±660kV HVDC Project from Matiari to Lahore

in Pakistan
Sub-project 3 M-L HVDC Transmission Line

CSEPDI 2020-8-26
Central Southern China Electric Power Design Institute
CONTENT

1 GENERAL
2 CONDUCTORS AND OPGW

3 INSULATORS AND FITTINGS

4 CLEARANCES

5 EARTHING SYSTEM
CONTENT

6 TOWER
7 Tower Design

8 FOUNDATION
CONTENT

1 GENERAL
1. GENERAL
1.1 PROJECT OVERVIEW

 The Matiari-Lahore ± 660kV HVDC transmission line starts at Matiari converter station
about 15km northeast to Matiari and ends at Lahore converter station about 40km
southwest of Lahore. The line goes from southwest to northeast and crosses Sindh
and Punjab, measuring 805km in aviation line. The route length at preliminary design
stage is 886km(including 1% margin), with a buckling factor of 1.10. The altitude
ranges from 20 to 200m along the line.
 The line corridor is mainly flat terrain, including flat ground of 526km (59.4%), desert of
325km (36.7%), and swamp of 35km (3.9%). The highest temperature is 52.5°C, the
lowest temperature -5°C, the 3-sec gust wind speed at 10m above ground is
160km/h(44.44m/s), the corresponding 10-minute average wind speed at 10 meters
above ground is 31.1m/s. The whole corridor goes through ice-free areas.
 According to the feasibility study report and volume IV HVDC transmission line of TSA
technical specification, the following are recommended: 4×JL1/G3A-1250/70(ACSR)
and 4×JL1/LHA1-800/550(ACAR) for conductors; 24-fiber OPGW-120 for both
shield wires; lattice steel self-supported type for towers.
1. GENERAL
1.2 Codes and Standards

The HVDC Transmission Project will be performed according to:

(i) IEC and/or IEEE for the AC portion of the HVDC Transmission Project;
(ii) the IEC, IEEE, ASCE or the Chinese Standards for the DC portion of the
HVDC Transmission Project.

The following standards and specifications will be adopted at the current stage (but not
limited to):
1. GENERAL
1.2 Codes and Standards

(⑴)Electrical design and material standards and specifications

• DL 5497 Technical code for design of HVDC overhead transmission line

• IEEE 142 Recommended practice for Grounding of industrial and commercial power system
• CIGRE 388 Impacts of HVDC Lines on the Economics of HVDC Projects
• IEC 61089 Round wire concentric lay overhead electrical stranded conductors
• GB/T 1179 Round wire concentric lay overhead electrical stranded conductors
• GB/T 23308 Aluminium-magnesium-silicon alloy wire for overhead line conductors
• IEC 60104 Aluminium-magnesium-silicon alloy wire for overhead line conductors
• IEEE Std.1138 construction of composite fiber optic overhead ground wire(OPGW) for use on Electric Utility Power
Lines
• IEC 60794 Optical fiber cables
• IEC 61396 Electrical mechanical and physical requirements and test methods of Optical ground wire
• IEC 61284 Overhead lines-requirements and tests for fittings
• IEC 61325 Ceramic or glass insulator units for d.c. systems- definitions,test methods and acceptance criteria
• DL/T 1312 Specifications for copper-clad steel in power engineering grounding
• DL/T 1315 Technical permission of flux exothermic welding in power engineering earthing installation
• GB 50169 Code for construction and acceptance of grounding connection electric equipment installation
engineering
1. GENERAL
1.2 Codes and Standards

