1.

1 Parent Functions and Transformations

Essential Question What are the characteristics of some of the
COMMON basic parent functions?
CORE
Learning Standard
HSF-BF.B.3
Identifying Basic Parent Functions

Work with a partner. Graphs of eight basic parent functions are shown below.
Classify each function as constant, linear, absolute value, quadratic, square root,
cubic, reciprocal, or exponential. Justify your reasoning.
JUSTIFYING a. 4 b. 4
CONCLUSIONS
To be proficient in math,
you need to justify −6 6 −6 6

your conclusions and

communicate them
clearly to others. −4 −4

c. 4 d. 4

−6 6 −6 6

−4 −4

e. 4 f. 4

−6 6 −6 6

−4 −4

g. 4 h. 4

−6 6 −6 6

−4 −4

Communicate Your Answer

2. What are the characteristics of some of the basic parent functions?

3. Write an equation for each function whose graph is shown in Exploration 1.

Then use a graphing calculator to verify that your equations are correct.

Section 1.1 Parent Functions and Transformations 3

1.1 Lesson What You Will Learn
Identify families of functions.
Describe transformations of parent functions.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry Describe combinations of transformations.
parent function, p. 4
transformation, p. 5
translation, p. 5
Identifying Function Families
reflection, p. 5 Functions that belong to the same family share key characteristics. The parent
vertical stretch, p. 6 function is the most basic function in a family. Functions in the same family are
transformations of their parent function.
vertical shrink, p. 6
Previous
function Core Concept
domain
Parent Functions
range
slope Family Constant Linear Absolute Value Quadratic
scatter plot Rule f(x) = 1 f(x) = x f(x) = ∣ x ∣ f(x) = x 2
Graph y y y y

x x
x x

Domain All real numbers All real numbers All real numbers All real numbers
Range y=1 All real numbers y≥0 y≥0

LOOKING FOR Identifying a Function Family

STRUCTURE
Identify the function family to which f belongs. y
You can also use function
Compare the graph of f to the graph of its
rules to identify functions. 6
parent function.
The only variable term in
f is an ∣ x ∣-term, so it is an SOLUTION 4
absolute value function.
The graph of f is V-shaped, so f is an absolute
value function.
f(x) = 2x + 1
The graph is shifted up and is narrower than
−4 −2 2 4 x
the graph of the parent absolute value function.
The domain of each function is all real numbers,
but the range of f is y ≥ 1 and the range of the
parent absolute value function is y ≥ 0.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

1. Identify the function family to which 1

g(x) = 4 (x − 3)2
g belongs. Compare the graph of g to y
6
the graph of its parent function.
4

2 4 6 x

4 Chapter 1 Linear Functions

 Describing Transformations
A transformation changes the size, shape, position, or orientation of a graph.
A translation is a transformation that shifts a graph horizontally and/or vertically
but does not change its size, shape, or orientation.

REMEMBER
Graphing and Describing Translations
The slope-intercept form
of a linear equation is
Graph g(x) = x − 4 and its parent function. Then describe the transformation.
y = mx + b, where m is
the slope and b is the SOLUTION
y-intercept.
The function g is a linear function with a slope y
of 1 and a y-intercept of −4. So, draw a line 2

through the point (0, −4) with a slope of 1.

The graph of g is 4 units below the graph of −4 −2 2 4 x
the parent linear function f. f(x) = x −2

So, the graph of g(x) = x − 4 is a vertical (0, −4)

translation 4 units down of the graph of g(x) = x − 4
the parent linear function. −6

A reflection is a transformation that flips a graph over a line called the line of
reflection. A reflected point is the same distance from the line of reflection as the
original point but on the opposite side of the line.

Graphing and Describing Reflections

REMEMBER Graph p(x) = −x 2 and its parent function. Then describe the transformation.
The function p(x) = −x 2
is written in function SOLUTION
notation, where p(x) is The function p is a quadratic function. Use a table of values to graph each function.
another name for y.
y
x y = x2 y = −x 2 4

−2 4 −4
2
−1 1 −1 f(x) = x2
0 0 0 −4 −2 2 4 x
1 1 −1 p(x) = −x2 −2
2 4 −4
−4

The graph of p is the graph of the parent function flipped over the x-axis.

So, p(x) = −x 2 is a reflection in the x-axis of the parent quadratic function.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Graph the function and its parent function. Then describe the transformation.

2. g(x) = x + 3 3. h(x) = (x − 2)2 4. n(x) = −∣ x ∣

Section 1.1 Parent Functions and Transformations 5

 Another way to transform the graph of a function is to multiply all of the y-coordinates
by the same positive factor (other than 1). When the factor is greater than 1, the
transformation is a vertical stretch. When the factor is greater than 0 and less than 1,
it is a vertical shrink.

Graphing and Describing Stretches and Shrinks

Graph each function and its parent function. Then describe the transformation.

a. g(x) = 2 ∣ x ∣ b. h(x) = —12 x2

SOLUTION
a. The function g is an absolute value function. Use a table of values to graph
the functions.
g(x) = 2x
x y = ∣x∣ y = 2∣ x ∣ y

−2 2 4 6
−1 1 2
4
0 0 0
REASONING 1 1 2 2
ABSTRACTLY 2 2 4 f(x) = x
To visualize a vertical −4 −2 2 4 x
stretch, imagine pulling
the points away from
the x-axis. The y-coordinate of each point on g is two times the y-coordinate of the
corresponding point on the parent function.
So, the graph of g(x) = 2∣ x ∣ is a vertical stretch of the graph of the parent
absolute value function.
b. The function h is a quadratic function. Use a table of values to graph
the functions.
f(x) = x2
y
x y = x2 y = —12 x 2
To visualize a vertical 6
−2 4 2
shrink, imagine pushing
the points toward −1 1 1
—2 4
the x-axis.
0 0 0
2
1
1 1 1
—2 h(x) = 2 x 2

2 4 2 −4 −2 2 4 x

The y-coordinate of each point on h is one-half of the y-coordinate of the

corresponding point on the parent function.

So, the graph of h(x) = —12 x 2 is a vertical shrink of the graph of the parent
quadratic function.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Graph the function and its parent function. Then describe the transformation.

7. c(x) = 0.2∣ x ∣
3
5. g(x) = 3x 6. h(x) = —2 x2

6 Chapter 1 Linear Functions

 Combinations of Transformations
You can use more than one transformation to change the graph of a function.

Describing Combinations of Transformations

Use a graphing calculator to graph g(x) = −∣ x + 5 ∣ − 3 and its parent function. Then
describe the transformations.

SOLUTION 8

The function g is an absolute value function. f

−12
The graph shows that g(x) = −∣ x + 5 ∣ − 3
10

is a reflection in the x-axis followed by a g

translation 5 units left and 3 units down of the
graph of the parent absolute value function. −10

Modeling with Mathematics

Time Height The table shows the height y of a dirt bike x seconds after jumping off a ramp. What
(seconds), x (feet), y type of function can you use to model the data? Estimate the height after 1.75 seconds.
0 8 SOLUTION
0.5 20
1. Understand the Problem You are asked to identify the type of function that can
1 24 model the table of values and then to find the height at a specific time.
1.5 20 2. Make a Plan Create a scatter plot of the data. Then use the relationship shown in
2 8 the scatter plot to estimate the height after 1.75 seconds.
3. Solve the Problem Create a scatter plot. y
30
The data appear to lie on a curve that resembles
a quadratic function. Sketch the curve.
20
So, you can model the data with a quadratic
function. The graph shows that the height is 10
about 15 feet after 1.75 seconds.
0
0 1 2 3 x

4.
4 Look Back To check that your solution is reasonable, analyze the values in the
table. Notice that the heights decrease after 1 second. Because 1.75 is between
1.5 and 2, the height must be between 20 feet and 8 feet.

8 < 15 < 20 ✓

Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

U a graphing calculator to graph the function and its parent function.

Use
Then describe the transformations.
T
1
8. h(x) = −—4 x + 5 9. d(x) = 3(x − 5)2 − 1

10. The table shows the amount of fuel in a chainsaw over time. What type of
function can you use to model the data? When will the tank be empty?

Time (minutes), x 0 10 20 30 40
Fuel remaining (fluid ounces), y 15 12 9 6 3

Section 1.1 Parent Functions and Transformations 7

 1.1 Exercises Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE The function f(x) = x 2 is the ______ of f(x) = 2x 2 − 3.

2. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.

