School of Chemical and Bio Engineering

Group Work
on
Environmental Impact Assessment

Environmental Impact Assessment of the Rehabilitation

and Development Projects in Arada Sub-City
By

1. Abeba Kebede (ID.No: GSR/4205/10)

2. Berihu G/cherkos (ID.No: GSR/6746/10)

3. Getachew Abrha (ID.No: GSR/8523/10)

4. Hagos Kalu (ID.No: GSR/9047/10)

Submitted to:

Dr Ing Zebene Kiflie

JUNE 6, 2018
ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study is to assess the potential impacts of the Rehabilitation and

Development Program being undertaken in Arada Sub-City. Both the positive and

negative impacts of the project have been explored in detail. In addition to the

displacement of residents, other significant factors such as air pollution, solid waste

generation, risk of accidents, socio-cultural conflicts and others that could result due to

the implementation of this project have been identified and evaluated the extent they

could be affected. Appropriate mitigation measures for each of the negative impacts have

also been discussed in detail. Finally, conclusion has been reached that the benefits of the

project outweigh the negative impacts provided that all the significant impacts are

properly monitored.

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Table of Contents
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................... i
1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Background ........................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Objective of the Study .......................................................................................................... 3
General Objective ........................................................................................................... 3
Specific Objectives ......................................................................................................... 3
1.3. Methodology......................................................................................................................... 3
2. POLICIES, LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ................................... 4
2.1. Policy Framework................................................................................................................. 4
2.2. Institutional Framework ....................................................................................................... 5
2.3. Legislative Framework ......................................................................................................... 6
2.4. World Bank Safeguard Policies .......................................................................................... 10
3. BASELINE DATA ................................................................................................................... 11
3.1. Project Area ........................................................................................................................ 11
3.2. Economy ............................................................................................................................. 12
3.3. Culture and Heritage Resources ......................................................................................... 12
4. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ........................................................................................ 14
4.1. General Setting ................................................................................................................... 14
4.2. Site Setting.......................................................................................................................... 15
5. SCOPING ................................................................................................................................. 17
6. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES .......................................................................................... 19
6.1. No Action ........................................................................................................................... 19
7. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS........................... 20
7.1. Overview ............................................................................................................................ 20
7.2. Potential Positive Impacts of the project ............................................................................ 20
Employment ................................................................................................................. 20
Provision of Market for Supply of Materials ............................................................... 21
Community Health and Safety ..................................................................................... 21
Landscape and Visual Impacts/Rehabilitation ............................................................. 21
7.3. Potential Negative Impacts of the Project .......................................................................... 21
Accidents During Construction .................................................................................... 21
Dust Emission .............................................................................................................. 22

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 Exhaust Emissions........................................................................................................ 22
Noise and Vibration ..................................................................................................... 22
Waste Generation ......................................................................................................... 22
Energy Consumption .................................................................................................... 23
Acceleration of sexually Transmitted Diseases ........................................................... 23
Socio- Cultural conflict ................................................................................................ 23
Land Take, Physical and Economic Displacement ...................................................... 23
7.4. Evaluation and Analysis of the Project’s Impacts .............................................................. 24
8. MITIGATION MEASURES .................................................................................................... 25
8.1. Minimization of Construction Waste ................................................................................. 25
8.2. Reduction of Dust Generation and Emission ..................................................................... 25
8.3. Minimization of Exhaust Emissions ................................................................................... 25
8.4. Minimization of Noise and Vibration ................................................................................. 26
8.5. Occupational Health and Safety ......................................................................................... 26
8.6. Minimization of accidents along the road .......................................................................... 26
8.7. Resettlement Action Plans (RAP) ...................................................................................... 27
8.8. Preventing Sexually Transmitted Diseases ......................................................................... 27
9. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN....................................................................... 28
10. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................... 30
REFERENCE ................................................................................................................................ 32
ANNEXES .................................................................................................................................... 33
PHOTO GALLERY...................................................................................................................... 44

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Chapter 1
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background
With 17% (about 13 million people) of the country’s population living in urban areas,

Ethiopia is among the world’s fast urbanizing countries. The capital city, Addis Ababa,

has a population of about 3 million, close to one quarter of the urban population in the

country. In recent years’ urbanization has attained unprecedented levels of growth with

the development and expansion of Addis Ababa and other cities.