(⑵)Structural design and material standards and specifications

• ASCE 74 Guidelines for Electrical Transmission Line Structural Loading

• ASCE 10 Design of latticed steel transmission structures
• ISO 898 Mechanical Properties of Fasteners Made of Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel
• GB/T 5117 Covered Electrodes for Manual Metal Arc Welding of Non-alloy and Fine Grain Steels
• GB/T 5118 Covered Electrodes for Manual Metal Arc Welding of Creep-resisting Steels.
• GB 50661Code for Welding of Steel Structures.
• GB/T 1591 High Strength Low Alloy Structural Steels
• GB/T 700Carbon Structural Steel.
• GB 50017 Code for Design of Steel Structures.
• ACI318 American concrete institutes
• IEEE Std 691 IEEE Guide for Transmission Structure Foundation Design and Testing
• GB 50010 Code for Design of Concrete structures
• GB1499.1 Steel for the reinforcement of concrete：Hot rolled plain bars
• GB1499.2 Steel for the reinforcement of concrete：Ribbed bars
• JGJ 18 Specification for welding and acceptance of reinforcing steel bars .etc, and/or other approved standard.
• DL/T 5219 Technical regulation for designing foundation of overhead transmission line
1. GENERAL
1.3 Climate Conditions
According to volume IV HVDC transmission line of TSA and site investigation, the main
meteorological elements for the project is shown as below
Table 3-1 Main Meteorological Elements

Meteorological Element Temperature Wind Speed Ice Thickness Wind Pressure

(°C) (m/s) (mm) （N/m2）
Minimum Temperature -5 0 0
Annual Average Temperature 25 0 0
Maximum Wind Speed 15 44.44(31.1) 0 806
Icing Conditions / / /
Maximum Temperature 52.5 0 0
Installation Condition -5 15.6(10.9) 0 99.4
Switching Overvoltage 20 25.74(18) 0 270.6
Failure -1.1 0 0
Thunderstorm Days 32/year
CONTENT

2 CONDUCTORS AND OPGW

2. CONDUCTORS AND OPGW
2.1 Conductors

Principles for Selection of Conductor

According to the characteristics of DC transmission line, for selecting conductors,

comprehensive consideration shall be given to the following factors in term of electrical
characteristics, mechanical properties and economic efficiency:
(1) Current density;
(2) Current carrying capacity;
(3) Radio interference level (RI);
(4) Corona audible noise (AN);
(5) Electric power losses
(6) Mechanical properties;
(7) Annual cost;
(8) Others (impacts on tower weight, insulators, fittings and foundation; and
manufacturing and construction conditions, operational experience and so on).
 2. CONDUCTORS AND OPGW
2.1 Conductors
Technical parameters of conductors
Conductor Type
JL1/G3A－1250/70 JL1/LHA1-800/550-54/37
Item
S t r u c t u r a l High Conductivity Aluminum
Outer Layers y Aluminum 76/4.58
Strands/Diameter, 54/4.35
mm Core Steel 7/3.57 Aluminum Alloy37/4.35
High Conductivity Aluminum High Conductivity Aluminum
Outer Layers
1252.09 802.53
Cross Section,
mm2 Core Steel 70.07 Aluminum Alloy 549.88
Total Total Cross Section 1322.16 Total Cross Section 1352.41
Diameter, mm 47.35 47.85
Elastic Modulus, N/mm2 62200 55000
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, 1/°C×10-6 21.1 23.00
Weight, kg/km 4011.1 3744.5
Tensile Strength, kN 294.23 292.96
DC Resistance of Conductor at 20°C (Ω/km) 0.02291 0.02260
2. CONDUCTORS AND OPGW
2.2 OPGW

According to communication requirements, the shield wires adopt 2 OPGWs. Taking

comprehensive consideration of thermal stability, mechanical strength, lightning
protection, corona free ability, and OPGW shunting capacity, the cross-section of
OPGW for this project shall apply 120mm2, and the diameter shall be about 14mm. In
preliminary design stage, OPGW-15-120-2 (24-fiber) is recommended, and the main
technical parameters are given in the below table.
Summary of OPGW Parameters in the Project
Item OPGW-15-120-2
Sectional Area (mm2) 121.1
Outside Diameter (mm) 15.2
Weight (kg/m) 0.711
Tensile Strength (N) 101300
Elastic Modulus (N/mm2) 132000
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion(1/°C) 13.8 ×10-6
Ultimate Tensile Strength (N/ mm2) 836.00
2. CONDUCTORS AND OPGW
2.3 Sag and Tension

