CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1GENERAL

For the construction of any structure, Concrete is the main material. Concrete usage around
the world is second only to water. The main ingredient to produce concrete is Portland
cement. On the other side global warming and environmental pollution are the biggest
menace to the human race on this planet today. The production of cement means the
production of pollution because of the emission of CO2 during its production. There are two
different sources of CO2 emission during cement production. Combustion of fossil fuels to
operate the rotary kiln is the largest source and other one is the chemical process of calcining
limestone into lime in the cement kiln also produces CO2.In India about 2,069,738 thousands
of metric tons of CO2 is emitted in the year of 2010. The cement industry contributes about
5% of total global carbon dioxide emissions. And also, the cement is manufactured by using
the raw materials such as lime stone, clay and other minerals. Quarrying of these raw
materials is also causes environmental degradation. To produce 1 ton of cement, about 1.6
tons of raw materials are required and the time taken to form the lime stone is much longer
than the rate at which humans use it. But the demand of concrete is increasing day by day for
its ease of preparing and fabricating in all sorts of convenient shapes. So to overcome this
problem, the concrete to be used should be environmental friendly.

1.2 NEED OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE

To produce environmental friendly concrete, we have to replace the cement with some other
binders which should not create any bad effect on environment. The use of industrial by
products as binders can reduce the problem. In this respect, the new technology geo-polymer
concrete is a promising technique. In terms of reducing the global warming, the geo-polymer
technology could reduce the CO2 emission to the atmosphere caused by cement and
aggregates industries by about 80% (Davidovits, 1994c). And also the proper usage of
industrial wastes can reduce the problem of disposing the waste products into the
atmosphere.

1.3 GEOPOLYMER
1.3.1 TERMINOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY
The term geo-polymer was first coined by Davidovits in 1978 to represent a broad range of
materials characterized by chains or networks of inorganic molecules. Geo-polymers are
chains or networks of mineral molecules linked with co-valent bonds. Geopolymer is
produced by a polymeric reaction of alkaline liquid with source material of geological origin
or by product material such as fly ash, rice husk ash, GGBS etc. Because the chemical
reaction that takes place in this case is a polymerization process, Davidovitscoined the
term ‘Geopolymer’ to represent these binders.Geo-polymers have the chemical composition
similar to Zeolites but they can be formed an amorphous structure. He also suggested the use
of the term ‘poly(sialate)’
for the chemical designation of geopolymers based onsilico-aluminate. Sialate is an
abbreviation for siliconoxo- aluminate.
 Figure-1.1. General Polymeric structures from polymerization of monomers.

Poly(sialates) are chain and ring polymers with Si4+ and AL3+ in IV-fold coordination with
oxygen and range from amorphous to semi-crystalline with the empirical formula:

Mn (-(SiO2) z–AlO2)n. wH2O

Where “z” is 1, 2 or 3 or higher up to 32; M is a monovalent cation such as potassium

or sodium, and “n” is a degree of polycondensation (Davidovits, 1984, 1988b, 1994b, 1999).
Davidovits (1988b; 1991; 1994b; 1999) has also distinguished 3 types of polysialates, namely
the Poly(sialate) type (-Si-O-Al-O), the Poly (sialate-siloxo) type (-Si-O-Al-O-Si-O) and the
Poly(sialate-disiloxo) type (-Si-O-Al-O-SiO). The structures of these polysialates can be
schematized as in Figure 1.1.
 Fig 1.2 Chemical Structures of Polysialates

Geopolymerization involves the chemical reaction of alumino-silicate oxides (Si2O5, Al2O2)

with alkali polysilicates yielding polymeric Si–O–Al bonds. The most common alkaline
polysilicates used in the geo-polymerization is the combination of Sodium hydroxide/
Potassium hydroxide and Sodium silicate/ Potassium silicate. This combination increases the
rate of reaction. Among 15 Alumino-silicate minerals, all the Al-Si minerals are more soluble
in NaOH solution than in KoH solution.