The Urban Development Policy and the Plan for Accelerated and Sustainable

Development to End Poverty (PASDEP) strategy, have the objectives of promoting the

role of urban areas in the overall national development. The policy and the strategy are

further articulated in the Integrated Housing Development Program (IHDP), which has

multi-sectoral goals, viz., provision of affordable and low-cost housing, empowering

urban residents through property ownership, job creation and income generation, and

improvement of quality of the urban environmental, infrastructure development, etc. and

the urban renewal program.

The IHDP and the urban renewal program have been implemented on a large scale in

Addis Ababa and are being rolled out to major cities. The programs are normally

accompanied by massive infrastructural developments, particularly in Addis Ababa. The

process has been criticized for giving less consideration to business establishments along

roads that have been upgraded and to those found in local area developments. Some

preliminary studies indicate that many businesses have been casualties of the urban

development program.

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Further stimulated by the Five-year Growth and Transformation Plan, urban growth and

development in Ethiopia is expected to gain even more momentum; and it seems that

small businesses would continue to be affected by this growth and development. If left

unattended, this process may result in unwanted consequences, both for businesses and

urban development. The high rate of population growth and rapid urban development,

combined with the high prevalence of poverty, suggest a rapidly growing number of the

urban poor. It is, therefore, vital and timely to seek appropriate strategies that lead to

deliberate actions on the part of the public and the private sectors to properly manage the

relationships between urban development and business expansion.

It is not disputable that the rehabilitation of old buildings and its overall infrastructure is

crucial for the economic and social development of a big city like Addis Ababa. The

benefits from efficient road transport are felt at all levels of the society, directly or

indirectly, such as to include improved national economy, social income, wealth and job

creation, health care, public transport and general service delivery. Improvement of all

these areas is desirable for the current national aspirations including inter-sectoral

growth collaborations.

However, rehabilitations programs have potential negative effect to the physical

environment and social wellbeing of the communities, and the project in Arada sub city

of Addis Ababa is not different. Some of the potential negative impacts include:

environmental pollution from construction activities, risk to health and safety of the

residents and employees, demolition of structures, displacement of human

settlement/commercial centers, increased traffic, increased ambient air pollution,

increased potential for road accidents, increased surface run-off, flooding and associated

disasters among other impacts.

In view of the above observation, environmental concerns need to be an integral part of the

planning and development process of a project and not an afterthought as it facilitates the

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proponent foresee potential project impacts that can be optimized or mitigated. This can be

achieved through conduction of comprehensive Environmental and Social Impact

Assessment Study (ESIA) and continuous monitoring. The study enables the environmental

experts evaluate the current environmental status, opinion of the local communities; and

establish the potential social and economic benefits of the project. Appropriate remedy is then

integrated in the project design and implementation and the effectiveness.

1.2. Objective of the Study

General Objective
The general objective of this study is to investigate the environmental and socioeconomic

impacts of the rehabilitation and development projects in Arada Sub-City.

Specific Objectives
The specific objectives include:

 To assess the socioeconomic effects of development induced displacement on the

wellbeing of the communities and suggest appropriate mitigation measures

 To identify the possible environmental pollutants that can come as a result of the

rehabilitation project and put recommendations on relevant mitigation methods.

1.3. Methodology
The data collection and assessment employed two principal methods. The first is a review

of documentation on policies, laws, regulations and guidelines related to environmental

management at the national and international levels and through formal and informal

discussions with relevant persons. The second is through site visits to some affected areas

where relocation or eviction is a must as a result of the renewal decision. Attempts have

been made to collect concrete and reliable data such as the status of environment and the

number of businesses before and after the execution of renewal project from public sector

officials in the area, but it wasn’t successful.

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Chapter 2
2. POLICIES, LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

2.1. Policy Framework

Environmental Policy of Ethiopia

The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE) was issued in April 1997. The overall policy

goal is to improve and enhance the health and quality of life of all Ethiopians and

promote sustainable social and economic development through sound management and

use of natural, human-made and cultural resources and their environment as a whole, so

as to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future

generations to meet their own needs.

The policy seeks to ensure the empowerment and participation of the people and their

organizations at all levels in environmental management activities, raise public

awareness and promote understanding of the essential linkage between environment and

development. In addition to its guiding principles, the policy addresses sectoral and cross

sectoral environmental issues.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) policies are included in the cross sectoral

environmental policies. The EIA policy emphasizes the early recognition of

environmental issues in project planning at all levels of administration.

The policy establishes the Federal Environmental Protection authority (FEPA) to

harmonize Sectoral Development Plans and implement environmental management

programs for the country.