According to the stipulations in 5.0.9 of DL 5497 Technical code for design of HVDC
overhead transmission line and the design experience of ±1100kV, ±800kV and
±660kV HVDC transmission line project in China, the safety factor of conductor and
shield wire should be no less than 2.5, the everyday tension of conductor and shield
wire should be not more than 25%, and the sag of shield wire should be not more
than the sag of conductor.
Note:
(1)Safety factors of conductor or shield-wire are the ratio of RTS to tension during
maximum load conditions.
(2)Everyday condition is the controlling factor, and that maximum load of 40% is not
the controlling factor.
CONTENT

3 INSULATORS AND FITTINGS

3. INSULATORS AND FITTINGS
3.1 Insulator Parameters

Composite insulators have been widely used in high temperature area of northwest
desert in Chian and UHV transmission line project in India, and there are successful
operation experience of many years. The environmental and operation conditions of
this project are similar to the above two areas, so composite insulators can be used in
this project.
Most of the route section in this project are located in the medium and heavy pollution
areas. According to volume IV HVDC transmission line of TSA technical specification
and HVDC line operation experience, it’s recommended that composite insulator be
adopted for suspension string, and porcelain insulator for tension string in the
project. Outside dimensions and technical parameters of DC porcelain insulators shall
be selected as per Table 5.2-1.
3. INSULATORS AND FITTINGS
3.1 Insulator Parameters

Table 5.2-1 Outside Dimensions and Technical Parameters of DC Porcelain Insulator

Flashover Voltage /kV

Rated Creepa DC 50% Lightning

Single
Electromechani Structura Nominal ge Flashover Impulse Ball & Insulator
Insulator cal Diameter Flashover
l Height of Insulator Distanc Voltage Socket
Model e Voltage Weight
Failure Load /mm Size
/mm /kg
/kN /mm
Positiv Negativ
Dry Wet e e
polarity polarity
XZP-420 420 205 400 635 150 60 150 160 28 24.0
XZP-210 210 170 340 560 140 55 140 150 20 13.6
3. INSULATORS AND FITTINGS
3.1 Insulator Parameters

Insulation Configuration of Tension Insulator String

Medium Pollution Heavy Pollution

Light Pollution Area
Pollution Area Area Area
(0.05mg/cm2)
(0.08mg/cm2) (0.15mg/cm2)
Number of Insulators 56 73 81

Insulation Configuration of Synthetic Insulator

Light Pollution Medium Heavy Pollution
Pollution Area Area Pollution Area Area
(0.05mg/cm2) (0.08mg/cm2) (0.15mg/cm2)
Length of Synthetic Insulator
String (m) 8.5/33.4 8.5/33.4 9.2/38.4
/Creepage Distance (m)
3. INSULATORS AND FITTINGS
3.2 Insulator Strings

Value of Safety Factor

Safety Factor for Insulator

Maximum load
Normal Chec Disconnecti
Condition Break
Disc insulator Rod insulator load k on
Safety factor 2.7 3 4 1.5 1.8 1.5

Safety Factor for Hardware

Condition Maximum load Normal load Check Break Disconnection

Safety Factor 2.5 3.7 1.5 1.5 1.5

3. INSULATORS AND FITTINGS
3.3 OPGW Hardware
Single string 120kN hardware string shall be adopted for OPGW suspension
hardware string and strain hardware string, and the whole line shall be reliably
grounded.