What are the vertices of the figure after a y

4
reflection in the x-axis, followed by a translation
2 units right? 2

What are the vertices of the figure after a

−4 −2 2 4 x
translation 6 units up and 2 units right?
−2

What are the vertices of the figure after

a translation 2 units right, followed by a −4

reflection in the x-axis?

What are the vertices of the figure after a

translation 6 units up, followed by a reflection
in the x-axis?

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 3–6, identify the function family to which 7. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS At 8:00 a.m.,
f belongs. Compare the graph of f to the graph of its the temperature is 43°F. The temperature increases
parent function. (See Example 1.) 2°F each hour for the next 7 hours. Graph the
temperatures over time t (t = 0 represents 8:00 a.m.).
3. 4.
What type of function can you use to model the data?
y y
Explain.
−4 −2 x
−2 8. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS You purchase a
−4 −2 2 4x car from a dealership for $10,000. The trade-in value
−4
−2 of the car each year after the purchase is given by
the function f(x) = 10,000 − 250x 2. What type of
function can you use to model the data?
f(x) = −2x2 + 3
f(x) = 2x + 2 − 8 In Exercises 9–18, graph the function and its parent
5. 6. function. Then describe the transformation. (See
Examples 2 and 3.)
y y
20 6
9. g(x) = x + 4 10. f(x) = x − 6
f(x) = 3
10 4
11. f(x) = x 2 − 1 12. h(x) = (x + 4)2
2
−2 2 4 6x
13. g(x) = ∣ x − 5 ∣ 14. f(x) = 4 + ∣ x ∣
f(x) = 5x − 2 −4 −2 2 4x
−20 −2 15. h(x) = −x 2 16. g(x) = −x

17. f(x) = 3 18. f(x) = −2

8 Chapter 1 Linear Functions

HSCC_Alg2_PE_01.01.indd 8 5/28/14 11:44 AM

In Exercises 19–26, graph the function and its parent MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS In Exercises 37 and 38,
function. Then describe the transformation. find the coordinates of the figure after the
(See Example 4.) transformation.
1
19. f(x) = —3 x 20. g(x) = 4x 37. Translate 2 units 38. Reflect in the x-axis.
down.
1
21. f(x) = 2x2 22. h(x) = —3 x2
y y
4 4
3 4 A B
23. h(x) = —4 x 24. g(x) = —3 x
2
A
25. h(x) = 3∣ x ∣ 26. f(x) = —2 ∣ x ∣
1
D C
−4 −2 4x −4 −2 2 4x
B −2
In Exercises 27–34, use a graphing calculator to graph
the function and its parent function. Then describe the −4
C
−4
transformations. (See Example 5.)
27. f(x) = 3x + 2 28. h(x) = −x + 5
USING TOOLS In Exercises 39–44, identify the function
family and describe the domain and range. Use a
29. h(x) = −3∣ x ∣ − 1 30. f(x) = —4 ∣ x ∣ + 1
3
graphing calculator to verify your answer.
39. g(x) = ∣ x + 2 ∣ − 1 40. h(x) = ∣ x − 3 ∣ + 2
1
31. g(x) = —2 x2 − 6 32. f(x) = 4x2 − 3

33. f(x) = −(x + 3)2 + —4

1
41. g(x) = 3x + 4 42. f(x) = −4x + 11

34. g(x) = −∣ x − 1 ∣ − —2 43. f(x) = 5x 2 − 2 44. f(x) = −2x2 + 6

1

45. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The table shows

ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 35 and 36, identify and the speeds of a car as it travels through an intersection
correct the error in describing the transformation of the with a stop sign. What type of function can you use to
parent function. model the data? Estimate the speed of the car when it

✗
35. is 20 yards past the intersection. (See Example 6.)
y

−4 −2 2 4x Displacement from Speed

−4 sign (yards), x (miles per hour), y
−100 40
−8
−50 20
−12
−10 4
The graph is a reflection in the x-axis 0 0
and a vertical shrink of the parent 10 4
quadratic function.
50 20
100 40
36.
✗ 4
y

46. THOUGHT PROVOKING In the same coordinate plane,

sketch the graph of the parent quadratic function
2
and the graph of a quadratic function that has no
x-intercepts. Describe the transformation(s) of the
2 4 6 x parent function.

The graph is a translation 3 units right of

the parent absolute value function, so the 47. USING STRUCTURE Graph the functions
function is f(x) = ∣ x + 3 ∣. f(x) = ∣ x − 4 ∣ and g(x) = ∣ x ∣ − 4. Are they
equivalent? Explain.

Section 1.1 Parent Functions and Transformations 9

48. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Consider the graphs of f, g, 51. PROBLEM SOLVING You are playing basketball with
and h. your friends. The height (in feet) of the ball above the
ground t seconds after a shot is made is modeled by
h 4 y the function f(t) = −16t 2 + 32t + 5.2.
f
g a. Without graphing, identify the type of function
2
that models the height of the basketball.
−4 2 4x
b. What is the value of t when the ball is released
from your hand? Explain your reasoning.
−2
c. How many feet above the ground is the ball when
−4 it is released from your hand? Explain.

a. Does the graph of g represent a vertical stretch 52. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The table shows the
or a vertical shrink of the graph of f ? Explain battery lives of a computer over time. What type of
your reasoning. function can you use to model the data? Interpret the
meaning of the x-intercept in this situation.
b. Describe how to transform the graph of f to obtain
the graph of h.
Time Battery life
(hours), x remaining, y
49. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend says two 1 80%
different translations of the graph of the parent linear 3 40%
function can result in the graph of f(x) = x − 2. Is
your friend correct? Explain. 5 0%
6 20%
50. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS A person swims at a 8 60%
constant speed of 1 meter per second. What type
of function can be used to model the distance the
swimmer travels? If the person has a 10-meter head 53. REASONING Compare each function with its parent
start, what type of transformation does this function. State whether it contains a horizontal
represent? Explain. translation, vertical translation, both, or neither.
Explain your reasoning.
a. f(x) = 2∣ x ∣ − 3 b. f(x) = (x − 8)2
c. f(x) = ∣ x + 2 ∣ + 4 d. f(x) = 4x 2

54. CRITICAL THINKING Use the values −1, 0, 1,

and 2 in the correct box so the graph of each function
intersects the x-axis. Explain your reasoning.

a. f(x) = 3x +1 b. f(x) = ∣ 2x − 6 ∣ −
c. f(x) = x2 + 1 d. f(x) =

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

Determine whether the ordered pair is a solution of the equation. (Skills Review Handbook)
55. f(x) = ∣ x + 2 ∣; (1, −3) 56. f(x) = ∣ x ∣ − 3; (−2, −5)

57. f(x) = x − 3; (5, 2) 58. f(x) = x − 4; (12, 8)

Find the x-intercept and the y-intercept of the graph of the equation. (Skills Review Handbook)
59. y=x 60. y=x+2

61. 3x + y = 1 62. x − 2y = 8

10 Chapter 1 Linear Functions

 1.2 Transformations of Linear and
Absolute Value Functions
COMMON
CORE
Essential Question How do the graphs of y = f(x) + k,
y = f(x − h), and y = −f(x) compare to the graph of the parent
Learning Standard function f ?
HSF-BF.B.3

Transformations of the Absolute

Value Function
Work with a partner. Compare
the graph of the function y = x y = x + 2
USING TOOLS 4

STRATEGICALLY y = ∣x∣ + k Transformation

To be proficient in
to the graph of the parent function −6 6
math, you need to use
technological tools to f(x) = ∣ x ∣. Parent function y = x − 2
visualize results and
−4
explore consequences.

Transformations of the Absolute

Value Function
Work with a partner. Compare
y = x y = x − 2
the graph of the function 4

y = ∣x − h∣ Transformation
−6 6
to the graph of the parent function
y = x + 3
f(x) = ∣ x ∣. Parent function
−4

Transformation of the Absolute

Value Function
Work with a partner. Compare
the graph of the function y = x
4

y = −∣ x ∣ Transformation

to the graph of the parent function −6

6 6
y = −x
f(x) = ∣ x ∣. Parent function
−4

Communicate Your Answer

4. How do the graphs of y = f (x) + k, y = f (x − h), and y = −f(x) compare to the
graph of the parent function f ?

5. Compare the graph of each function to the graph of its parent function f. Use a
graphing calculator to verify your answers are correct.
— — —
a. y = √ x − 4 b. y = √ x + 4 c. y = −√x
d. y = x 2 + 1 e. y = (x − 1)2 f. y = −x 2

Section 1.2 Transformations of Linear and Absolute Value Functions 11

1.2 Lesson What You Will Learn
Write functions representing translations and reflections.
Write functions representing stretches and shrinks.
Write functions representing combinations of transformations.

