Types of WIRES flame retarding are manufactured proof wires are used

Wires employed in compound. At last, with little mechanical Copper is used as

general purpose for cleanliness it is protection. If it is conductor but tinning
applications can be finished with a wax. preferred for process is not
classified into five This willhelp in pulling underground necessary. These
types. They are, action of it into the implementation, its copper conductors
Vulcanized Insulation conduits. This type of mechanical are covered with 3
Rubber (VIR) wires or wire is called as protection strength braids of fibrous yarn.
Rubber covered, taped Single Braid Rubber can be made higher. Brided conductors
braided and compound Covered (SBRC) Four types of are fully saturated
wires ii) Lead Alloy wire. Depending availability of lead with a water-proof
sheathed wiresiii) Cab upon 250 V or 600 V, alloy sheathed wires compound. Hence, it
Tyre Sheathed (CTS) rubber insulation are (a) single core can be used in
wires or Tough Rubber thickness can be lead-sheathed, (b) varying atmospheric
Sheathed (TRS) variedb) Double Flat-twin load alloy conditions at very low
wires.iv) Weather-proof Braid (600 V)These sheathed (Figure priceFlexible Wires
wires ) Flexible wires type of wires are 2.20), (c) Flat lead To increase durability
VIR wires used for higher alloy sheathed and to prevent wires
manufactured (or) current flow 3-core, (d) Flat twin from break, flexibility
Single core. Except applications. Copper lead alloy sheathed of wires can be
VIR wires, all is preferred as with earth continuity increased Flexible
mentioned wires can conductor. For this conductors. wires are also known
be of 1, 2, 3 or dual kind of stranded In comparison to lead as lamp cords,
core with earth wires. Two cotton alloy sheathed wires, Stranded conductor
continuity conductors. braids are used for TRS wires are are separately double
Vulcanized Insulation protective cover and cost-economie but insulated in these,
Rubber (VIR) wires (or) hence it is called as have the same wires, These are
Rubber covered, Double Braid Rubber properties of those called as 162/0.0076
Taped, Braided, Covered (DBRC) wires. TRS wires or 14/0.0076 which
Compounded wires stranded wires. have tough rubber indientes number of
This type of wire is Lead Alloy compound protective strands of copper i.e.,
classified as (a) Single Sheathed Wi cover in order to 152 or 14 strands of
braid (250 V) and (b) For places with lite withstand against copper with diameter
Double braid(600 V).a) moisture content, long exporture to of 0.0076 inch (36
Single Braid (250 V) three types of wires moisture The cables SWG). These wires
single braid VIR wires. are preferred. In are available in single are used in
In this wire,tinned contract to SBRC core, dual core, household appliance
copper (or) aluminium wires which are used 3-core and rwin core such as lumps
conductor.The in dry locations, this with earth continuity heaters, washing
conductor is insulated kind of wires are conductors As these machine, iron boxes,
with vulcanized rubber protectively covered wires are highly refrigerators, TV etc.,
and them protectively with a continuous moisture resistant, it Flexible wires are
covered with cotton sheath of lead for can be preferred in furthermore classified
tape braid and implementation in wet location Weather as
saturated with moisture damp locations. Proof Wire: a) Twin silk cord
resistant and fine Generally, 1.25 mm For usage at higher b) Twin rubber
stranded copper thickness of lead altitude location and insulated cord
conductors are ased covering is used. in between buildings c) Twin twisted cotton
Cotton layer is used as oppeUsually, thesfine raideat outdoor braided flexible wire
protection cover over scotton braided weath to earth reactance, the
each copper conductor flexible wire through one or more magnitude of the
to restricts the sticking Dual core with resistors. A system earth fault current is
of rubber and number of fine properly earthed in often used as a
conductor. A loose stranded copper this way is not criterion for the
cotton braiding covers conductors covered subject to destructive various system
the rubber insulation with cotton layer over-voltages. characteristics rather
and at last conductors protection is insulated Resistance earthing than referring to the
are placed side by with strong mass of reduces the effects of neutral reactance
side. Finally silk rubber. The whole burning and melting directly.When a
insulation covers these mass in now braided in faulted electrical generator neutral is
overall substance as with loose cotton equipments, reduces to be connected to
shown in figure 2.24. which acts as single mechanical stresses the earth, sometimes
b) Twin rubber conductor. Now, two in circuits carrying a low reactance is
insulated cord numbers of such faul; currents, connected is series
Here also, dual core conductors with reduces electric with the neutral to
with number of rubber insulation of shock hazards to limit the earth current
stranded copper black and red colour personnel caused by through the
conductors is covered are-twisted togethe stray earth currents in generator. This
with cotton layer for Solid earthing the earth return path, should not be greater
prevention from A power system is and also reduces the than the 3-phase fault
sticking of rubber and said to be solidly momentary line current of the
copper conductors. earthed when the voltage dip caused by generator.