Assembly Diagram of Suspension Set for OPGW Assembly Diagram of Tension Set for OPGW
 3. INSULATORS AND FITTINGS
3.4 Vibration Dampers and Spacer Dampers

Vibration Dampers for Conductor

Stockbridge-type vibration dampers are recommended for both the conductor and
OPGW.
Installed Quantity of Vibration Dampers on Conductor
Installed Quantity
(Pieces)
Span Range (m)
( One Sub-Conductor,
One Side)
500m and Below 0
500-800 1
800-1200 2
1200-1500 3

Diagram of Stockbridge-type vibration damper

3. INSULATORS AND FITTINGS
3.4 Vibration Dampers and Spacer Dampers

Spacers for Conductor

It’s proposed in the project to apply four-bundles conductor, arranged as a normal

quadrilateral, with a sub-conductor spacing of 500mm. Space dampers for four-bundle
conductor are recommended for the project. The space damper shall be installed un-
equidistantly. The average sub-span is 55m.
The fault current rating for spacer compression and tension test in this project is 50kA.
Breakaway bolts will be utlized for spacer dampers and stockbridge dampers in this
project.
3. INSULATORS AND FITTINGS
3.5 Suspension and Tension Clamp

Suspension String of Conductor

In general, it is recommended to use V type string for the suspension insulator strings.
The design wind speed is 160km/h, which is 3-sec gust wind speed at 10m above
ground, and the corresponding 10-minute average wind speed at 10 meters above
ground is 31.1m/s. The maximum wind deflection angle of insulator string is 52.3°
through calculation, so 90~100° is taken as the included angle of V string for
conductors.
Main Hardware String of Conductor
Name Applicable circumstance
300kN Composite Insulator Single String V Type Suspension String Ordinary Load

420kN Composite Insulator Single String V Type Suspension String Relatively High Load

300kN Composite Insulator Double String V Type Suspension String Important Crossing
3. INSULATORS AND FITTINGS
3.5 Suspension and Tension Clamp

Suspension String of Conductor

V Type Single String V Type Double String

3. INSULATORS AND FITTINGS
3.5 Suspension and Tension Clamp

Strain String of Conductor

Triple-string 420kN disc type insulator string can be selected for strain string
through calculation, and double string 210kN disc type insulator string shall be
adopted for the slack span of tower into gantry.

Schematic Diagram for Triple-String Strain 420kn Disc Type Insulator String
3. INSULATORS AND FITTINGS
3.5 Suspension and Tension Clamp

Strain String of Conductor

Double String 210kn Disc Type Strain Insulator String(Used in slack span)
3. INSULATORS AND FITTINGS
3.5 Suspension and Tension Clamp

Jumper String

Schematic Diagram for The Arrangement

Mode Of Cage Type Hard Jumper
3. INSULATORS AND FITTINGS
3.6 Compression Joints and Repair Sleeves

Compression Joints Repair Sleeves

CONTENT

4 CLEARANCES
4. CLEARANCES
4.1 Internal Clearances

Clearance at Tower Head for ±660kvdc Line (m)

Above Sea Level (m) Above sea level (m) 500

Operating Voltage Clearance(m) Operating voltage clearance(m) 1.70

Switching Overvoltage Clearance (m) Switching overvoltage clearance (m) 4.40

Note: According to MLHVDC-MLL-CET-PD-SU-0303-002A report, the maximum switching

overvoltage ratio throughout the line is provisionally taken as 1.82pu.
4. CLEARANCES
4.2 External Clearances

Distance to Ground of ±660kV HVDC Line

Place Vertical Distance (m) Clear (m)

Distance Horizontal Distance
(m)
Residential Area 18
Agricultural Area 16
Sparsely Populated Non-agricultural 14
Area
Difficult Transport Area 13.5
Hillsides Accessible on Foot 11
Hillsides, Cliffs and Rocks Inaccessible 8.5
on Foot
Building 14.0
(Maximum Designed Sag)
Building(Maximum Designed Wind 13.5
Deflection)
Building(Conductor at Opposite Side 6.5
Under Circumstance of No Wind)
Tree (Fruit Tree) 10.5(12.0) 10.5