Translations and Reflections

You can use function notation to represent transformations of graphs of functions.

Core Concept
Horizontal Translations Vertical Translations
The graph of y = f (x − h) is a The graph of y = f (x) + k is a
horizontal translation of the graph vertical translation of the graph of
of y = f (x), where h ≠ 0. y = f (x), where k ≠ 0.
y = f(x)
y y
y = f(x − h), y = f(x) + k, y = f(x)
h<0 k>0

x x
y = f(x − h), y = f(x) + k,
h>0 k<0

Subtracting h from the inputs Adding k to the outputs shifts the

before evaluating the function graph down when k < 0 and up
shifts the graph left when h < 0 when k > 0.
and right when h > 0.

Writing Translations of Functions

Let f(x) = 2x + 1.
a. Write a function g whose graph is a translation 3 units down of the graph of f.
b. Write a function h whose graph is a translation 2 units to the left of the graph of f.

SOLUTION
a. A translation 3 units down is a vertical translation that adds −3 to each output value.
g(x) = f(x) + (−3) Add −3 to the output.
= 2x + 1 + (−3) Substitute 2x + 1 for f(x).
= 2x − 2 Simplify.
The translated function is g(x) = 2x − 2.

Check b. A translation 2 units to the left is a horizontal translation that subtracts −2 from
5
each input value.
h f g h(x) = f(x − (−2)) Subtract −2 from the input.

−5 5
= f(x + 2) Add the opposite.
= 2(x + 2) + 1 Replace x with x + 2 in f(x).
= 2x + 5 Simplify.
−5
The translated function is h(x) = 2x + 5.

12 Chapter 1 Linear Functions

 Core Concept
Reflections in the x-axis Reflections in the y-axis
The graph of y = −f (x) is a The graph of y = f (−x) is a reflection
STUDY TIP reflection in the x-axis of the graph in the y-axis of the graph of y = f (x).
When you reflect a of y = f (x).
function in a line, the y
y
graphs are symmetric y = f(x) y = f(−x) y = f(x)
about that line.
x
x

y = −f(x)

Multiplying the outputs by −1 Multiplying the inputs by −1

changes their signs. changes their signs.

Writing Reflections of Functions

Let f(x) = ∣ x + 3 ∣ + 1.
a. Write a function g whose graph is a reflection in the x-axis of the graph of f.
b. Write a function h whose graph is a reflection in the y-axis of the graph of f.

SOLUTION
a. A reflection in the x-axis changes the sign of each output value.
g(x) = −f(x) Multiply the output by −1.
= −( ∣ x + 3 ∣ + 1 ) Substitute ∣ x + 3 ∣ + 1 for f(x).
= −∣ x + 3 ∣ − 1 Distributive Property
The reflected function is g(x) = −∣ x + 3 ∣ − 1.
b. A reflection in the y-axis changes the sign of each input value.
Check
10
h(x) = f(−x) Multiply the input by −1.
= ∣ −x + 3 ∣ + 1 Replace x with −x in f(x).
f h
−10 10
= ∣ −(x − 3) ∣ + 1 Factor out −1.

g ⋅
= ∣ −1 ∣ ∣ x − 3 ∣ + 1 Product Property of Absolute Value
= ∣x − 3∣ + 1 Simplify.
−10
The reflected function is h(x) = ∣ x − 3 ∣ + 1.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Write a function g whose graph represents the indicated transformation of the
graph of f. Use a graphing calculator to check your answer.
1. f(x) = 3x; translation 5 units up
2. f(x) = ∣ x ∣ − 3; translation 4 units to the right
3. f(x) = −∣ x + 2 ∣ − 1; reflection in the x-axis
1
4. f(x) = —2 x + 1; reflection in the y-axis

Section 1.2 Transformations of Linear and Absolute Value Functions 13

 Stretches and Shrinks
In the previous section, you learned that vertical stretches and shrinks transform
graphs. You can also use horizontal stretches and shrinks to transform graphs.

Core Concept
Horizontal Stretches and Shrinks y = f(ax),
The graph of y = f(ax) is a horizontal stretch a>1
y y = f(x)
1
or shrink by a factor of — of the graph of
a y = f(ax),
y = f(x), where a > 0 and a ≠ 1. 0<a<1
Multiplying the inputs by a before evaluating x
the function stretches the graph horizontally The y-intercept
(away from the y-axis) when 0 < a < 1, and stays the same.
shrinks the graph horizontally (toward the
STUDY TIP y-axis) when a > 1.
The graphs of y = f(−ax) Vertical Stretches and Shrinks y = a ∙ f(x),
⋅
and y = −a f(x) represent
a stretch or shrink and ⋅
The graph of y = a f(x) is a vertical stretch or y
a>1
y = f(x)
shrink by a factor of a of the graph of y = f(x),
a reflection in the x- or
where a > 0 and a ≠ 1. y = a ∙ f(x),
y-axis of the graph
0<a<1
of y = f (x). Multiplying the outputs by a stretches the graph x
vertically (away from the x-axis) when a > 1,
and shrinks the graph vertically (toward the The x-intercept
stays the same.
x-axis) when 0 < a < 1.

Writing Stretches and Shrinks of Functions

Let f(x) = ∣ x − 3 ∣ − 5. Write (a) a function g whose graph is a horizontal shrink of

the graph of f by a factor of —13 , and (b) a function h whose graph is a vertical stretch of
the graph of f by a factor of 2.

SOLUTION
a. A horizontal shrink by a factor of —13 multiplies each input value by 3.
g(x) = f(3x) Multiply the input by 3.

Check = ∣ 3x − 3 ∣ − 5 Replace x with 3x in f(x).

4 The transformed function is g(x) = ∣ 3x − 3 ∣ − 5.
g h f
−10 14 b. A vertical stretch by a factor of 2 multiplies each output value by 2.

⋅
h(x) = 2 f(x) Multiply the output by 2.
= 2 ⋅ (∣x − 3∣ − 5) Substitute ∣ x − 3 ∣ − 5 for f(x).

−12 = 2∣ x − 3 ∣ − 10 Distributive Property

The transformed function is h(x) = 2∣ x − 3 ∣ − 10.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Write a function g whose graph represents the indicated transformation of the
graph of f. Use a graphing calculator to check your answer.
5. f(x) = 4x + 2; horizontal stretch by a factor of 2
6. f(x) = ∣ x ∣ − 3; vertical shrink by a factor of —3
1

14 Chapter 1 Linear Functions

 Combinations of Transformations
You can write a function that represents a series of transformations on the graph of
another function by applying the transformations one at a time in the stated order.

Combining Transformations

Let the graph of g be a vertical shrink by a factor of 0.25 followed by a translation

3 units up of the graph of f(x) = x. Write a rule for g.

SOLUTION
Step 1 First write a function h that represents the vertical shrink of f.
Check
12 ⋅
h(x) = 0.25 f(x) Multiply the output by 0.25.
f = 0.25x Substitute x for f(x).
g Step 2 Then write a function g that represents the translation of h.
−8 12
g(x) = h(x) + 3 Add 3 to the output.

−8
= 0.25x + 3 Substitute 0.25x for h(x).
The transformed function is g(x) = 0.25x + 3.

Modeling with Mathematics

You design a computer game. Your revenue for x downloads is given by f(x) = 2x.
Your profit is $50 less than 90% of the revenue for x downloads. Describe how to
transform the graph of f to model the profit. What is your profit for 100 downloads?

SOLUTION
1. Understand the Problem You are given a function that represents your revenue
and a verbal statement that represents your profit. You are asked to find the profit
for 100 downloads.
2. Make a Plan Write a function p that represents your profit. Then use this function
to find the profit for 100 downloads.
3. Solve the Problem ⋅
profit = 90% revenue − 50
p(x) = 0.9 ⋅ f(x) − 50
Vertical shrink by a factor of 0.9 Translation 50 units down

⋅
= 0.9 2x − 50 Substitute
b 2x ffor f(
ff(x).
)
= 1.8x − 50 Simplify.
200
f p To find the profit for 100 downloads, evaluate p when x = 100.
p(100) = 1.8(100) − 50 = 130
y = 1.8x − 50 Your profit is $130 for 100 downloads.
4. Look Back The vertical shrink decreases the slope, and the translation shifts the
0 X=100 Y=130 300
0 graph 50 units down. So, the graph of p is below and not as steep as the graph of f.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

7. Let the graph of g be a translation 6 units down followed by a reflection in the

x-axis of the graph of f (x) = ∣ x ∣. Write a rule for g. Use a graphing calculator to
check your answer.
8. WHAT IF? In Example 5, your revenue function is f(x) = 3x. How does this affect
your profit for 100 downloads?

