SPRING 2016

Prof. Dr.Kahraman Albayrak

MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

1. A gas flows along the x -axis with a speed of V=5x m/s and a pressure of 𝑝 = 10𝑥 2 , where x is in
meters and p is in Pa.
a) Determine the time rate of change of pressure at the fixed location, x = 1 m.
b) Determine the time rate of change of pressure a fluid particle experiences at the instant it
passes 𝑥 = 1 𝑚.
c) Explain without any calculations, why the answers to parts (a) and (b) are different.
d) Obtain the pressure as a function of time for the fluid particle in (b), supposing this fluid
particle passes through 𝑥 = 1 𝑚 at 𝑡 = 0.
e) Is this a steady flow or not? Explain.

(ANS: a) 0, b) 100 Pa/s, c) The rate of change of a fluid property (expressed as a field quantity) at a
fixed location is found by the partial time derivative of that field property. The rate of change of the
property of a fluid particle is found by the substantial (material) derivative of the same property when
that property is expressed as a field quantity. In this case, even though the flow is steady (local (partial
time) derivative = 0), a fluid particle still experiences a change in pressure as it moves in the flow field,
due to convective derivative; i.e. the pressure changes from one point to the next, d) 10𝑒 10𝑡 𝑃𝑎 , e)
Steady. There is no time dependency in field properties)
2. The velocity field for a fluid flow is given by 2𝑡𝑥𝑖⃗ − 2𝑡(𝑦 − 2)𝑗⃗ m/s where x , y are in meters and t
in s. Determine
a) the local acceleration,
b) the convective acceleration, and
c) the total acceleration,
in this flow field.
 d) Determine the acceleration of the fluid particle passing through the point P(1,2) at time t = 1 s.
(ANS: a) 2𝑥𝑖⃗ − 2(𝑦 − 2)𝑗⃗, b) 4𝑡 2 𝑥𝑖⃗ + 4𝑡 2 (𝑦 − 2)𝑗⃗, c) 2𝑥(1 + 2𝑡 2 )𝑖⃗ − 2(𝑦 − 2)(1 − 2𝑡 2 )𝑗⃗, d) 6𝑖⃗ )

3. Water flows through the diffuser shown in the figure at an increasing flow rate so that the velocity
  
along the centerline is given by V  u i  Vo 1  e ct 1  x / L i , where Vo , c , L are constants.
a) Determine the acceleration on the centerline, as a
y
function of x and t . L/2
b) If Vo = 10 m/s and L = 5 m, what value of c (other than
c = 0) is needed to make the acceleration on the x u
centerline zero for any x at t = 1 s? Explain how the
acceleration can be zero if the flow rate is increasing
with time.
𝑉𝑜
(ANS: a) 𝑉𝑜 (1 − x/L)[(c𝑒 −𝑐𝑡 ) − (1 − 𝑒 −𝑐𝑡 )2 ], b) c = 0.490)
𝐿

4. Assume that the streamlines for the wingtip vortices from an airplane can be approximated by circles
of radius r and that the speed is V  K / r , where K is a constant. Determine the streamline
(streamwise) acceleration and the normal acceleration for this flow.

K2
(ANS: 0, − r3 )

5. A viscous, incompressible fluid with a density of ρ is flowing steadily through a wide flat channel
with a height of 2h . The flow is parallel to the channel walls and the velocity distribution is given as
  y 2 
u  U 1     where U is the velocity at the centerline of the channel.
 h 
 
 𝑦 A
𝑥

60° B

a) Determine the mass flow rate per unit width, volumetric flow rate per unit width and the
average velocity of the flow parallel to the channel walls.
b) Determine the volumetric flow rate per unit width, across the plane from point A to point B,
shown in the figure.

4ℎ 4ℎ 2 4ℎ
(ANS: a) 𝜌𝑈 , , 3 𝑈 , b) 𝑈 )
3 3 3

6. Water flows through a horizontal bend and discharges into the atmosphere as shown in the figure.
When the pressure gage reads 69 kPa, the resultant x direction anchoring force, FAx, in the horizontal
plane required to hold the bend in place is shown on the figure. Determine the flow rate through the
bend and the y direction anchoring force, FAy, required to hold the bend in place. Assume that, the
flow is frictionless. (Ans. 0.204 m3/s, 2942 N (-y))

69 kPa
Bend
Q=? FAx = 6405 N

Area = 0.02 m2 FAy = ?