Note: The calculation condition for distance to ground is the sag at +75℃.
4. CLEARANCES
4.2 External Clearances
Distance of Crossings
Minimum
No. Name of Object of Crossing Distance
(m)
To the Rail Top 18
1 Railway To the Catenary or Line of Contact (Pole 8(10.5)
Top)
2 Road Grade 1－3 18
To Once-In-five years Water Level 12.5
3 Navigable River To mast top on maximum navigational
water level 8
4 N o n N a v i g a b l e To Once-In-A-Century Water Level 10
River
4 Power Line Within Length of Span 8
Pole Top 10.5
5 Communication Line 14
6 Special Pipe 14
7 Cableway 8
Note: （1）The calculation condition for distance to ground is the sag at +75℃.
（2）The maximum vehicle height (on roads or highways) is 7 m.
（3）When lines run across railway, highway, Class Iroad, electric tramway, Class I or II navigable rivers, 115 kV and
above power lines, special pipeline and cableway, double insulator stringswith double suspension points should be
usedand no joint of conductors and earth wires isallowed. In this project, modifications are not needed for 115kV and
above power lines, but maybe needed for lower voltage power lines.
4. CLEARANCES
4.2 External Clearances
Minimum Horizontal Distance
Item Minimum horizontal distance (m)
Crossing 35 m, or Determined through
Railway Tower Boundary to Track Center Negotiation
Parallel Tower Height Plus 3.1 m
Crossing Tower Boundary to Track Center 15.0 or Determined through
Negotiation
Road T r a c k Open Area Tower Height
Parallel Boundary to
S u b g r a d e Route Restricted Area 10.5 or Determined through
Boundary Negotiation
Navigable
River Side Phase Conductor to Upper Limb of Slop
N o n - (Lines in Parallel Tower Height
N a v i g a b l e with Guying Road)
River
Telecommunic To side Pole Open Area Tower Height
ation C o n d u c t o r Route
Restricted 11
Line （Parallel） Area
Open area Tower Height
Power Line To Side Pole Route 18 m to Closest Conductor and 11
C o n d u c t o r Restricted to Tower(under the Maximum Wind
（Parallel） Area Deflection)
S p e c i a l Open Area Tower Height
P i p e l i n e & To Any Part Route Restricted Area (under the 13
Cableway Maximum Wind Deflection)
CONTENT

5 EARTHING SYSTEM
5. EARTHING SYSTEM
There are 2 types of lightning flashover in transmission lines: lightning back flashover
and Lightning Shield Failure. The performance of Lightning Shield Failure can be
improved by decreased shield angle of overhead grounding wire. The performance of
lightning back flashover can be improved by enhancing the insulating and reducing
footing resistance.
For design of grounding for lightning protection of transmission lines, it is proposed to
mainly adopt the following measures:
(⑴)Dual shield wire shall be adopted for the whole line, and the protection angle of
shield wire shall be 0°.
(⑵)When windless at +15℃, the distance between conductor and shield wire at the
center of span shall meet the stipulations in "Technical guide for HVDC overhead
transmission line": S≧ 0.012L+1.5 (S is the distance between conductor and shield
wire, and L is length of span).
(3) It is recommended that copper clad steel is adopted as the grounding material in
this project, combined with the construction experience in Pakistan.
5. EARTHING SYSTEM

The Limiting Values of Tower Footing Resistance

Area Agricultural District Desert Desert

Item

Earth Resistivity ρ(Ω•m) 0＜ρ≤1000 1000＜ρ≤2000 ρ> 2000

Limiting Values of Tower

Footing Resistance R (Ω) 10 20 25

Material Copper Clad Steel

Note: With reference to Volume IV HVDC transmission line of TSA technical specification, zinc-
coated φ12 round steel shall be adopted for the grounding down lead, and φ12 round steel for
grounding electrode. In view of domestic engineering practice in Pakistan, copper clad steel is
adopted as the grounding material in this projec
CONTENT

6 Tower Family
6. Tower Family
6.1 Tower Type

Analysis shows that the most economical span for this project shall be 460m, since
certain margin shall be taken into consideration for wind span at the time of actual
locating, combined with the utilization rate of wind span for tower in the previous
project, the service conditions for tower in this project are shown in Table。