Equation 1.2 shows an example of polycondensation by alkali into poly (sialatesiloxo). The
last term of Equation 1.2 indicates that water is released during the chemical reaction that
occurs in the formation of geo-polymers... This water, expelled from the geopolymer matrix
during the curing and further drying periods, leaves behind discontinuous nano-pores in the
matrix, which provide benefits to the performance of geopolymers. The water in a
geopolymer mixture, therefore, plays no role in the chemical reaction that takes
place; it merely provides the workability to the mixture during handling. This is in contrast to
the chemical reaction of water in a Portland cement mixture during the hydration process.
Unlike ordinary Portland/pozzolanic cements, geo-polymers do not form calciumsilicate-
hydrates (C-S-H) for matrix formation and strength, but utilise the polycondensation of silica
and alumina precursors and a high alkali content to attain structural strength. Therefore, geo-
polymers are sometimes referred to as alkali activated alumino silicate binders (Davidovits,
1994a; Palomo et. al., 1999; Roy, 1999; van Jaarsveld et. al., 2002a). However, Davidovits
stated that using the term ‘alkali-activated’ could create significant confusion and generate
false granted ideas about geopolymer concrete.

1.4.1 FLY ASH

Fly ash is manufactured by the burning of coal in an electrostatic precipitator, a
byproduct of industrial coal. The cementitious properties of fly ash were discovered in late
19th century and it has been widely used in cement manufacture for over 100 years. In UK, fly
ash is supplied as a separate component for concrete and is added at the concrete at the mixer.
It generally replaces between 20 and 80 per cent of the normal Portland cement.

1.4.2 PRODUCTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF FLYASH

A thermal station is a power plant in which the prime movers steam driven. Water is
heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After
it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it
was heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle.
The greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to the different fossil fuel
resources generally used to heat the water. Some prefer to use the term energy centre because
such facilities convert forms of heat energy into electrical energy. Certain thermal power
plants also are designed to produce heat energy for industrial purposes of district heating, or
desalination of water, in addition to generating electrical power. Globally, fossil fueled
thermal power plants produce a large part of man-made CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, and
efforts to reduce these are varied and widespread.
Two types of fly ash are commonly used in concrete: Class C and Class F. Class C are
often high calcium fly ashes with carbon content less than 2%; whereas, Class F are generally
low-calcium fly ashes with carbon contents less than 5% but sometimes as high as 10%. In
general, Class C ashes are produced from burning sub-bituminous or lignite coals and Class F
ashes bituminous or anthracite coals. Performance properties between Class C and F ashes
vary depending on the chemical and physical properties of the ash and how the ash interacts
with cement in the concrete. Many Class C ashes when exposed to water will react
and become hard just like cement, but not Class F ashes.

1.4.2 APPLICATIONS OF FLY ASH

Fly ash highly recommended for mass concrete applications. i.e. large mat
foundations, dams etc. the hungry horse dam, conyan ferry dam and the Wilson dam, hart
well dam and sultan dam in USA, the Lednock dam in UK and sudagin dam in Japan are few
examples abroad, LUI center in Vancouver successfully used 50% fly ash for all structural
elements in India, some portions of Rihand dam and some part of barrages in Bihar are some
examples.
Fly ash can be used for the following
 Σ Filling of mines,
 Σ Replacement of low lying waste land and refuse dumps,
 Σ Replacement of cement mortar,
 Σ Air pollution control,
 Σ Production of ready mix fly ash concrete,
 Σ Laying of roads and construction of embankments,
 Σ Stabilizing soil for road construction using lime- fly ash mixture,
  Σ Construction of rigid pavements using cement-fly ash concrete,
 Σ Production of lime-fly ash cellular concrete,
 Σ Production of precast fly ash building units,
 Σ Making of lean-cement fly ash concrete