Section 1.2 Transformations of Linear and Absolute Value Functions 15

 1.2 Exercises Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE The function g(x) = ∣ 5x ∣ − 4 is a horizontal ___________ of the
function f(x) = ∣ x ∣ − 4.

2. WHICH ONE DOESN'T BELONG? Which transformation does not belong with the other three?
Explain your reasoning.

Translate the graph of f(x) = 2x + 3 Shrink the graph of f(x) = x + 5

up 2 units. horizontally by a factor of —12 .

Stretch the graph of f(x) = x + 3 Translate the graph of f(x) = 2x + 3

vertically by a factor of 2. left 1 unit.

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 3–8, write a function g whose graph 10. PROBLEM SOLVING You open a café. The function
represents the indicated transformation of the graph f(x) = 4000x represents your expected net income
of f. Use a graphing calculator to check your answer. (in dollars) after being open x weeks. Before you
(See Example 1.) open, you incur an extra expense of $12,000. What
transformation of f is necessary to model this
3. f(x) = x − 5; translation 4 units to the left situation? How many weeks will it take to pay off
the extra expense?
4. f(x) = x + 2; translation 2 units to the right

5. f(x) = ∣ 4x + 3 ∣ + 2; translation 2 units down

6. f(x) = 2x − 9; translation 6 units up

7. f(x) = 4 − ∣ x + 1 ∣ 8. f(x) = ∣ 4x ∣ + 5

y y
5
f
f g g
4
1

−1 1 3 x
2 In Exercises 11–16, write a function g whose graph
represents the indicated transformation of the graph
−2 2 x of f. Use a graphing calculator to check your answer.
(See Example 2.)
9. WRITING Describe two different translations of the
graph of f that result in the graph of g. 11. f(x) = −5x + 2; reflection in the x-axis

1
y 12. f(x) = —2 x − 3; reflection in the x-axis
2

13. f(x) = ∣ 6x ∣ − 2; reflection in the y-axis

−2 2 4x

g(x) = −x − 2 14. f(x) = ∣ 2x − 1 ∣ + 3; reflection in the y-axis

f(x) = −x − 5 15. f(x) = −3 + ∣ x − 11 ∣; reflection in the y-axis

−6
16. f(x) = −x + 1; reflection in the y-axis

16 Chapter 1 Linear Functions

HSCC_Alg2_PE_01.02.indd 16 5/28/14 11:45 AM

In Exercises 17–22, write a function g whose graph In Exercises 27–32, write a function g whose graph
represents the indicated transformation of the graph represents the indicated transformations of the graph
of f. Use a graphing calculator to check your answer. of f. (See Example 4.)
(See Example 3.)
27. f(x) = x; vertical stretch by a factor of 2 followed by a
17. f(x) = x + 2; vertical stretch by a factor of 5 translation 1 unit up
1
18. f(x) = 2x + 6; vertical shrink by a factor of —2 28. f(x) = x; translation 3 units down followed by a
vertical shrink by a factor of —13
19. f(x) = ∣ 2x ∣ + 4; horizontal shrink by a factor of
1
—2
29. f(x) = ∣ x ∣; translation 2 units to the right followed by
20. f(x) = ∣ x + 3 ∣; horizontal stretch by a factor of 4
a horizontal stretch by a factor of 2
21. f(x) = −2∣ x − 4 ∣ + 2
30. f(x) = ∣ x ∣; reflection in the y-axis followed by a
y (4, 2) translation 3 units to the right
2
(4, 1)
31. f(x) = ∣ x ∣ 32. f(x) = ∣ x ∣
4 x
g
−2 y y
4 4
f f
2
f
−8 −4 4 8x
−4
22. f(x) = 6 − x −4 −2 2 4x
g
y
(0, 6) g
6 −12 −4

2 f ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 33 and 34, identify and

g correct the error in writing the function g whose graph
−4 4 8x
represents the indicated transformations of the
graph of f.

ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS y
33.
In Exercises 23–26, match the
graph of the transformation of f
with the correct equation shown. f
✗ f(x) = ∣ x ∣; translation
3 units to the right followed
by a translation 2 units up
Explain your reasoning.
g(x) = ∣ x + 3 ∣ + 2
x
23. y 24. y

✗
34.
f(x) = x; translation
6 units down followed by a
vertical stretch by a factor
of 5
x x g(x) = 5x − 6
25. y 26. y

35. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend claims that

when writing a function whose graph represents
a combination of transformations, the order is not
important. Is your friend correct? Justify your answer.
x x

A. y = 2f(x) B. y = f(2x)
C. y = f(x + 2) D. y = f(x) + 2

Section 1.2 Transformations of Linear and Absolute Value Functions 17

36. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS During a recent 42. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Consider the graph of
period of time, bookstore sales have been declining. f(x) = mx + b. Describe the effect each
The sales (in billions of dollars) can be modeled by transformation has on the slope of the line and
7
the function f(t) = −—5 t + 17.2, where t is the number the intercepts of the graph.
of years since 2006. Suppose sales decreased at twice y
the rate. How can you transform the graph of f to
model the sales? Explain how the sales in 2010 are
affected by this change. (See Example 5.)
f
MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS For Exercises 37–40,
describe the transformation of the graph of f to the
x
graph of g. Then find the area of the shaded triangle.
37. f(x) = ∣ x − 3 ∣ 38. f(x) = −∣ x ∣ − 2
a. Reflect the graph of f in the y-axis.

6
y y b. Shrink the graph of f vertically by a factor of —13.

f g g c. Stretch the graph of f horizontally by a factor of 2.

−2 2 x

43. REASONING The graph of g(x) = −4∣ x ∣ + 2 is a

−4 −2 2 4x
−4
f reflection in the x-axis, vertical stretch by a factor
−2 of 4, and a translation 2 units down of the graph of
its parent function. Choose the correct order for the
transformations of the graph of the parent function to
39. f(x) = −x + 4 40. f(x) = x − 5
obtain the graph of g. Explain your reasoning.
y y
x
44. THOUGHT PROVOKING You are planning a
g −2 2
2 cross-country bicycle trip of 4320 miles. Your distance
−2 d (in miles) from the halfway point can be modeled
−2 2 4 6x by d = 72∣ x − 30 ∣, where x is the time (in days) and
−2
x = 0 represents June 1. Your plans are altered so that
f f g the model is now a right shift of the original model.
Give an example of how this can happen. Sketch both
the original model and the shifted model.
41. ABSTRACT REASONING The functions f(x) = mx + b
and g(x) = mx + c represent two parallel lines. 45. CRITICAL THINKING Use the correct value 0, −2, or 1
with a, b, and c so the graph of g(x) = a∣ x − b ∣ + c is
a. Write an expression for the vertical translation of
a reflection in the x-axis followed by a translation one
the graph of f to the graph of g.
unit to the left and one unit up of the graph of
b. Use the definition of slope to write an expression f(x) = 2∣ x − 2 ∣ + 1. Explain your reasoning.
for the horizontal translation of the graph of f to
the graph of g.

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

Evaluate the function for the given value of x. (Skills Review Handbook)
46. f(x) = x + 4; x = 3 47. f(x) = 4x − 1; x = −1
48. f(x) = −x + 3; x = 5 49. f(x) = −2x − 2; x = −1

Create a scatter plot of the data. (Skills Review Handbook)

50. 51.
x 8 10 11 12 15 x 2 5 6 10 13
f(x) 4 9 10 12 12 f(x) 22 13 15 12 6

18 Chapter 1 Linear Functions

 1.3 Modeling with Linear Functions
Essential Question How can you use a linear function to model and
COMMON analyze a real-life situation?
CORE
Learning Standards Modeling with a Linear Function
HSA-CED.A.2
HSF-IF.C.9 Work with a partner. A company purchases a
HSF-BF.A.1a A B
copier for $12,000. The spreadsheet shows how Year, t
HSF-LE.A.2 1 Value, V
the copier depreciates over an 8-year period.
HSS-ID.B.6a 2 0 $12,000
a. Write a linear function to represent the 3 1 $10,750
value V of the copier as a function of the 4 2 $9,500
number t of years. 5 3 $8,250
6 4 $7,000
b. Sketch a graph of the function. Explain why
7 5 $5,750
this type of depreciation is called straight
MODELING WITH line depreciation.
8 6 $4,500
MATHEMATICS 9 7 $3,250
c. Interpret the slope of the graph in the context 10 8 $2,000
To be proficient in math, of the problem. 11
you need to routinely
interpret your results
in the context of the Modeling with Linear Functions
situation.
Work with a partner. Match each description of the situation with its corresponding
graph. Explain your reasoning.
a. A person gives $20 per week to a friend to repay a $200 loan.
b. An employee receives $12.50 per hour plus $2 for each unit produced per hour.
c. A sales representative receives $30 per day for food plus $0.565 for each
mile driven.
d. A computer that was purchased for $750 depreciates $100 per year.