The project adopts self-supporting tower, and the conductors are arranged horizontally.
Tower Family
Tower Angle Wind Span Weight Range of Nominal Basic Nominal 备注
Type (m) Span (m) Height (m) Height (m)
ZP1 0° 480@0° 600 36～54 45 Mainly Used
Suspension Tower
ZP2 0° 580@0° 750 48～78 69 Long-Span Tower
ZPT 0° 480@0° 600 36～51 51 E n h a n c e d
Suspension Tower
JP1 0-20° 450@20° 650 30～42 42 Mainly Used
Tension Tower
JP2 20- 450@40° 650 30～42 42
40°
JP3 0-60° 450@60° 650 30～42 42 Terminal Tower
6. Tower Family
NOTE:
1). Considering the section of this HVDC project is relatively long, in order to limit the extent of the
damage in a long section, an enhanced suspension tower ZPT will be used for every 3.5km within
a constant section.
2). The length of strain section should be controlled within 7.5km.
3). The angles of line deviation above are for the design span. The span may, however, be
increased up to an optimum limit with reduced angle of line deviation, if adequate ground and
phase clearances are available. With 1° decreasing from the maximum design angle for angle
tower, the wind span can be increased with 20m in use.
4). For the ZP1 tower, the load is calculated according to the basic nominal height (51/45m). The
wind span will be decreased accordingly in order to satisfy the transverse load not exceed the
value which is calculated in the load computation report. When the height of the tower increases
by 1 meter, the corresponding wind span is reduced by 3m.
5). For the ZP2 tower, the load is calculated according to the basic nominal height (75/69m). The
wind span will be decreased accordingly in order to satisfy the transverse load not exceed the
value which is calculated in the load computation report. When the height of the tower increases
by 1 meter, the corresponding wind span is reduced by 2m.
6). Except for tension towers, ZPT tower will be used where OPGW has to be spliced. So both
shield wire peaks shall have strain plate for termination of OPGW from both sides only for ZPT
type tower.
6. Tower Family
6.2 Tower Top Geometry

Method

wind load ω=W·Lh

W:wind pressure
Lh:wind span

weight load G=g·Lv+Gs

g:weight load per meter
Lv:weight span

Swing angle φ=arctan(w/(G+Gs/2))

6. Tower Family
6.2 Tower Top Geometry

Swing Angles

ZP1 ZP2 JP1

 6. Tower Family
6.2 Tower Top Geometry

Shielding Angle of Grounding Wire

Dual shield wire shall be adopted for the whole line, and the protection angle of shield
wire shall be 0°.
CONTENT

7 Tower Design
7. Tower Design
7.1 Software and Calculation Model of Tower
The calculation analysis of tower is based on the finite element method and the 3D
truss model according to the mechanics theory; PLS-TOWER software is used as the
analysis software of tower in this project.

7.2 Reference Wind Speed for Design

The reference wind speed for design is assumed to be 160km/h (the corresponding
height is 10m from the ground and the time period is 3s) according to the collected
technical data. The corresponding shield wires, insulators and tower wind pressure are
calculated as per the ASCE74 specification.
7. Tower Design
7.3 Safety Factors

Items Safety factor

Normal condition 1.7

Broken Wire condition 1.5

Installation condition 1.5

7. Tower Design
7.4 Load Conditions

Conditions type Description of load condition

Vertical Load: Dead weight of shield wire,

insulator, metal tools, etc., and tower, people
Normal Operation weight for maintain;
Condition Horizontal Load: wind on wires, angle tension,
wind on tower;
Wind load direction: 90°, 45°

Emergency case Structure failure load, containment load e.g.

broken wire load, etc.

Structure erection load;

Installation Stringing tension load;
condition Maintenance load;
Wind load;
Worker load.
7. Tower Design
7.5 Tower Material
The tower material supplied by Chinese manufacturer according to Volume IV HVDC
transmission line of TSA technical specification. So the tower steel mainly follows
Chinese standard “GB-T 1591” and “GB／T 700”.