Solid mass of rubber neutral of a the occurrence and In order to minimise
insulation fully covers generator, power clearing of the earth transient
the two conductors and transformer or fault. The value of over-voltages, the
paves no way for any earthing transformer resistance to be used earth fault current
other insulation. These is connected direct to in the neutral to be in a reactance
conductors covered the station earth. As earthed is such as earthed system
with rubber insulation the generator or will limit the earth should not be less
are placed as to create transformer would fault current to a than 25% of the
a depression in the have its own value which will 3-phasefault current.
center portion of it reactance in series produce minimum This is considerably
separates two with the neutral damage at the point more than the
conductors at the circuit.If the of fault. In general, minimum current
termination of the wire impedance of the the earth fault current desirable
in the receptacles. The generator is too low, may be limited to 5% is resistance earthed
rubber insulation is direct earthing of the to 20% of that which systems.Earth fault
made, at higher grade generator without any occur with a 3-phase neutralizer earthing
than that of ordinary external impedance fault. which would flow in to
insulation used, Figure may cause an earth Reactance earthing the line to earth fault
2.25 shows the picture fault current from the In this method, a if the system were
of twin rubber insulated generator to exceed reactor is connected operatedwith the
cordTwin twisted r the maximum between the machine neutral unearthed.
zero. With such 3-phase fault current neutral and earth. The reactance of the
resonant earthed which the generator Since the earth neutralised balances
systems, care should can driver and this current which may the system
be taken to keep the may exceed the short flow is a reactance capacitance so that
earth faultneutralised circuit current for earthed system is a the net earth fault
tuned to the system which its windingarea function of the neutra, current is practically
capacitance to reflection point for the drainage system to line circuit and
minimise the travelling waves. clear without knowing the
development of Safety Handling and cause of blowing
transient Storage of Diesel the neutralized acid.
over-voltages.Arc
suppression coil or
Paterson coil earthing
⚫ Diesel to be
stored in an isolated
2.10.10 Electrical
Safety
• Don't attempt to
remove a person who
is in contact with the
In this method, it is an place under cover. wire without
iron cored reactor Electricity and Fire insulating your self or
connected in the • Shall be stored in are friends of none, switching off the
neutral earthing circuit. separate rooms with thereby avoid power supply.
The reactance of the proper ventilation. electrical accidents
suppression coil is with proper • While working in
such, that on an earth "No Smoking" boards knowledge of high voltage line, use
fault, it is turned with should be displayed electrical safety. high voltage safety
the capacitance of the inside as well as Electrical accidents shoes and
healthy phases to outside the mainly happen
produce resonance. gloves.
By this method the storage buildings. • due to many of the
arching is extinguished No naked flame is following reasons. • Don't throw water
self. When the earth allowed near storage on line, electrical
fault on one of the line Unsafe item, in case the
persists, this coil Smoking should not equipment/installation dress is wel. • Don't
reduces the short be permitted within . operate electrical
circuit current to a very 500 m of storage circuit/switches when
low value, thus the area. Unsafe work-place. hand/dress is wet.
healthy phases are
kept in operation. 2.10.6 Safety in • Unsafe • In case of fire, fight
Voltage transformer storage and Handling work-practices. fire after switching off
earthing of Gas Cylinders the circuit..
In this system, the • Protect people from
neutral is earthed Storage electrical shock Never remove
through voltage caused by improper earthing from an
transformer and its To be stored safely in insulation. electrical
operational a dry well ventilated installations, it is an
characteristics are room. improper guarding of essential
similar to an neutral electrical installation
coiling system. • Oxygen cylinder to and improper part
One of the major be stored separately grounding. • Improper
defects in this system safety devices viz Ensure
is that the earthed . Cylinder to be fuse, auto shut off non-availability of
neutral acts as a stored always in a device, protective power supply in
points mentioned, e d vertical condition relays socket while
A first-aid box connecting to it.