1.5 QUARRY DUST

Now-a-days the natural river sand has become scarce and very costly. Hence we are
forced to think of alternative materials. The Quarry dust may be used in the place of river
sand fully. The worldwide consumption of fine aggregate in concrete production is very high,
and several developing countries have encountered difficulties in meeting the supply of
natural fine aggregate in order to satisfy the increasing needs of infrastructural development
in recent years. To overcome the stress and demand for river fine aggregate, researchers and
practitioners in the construction industries have identified some alternative materials such as
fly ash, slag, limestone powder and siliceous stone powder. In India attempts have been
made to replace river sand with quarry dust. The successful utilization of quarry dust as fine
aggregate would turn this waste material that causes disposal problem into a valuable
resource. The utilisation will also reduce the strain on supply of natural fine aggregate, which
will also reduce the cost of concrete.
A comparatively good strength is expected when sand is replaced fully with or
without concrete admixtures. It is proposed to study the possibility of replacing sand with
locally available crusher waste without sacrificing the strength and workability of concrete.
Coarse aggregate of 20mm maximum size is used in Reinforced cement concrete work of all
types of structures. This is obtained by crushing the stone boulders of size 100 to 150mm in
the stone crushers. Then it is sieved and the particles passing through 20 mm and retained on
10mm sieve known as coarse aggregate.
The particles passing through 4.75mm sieve are called as quarry dust. The quarry dust
is used to sprinkle over the newly laid bituminous road as filler between the bitumen and
coarse aggregate and manufacturing of hollow blocks. Based on this experimental
investigations, it is found that quarry dust can be used as an alternative material to the natural
river sand. The physical and chemical properties of quarry dust satisfy the requirements of
fine aggregate. It is found that quarry dust improves its mechanical property of concrete if
used along with super plasticizer. Usage of quarry dust it will also reduce the cost of
concrete.

1.6OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

 Our aim is to have an alternative binder instead of Cement in Concrete. The reason is
during the production of cement, higher amounts of Carbon dioxide is released into
atmosphere and causes global warming. In this respect Geopolymer concrete is produced by
replacing cement with Geopolymer binder which consists of Fly ash and alkaline liquid sand
also fine aggregate is replaced with quarry dust because it is most economical than fine
aggregate.