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2.2. Institutional Framework

Environnemental Protection Organs Proclamation 295/2002

The proclamation is aimed to assign responsibilities of the environmental management

activities to separate organizations on the one hand, and environmental protection,

regulations and monitoring on the other, in order to ensure sustainable use of

environmental resources, thereby avoiding possible conflicts of interest and duplication

of efforts. It is also intended to establish a system that fosters coordinated but

differentiated responsibilities among environmental protection offices at a federal and

regional level.

At the federal level, the Environmental Protection Authority is in charge of policies,

directives and standards and of enforcing the laws and policies including EIAs and

environmental monitoring, for all projects or activities that falls under the control of the

Federal government.

Each of the main federal institutions active in the construction of infrastructure, or

economic development is required by law to have its own environmental unit.

According to the Environmental Protection Organs Proclamation, the regional states are

required to create their own regional environmental agencies. These institutions are to

deal, among others, with EIAs for regionally managed infrastructures or development

activities.

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2.3. Legislative Framework

The Constitution

The Constitution of Ethiopia, which was adopted in August 1995, requires current and

future legislation and the conduct of the Government to conform to a bill of rights. The

concept of sustainable development and environment rights are entrenched in the rights

of people in Ethiopia through articles 43 and 44, which states among others the right to

development and right to live in clean and healthy environment.

Without prejudice to the right to private property, the government may expropriate

private property for public purposes subject to payment in advance of compensation

commensurate to the value of the property (Article 40(8)

Article 43 (2) dealing with the rights to development states that nationals have the right

to participate in national development and, in particular, to be consulted with respect to

policies and projects affecting their community.

Regarding compensation, Article 44(2) of the Constitution states that all persons who

have been displaced, or whose livelihood has been adversely affected as a result of State

programs have the right to commensurate monetary or alternative means of

compensation including relocation with adequate state assistance. The government shall

pay fair compensation for property found on the land but the amount of compensation

shall not take into account the value of land.

The Federal government is responsible for enacting laws for utilization and conservation

of land and other natural resources and historical sites.

Article 92 of the Constitution states that the design and implementation of any program

and development projects shall not damage or destroy the environment, and people have

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the right to be fully consulted and express their views in planning and implementation

of environmental policies and project.

Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation 300/2002

The proclamation on pollution control was issued in December 2002. It was issued mainly

based on the principle that each citizen has the right to have a healthy environment, as

well as the obligation to protect the environment of the country from pollution.

The Proclamation contains provisions for the control of pollution, management of

municipal waste, and management of hazardous waste, chemical and radioactive

substances. It also encompasses provision for the formulation of practicable

environmental standards by the Federal Environmental Protection Authority (FEPA), in

consultation with the relevant agencies. Furthermore, it empowers the Federal

Environmental Protection Authority or the Regional Environmental Authority to assign

environmental inspectors with the duties and responsibilities of controlling

environmental pollution

Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation 299/2002 and Guidelines

The main objective of this Proclamation is to make the EIA mandatory for specified

categories of activities undertaken either by the public or private sectors. Among others,

the Proclamation defines the scope of the environmental impact assessment by outlining

the contents of EIAs and determining the duties of the project proponent. The general

provision of the Proclamation includes the followings among others:

 Implementation of any project that requires an EIA is subject to an environmental

clearance or authorization from the EPA or Regional Environmental Agency

(REA).

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 The EPA or the relevant REA, depending on the magnitude of anticipated impacts,

may waive the requirement for an EIA.

 Approval of an Environmental Impact Study Report (EISR) or the granting of

authorization by the EPA or the REA does not exonerate the proponent from

liability for damage.

To put into effect this Proclamation, the EPA issued an EIA Guideline Document, which

provides details of the EIA process and its requirements. The document provides

background to environmental impact assessment and environmental management in

Ethiopia. The Document is used as a reference material to ensure effective environmental

assessment and management practice in Ethiopia for all parties who are engaged in the

process. The document details the required procedures for conducting an EIA. In

addition, the document specifies tools that may be considered when engaged in the EIA

process. Reference is made to the legislation and policies with which potential investors

and developers must comply in specific development sectors.