450

8
7. The relative flow about the wing of an aircraft can be simplified, as shown in the figure. The flow
approaches the wing at a uniform flow of Uo. Although the flow is again uniform with a velocity of
Uo at the downstream of the wing, it is now deflected by an angle θ from the initial direction due to
the presence of the wing. Determine the x and y components of the force on the wing per unit length.
The density of the fluid is ρ. (Ans. 𝑼𝟐𝟎 𝝆𝒉(𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽), 𝑼𝟐𝟎 𝝆𝒉 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽)

8. A 10-mm diameter jet of water is deflected by a homogeneous rectangular block (15 mm by 200
mm by 100 mm) that weighs 6 N as shown in following figure. Assume the density of the water is
1000 kg/m3. Determine the minimum volume flow rate needed to tip the block. (Ans. 2.66*10-4 m3/s)

0.015 m
0.01 m

0.1 m

0.05 m
9. Determine the magnitude and direction of the anchoring force needed to hold the horizontal
elbow and nozzle combination shown in figure in place. Atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa (abs). The
gage pressure at section (1) is 100 kPa. At section (2), the water exits to the atmosphere. (Ans. 8345
N (-x), 0 (y) )
160 mm

V2

Section 2
300 mm

V1 Water

Section 1
P1=100 kPa
V1=2 m/s

10. Water flows steadily through the variable area horizontal pipe as shown in the figure. The
centerline velocity is given V = 3(1 + x)i m/s, where x is in meters. Viscous effects are neglected.
a) Determine the pressure gradient, p/x (as a function of x) needed to produce this
flow.
b) If the pressure at section (1) is 340 kPa, determine the pressure at section (2) by (i)
integration of the pressure gradient obtained in (a), (ii) application of the Bernoulli equation.
(Ans. a) -9000(1 + x); b) 326.5 kPa, 326.5 kPa)

1m
11. Repeat Problem 1, if the pipe is vertical with the flow down. (Ans. A) -9000(1 + x)+9810; b)
336.3 kPa, 336.3 kPa)

12. An incompressible fluid with density  flows steadily past the object shown in the figure. The
fluid velocity along the horizontal dividing streamline (-∞ ≤ x ≤ a) is found to be V = V0(1 + a/x),
where a is the radius of curvature of the front of the object and V0 is the upstream velocity.

a) Determine the pressure gradient along this streamline.

b) If the upstream pressure is 𝑝0 , integrate the pressure gradient to obtain the pressure
p(x) for -∞ ≤ x ≤ a

c) Show from the result of part (b) that the pressure at the stagnation point (x = -a) is as
p0  V02 / 2 as expected from the Bernoulli equation.

 1 a  1 a 
(Ans. a) ρaV02  2 + 3  ; b) p0 - ρaV02  + 2  )
x x   x 2x 

Problem 1

13. The vertical cross-section of a hovercraft is shown in the figure. Air is sucked in horizontally at
section 1 by a fan and discharged horizontally through the small gap with a height of 0.1 m and a
diameter of 4 m at the skirts (section 3) of the hovercraft. Neglect the velocity at section 2, that is
inside the hovercraft. The mass of the hovercraft is 500 kg. If the efficiency of the fan is 70 percent,
determine the power required to drive the fan. Air can be assumed to be incompressible with a
density of 1.2 kg/m3. (Ans. 17.88 kW)

1 1

g
Fan

2
4m
0.1 m

3 3

14. Determine the manometer reading, h, for the flow shown in the figure. (Ans. 0.37 m)

15. Determine the flow rate through the Venturi meter shown in the figure if ideal conditions exist.
(Ans. 6.1x10-3 m3/s)
16. What diameter orifice hole, d, is needed if under ideal conditions the flow rate through the
orifice meter, which is shown in the figure, is to be 0.019 m3/s of seawater with p1 – p2 = 16 kPa.
The contraction coefficient is assumed to be 0.63. Take specific weight of seawater as 10.1 kN/m 3.
(Ans. 0.0267 m)

5 cm

17. The flow rate in a water channel is sometimes determined by use of a device called a Venturi
flume. As shown in the figure, this device consists simply of a hump on the bottom of the channel.
If the water surface dips a distance of 0.07 m for the conditions shown, what is the flow rate per
width of the channel? Assume the velocity is uniform and viscous effects are negligible. (Ans. 1.73
m2/s)

Problem 12