CHAPTER-2
CHAPTER 2
 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 GENERAL
There is a wide range of research undergoing for the use of Geo-polymer Concrete. For our
investigation, some important publications were reviewed to have a broad idea about Geo-
polymer Concrete
and they have been listed in the references at the end of the report.
2.4 LITERATURE REVIEW
DjwantoroHardjito, Steenie E Wallah, Dody M.J. Sumajouw, and B.V. Rangan (1992)
describes
the effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based Geopolymer concrete,
especially the
compressive strength. The test variables included were the age of concrete, curing time,
curing temperature,
quantity geo-polymer of super-plasticizer, the rest period prior to curing, and the water
content of the mix.
They concluded that compressive strength of concrete does not vary with age, and curing the
concrete
specimens at higher temperature and longer curing period will result in higher compressive
strength. They
also concluded Naphthalene-based super-plasticizer improves the workability of fresh geo-
polymer concrete.
[14]. D. M. J. Sumajouw D. Hardjito S. E. Wallah B. V. Rangan (2007) presents the
results of
experimental study and analysis on the behaviour and the strength of reinforced Geopolymer
concrete
slender columns. They concluded that heat-cured low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer
concrete has
excellent potential for applications in the precast industry. The products currently produced
by this industry
can be manufactured using geopolymer concrete. The design provisions contained in the
current standards
and codes can be used in the case of geopolymer concrete products.
[5]. Shuguang Hu, Hongxi Wang, GaozhanZhang ,Qingjun Ding(2007) they prepared
three repair
materials by using cement-based, geo-polymeric, or geo-polymeric containing steel slag
binders. They
concluded that the geo-polymeric materials had better repair characteristics than cement-
based repair
materials, and the addition of steel slag could improve significantly the abrasion resistance of
geopolymeric
repair. By means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) it can also be concluded that the
steel slag was
almost fully absorbed to take part in the alkali-activated reaction and be immobilized into the
amorphous
aluminosilicategeopolymermatrix.
[6]. Christina K. Yip, Grant C. Lukey, John L. Provis, Jannie S.J. van Deventer(2008)
in this paper at
low alkalinity, the compressive strength of matrices prepared with predominantly amorphous
calcium
silicates (blast furnace slag) or containing crystalline phases specifically manufactured for
reactivity
(cement) is much higher than when the calcium is supplied as crystalline silicate minerals.
They concluded
that the compressive strength of matrices containing natural (crystalline) calcium silicates
improves with
increasing alkalinity, however the opposite trend is observed in matrices synthesised with
processed calcium
silicate sources. At high alkalinity, calcium plays a lesser role in affecting the nature of the
final binder, as it
forms precipitates rather than hydrated gels. Thus, the different calcium silicate sources will
not have a
major impact on the mechanical properties of these matrices. The effects of different calcium
silicates on
geo-polymerisation are therefore seen to depend most significantly on two factors: the
crystallinity of the
calcium silicate source and the alkalinity of the activating solution used.
[1]. Zhu Pan, Jay G. Sanjayan , B. V. Rangan(2009) they concluded that the ductility of
the mortars has
a major correlation to this strength gain/loss behaviour. They prepared the specimens with
two different fly
ashes, with strengths ranging from 5 to 60 MPa, were investigated. They concluded that the
strength losses
decrease with increasing ductility, with even strength gains at high levels of ductility. This
correlation is
attributed to the fact that mortars with high ductility have high capacity
to accommodate thermal incompatibilities. It is believed that the two opposing processes
occur in mortars:
(1) further geo-polymerisation and/or sintering at elevated temperatures leading to strength
gain; (2) the
damage to the mortar because of thermal incompatibility arising from non-uniform
temperature distribution.
The strength gain or loss occurs depending on the dominant process.
[2]. XiaoluGuo ,Huisheng Shi , Warren A. Dick(2009) they studied the compressive
strength and micro
structural characteristics of a class C fly ash geopolymer (CFAG) were studied. They
concluded that a high
compressive strength was obtained when the class C fly ash (CFA) was activated by the
mixed alkali
activator (sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solution) with the optimum modulus viz.,
molar ratio of
SiO2/Na2O of 1.5. When CFA is alkali activated the sphere seems to be attacked and broken
due to the
dissolution of alumino-silicate in the high pH alkali solution. Utilization of this fly ash in
geo-polymer
materials is a resource and energy saving process and it also indirectly reduces the emission
of green house
gas CO2 released from cement manufacturing. This is beneficial for resource conservation
and
environmental protection.
[4]. SmithSongpiriyakij,TeinsakKubprasit,ChaiJaturapitakkul,
PrinyaChindaprasirt(2010) they
usedRice husk and bark ash as a source to partially replace fly ash in making geopolymer.
They concluded
that the optimum SiO2/Al2O3 ratio to obtain the highest compressive strength was 15.9. Fly
ash was more
reactive than RHBA.
[19]. N A Lloyd and B V Rangan (2010) concluded based on the tests conducted on various
short-term
and long-term properties of the geo-polymer concrete and the results of the tests conducted
on large-scale
reinforced geo-polymer concrete members show that geo-polymer concrete is well-suited to
manufacture
precast concrete products that can be used in infrastructure developments. In this paper a
simple method to
design geo-polymer concrete mixtures has also described and illustrated by an example. The
paper also
includes brief details of some recent applications of geopolymerconcrete

CHAPTER -3
CHAPTER 3
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS USED FOR THE PROJECT
 3.1 QUARRY DUST:
To produce geo-polymer concrete mix, the quarry dust is used as a fine aggregate and
it was taken from local quarries. It has following properties.

Table 3.1.1 physical Properties of quarry dust

PROPERTY QUARRY ROCK DUST TEST METHOD

Specific gravity 2.60 IS 2386 (Part III) 1963

Bulk IS 2386 (Part III) 1963

relative
density 1700
(kg/m3)

Absorption (%) 1.30 IS 2386 (Part III) 1963

Moisture Nil IS 2386 (Part III) 1963
Content(%)

Fineparticles IS 2386 (Part I) 1963

less than
0.075mm 14
(%)

Sieve Zone III IS 383-1970

Analysis

Table3.1.2 chemical composition of quarry dust

Constituent Quarry Rock Dust (%) Test Method

 SiO2 62.48 IS: 4032-1968

Al2O3 18.72

Fe2O3 06.54

Cao 04.83

Mgo 02.56

Na2O Nil

K2O 03.18

3.2 COARSE AGGREGATE:

Coarse aggregates of sizes 12mm and 20mm having following properties taken from a local
supplier are used in the present study.
Coarse Aggregate
Property