According to this guideline, projects are categorized into three schedules:

Schedule 1: Projects which may have adverse and significant environmental impacts thus

requiring a full Environmental Impact Assessment

Schedule 2: Projects whose type, scale or other relevant characteristics have potential to

cause some significant environmental impacts but are not likely to warrant a full EIA

study

Schedule 3: Projects which would have no impact and do not require an EIA

However, projects situated in an environmentally sensitive area such as land prone to

erosion; desertification; areas of historic or archaeological interest; important landscape;

religiously important area, etc. will fall under category 1 irrespective of the nature of the

project.

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According to this guideline, all project proponents and executing bodies (agencies) in the

country should operate in close cooperation with the EPA to ensure that proper

mitigating measures are designed and implemented, especially for projects with an

adverse effect on the environment. This in effect means that an Environmental Impact

Statement (EIS) should be prepared by project proponents and be examined, commented

and approved by the EPA.

Solid Waste Management Proclamation 513/2007

Municipalities play a central role in solid waste management activities in Ethiopia.

Traditionally, solid waste collection and disposal has been the responsibility of the urban

administrations. The recent Solid Waste Management Proclamations 513/2007 urges

urban administrations to establish a solid waste treatment facility. Article 14 of this

proclamation states that urban administrations shall ensure that:

 Solid waste disposal sites are constructed in conformity with the relevant federal

environmental standard and are properly used.

 Any new solid waste disposal site being constructed or an existing site undergoing

any modification has had an EIA according to the relevant law.

Proclamation No. 455/2005 and Regulation No. 135/2007

These are the most recent and currently used legal frameworks for redevelopment and

compensation matters. The basic ideas of the Proclamation and the Regulation are

expropriation of landholdings for public purposes, and they specifically state:

 That power to expropriate land is given to woreda urban administrations;

 The basis and amount of compensation for landed property and permanent

improvements made on land held legally;

 That property valuation is to be done by certified private or public institutions.

Committees do the job for the time being; and,

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 That appeals may be brought to an Appeal Commission or Standard Court.

Directive Number 3/2010 of the Addis Ababa City Government.

This directive of compensation and relocation is related to Proclamation Number

455/2005 and Regulation Number 135/2007. The directive I advanced in terms of

addressing the problem of formal businesses that could be affected by urban renewal. It

has provisions that give a chance for tenants of business premises to get priority to lease

plots of land in the same location. According to the directive, businesspersons that may

not have the capacity and motivation to be involved in the renewal process can be given

priority to purchase commercial units in condominiums.

2.4. World Bank Safeguard Policies

Legal and Administrative Framework WB Operational Manual OP 4.01 is designed to

ensure that Bank-Financed Projects are environmentally sound and sustainable, and that

decision-making is approved through appropriate analysis of actions and of their likely

environmental impacts.

This policy is triggered if a project is likely to have potential adverse environmental risks

and impacts in its area of influence. OP 4.01 requires an Environmental Assessment (EA)

to be carried out for any project proposed for bank financing.

It outlines an environmental and social screening process which will enable qualified

project personnel to screen sub-projects for potential negative environmental and social

impacts and to identify, implement and monitor appropriate mitigation measures. OP.4.

01 requires these reports to take into account natural environment (air, water and land),

human health and safety and social aspects (involuntary resettlement, indigenous

peoples, and cultural property)

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Chapter 3
3. BASELINE DATA

3.1. Project Area

Addis Ababa is the capital city of Ethiopia and the seat of the African Union and many

other regional and international organizations. The city is located almost at the centre of

the country and it was founded in 1886. At its earlier stage, the city was concentrated at

the three nodal points of the Menelik II Palace, St. George Church and the Arada Area,

which serves as the city centre. The Menelik Palace was the political center for the

administration and St. George’s church acted as center for religious activities. The Arada

area, found between the palace and the church, used to serve as a cultural and commercial

center. Earlier settlements started to sprawl around these centers. Since then the city has

expanded tremendously in four different directions.

Arada Sub-City is one of the ten sub-cities in Addis Ababa and covers an area of 950

hectares. About 212,009 people live in the sub city and have an average density of 223

people per hectare. It is situated in the central part of the city and is one of the early

developed parts of the city. The sub-city is divided in to 10 “woredas” and 31 sub-

“woreda” and 100 “seferes” and 316 blocks. The current land use function of the sub-city

shows that out of the total 950 hectares 612, 107 and 231 hectare of land is used as mixed,

commercial center and green development respectively. Detail population profile for

some of the weredas is given in the following figure.

The efforts for detail data wasn’t successful, but we could observe during our site visits

that there are no fauna and flora that can be affected by the project.