Magnetic frame containing medicines etc. • Display warning
The magnetic frame or should be always for any installation
yoke serves two available at work- dealing with more
purposes. 1. It acts as than 220 V.
a protecting cover for site. The storage
the whole machine and handling area should • Don't replace fuse i
provides mechanical f shoe to reduce the current, the coils are expanded in the form
support for the poles.2. reluctance of the air made expanded in oup of fewer turns of
It carries the magnetic gap since the cross the form oup of fewer thicker conductor to
flux produced by the section becomes turns of thicker reduce the
poles. The flux per larger at the bottom. conductor to reduce resistance.
pole divides at the Since the poles are the resistance. ArmatureThearmatur
yoke so that the yoke electromagnets, a ArmatureThearmatur e consists of an
carries only half the field winding is e consists of an armature core and
flux produced by each wound over the pole armature core and armature windings.
pole.Armature slot core. The pole coils armature windings. The armature core
Shunt field coil are made up of The armature core houses the armature
Main poleArmature copper wire or strip. houses the armature conductors or coils.
Figure 3.2 Sectional When current is conductors or coils. The armature
view of 4 pole DC passed through these The armature along with the
machine In small coils the pole along with the conductors rotates
machines where becomes an conductors rotates under the poles and
cheapness is the main electromagnet and under the poles and hence, the flux
consideration and starts establishing a hence, the flux produced
weight is not a critical magnetic field in the produced by the field magnets
factor, the yoke is machine. The flux by the field magnets is cut by the armature
made up of cast iron. distribution through is cut by the armature conductors
But for large machines the pole, airgap, conductors When the conductors
where weight is the armature core and When the conductors rotate, they
main consideration, yoke is shown in rotate, they alternatively come
cast steel or rolled figure 3.3.For very alternatively come under the influence of
steel is used. Since the small machines, the under the influence of north and south
permeability of steel is poles are made up of north and south poles. This causes
double that of cast cast iron. For poles. This causes high hysteresis
iron, the area of cross largermachines, cast high hysteresis losses in the
section of yoke, and steel is used. To losses in the armature core. To
hence the weight is minimize eddy armature core. To reduce losses, low
reduced by half. current losses, the reduce losses, low hysteresis steel
PolesThe poles consist pole is hysteresis steel containing a few
of (i) pole cores (ii) aminated. Sheet steel containing a few percentage of silicon
pole shoes and (ii) pole laminations are used percentage of silicon is used in the
coils. The pole cores for this.Interpoles is used in the armature..
and pole shoes form in modern DC armature.. When the armature
the field magnet. The machines, When the armature core rotates in the
end of the pole core commutating poles or core rotates in the pole flux, eddy
towards the armature interpoles are pole flux, eddy currents are also
is often c provided to improve currents are also produced in it. If a
A bipolar junction commutation. Just produced in it. If a solid iron armature is
transistor is a three like the field winding, solid iron armature is used, an emf is
layer, two junction and the commutating used, an emf is induced in an axial
three terminal poles also have induced in an axial direction and iron
semiconductor device. exciting coils which direction and iron being a conductor
Its operation depends are connected in being a conductor would result in large
on the interaction of series with the would result in large circulating current
majority and minority armature. Since they circulating current called eddy current to
carriers. Therefore, it is carry full armature called eddy current to flow in the core.
named as bipolar It is more heavily field effecttransistors, narrow bar af N
device. The word duped than any of The FET is a three typesemiconductor
transistor was derived other regions terminal material is taken On
from the two word because, its main semiconductor device the opp site sides of
combination, function is to supply in which current is its middle part, two
(TRANsfer reSISTOR majority charge controlled by an heavily doped P type
TRANSISTOR. carriers (either electric field. The regions are formed
Transistor means, electrons or holes) to conduction or by diffusion
signals are transferred the base.The current operation of FET This forms P-N
+ from low resistance through the emitter is depends only on the junction called as
circuit (input) into high emitter current. It is majority carriers. gate. The area of
resistance (output) noted as Base is the There are two types width between the
circuit..Transistor middle section of the of FET gate is called a
consists of two back to transistor: It 1) Junction Field channel Actually the
back PN junction separates the emitter Effect Transistor two P regions are
joined together to form and collector, it is (JFET) internally connected
single piece of very lightly doped. It 2) Metal Oxide and single lead is
semiconductor device. is very thin as Semiconductor FET taken out, which is
The two junctions compared to either (MOSFET) called as gate
gives three region emitter or collector. or) Insulated gate junction
named as emitter, The current flows field effect transistor Ohmic contacts are
base and collector through the base (IGFET) made at the two ends