20mm 12mm

Fineness Modulus 8.14 8.14

Specific gravity 2.87 2.83

Bulk Density 1533.33 kg/m3 1517 kg/m3

Percentage of voids 45.24% 47.14%

Table3.2 Properties of Coarse Aggregate

3.3 FLYASH:
Flyash is taken from VIJYAWADA THERMAL POWER STATION,VIJYAWADA in
Andhra Pradesh .

Properties of FLYASH

Oxide composisition (%by mass) flyash

 Sio2 59.2

Al2O3 38.02

CaO 0.94

MgO 0.28

Na2O3 0.47

K2O 0.22

Loss of ignistion 1.05

3.4 ALKALINE SOLUTIONS

The solutions of Sodium hydroxide and Sodium Silicate are used as alkaline solutions
in the present study. Sodium hydroxide is available in market in various forms as flakes,
pellets and in powder forms. In the study, Commercial grade Sodium Hydroxide in flakes
form (97%-100% purity) is used.
Sodium silicate is available in powder form. By using sodium silicate we may prepare
solution of required molarity. In this study, sodium silicate used in solution form having the
following chemical proportion is used.

Na2O - 7.5%-8.5%
Sio2 - 25% -28%
Water - 67.5%-63.5%.

3.5 SUPER PLASTICIZER

In order to improve the workability of fresh concrete, Super plasticizer Cornplast
SP 430, of colour brown based on sulphonated naphthalene polymers, complies with IS 9103-
1999, BS: 5075 part 3 and ASTM C-494, Type F was used.
Advantages
 Reduction in water-cement ratio of the order of 20-25%
 Flowing, pumpable concrete
 Excellent workability and retention even in extreme temperatures

CHAPTER - 4
CHAPTER 4
EXPERIMENTAL WORK

4.1 GENERAL
This Chapter describes the experimental work. First, Mix design of geo-polymer concrete,
manufacturing and curing of the test specimens are explained. This is then followed by
description of types of specimens used, test parameters, and test procedures.
 4.2 MIX DESIGN
The mix design in the case of geo-polymer concrete is based on conventional concrete with
some modification. In the case of conventional concrete the material proportion can be found
out for the required strength using the code, but in the case of geo-polymer concrete there is
no design method or codal provisions. Here by means of trial and error method optimized
mixes is being produced.
The mix proportions given byN A Lloyd and B V Rangan(2010) is taken as a
reference one, several trial mixes are prepared with flyash and constant molarity of NaOH as
2M. The mix which gives high workability is taken as final one and the project continues
with the final one. The trial mixes are as follows.
The trial mixture proportion is as follow: combined aggregates = 1848 kg/m3, GGBS = 408
kg/m3, sodium silicate solution = 103 kg /m3, and sodium hydroxide solution = 41 kg/m3(2M
solution). 20 mm aggregates = 910 kg/m3, 12 mm aggregates = 390 kg/m3, fine sand = 554
kg/m3 .The geo-polymer concrete is wet-mixed for four minutes and cured at 60oC for 24
hours in hot air oven after casting. Commercially available super plasticizer of about 0.75%
of mass of GGBS, i.e. 5 kg/m3 is added to the mixture to facilitate ease of placement of fresh
concrete. In this manner, by changing the quantities of aggregates and by increasing the fines
in the mixture the final mix is as follows. The total volume occupied by the aggregates
(Coarse and fine aggregates) is assumed to be 65%. The alkaline liquid to GGBS ratio is
taken as 0.30. The quantities of all ingredients are kept constant as given in table-4.1 except
the molarity of NaOH is changed in the each mix.
Assume the density of geo-polymer concrete as 2500 kg/m3. Assume the volume of
combined aggregates occupied 70% of the mass of concrete, i.e. 0.70x2500= 1750 kg/m3.

