‫وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي‬

‫جامعة الموصل‬

‫كلية الهندسة‬

‫قسم هندسة الميكاترونكس‬

‫تقرير مقدم ضمن متطلبات االمتحان النهائي لمادة الرياضيات‬

‫من قبل الطالب‪:‬‬

‫ميسرة عبدالرحمن صالح‬

‫المرحلة األولى‬

‫‪ 11‬تموز ‪2020‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
Index

Seq Title Page

1 Introduction 2
2 Historical info 3
3 Domain of square root function 4
4 Range of square root function 4
5 Graphing the equation √2𝑥 + 1 + 1 5
6 The limit of the function √2𝑥 + 1 + 1 6
7 Continuity of the function √2𝑥 + 1 + 1 6
8 References 7

1 Introduction:
In mathematics, a square root of a number x is a number y such that y2 = x; in
other words, a number y whose square (the result of multiplying the number by
itself, or y ⋅ y) is x.[1] For example, 4 and −4 are square roots of 16 because 42 =
(−4)2 = 16. Every nonnegative real number x has a unique nonnegative square root,
called the principal square root, which is denoted by √x, where the symbol √ is
called the radical sign or radix. For example, the principal square root of 9 is 3,
which is denoted by √9 = 3, because 32 = 3 ⋅ 3 = 9 and 3 is nonnegative. The term
(or number) whose square root is being considered is known as the radicand. The
radicand is the number or expression underneath the radical sign, in this example 9.

Every positive number x has two square roots: √x, which is positive, and −√x,
which is negative. Together, these two roots are denoted as ±√x (see ± shorthand).
Although the principal square root of a positive number is only one of its two
square roots, the designation "the square root" is often used to refer to the principal
2
square root. For positive x, the principal square root can also be written
in exponent notation, as x1/2.[2]

Square roots of negative numbers can be discussed within the framework

of complex numbers. More generally, square roots can be considered in any
context in which a notion of "squaring" of some mathematical objects is defined
(including algebras of matrices, endomorphism rings, etc.)

2 Historical info:
1. The Yale Babylonian Collection YBC 7289 clay tablet was created between
1800 BC and 1600 BC, showing √2 and √2/2 = 1/√2 as 1;24,51,10 and
0;42,25,35 base 60 numbers on a square crossed by two
diagonals.[3] (1;24,51,10) base 60 corresponds to 1.41421296 which is a
correct value to 5 decimal points (1.41421356...).

2. The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus is a copy from 1650 BC of an

earlier Berlin Papyrus and other texts – possibly the Kahun Papyrus – that
shows how the Egyptians extracted square roots by an inverse proportion
method.[4]

3. In Ancient India, the knowledge of theoretical and applied aspects of square

and square root was at least as old as the Sulba Sutras, dated around 800–
500 BC (possibly much earlier).[citation needed] A method for finding very good
approximations to the square roots of 2 and 3 are given in the Baudhayana
Sulba Sutra. Aryabhata in the Aryabhatiya (section 2.4), has given a method
for finding the square root of numbers having many digits.

4. It was known to the ancient Greeks that square roots of positive whole
numbers that are not perfect squares are always irrational numbers: numbers

3
 not expressible as a ratio of two integers (that is, they cannot be written
exactly as m/n, where m and n are integers). This is the theorem Euclid X,
9 almost certainly due to Theaetetus dating back to circa 380 BC. The
particular case √2 is assumed to date back earlier to the Pythagoreans and is
traditionally attributed to Hippasus.[citation needed] It is exactly the length of
the diagonal of a square with side length 1.

3 Domain of square root function:

To calculate the domain of a square root function, solve the inequality x ≥ 0 with
x replaced by the radicand. Using one of the examples above, you can find the
domain of f(x) = 2√(x + 3) by setting the radicand (x + 3) equal to x in the
inequality. This gives you the inequality of x + 3 ≥ 0, which you can solve by
subtracting 3 by both sides. This gives you a solution of x ≥ -3, meaning that
your domain is all values of x greater than or equal to -3. You can also write this
as [-3, ∞), with the bracket on the left showing that -3 is a specific limit while
the parenthesis on the right shows that ∞ is not. Since the radicand cannot be
negative, you only have to calculate for positive or zero values. [5]

the domain of the function √𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝟏 is:

1
𝑥≥−
2

4 Range of square root function:

A concept related to the domain of a function is its range. While a function's

domain is all of the values of x that are valid within the function, its range is all
of the values of y in which the function is valid. This means that the range of a

4
function equals all of the valid outputs of that function. You can calculate this by
setting y equal to the function itself, and then solving to find any values that are
not valid.

For square root functions, this means that the range of the function is all values
produced when x results in a radicand that is equal to or greater than zero.
Calculate the domain of your square root function, and then input the value of
your domain into the function to determine the range. If your function is f(x) =
√(x – 2) and you calculate the domain as all values of x greater than or equal to 2,
then any valid value you put into y = √(x – 2) will give you a result that is greater
than or equal to zero. Therefore your range is y ≥ 0 or [0, ∞). [6]

the range of the function √𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝟏 is:

𝑦 ∈ [1, ∞)

5 Graphing the equation √𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝟏:

5
From this link: http://ar.symbolab.com/graphing-
calculator?functions=%5Csqrt%7B2x%2B1%7D%2B1

6 The limit of the function √𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝟏:

lim √2𝑥 + 1 + 1 = √2 ∗ 1 + 1 + 1 = √3 + 1
𝑥→1

lim √2𝑥 + 1 + 1 = √2 ∗ 2 + 1 + 1 = √5 + 1
𝑥→2

lim √2𝑥 + 1 + 1 = √2 ∗ 3 + 1 + 1 = √7 + 1
𝑥→3

lim √2𝑥 + 1 + 1 = +∞
𝑥→∞

7 Continuity of the function √𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝟏:

lim √2𝑥 + 1 + 1 = √2 ∗ 1 + 1 + 1 = √3 + 1
𝑥→1

𝑓 (1) = √2𝑥 + 1 + 1 = √2 ∗ 1 + 1 + 1 = √3 + 1

∴ lim √2𝑥 + 1 + 1 = 𝑓 (1) = √2𝑥 + 1 + 1

𝑥→1

∴ The function is continuing

6
8 References:

1. Gel'fand, p. 120 Archived 2016-09-02 at the Wayback Machine

2. ^ Zill, Dennis G.; Shanahan, Patrick (2008). A First Course in Complex
Analysis With Applications (2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 78. ISBN 0-
7637-5772-1. Archived from the original on 2016-09-01. Extract of page
78 Archived2016-09-01 at the Wayback Machine
3. ^ "Analysis of YBC 7289". ubc.ca. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
4. ^ Anglin, W.S. (1994). Mathematics: A Concise History and Philosophy. New
York: Springer-Verlag..
5. https://www.analyzemath.com/DomainRange/find_domain_squareroot.html
6. https://www.purplemath.com/modules/fcns2.htm