A. y B. y

40 200

20 100

4 8x 4 8 x

C. y D. y

20 800

10 400

4 8x 4 8 x

Communicate Your Answer

3. How can you use a linear function to model and analyze a real-life situation?
4. Use the Internet or some other reference to find a real-life example of
straight line depreciation.
a. Use a spreadsheet to show the depreciation.
b. Write a function that models the depreciation.
c. Sketch a graph of the function.

Section 1.3 Modeling with Linear Functions 21

1.3 Lesson What You Will Learn
Write equations of linear functions using points and slopes.
Find lines of fit and lines of best fit.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry
line of fit, p. 24 Writing Linear Equations
Core Concept
line of best fit, p. 25
correlation coefficient, p. 25
Previous Writing an Equation of a Line
slope
Given slope m and y-intercept b Use slope-intercept form:
slope-intercept form
point-slope form y = mx + b
scatter plot Given slope m and a point (x1, y1) Use point-slope form:
y − y1 = m(x − x1)
Given points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) First use the slope formula to find m.
Then use point-slope form with either
given point.

Writing a Linear Equation from a Graph

Asteroid 2012 DA14
The graph shows the distance Asteroid 2012 DA14 travels in x seconds. Write an
y
equation of the line and interpret the slope. The asteroid came within 17,200 miles
Distance (miles)

(5, 24) of Earth in February, 2013. About how long does it take the asteroid to travel
24
that distance?
16
SOLUTION
8 24
From the graph, you can see the slope is m = —5
= 4.8 and the y-intercept is b = 0.
0 Use slope-intercept form to write an equation of the line.
0 2 4 6 x
Time (seconds) y = mx + b Slope-intercept form
= 4.8x + 0 Substitute 4.8 for m and 0 for b.
The equation is y = 4.8x. The slope indicates that the asteroid travels 4.8 miles per
second. Use the equation to find how long it takes the asteroid to travel 17,200 miles.
REMEMBER
17,200 = 4.8x Substitute 17,200 for y.
An equation of the form
y = mx indicates that x 3583 ≈ x Divide each side by 4.8.
and y are in a proportional
relationship. Because there are 3600 seconds in 1 hour, it takes the asteroid about 1 hour to
travel 17,200 miles.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

1. The graph shows the remaining Car Loan

balance y on a car loan after
y
(thousands of dollars)

making x monthly payments. (0, 18)

18
Write an equation of the line and
interpret the slope and y-intercept. 12
Balance

(10, 15)
What is the remaining balance
6
after 36 payments?
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 x
Number of payments

22 Chapter 1 Linear Functions

 Modeling with Mathematics

Two prom venues charge a rental fee plus a fee per student. The table shows the total
Lakeside Inn
costs for different numbers of students at Lakeside Inn. The total cost y (in dollars) for
Number of Total x students at Sunview Resort is represented by the equation
students, x cost, y
y = 10x + 600.
100 $1500
Which venue charges less per student? How many students must attend for the total
125 $1800
costs to be the same?
150 $2100
SOLUTION
175 $2400
1. Understand the Problem You are given an equation that represents the total cost
200 $2700
at one venue and a table of values showing total costs at another venue. You need
to compare the costs.
2. Make a Plan Write an equation that models the total cost at Lakeside Inn. Then
compare the slopes to determine which venue charges less per student. Finally,
equate the cost expressions and solve to determine the number of students for
which the total costs are equal.
3. Solve the Problem First find the slope using any two points from the table. Use
(x1, y1) = (100, 1500) and (x2, y2) = (125, 1800).
y2 − y1 1800 − 1500 300
m=— = —— = — = 12
x2 − x1 125 − 100 25
Write an equation that represents the total cost at Lakeside Inn using the slope of
12 and a point from the table. Use (x1, y1) = (100, 1500).

y − y1 = m(x − x1) Point-slope form

y − 1500 = 12(x − 100) Substitute for m, x1, and y1.

y − 1500 = 12x − 1200 Distributive Property

y = 12x + 300 Add 1500 to each side.

Equate the cost expressions and solve.

10x + 600 = 12x + 300 Set cost expressions equal.

300 = 2x Combine like terms.

150 = x Divide each side by 2.

Comparing the slopes of the equations, Sunview Resort charges $10 per
student, which is less than the $12 per student that Lakeside Inn charges.
The total costs are the same for 150 students.
4. Look Back Notice that the table shows the total cost for 150 students at Lakeside
Inn is $2100. To check that your solution is correct, verify that the total cost at
Sunview Resort is also $2100 for 150 students.
y = 10(150) + 600 Substitute 150 for x.

= 2100 ✓ Simplify.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

2. WHAT IF? Maple Ridge charges a rental fee plus a $10 fee per student. The total
cost is $1900 for 140 students. Describe the number of students that must attend
for the total cost at Maple Ridge to be less than the total costs at the other two
venues. Use a graph to justify your answer.

Section 1.3 Modeling with Linear Functions 23

 Finding Lines of Fit and Lines of Best Fit
Data do not always show an exact linear relationship. When the data in a scatter plot
show an approximately linear relationship, you can model the data with a line of fit.

Core Concept
Finding a Line of Fit
Step 1 Create a scatter plot of the data.
Step 2 Sketch the line that most closely appears to follow the trend given by
the data points. There should be about as many points above the line as
below it.
Step 3 Choose two points on the line and estimate the coordinates of each point.
These points do not have to be original data points.
Step 4 Write an equation of the line that passes through the two points from
Step 3. This equation is a model for the data.

Finding a Line of Fit

The table shows the femur lengths (in centimeters) and heights (in centimeters) of
Femur several people. Do the data show a linear relationship? If so, write an equation of a line
Height, y
length, x of fit and use it to estimate the height of a person whose femur is 35 centimeters long.
40 170
SOLUTION
45 183
Step 1 Create a scatter plot of the data.
32 151 Human Skeleton
The data show a linear relationship.
50 195 y (40, 170)

(centimeters)
Step 2 Sketch the line that most closely appears
37 162
Height
to fit the data. One possibility is shown. 160
(50, 195)
41 174
Step 3 Choose two points on the line. 80
30 141 For the line shown, you might
choose (40, 170) and (50, 195). 0
34 151 0 30 40 50 x
47 185 Step 4 Write an equation of the line. Femur length
(centimeters)
45 182 First, find the slope.
y2 − y1 195 − 170 25
m=— = — = — = 2.5
x2 − x1 50 − 40 10
Use point-slope form to write an equation. Use (x1, y1) = (40, 170).
y − y1 = m(x − x1) Point-slope form
y − 170 = 2.5(x − 40) Substitute for m, x1, and y1.
y − 170 = 2.5x − 100 Distributive Property
y = 2.5x + 70 Add 170 to each side.
Use the equation to estimate the height of the person.

y = 2.5(35) + 70 Substitute 35 for x.

= 157.5 Simplify.

The approximate height of a person with a 35-centimeter femur is

157.5 centimeters.

24 Chapter 1 Linear Functions

 The line of best fit is the line that lies as close as possible to all of the data points.
Many technology tools have a linear regression feature that you can use to find the line
of best fit for a set of data.
The correlation coefficient, denoted by r, is a number from −1 to 1 that measures
how well a line fits a set of data pairs (x, y). When r is near 1, the points lie close to
a line with a positive slope. When r is near −1, the points lie close to a line with a
negative slope. When r is near 0, the points do not lie close to any line.

Using a Graphing Calculator

humerus Use the linear regression feature on a graphing calculator to find an equation of the
line of best fit for the data in Example 3. Estimate the height of a person whose femur
is 35 centimeters long. Compare this height to your estimate in Example 3.
SOLUTION
Step 1 Enter the data into Step 2 Use the linear regression
two lists. feature. The line of best fit is
y = 2.6x + 65.
L1 L2 L3
40 170
45 183 LinReg
32 151
50 195
y=ax+b
37 162 a=2.603570555
41 174 b=64.99682074
femur 30 141 r2=.9890669473
L1(1)=40 r=.9945184499
The value of
r is close to 1.