There are two types of section is base TheMOSFET in of N type
transistors such as current. It is denoted further subdivided semiconductor bar
PNP and NPN. The as collector into two types such One lead is called as
arrow on the emitter JUNCTION FIELD as.) Depletion and source terminal 'S'
specifies whether the EFFECT Enhancement and the other as
transistor is NPN type TRANSISTOR MOSFETMOSFETii) drain terminal D
or PNP type. This (JFET) Enhancement - only VALVESThe pump
arrow also indicates The operation of MOSFET (or) E-only- contains high
the direction ofcurrent conventional MOSFET pressure oil which
flow, when the emitter transistors depends Construction of JFET enters to the inlet port
base junction is on the flow oftype of A FET consists of a P (Port A). Spool
forward biased. Figure charge carriers. Due type or N type silicon remains immovable
4.28 shows the circuit to this reason it is bar containing two until oil pressure is
representation and called as bipolar PN junction at the less than the set
symbols of NPN and junction transistor. sides as shown in point. Once the
PNP transistor a) PNP The BJT has two figure 4.46. If the bar pressure increases
transistor and its main is 'N' type then it is beyond set point,
symbol b) NPN disadvantages.1. It named as 'N' channel spool started moving
transistor and its has low input FET and if the bar is against the spring
Operation(valves) impedance because 'P' type, then it is which allows extra
pressure is supplied of forward biased named as P channel flow of oil. As the
down the stream. emitter junction2. FET The structure of power (product of
Thus, valve located in There is considerable N channel field effect flow rate and
hydraulic circuit effects noise is present in transistor and P pressure) is to be
the reduction or the transistor These channel FET is maintained constant,
regulation of pressure. drawbacks have shownFor the increase in flow rate
lii) Sequence Valve been overcome to fabrication of N reduces the pressure.
which lies in line with great extent in the channel JFET, a Therefore, desired .
relief valve in all he manifold. Desired core causes the high output and many
aspects. It is meant for flow rate can be set voltage of one a time, there is no
sequencing the system by screw provided secondary winding to need for
operation. i.e., for against spring force increase while amplification.
establishing sequence thus making the simultaneously 5. LVDT can be used
and time delay valve, a variable type. reducing the voltage on high frequencies
between primary and Check Valve in the other up to 20 kHz.
secondary lines. . The bore of a secondary winding. Disadvantages of
Pressure at desired set housing contains a The amount of output LVDT1. Large
point is maintained in ball. Actuation force voltage may be displacements are
the primary line exerts on this ball by measured to required for
upstream in the circuit means of a helical determine the differential output. 2.
using this valve. In the spring held in displacement.. The They are sensitive to
secondary line, it between the ball and curve is practically stray magnetic fields.
conducts function by wall of housing. linear to small 3. Sometimes, the
properly sequencing Figure 5.61 shows displacements. transducer
the downstream the schematic Beyond this range, performance is
pressure/Once set diagram of spool the curve starts to affected by
pressure is attained in valve. There are five deviate. In practice, vibrations. 4. The
primary 11 function), ports are present in output voltage is not receiving instrument
spool is lifted which the manifold bold. zero at null position must be selected to
diverts the flow to Out of 5, two ports but, some residual operate on AC
secondary circuit and are connected to the voltage exists at signals required.
then next function is to actuator and other output terminals of or a demodulator
be sequenced and this two ports are to be LVDT but it is usually network must be
operational process connected to the less than 1% of used if a DC output is
continues pump line. Remaining maximum value of 5. The dynamic
Flow Control Valves one port is connected output voltage in response is limited
Needle Valve to the return line t linear range The mechanically by the
. Movement of popet 2000 operations/hour residual voltage may mass of the core and
with tapering needle the LVDT output be either due to electrically by the
occurs in the bore of voltage is a function magnetic unbalance frequency of applied
manifold bore Spring of the core position. Advantages of voltage
force fitted at the back The amount of LVDT Applications
actuates the popet. voltage change in 1. The output of LVDTs are used to
The tapering needle is either secondary LVDT is practically measure1.Displacem
projected towards the winding is linear for ent2. Force3. Weight
inlet passage. Outlet proportional to the displacements up to 4: Pressure5.Position
port is emerged from amount of movement 5 mm. SolenoidsSolenoid
the bore chamber in t. of the core. Hence, 2. LVDT has infinite has a fixed ferrous
we have an indication resolution as it gives body with a coil for
of amount of linear stepless output and it excitation. It is a
motionBy noticing has no mechanical device to translate
which output voltage element to change ON/OFF positions of
is increasing or output in discrete electrical signals to
decreasing, we can steps.3. LVDT has ON/OFF positions of
determine the high sensitivity. It mechanicalmovemen
direction of motion. usually varies from ts. Generally, it is
Any physical 10 mv/mm to 40 4. preferred as a linear
displacement of the o The LVDT gives a actuator