CHEM 11/L

Chemistry for Engineers

Prepared by:
Manuel L. Cabiguen, Jr.
Faculty
Petroleum Engineering Department
2021
COURSE OVERVIEW

Welcome to Chemistry for Engineers! This course is a mandatory for all engineering
programs in the Philippines that is accredited by Commission of Higher Education
(CHED). To be able to understand the lessons in Chemistry for Engineers, fundamental
concepts in General Chemistry must be learn first.
From this module, you will learn about chemical bonding, chemical formulas, and naming
compounds.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this module, you are expected to achieve the following objectives:
1. Discuss the fundamentals concepts of chemistry that are relevant to electrical
engineering

COURSE OUTCOMES
Discuss the fundamentals concepts of chemistry that are relevant to engineering.

INTENDED LEARING OUTCOMES

1. Describe ionic bonding

2. Describe covalent bonding

3. Describe metallic bonding

4. Represent compounds using chemical formula, empirical formula, structural formula and
models

5. Name the compounds given their formula and write the formula given their name
MODULE CONTENT

CHAPTER 2B: ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Chemical Bonding
• Ionic
• Covalent
• Metallic

Chemical Formula

Naming Compounds
CHEMICAL BONDING

Chemical bonds are forces that hold atoms together to make compounds or molecules.

Chemical bonds are the forces of attraction that tie atoms together. Bonds are formed when
valence electrons, the electrons in the outermost electronic “shell” of an atom, interact.

IONIC BOND
Ionic bonds are a subset of chemical bonds that result from the transfer of valence electrons,
typically between a metal and a nonmetal.

Every atoms goal is to become stable. Stability can be achieved when there are no valence
electrons or all the slots for electrons in the outer shell are filled. In the figure above. Sodium
atom has 1 valence electron. Chlorine atom has 7 valence electron and only needs 1 electron to
fill the electron slot and become stable. For both of them to become stable, sodium atom releases
its valence electron and chlorine atom receives it. This makes both of them stable since the slots
for electrons in the outer shell are filled.

But because of the giving of electron, this made them become an ion. From the last module we
learned that ions are formed when the number of electrons and protons are different. In this
case, when sodium atom released an electron, number of electrons now is 10 and the number of
protons is still 11. This makes the sodium atom become ion. Since it has a greater number of
protons than electrons, this ion is positively charged and will be called cation. Same with chlorine
atom, when it receives the electron, it has now 18 electrons compare to 17 protons. This make
the chlorine atom become an anion since there are more electron than protons.

COVALENT BOND

Covalent bonding involves two atoms, typically nonmetals, sharing valence electrons.

As you can see on the figure, both atom A & B have 7 valence electrons each and need only one
electron to become stable. If one atom releases its valence electrons, it will not make both of
them stable. The only way to make both of them stable is to share electrons. By doing this,
both of their outer shells are filled with octet rule (8 electrons).

For this figure, we see 2 hydrogen atoms, and 1 oxygen. For hydrogen, it only needs 1 electron
to become stable. But for oxygen, it needs 2 electrons. For all of them to be stable, they will just
share their valence electrons to fill their electrons slots in their outer shell. Atoms bond and form
a water molecule.
Covalent bonds can be single, double, and triple bonds.

Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 which means it has 6 valence electrons. To become stable,
it needs another oxygen atom. By sharing 2 of their electrons each, it become stable and it has
double bond. This is why oxygen molecule (O2) a diatomic.

Same with Nitrogen atom. It has 7 atomic number, 5 valence electrons. Nitrogen molecule (N2)
is also diatomic which has triple bond.

METALLIC BOND

For metallic bonding, metal atoms also release their valence electrons but no metal atoms will
receive it. Valence electrons will become free electrons just continuously bounce from 1 atom to
another. It is described as “sea of electrons.” The continuous movement of electrons is what
makes a metal a good conductor of heat and electricity.
SELF-CHECK #1

Ionic bonding is the typically between metals and non-metals by giving and receiving
electrons. Covalent bond typically between non-metals by sharing electrons and metallic
bond is between metals by sea of electrons. Using these concepts, determine the type of
bond present in these substances:

1. CH4
2. Gold Bar
3. CaCl2
4. CO2
5. AlBr3
CHEMICAL FORMULAS
MOLECULAR FORMULA AND EMPIRICAL FORMULA

Molecular formulas describe the exact number and type of atoms in a single molecule of a
compound. The constituent elements are represented by their chemical symbols, and the number
of atoms of each element present in each molecule is shown as a subscript following that
element’s symbol. The molecular formula expresses information about the proportions of atoms
that constitute a particular chemical compound, using a single line of chemical element symbols
and numbers. Sometimes it also includes other symbols, such as parentheses, dashes, brackets,
and plus (+) and minus (–) signs.