Step 3 Graph the regression equation Step 4 Use the trace feature to find the
with the scatter plot. value of y when x = 35.
210 210
y = 2.6x + 65

25 55 25 X=35 Y=156 55
ATTENDING TO 120 120
PRECISION The approximate height of a person with a 35-centimeter femur is
Be sure to analyze the 156 centimeters. This is less than the estimate found in Example 3.
data values to help you
select an appropriate
viewing window for
your graph. Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

3. The table shows the humerus lengths (in centimeters) and heights
(in centimeters) of several females.

Humerus length, x 33 25 22 30 28 32 26 27
Height, y 166 142 130 154 152 159 141 145

a. Do the data show a linear relationship? If so, write an equation of a line

of fit and use it to estimate the height of a female whose humerus is
40 centimeters long.
b. Use the linear regression feature on a graphing calculator to find an equation
of the line of best fit for the data. Estimate the height of a female whose humerus
is 40 centimeters long. Compare this height to your estimate in part (a).

Section 1.3 Modeling with Linear Functions 25

HSCC_Alg2_PE_01.03.indd 25 5/28/14 11:45 AM

 1.3 Exercises Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

Vocabulary and Core Concept

p Check
1
1. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE The linear equation y = —2 x + 3 is written in ____________ form.

2. VOCABULARY A line of best fit has a correlation coefficient of −0.98. What can you conclude about
the slope of the line?

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 3–8, use the graph to write an equation of 9. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS Two newspapers
the line and interpret the slope. (See Example 1.) charge a fee for placing an advertisement in their
paper plus a fee based on the number of lines in the
3.. Tipping 4
4. Gasoline Tank advertisement. The table shows the total costs for
y y different length advertisements at the Daily Times.
90
Tip (dollars)

Fuel (gallons)

4
3 The total cost y (in dollars) for an advertisement that
2
(10, 2) 8
is x lines long at the Greenville Journal is represented
(90, 9)
by the equation y = 2x + 20. Which newspaper
0 4 charges less per line? How many lines must be in an
0 4 8 12 x
advertisement for the total costs to be the same?
Cost of meal 0
0 60 120 x (See Example 2.)
(dollars)
Distance (miles)
Daily Times
Number of Total
5. Savings Account 6. Tree Growth lines, x cost, y
y y
Tree height (feet)

4 27
Balance (dollars)

6
350
(4, 300) 5 30
4
250 6 6 33
100
2 7 36
150 2
4 8 39
0
0 2 4 x
0
0 2 4 x Age (years)
Time (weeks) 10. PROBLEM SOLVING While on vacation in Canada,
you notice that temperatures are reported in degrees
Celsius. You know there is a linear relationship
7. Typing Speed 8. Swimming Pool between Fahrenheit and Celsius, but you forget the
formula. From science class, you remember the
Volume (cubic feet)

y y
freezing point of water is 0°C or 32°F, and its boiling
Words typed

150 (3, 165) 400 point is 100°C or 212°F.

(3, 300)
100 200
(5, 180) a. Write an equation that represents degrees
(1, 55) Fahrenheit in terms of degrees Celsius.
50 0
0 2 4 x
0 Time (hours) b. The temperature outside is 22°C. What is this
0 2 4 x
temperature in degrees Fahrenheit?
Time (minutes)
c. Rewrite your equation in part (a) to represent
degrees Celsius in terms of degrees Fahrenheit.
d. The temperature of the hotel pool water is 83°F.
What is this temperature in degrees Celsius?

26 Chapter 1 Linear Functions

HSCC_Alg2_PE_01.03.indd 26 5/28/14 11:46 AM

ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 11 and 12, describe and 17. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The data
correct the error in interpreting the slope in the context pairs (x, y) represent the average annual tuition
of the situation. y (in dollars) for public colleges in the United States
x years after 2005. Use the linear regression feature

✗
11.
Savings Account on a graphing calculator to find an equation of the
line of best fit. Estimate the average annual tuition
y
in 2020. Interpret the slope and y-intercept in this

Balance (dollars)
150 situation. (See Example 4.)
(4, 140) (0, 11,386), (1, 11,731), (2, 11,848)
130
(3, 12,375), (4, 12,804), (5, 13,297)
110
(0, 100) 18. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The table shows
0
0 2 4 6 x the numbers of tickets sold for a concert when
Year different prices are charged. Write an equation of a
line of fit for the data. Does it seem reasonable to use
The slope of the line is 10, so after your model to predict the number of tickets sold when
7 years, the balance is $70. the ticket price is $85? Explain.

Ticket price
17 20 22 26

✗
12. (dollars), x
Earnings
y
Tickets sold, y 450 423 400 395
Income (dollars)

80

60 USING TOOLS In Exercises 19–24, use the linear

regression feature on a graphing calculator to find an
40 equation of the line of best fit for the data. Find and
(3, 33) interpret the correlation coefficient.
20

(0, 0) 19. y 20. y

0
0 2 4 6 x 4 4
Hours
2 2

The slope is 3, so the income is $3 per hour. 0 0

0 2 4 6x 0 2 4 6x

21. y 22. y
In Exercises 13–16, determine whether the data show a
linear relationship. If so, write an equation of a line of 4 4

fit. Estimate y when x = 15 and explain its meaning in 2

2
the context of the situation. (See Example 3.)
0 0
13. 0 2 4 6x 0 2 4 6x
Minutes walking, x 1 6 11 13 16
Calories burned, y 6 27 50 56 70
23. y 24. y

4 4
14.
Months, x 9 13 18 22 23
2 2
Hair length (in.), y 3 5 7 10 11
0 0
0 2 4 6x 0 2 4 6x
15.
Hours, x 3 7 9 17 20
Battery life (%), y 86 61 50 26 0 25. OPEN-ENDED Give two real-life quantities that have
(a) a positive correlation, (b) a negative correlation,
and (c) approximately no correlation. Explain.
16.
Shoe size, x 6 8 8.5 10 13
Heart rate (bpm), y 112 94 100 132 87

Section 1.3 Modeling with Linear Functions 27

26. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? You secure an interest-free 30. MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS Which equation has
loan to purchase a boat. You agree to make equal a graph that is a line passing through the point (8, −5)
monthly payments for the next two years. The graph and is perpendicular to the graph of y = −4x + 1?
shows the amount of money you still owe.
1
A y = —4 x − 5
○ B y = −4x + 27
○
Boat Loan
1 1
C y = −—4 x − 7
○ D y = —4 x − 7
○
(hundreds of dollars)
y
Loan balance

30
31. PROBLEM SOLVING You are participating in an
20
orienteering competition. The diagram shows the
position of a river that cuts through the woods. You
10 are currently 2 miles east and 1 mile north of your
starting point, the origin. What is the shortest distance
0
0 8 16 24 x you must travel to reach the river?
Time (months)
y North

8
a. What is the slope of the line? What does the
slope represent? y = 3x + 2
6

b. What is the domain and range of the function? 4

What does each represent?
2
c. How much do you still owe after making
payments for 12 months? East
0
0 1 2 3 4 x

27. MAKING AN ARGUMENT A set of data pairs has a 32. ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS Data from North
correlation coefficient r = 0.3. Your friend says that American countries show a positive correlation
because the correlation coefficient is positive, it is between the number of personal computers per capita
logical to use the line of best fit to make predictions. and the average life expectancy in the country.
Is your friend correct? Explain your reasoning.
a. Does a positive correlation make sense in this
situation? Explain.
28. THOUGHT PROVOKING Points A and B lie on the line
b. Is it reasonable to
y = −x + 4. Choose coordinates for points A, B,
conclude that
and C where point C is the same distance from point
giving residents
A as it is from point B. Write equations for the lines
of a country
connecting points A and C and points B and C.
personal computers
will lengthen their
29. ABSTRACT REASONING If x and y have a positive lives? Explain.
correlation, and y and z have a negative correlation,
then what can you conclude about the correlation
between x and z? Explain.

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

Solve the system of linear equations in two variables by elimination or substitution.