In this,
The mass of fine aggregates + coarse aggregates = 1750kg/m3.
Coarse Aggregate = 60% of 1750
= 1050 kg/m3
Quarry dust = 40% of 1750
= 700 kg/m3
Mass of Alkaline liquid and Fly ash = 2500-1750
= 750 kg/m3
Assume,

Mass of fly ash = 60% of 750

= 450 kg/m3
Mass of alkaline liquid = 40% of 750 kg/m3
=300 kg/m3
Take the ratio of sodium silicate solution-to-sodium hydroxide solution by mass as 2;
The mass of sodium hydroxide solution = 100 kg/m3;
The mass of sodium silicate solution = 200 kg/m3;
The mass of super-plasticizer = 0.75X450
=3.375 kg/m3;

The final mix proportion is shown in table 4.1

Table-4.1 Mixing proportions of the geo-polymer concrete

Name Fly ash Quarry Coarse Sodium Sodium Super-

of the (kg/m3) dust Aggregate silicate hydroxide Plasticizer
 Mixture (kg/m3) (kg/m3) solution solution (kg/m3)
(kg/m3) (kg/m3)
20 12
mm mm

GP1 450 700 400 650 200 100(8M) 3.375

GP2 450 700 400 650 200 100(10M 3.375

GP3 450 700 400 650 200 100(12M) 3.375

4.3 PREPERATION OF ALKALINE LIQUIDS

NOTE: Molarity = moles of solute/litre of solution

In this project the compressive strength of geo-polymer concrete is examined for the
mixes of varying molarities of Sodium hydroxide (8M, 10M, and 12M). The molecular
weight of sodium hydroxide is 40. To prepare 8M i.e. 8 molar sodium hydroxide solution,
320g of sodium hydroxide flakes are weighed and they can be dissolved in distilled water to
form 1 litre solution. For this, volumetric flask of 1 litre capacity is taken, sodium hydroxide
flakes are added slowly to distilled water to prepare 1liter solution. The weights to be added
to get required molarity are given in Table.4.2
Table.4.2 Weights of NaOH flakes
Required Molarity Weight in g. of
Sodium
hydroxide flakes

8M 320

10M 400

12M 480

The sodium silicate solution and the sodium hydroxide solution were mixed together at least
one day prior to use to prepare the alkaline liquid. On the day of casting of the specimens, the
alkaline liquid was mixed together with the super plasticizer and the extra water (if any) to
prepare the liquid component of the mixture.
 Fig 4.1 sodium hydroxide in pellets form

Fig 4.2 sodium silicate in powder form

4.4 MANUFACTURING AND CASTING OF GEO-POLYMER

CONCRETE
The conventional method used in the making of normal concrete is adopted to prepare geo-
polymer
concrete. First, the quarry dust, coarse aggregate and Flyashare mixed in dry condition for 3-
4 minutes and
then the alkaline solution which is a combination of Sodium hydroxide solution and Sodium
silicate solution
with super-plasticizer is added to the dry mix. The mixing is done about 6-8 minutes for
proper bonding of
all the materials. After the mixing, the cubes are casted with the mixes GP1 toGP3 by giving
proper
compaction. The sizes of the cubes used are of size 150mmX150mmX150mm.
Fig 4.3 Adding sodium silicate solution to dry mix
Fig 4.4 Fresh geo-polymer concrete
Fig 4.5 Casting of geo-polymer concrete cubes
4.5 CURING OF GEO-POLYMER CONCRETE
For the curing of geo-polymer concrete cubes, the cubes are placed in direct sun-light. For the
sun
light curing, the cubes are demoulded after 1 day of casting and they are placed in the direct
sun light for 7
days.
4.6 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Compressive strength is the capacity of a material or structure to withstand axially
directed pushing forces. Cubes of 150mm×150mm×150mm were casted and compressive
strength
test was conducted on specimens at 7 days. To conduct the test the specimens are placed in a
compression testing machine and the load is applied to the cube and the load at failure is
noted as
failure load. The compressive strength is calculated by using the formula given in 4.1. The
results
in tables 5.1.1.
Fck=Pc/A
Where, Pc=load at failure in N
A=loaded area of cube in mm2
Fig 4.6-polymer concrete cubes after compression test