A molecular formula is not a chemical name, and it contains no words. Although a molecular
formula may imply certain simple chemical structures, it is not the same as a full chemical
structural formula. Molecular formulas are more limiting than chemical names and structural
formulas.

The molecular formula for water is H 2O. It means 2 hydrogen atom and 1 oxygen atom.

The simplest types of chemical formulas are called empirical formulas, which indicate the ratio
of each element in the molecule. The empirical formula is the simplest whole number ratio of all
the atoms in a molecule. For example:

• The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. The molecular formula indicates the exact
number of atoms in the molecule.

• The empirical formula expresses the smallest whole number ratio of the atoms in the
element. In this case, the empirical formula of glucose is CH2O.

Examples:
A structural formula is used to indicate not only the number of atoms, but also their
arrangement in space. A structural formula is not as compact and easy to communicate,
but it provides information that the molecular formula does not about the relative
positioning of atoms and the bonding between atoms.
Structural formula of water: H2O

Structural formula of butane: CH 3CH2CH2CH3

Based on what we have learned on atomic bonding, we can determine the number of
bonds on the valence electrons of the atom.

Ball and stick model can also be used to illustrate the structure of a compound in 3D.
Naming compounds

Molecular compounds are named using a systematic approach of prefixes to indicate the
number of each element present in the compound. Each chemical name should refer to a single
substance. Today, scientists often refer to chemicals by their common names: for example,
water is not often called dihydrogen oxide. However, it is important to be able to recognize and
name all chemicals in a standardized way. The most widely accepted format for nomenclature
has been established by IUPAC.

Molecular compounds are made when two or more elements share electrons in a covalent bond
to connect the elements. Typically, non-metals tend to share electrons, make covalent bonds,
and thus, form molecular compounds.

Rules for Naming Molecular Compounds:

1. Remove the ending of the second element, and add “ide” just like in ionic compounds.
2. When naming molecular compounds prefixes are used to dictate the number of a given
element present in the compound.” mono-” indicates one, “di-” indicates two, “tri-” is three,
“tetra-” is four, “penta-” is five, and “hexa-” is six, “hepta-” is seven, “octo-” is eight, “nona-”
is nine, and “deca” is ten.
3. If there is only one of the first element, you can drop the prefix. For example, CO is
carbon monoxide, not monocarbon monoxide.
4. If there are two vowels in a row that sound the same once the prefix is added (they
“conflict”), the extra vowel on the end of the prefix is removed. For example, one oxygen
would be monooxide, but instead it’s monoxide. The extra o is dropped.

Generally, the more electropositive atom is written first, followed by the more electronegative
atom with an appropriate suffix. For example, H2O (water) can be called dihydrogen monoxide
(though it’s not usually). Organic molecules (molecules made of C and H along with other
elements) do not follow this rule.

Examples of Molecular Compound Names:

• SO2 is called sulfur dioxide

Complete the table.

Dinitrogen Monoxide 1. 2. 3.
Ethene C2H4 4. 5.
6. CaF2 7. 8.
9. P4O10 10. 11.
Ethane C2H6 12. 13.
LET’S SUM IT UP…
IONIC BONDING
1. Giving and receiving of electrons
2. Bond between metals and non-metals
3. Name: cation + anion (-ide)

COVALENT BONDING
1. Sharing of electrons
2. Bond between non-metals
3. Name: Use prefixes
a. If 1st atom is single, do not use “mono-“
b. Remove “o” for “monooxide”

METALLIC BONDING
1. Sea of electrons
2. Bond between metals

Molecular formulas describe the exact number and type of atoms in a single molecule of a
compound
The empirical formula is the simplest whole number ratio of all the atoms in a molecule.
A structural formula is used to indicate not only the number of atoms, but also their arrangement
in space.
Ball and stick model can also be used to illustrate the structure of a compound in 3D.