Yield Strength, Fy (MPa) Minimum Tensile

Standard Grade Strength
t<=16 t>16 MPa
GB 700 Q235B 235 225 375
GB1591 Q345B 345 325 470
GB1591 Q420B 420 400 580
7. Tower Design
7.6 Other Descriptions
(1) Anti-corrosion measures of tower
Hot-galvanized anti-corrosion measures shall be performed to all members of towers
(including insertion angle steel), bolts (including locking fastening nut and anti-
dumping bolts), gaskets and washers.
(2) Locking and antitheft measures
Anti-theft bolts shall be used within the range of 10.0m over the ground of the shortest
leg. The hanging point connecting members all be provided with dual-cap bolts and
one standard nut plus one thin nut shall be for other bolts as a locking means.
(3) Step bolts and others
Step bolts shall be provided in the main materials of tower, and they shall be mounted
in a diagonal form. As for towers with a full height of over 60m, simple access
platforms shall be set up in appropriate positions and the safety fence shall be set up
at the periphery of the platform.
(4) Anti climbing device
The anti climbing device shall be set above the first septal surface using the barbed
wire steel and set a door locking with bolts, nuts, fastening nut.
CONTENT

8 Foundation Design
8. Foundation Design
8.1 Soil Type
According to the geological report of the project, the geological types can be divided
into 6 categories as follows, and the foundation design will be carried out according to
the parameters of this 6 types of soil.
Type
Class 1 Class 2 Class2W Class 3 Class 3W Class 4
Item
Ultimate bearing capacity 690kPa 570kPa 450kPa 480kPa 390kPa

Maximum assumed dry 1000 kg/

1500 kg/ m³ 1400 kg/ m³ 1400 kg/ m³ 1000kg/ m³
density of soil resisting uplift m³

Allowable angle of conical

22° 18° 18° 10° 10°
frustum resisting uplift

Dry density of concrete 2500 kg/m³ 2500 kg/m³ 1500 kg/m³ 2500 kg/m³ 1500 kg/ m³

P&C
P&C P&C P&C P&C Foundation Pile
Foundation Type
Foundation Foundation Foundation Foundation Pile Foundation
Foundation
8. Foundation Design
8.2 Foundation Type
(1) Pad&chimney foundation
The main feature of this foundation is that the main column slope is consistent with
that of the tower leg. This design enables the horizontal force perpendicular to the
axial line of the foundation to be reduced by at least 50% while the axial action force of
the foundation only increases by 1-2%. This significantly improves the force bearing
situation of the foundation columns and base plates (slabs) to minimize the impact of
foundation's horizontal force on the foundation slabs and improve significantly the
foundation stability. Meanwhile, due to significant reduction of eccentric bending
moment, the dimensions of foundation slabs controlled by downward stability is
correspondingly reduced so that the concrete quantity and slab reinforcement amount
are reduced, which can greatly save foundation materials. Foundation of this kind can
be used in most of the locations in this project.
8. Foundation Design
8.2 Foundation Type
(2) Pile foundation
In areas with flow-plastic geological conditions, higher foundation bearing stratum,
flooding impact, higher diffuse water depth and river-crossing area, etc., the method of
borehole grouting piles for foundation is widely used in design. The friction force with
the surrounding soil and the pile end bearing capacity are used to bear the uplift force
and down pressure of the foundation. It is characterized by convenient construction
and high safety and reliability. The disadvantages include construction difficulty and
high construction cost.
8. Foundation Design
8.3 Safety Factors for Foundation Design

Item Safety factor

Uplift Condition 1.20

Compression Condition 1.20

8. Foundation Design
8.4 Foundation Materials
(1) Foundation Concrete
The compressive strength of concrete shall be 21Mpa for normal type of foundation,
27.5MPa for pile foundation and the quality of concrete shall conform to the ACI
standards.For corrosive areas, improve concrete strength gradeaccording to corrosion
grades.

(2) Steel Products for the Foundation

The main reinforcement shall be HRB400 grade, and the stirrups and other
reinforcement bars shall be HPB300 grade when using Chinese materials. The
reinforcement shall be a yield strength of not less than 420MPa, while meeting the
requirements of ASTM related technical specifications when using local material.
Thanks for your attention!