CHAPTER - 5
CHAPTER 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
5.1 GENERAL
The results of the tests which are specified in chapter 4 are given in the following tables with
their
corresponding graphs.
5.2 RESULTS OF STRENGTH TESTS
5.2 .1COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
TABLE 5.1.1 Compressive strength
Figure 1 Compressive strength of specimens at the age of 7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Gp1 Gp2 Gp3
cc
mix
Name of the mix Compressive strength in N/mm2 of specimens Cured
by
7days 14days 28days
CC
18.6 23.4 27
GP1 19.23 23.6 27.5
GP2 20.26 24.2 28.2
GP3 21 25.2 29.4
Figure 2 Compressive strength of specimens at the age of 14 days
Figure 3 Compressive strength of specimens at the age of 28 days
By showing the above graph the compressive strength increase the strength by 40% in
7days.The
other one shows the increase of the strength by 60% it reflects that by increase the days
limit the
strength of the mixture can be increased .The last one shows the increase of the strength
by 75%.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Gp1 Gp2 Gp3
cc
mix ratio
26
26.5
27
27.5
28
28.5
29
29.5
30
Gp1 Gp2 Gp3
cc
mix ratio
5.3 Split Tensile Test
Figure 4 Split Tensile Test of specimens at the age of 7 days
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Gp1 Gp2 Gp3
cc
mix ratio
Name of the mix Split Tensile Test in N/mm2 of specimens Cured by
7days 14days 28days
CC 1.7 2.25 2.87
GP1 1.9 2.34 2.74
GP2 2.2 2.47 2.85
GP3 2.3 2.52 2.96
Figure 5 Split Tensile Test of specimens at the age of 14 days
Figure 6 Split Tensile Test of specimens at the age of 28 days
In case of considering the split tensile test the strength can be varies as it compare with the
compressive
strength. The only difference can we observe is mixing ratio of the quantity .The graphs
shows that increase
of composition by 40% to 80 %
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Gp1 GP2 Gp3
cc
mix ratio
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Gp1 Gp2 Gp3
cc
mix ratio
5.4 Workbility Test
S.NO Name of the Mix Workbility in mm
1 cc 65
2 Gp1 75
3 Gp1 82
4 Gp1 92
Figure 7 Workbility Test of specimen
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Gp1 Gp2 Gp3
cc
mix ratio
CHAPTER - 6
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the experimental work reported in this study, the following conclusions are drawn.
ÿ Higher concentration (in terms of molar) of sodium hydroxide solution results in higher
compressive
strength of fly ash & quarry dust based geo-polymer concrete.
ÿ Longer curing time, in the range of 4 to 96 hours (4 days), produces higher compressive
strength
offly ash &quarry dust based geo-polymer concrete. However, the increase in strength
beyond 24
hours is not significant.
ÿ The fresh flyash-based geo-polymer concrete is easily handled up to 120 minutes without
any sign of
setting and without any degradation in the compressive strength.
ÿ The mix GP3 gives higher compressive strength, as it has high molarity of NaOH
ÿ we Observe that the compressive strength is increased with the increase in the molarity of
the sodium
hydroxide
ÿ After three days of curing the increase the compressive strength is not sufficient
ÿ The geo-polyemer concrete shall be effeviely used for the beam coloumn junction of the
reinforced
concrete structure
ÿ Geo-polymer concrete shall also be used in the Infrastructure works.
ÿ In addition to that fly ash shall be effectively used and hence no land fills are required to
dump the
fly ash

CHAPTER - 7
CHAPTER 7
SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK
7.1 SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK
As geo-polymer concrete technology is a new one, there is lot of scope to work in this topic.
In the
present study we used fly ash as a binder instead of cement. We recommended to extend this
topic by using
byproducts like rice husk ash, GGBS, pulverized fuel ash etc .And also, investigation of Long
term
properties like durability, creep, drying shrinkage may also gives the suitability of geo-
polymer concrete in
the field.To implementing such a method the durability can be increased and strength of the
material can also
be increased .The most impartent thing is that cement can be made to increase the stricking
property of the
materials can be increased in proper quantity .
To Provide a most Economical Concrete
ÿ It should be easily adopted in field.
ÿ To reduce the cost of construction.
ÿ To promote low cost housing for the people.
ÿ To find the optimum strength of the partial replacement of concrete.
ÿ To make the maximum usage of locally available materials.