-
mutualists in food webs. These effects strongly increase with floral
reward productivity and are qualitatively robust to variation in the
prevalence of mutualism and pollinators feeding upon resources in
addition to rewards. This work advances the ability of mechanistic
network theory to synthesize different types of interactions and
illustrates how mutualism can enhance the diversity, stability, and
function of complex ecosystems.
Amensalism and Commensalism
-Akihiko Mougi

Abstract-

Ecological communities comprise diverse species and their

interactions. Notably, ecological and evolutionary studies have
revealed that reciprocal interactions such as predator–prey,
competition, and mutualism, are key drivers of community
dynamics. However, there is an argument that many species
interactions are asymmetric, where one species unilaterally affects
another species (amensalism or commensalism). This raises the
unanswered question of what is the role of unilateral interactions in
community dynamics. Here I use a theoretical approach to
demonstrate that unilateral interactions greatly enhance community
stability. The results suggested that amensalism and
commensalism were more stabilizing than symmetrical interactions,
such as competition and mutualism, but they were less stabilizing
than an asymmetric antagonistic interaction. A mix of unilateral
interactions increased stability. Furthermore, in communities with all
interaction types, unilateral interactions tended to increase stability.
This study suggests that unilateral interactions play a major role in
maintaining communities, underlining the need to further investigate
their roles in ecosystem dynamics.
Commensalism
Commensalism is a class of relationships between two organisms
where one organism benefits from the other without affecting it.
 The commensal (the species that benefits from the
association) may obtain nutrients, shelter, support, or
locomotion from the host species, which is substantially
unaffected.
 The commensal relation is often between a larger host and a

smaller commensal; the host organism is unmodified, whereas

the commensal species may show great structural adaptation
consonant with its habits, as in the remoras that ride attached
to sharks and other fishes (example).
Parasitism
• Parasitism is a non-mutual symbiotic relationship between
species, where one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense
of the other, the host.
• Parasites can be micro parasites, which are typically smaller, such
as protozoa, viruses, and bacteria Examples of parasites include
the plants mistletoe and cuscuta, and animals such as hookworms.
• Parasites typically do not kill their host, are generally much
smaller than their host, and will often live in or on their host for an
extended period.
Predation
It is a negative, direct food related interspecific interaction between
two species of animals in which larger species called predator
attacks, kills and feeds on the smaller species called prey.
• Predator population adversely affect the growth and survival of
smaller prey population and therefore predation is considered an
antagonistic interaction.
• Example:- Plant like Nepenthes (pitcher plant), Drosera (sundew),
Dionoeae (Venus fly trap) etc. feed on insects to fulfil their nitrogen
requirement.
• Some predators (such as frog) act as prey for others (snake)
which in turn are prey to a higher carnivores (eagle).
Mutualism
It is a positive interspecific interaction in which members of two
different species favour the growth and survival each other and
their association is obligatory.
Both the partners are benefitted by this interaction.
• Mutualism is also referred as symbiosis or symbiotic interaction
and the partners are referred as symbionts.
• Example:- Termites (white ants) are not capable of digesting
wood, which they ingest as food. A multi flagellate protozoan
Trichonympha campanula, which lives in the intestine of white ant
secretes cellulase enzyme to digest the cellulose of wood. In return,
the ant provides food and shelter to the protozoan.
Observations
 In animals, competition is a strategy mainly adopted by larger
and stronger organisms within a habitat. As such, populations
with high interference competition have adult-driven generation
cycles.

 In Commensalism one species benefits without harming the

other.
 In Mutualism both species are benefitted.
 In Parasitism one species benefits by harming the other.
 Predation plays a significant role in the recruitment and
population dynamics of marine fishes. The broad variety of
predators that consume fishes, coupled with the potential for the
removal of large portions of the available population, make it
likely that predation is an important part of observed fluctuations
of fish populations.
Conclusion
This project was done in order to know about Population Interaction
and its various types.

Its benefits for various organisms and the food chain

To study the benefits and the negatives of population interaction

and to gain more knowledge on the same

With this I conclude my project.

 References
Introduction to Predation
A. Minelli, in Encyclopedia of Ecology, 2008

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-
sciences/predation
Risk of Parasite Infection
Iain Barber and Niels J. Dingemanse
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2992744/
Mutualism
Kayla R. S. Hale, Fernanda S. Valdovinos and Neo D. Martinez
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-15688-w#Fig1
Ammensalism and Commensalism
Akihiko Mougi
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4942820/