(Skills Review Handbook)
33. 3x + y = 7 34. 4x + 3y = 2 35. 2x + 2y = 3
−2x − y = 9 2x − 3y = 1 x = 4y − 1

36. y = 1 + x 37. —12 x + 4y = 4 38. y = x − 4

2x + y = −2 2x − y = 1 4x + y = 26

28 Chapter 1 Linear Functions

 1.4 Solving Linear Systems
Essential Question How can you determine the number of
COMMON solutions of a linear system?
CORE
A linear system is consistent when it has at least one solution. A linear system is
Learning Standards inconsistent when it has no solution.
HSA-CED.A.3
HSA-REI.C.6

Recognizing Graphs of Linear Systems

Work with a partner. Match each linear system with its corresponding graph.
Explain your reasoning. Then classify the system as consistent or inconsistent.
a. 2x − 3y = 3 b. 2x − 3y = 3 c. 2x − 3y = 3
−4x + 6y = 6 x + 2y = 5 −4x + 6y = −6

A. y B. y C. y

2 2 2

−2 2 4x 2 4x −2 2 4x

−2 −2 −2

Solving Systems of Linear Equations

Work with a partner. Solve each linear system by substitution or elimination. Then
use the graph of the system below to check your solution.
a. 2x + y = 5 b. x + 3y = 1 c. x + y = 0
x−y=1 −x + 2y = 4 3x + 2y = 1

y y y
4
2 2

2 4 x −2 2 x
−4 −2 x
−2
−2
FINDING AN
ENTRY POINT
Communicate Your Answer
To be proficient in math,
you need to look for entry
points to the solution of
3. How can you determine the number of solutions of a linear system?
a problem.
4. Suppose you were given a system of three linear equations in three variables.
Explain how you would approach solving such a system.
5. Apply your strategy in Question 4 to solve the linear system.

x+y+z=1 Equation 1
x−y−z=3 Equation 2
−x − y + z = −1 Equation 3

Section 1.4 Solving Linear Systems 29

1.4 Lesson What You Will Learn
Visualize solutions of systems of linear equations in three variables.
Solve systems of linear equations in three variables algebraically.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry Solve real-life problems.
linear equation in three
variables, p. 30 Visualizing Solutions of Systems
system of three linear A linear equation in three variables x, y, and z is an equation of the form
equations, p. 30 ax + by + cz = d, where a, b, and c are not all zero.
solution of a system of three
The following is an example of a system of three linear equations in
linear equations, p. 30
three variables.
ordered triple, p. 30
3x + 4y − 8z = −3 Equation 1
Previous
system of two linear equations x + y + 5z = −12 Equation 2
4x − 2y + z = 10 Equation 3
A solution of such a system is an ordered triple (x, y, z) whose coordinates make
each equation true.
The graph of a linear equation in three variables is a plane in three-dimensional
space. The graphs of three such equations that form a system are three planes whose
intersection determines the number of solutions of the system, as shown in the
diagrams below.

Exactly One Solution

The planes intersect in a single point,
which is the solution of the system.

Infinitely Many Solutions

The planes intersect in a line. Every
point on the line is a solution of the system.
The planes could also be the same plane.
Every point in the plane is a solution
of the system.

No Solution
There are no points in common with all three planes.

30 Chapter 1 Linear Functions

 Solving Systems of Equations Algebraically
The algebraic methods you used to solve systems of linear equations in two variables
can be extended to solve a system of linear equations in three variables.

Core Concept
Solving a Three-Variable System
Step 1 Rewrite the linear system in three variables as a linear system in two
variables by using the substitution or elimination method.
Step 2 Solve the new linear system for both of its variables.
Step 3 Substitute the values found in Step 2 into one of the original equations and
solve for the remaining variable.
When you obtain a false equation, such as 0 = 1, in any of the steps, the system
has no solution.
When you do not obtain a false equation, but obtain an identity such as 0 = 0,
the system has infinitely many solutions.
LOOKING FOR
STRUCTURE
The coefficient of −1 in Solving a Three-Variable System (One Solution)
Equation 3 makes y a
convenient variable Solve the system. 4x + 2y + 3z = 12 Equation 1
to eliminate. 2x − 3y + 5z = −7 Equation 2
6x − y + 4z = −3 Equation 3

SOLUTION
Step 1 Rewrite the system as a linear system in two variables.
4x + 2y + 3z = 12 Add 2 times Equation 3 to
Equation 1 (to eliminate y).
12x − 2y + 8z = −6
16x + 11z = 6 New Equation 1
ANOTHER WAY 2x − 3y + 5z = −7 Add −3 times Equation 3 to
Equation 2 (to eliminate y).
In Step 1, you could also −18x + 3y − 12z = 9
eliminate x to get two −16x − 7z = 2 New Equation 2
equations in y and z, or
you could eliminate z Step 2 Solve the new linear system for both of its variables.
to get two equations 16x + 11z = 6 Add new Equation 1
in x and y. and new Equation 2.
−16x − 7z = 2
4z = 8
z=2 Solve for z.
x = −1 Substitute into new Equation 1 or 2 to find x.
Step 3 Substitute x = −1 and z = 2 into an original equation and solve for y.
6x − y + 4z = −3 Write original Equation 3.
6(−1) − y + 4(2) = −3 Substitute −1 for x and 2 for z.
y=5 Solve for y.

The solution is x = −1, y = 5, and z = 2, or the ordered triple (−1, 5, 2).

Check this solution in each of the original equations.

Section 1.4 Solving Linear Systems 31

 Solving a Three-Variable System (No Solution)

Solve the system. x+y+z=2 Equation 1

5x + 5y + 5z = 3 Equation 2
4x + y − 3z = −6 Equation 3
SOLUTION
Step 1 Rewrite the system as a linear system in two variables.
−5x − 5y − 5z = −10 Add −5 times Equation 1
to Equation 2.
5x + 5y + 5z = 3
0 = −7

Because you obtain a false equation, the original system has no solution.

Solving a Three-Variable System (Many Solutions)

ANOTHER WAY
Subtracting Equation 2 Solve the system. x − y + z = −3 Equation 1
from Equation 1 gives
z = 0. After substituting x − y − z = −3 Equation 2
0 for z in each equation, 5x − 5y + z = −15 Equation 3
you can see that each is
equivalent to y = x + 3. SOLUTION
Step 1 Rewrite the system as a linear system in two variables.
x − y + z = −3 Add Equation 1 to
x − y − z = −3 Equation 2 (to eliminate z).
2x − 2y = −6 New Equation 2
x − y − z = −3 Add Equation 2 to
5x − 5y + z = −15 Equation 3 (to eliminate z).
6x − 6y = −18 New Equation 3
Step 2 Solve the new linear system for both of its variables.
−6x + 6y = 18 Add −3 times new Equation 2
6x − 6y = −18 to new Equation 3.
0=0
Because you obtain the identity 0 = 0, the system has infinitely
many solutions.
Step 3 Describe the solutions of the system using an ordered triple. One way to do
this is to solve new Equation 2 for y to obtain y = x + 3. Then substitute
x + 3 for y in original Equation 1 to obtain z = 0.
So, any ordered triple of the form (x, x + 3, 0) is a solution of the system.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Solve the system. Check your solution, if possible.

1. x − 2y + z = −11 2. x + y − z = −1 3. x + y + z = 8
3x + 2y − z = 7 4x + 4y − 4z = −2 x−y+z=8
−x + 2y + 4z = −9 3x + 2y + z = 0 2x + y + 2z = 16
4. In Example 3, describe the solutions of the system using an ordered triple in
terms of y.

32 Chapter 1 Linear Functions

 Solving Real-Life Problems
Solving a Multi-Step Problem
LAWN
An amphitheater charges $75 for each seat in Section A, $55 for each seat in
Section B, and $30 for each lawn seat. There are three times as many seats in
B
B B Section B as in Section A. The revenue from selling all 23,000 seats is $870,000.
B B
A
A
A How many seats are in each section of the amphitheater?
STAGE

SOLUTION
Step 1 Write a verbal model for the situation.
Number of
seats in B, y
=3 ⋅ Number of
seats in A, x

Number of Number of Number of Total number

+ + =
seats in A, x seats in B, y lawn seats, z of seats

75 ⋅ Number of
seats in A, x
+ 55 ⋅ Number of
seats in B, y
+ 30 ⋅ Number of
lawn seats, z
=
Total
revenue

Step 2 Write a system of equations.

y = 3x Equation 1
x + y + z = 23,000 Equation 2
75x + 55y + 30z = 870,000 Equation 3
Step 3 Rewrite the system in Step 2 as a linear system in two variables by substituting
3x for y in Equations 2 and 3.
x + y + z = 23,000 Write Equation 2.
x + 3x + z = 23,000 Substitute 3x for y.
4x + z = 23,000 New Equation 2
75x + 55y + 30z = 870,000 Write Equation 3.
75x + 55(3x) + 30z = 870,000 Substitute 3x for y.
240x + 30z = 870,000 New Equation 3
Step 4 Solve the new linear system for both of its variables.
STUDY TIP −120x − 30z = −690,000 Add −30 times new Equation 2
When substituting to find 240x + 30z = 870,000 to new Equation 3.
values of other variables, 120x = 180,000
choose original or new x = 1500 Solve for x.
equations that are
easiest to use. y = 4500 Substitute into Equation 1 to find y.
z = 17,000 Substitute into Equation 2 to find z.

The solution is x = 1500, y = 4500, and z = 17,000, or (1500, 4500, 17,000). So,
there are 1500 seats in Section A, 4500 seats in Section B, and 17,000 lawn seats.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

5. WHAT IF? On the first day, 10,000 tickets sold, generating $356,000 in revenue.
The number of seats sold in Sections A and B are the same. How many lawn seats
are still available?

Section 1.4 Solving Linear Systems 33

 1.4 Exercises Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. VOCABULARY The solution of a system of three linear equations is expressed as a(n)__________.
2. WRITING Explain how you know when a linear system in three variables has infinitely
many solutions.

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 3–8, solve the system using the elimination 13. x + 3y − z = 2 14. x + 2y − z = 3
method. (See Example 1.)
x+y−z=0 −2x − y + z = −1
3. x + y − 2z = 5 4. x + 4y − 6z = −1 3x + 2y − 3z = −1 6x − 3y − z = −7
−x + 2y + z = 2 2x − y + 2z = −7
2x + 3y − z = 9 −x + 2y − 4z = 5 15. x + 2y + 3z = 4 16. −2x − 3y + z = −6
−3x + 2y − z = 12 x+y−z=5
5. 2x + y − z = 9 6. 3x + 2y − z = 8 −2x − 2y − 4z = −14 7x + 8y − 6z = 31
−x + 6y + 2z = −17 −3x + 4y + 5z = −14
5x + 7y + z = 4 x − 3y + 4z = −14 17. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS Three orders are
placed at a pizza shop. Two small pizzas, a liter of
7. 2x + 2y + 5z = −1 8. 3x + 2y − 3z = −2 soda, and a salad cost $14; one small pizza, a liter
of soda, and three salads cost $15; and three small
2x − y + z = 2 7x − 2y + 5z = −14 pizzas, a liter of soda, and two salads cost $22.
2x + 4y − 3z = 14 2x + 4y + z = 6 How much does each item cost?

ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 9 and 10, describe and

correct the error in the first step of solving the system of
linear equations.
4x − y + 2z = −18
−x + 2y + z = 11
3x + 3y − 4z = 44

✗
9. 4x − y + 2z = −18
−4x + 2y + z = 11 18. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS Sam’s Furniture
Store places the following advertisement in the local
y + 3z = −7 newspaper. Write a system of equations for the three
combinations of furniture. What is the price of each
10.

✗ 12x − 3y + 6z = −18
3x + 3y − 4z = 44
15x + 2z = 26
piece of furniture? Explain.

SAM
Furnit
u
’S
re Sto
re
Sofa and love seat

In Exercises 11–16, solve the system using the

Sofa and two chairs
elimination method. (See Examples 2 and 3.)
11. 3x − y + 2z = 4 12. 5x + y − z = 6 Sofa, love seat, and one chair
6x − 2y + 4z = −8 x+y+z=2
2x − y + 3z = 10 12x + 4y = 10

34 Chapter 1 Linear Functions

HSCC_Alg2_PE_01.04.indd 34 5/28/14 11:46 AM

In Exercises 19–28, solve the system of linear equations 31. WRITING Explain when it might be more convenient
using the substitution method. (See Example 4.) to use the elimination method than the substitution
method to solve a linear system. Give an example to
19. −2x + y + 6z = 1 20. x − 6y − 2z = −8
support your claim.
3x + 2y + 5z = 16 −x + 5y + 3z = 2
32. REPEATED REASONING Using what you know about
7x + 3y − 4z = 11 3x − 2y − 4z = 18
solving linear systems in two and three variables, plan
a strategy for how you would solve a system that has
21. x + y + z = 4 22. x + 2y = −1
four linear equations in four variables.
5x + 5y + 5z = 12 −x + 3y + 2z = −4
x − 4y + z = 9 −x + y − 4z = 10 MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS In Exercises 33 and 34,
write and use a linear system to answer the question.
23. 2x − 3y + z = 10 24. x = 4
33. The triangle has a perimeter of 65 feet. What are the
y + 2z = 13 x + y = −6 lengths of sidesℓ, m, and n?
z=5 4x − 3y + 2z = 26

25. x + y − z = 4 26. 2x − y − z = 15 n= + m − 15
= 13 m
3x + 2y + 4z = 17 4x + 5y + 2z = 10
−x + 5y + z = 8 −x − 4y + 3z = −20
m
27. 4x + y + 5z = 5 28. x + 2y − z = 3
8x + 2y + 10z = 10 2x + 4y − 2z = 6 34. What are the measures of angles A, B, and C?

x − y − 2z = −2 −x − 2y + z = −6 A

29. PROBLEM SOLVING The number of left-handed

people in the world is one-tenth the number of right- A°
handed people. The percent of right-handed people
is nine times the percent of left-handed people and
ambidextrous people combined. What percent of
people are ambidextrous?
(5A − C)°

(A + B)°
B C

35. OPEN-ENDED Consider the system of linear

equations below. Choose nonzero values for a, b,
and c so the system satisfies the given condition.
Explain your reasoning.
30. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS Use a system of
linear equations to model the data in the following x+y+z=2
newspaper article. Solve the system to find how many
ax + by + cz = 10
athletes finished in each place.
x − 2y + z = 4

Lawrence High prevailed in Saturday’s track a. The system has no solution.

meet with the help of 20 individual-event
placers earning a combined 68 points. A b. The system has exactly one solution.
first-place finish earns 5 points, a second-
c. The system has infinitely many solutions.
place finish earns 3 points, and a third-place
finish earns 1 point. Lawrence had a strong
second-place showing, with as many second 36. MAKING AN ARGUMENT A linear system in three
place finishers as first- and third-place variables has no solution. Your friend concludes that it
finishers combined. is not possible for two of the three equations to have
any points in common. Is your friend correct? Explain
your reasoning.

Section 1.4 Solving Linear Systems 35

37. PROBLEM SOLVING A contractor is hired to build an 40. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Determine whether the
apartment complex. Each 840-square-foot unit has a system of equations that represents the circles has
bedroom, kitchen, and bathroom. The bedroom will no solution, one solution, or infinitely many solutions.
be the same size as the kitchen. The owner orders Explain your reasoning.
980 square feet of tile to completely cover the floors
a. y b. y
of two kitchens and two bathrooms. Determine
how many square feet of carpet is needed for each
bedroom.

BATHROOM KITCHEN x x

41. CRITICAL THINKING Find the values of a, b, and c so

BEDROOM that the linear system shown has (−1, 2, −3) as its
only solution. Explain your reasoning.
Total Area: 840 ft2
x + 2y − 3z = a
−x − y + z = b
38. THOUGHT PROVOKING Does the system of linear 2x + 3y − 2z = c
equations have more than one solution? Justify
your answer. 42. ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS Determine which
4x + y + z = 0 arrangement(s) of the integers −5, 2, and 3 produce
a solution of the linear system that consist of only
2x + —12 y − 3z = 0 integers. Justify your answer.
−x − —14y − z = 0 x − 3y + 6z = 21
__x + __ y + __z = −30
39. PROBLEM SOLVING A florist must make 5 identical 2x − 5y + 2z = −6
bridesmaid bouquets for a wedding. The budget is
$160, and each bouquet must have 12 flowers. Roses 43. ABSTRACT REASONING Write a linear system to
cost $2.50 each, lilies cost $4 each, and irises cost represent the first three pictures below. Use the system
$2 each. The florist wants twice as many roses as the to determine how many tangerines are required to
other two types of flowers combined. balance the apple in the fourth picture. Note: The
first picture shows that one tangerine and one apple
a. Write a system of equations to represent this balance one grapefruit.
situation, assuming the florist plans to use the
maximum budget.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
0 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
0 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200

b. Solve the system to find how many of each type of

flower should be in each bouquet.
c. Suppose there is no limitation on the total cost of
the bouquets. Does the problem still have exactly 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200

one solution? If so, find the solution. If not, give

three possible solutions.

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

Simplify. (Skills Review Handbook)

44. (x − 2)2 45. (3m + 1)2 46. (2z − 5)2 47. (4 − y)2

Write a function g described by the given transformation of f(x) = ∣ x ∣ − 5. (Section 1.2)

48. translation 2 units to the left 49. reflection in the x-axis
50. translation 4 units up 51. vertical stretch by a factor of 3

36 Chapter 1 Linear Functions