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Table 3-1: Arada Sub-City Population Profile

Sub- population Area(ha)

city/wereda Female Male Total Sex ratio

Arada 78002 68895 146,867 88.32 7697

1 11174 10289 21436 92.07 604

2 13779 11524 25303 83.63 1326

3 13157 11571 24725 87.94 735

4 10623 9238 19861 86.96 309

5 13026 11601 24427 89.06 596

6 9059 8335 17394 92.00 2848

7 7184 6337 13521 88.21 1279

3.2. Economy
Ethiopia is one of the Sub Saharan countries growing rapidly. This growth is especially

visible in the capital Addis Ababa with the visible change (construction) the city is

undergoing. Addis Ababa, as a primate city, has long been Ethiopia’s socio-political and

economic center and will continue to be for some time in the future. The report of world

bank (2016) shows that most of the economic activity practiced around Arada sub-city is

businesses ranging from offices, shopping malls, hotels to small (shops, restaurants,

stationery), Parking attendants, well established street vendors, (on street food/drink

servers, open stands basic commodities); mobile shoe shiners, Open/shaded

vegetable/fruit market (Atikelt Tera).

3.3. Culture and Heritage Resources

A number of cultural and heritage resources are identified by Culture and Tourism

Bureau of Addis Ababa. (World Bank Report, 2016) has indicated that little has been done

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to protect and rehabilitate these resources so far. However, the same report states that the

city administration has finalized identification of the resources and is developing strategy

for rehabilitation. A number of heritage buildings and cultural resources identified are

located in Arada sub cities. The location of these sites are mapped for consideration

during design and construction of improvement on the rehabilitation development

center.

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Chapter 4
4. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

4.1. General Setting

The Addis Ababa City Government has embarked upon the IHDP, which aims at

resolving the city’s housing shortage by focusing on the low-income community. The

program encompasses job creation opportunities, facilitating the growth of construction

industry, changing the slum image of the city and closing the gap in income disparities

between the city residents.

Currently, the City Government is undertaking a number of renewal projects in different

parts of the city. Arada Sub-City, which is the focus of this study, is one of them, where a

land covering a total area of 93.6 ha with more than 2000 total number of houses to be

demolished is part of the project. Arada Sub-City has more than 0.2 million people most

of which (82%) live in houses made from mud. Owing to the land use of these areas, it is

expected that more businesses will come as a result of the renewal. There will be more

shopping and other business spaces in the new buildings. The challenge, however, is

whether the displaced small businesses can be accommodated in these new buildings.

The renewal program has multi-faceted socio-economic and spatial/physical objectives,

of which demolition and reconstruction of the existing housing structures, boosting the

local economy, changing the city center’s image and densification are few. The

demolition of the existing housing stock affects not only residential houses but also

business premises as most of such functions are found mixed with residential housing

units.

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4.2. Site Setting

Arada is one of the central area sub-cities in Addis Ababa and is considered as the center

of the historical foundation of the city. The buildings and structures are old and

dilapidated, with little basic services and infrastructure. According to the Addis Ababa

Master Plan study (2002), an urban renewal program is considered indispensable and

vital for the rehabilitation and development of Arada Sub-City. As part of the Master Plan

Revision, Local Development Plans (LDPs) were prepared to assist the development of

the sub-city.

The implementation of the program required the active participation and involvement of

different groups of society — residents, investors and other stakeholders – to integrate

efforts. The need for such an integrated program was recognized in 2003 and important

steps and decisions were taken in the preparatory and pre-implementation phase. To

make the program successful, orientation and training programs were conducted for

residents and employees of the sub-city (Mathewos A. et. Al, 2011).

Following the introduction of the BPR (Business Process Reengineering) in the sub-city,

actions were taken to implement the Arada Urban Renewal Program. The program

includes the following project areas:

1. Basha Woldie Chilot Project

 Covers more than 26 hectares of land.

 The urban renewal project, which started in 2002 E.C, has been partially

implemented during the last eight years. As a result of clearance of rights-

of-way for the arterial road from Parliament to Merkato through Irri

Bekentu, many businesses have been evicted (mainly butcheries, bars and

restaurants). In total 166 housing units have been demolished.

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2. Aroge Kera Hulet

 This project covers an areas of 56 ha with total number of 87 houses. In this

project area, 22 houses are under construction, 2 are already completed, and

the remaining 60 are under plan.

3. Dejach Wube Project

 This project covers an areas of 11.6 ha with total number of 12 houses of

which 6 are them are under construction, while the rest 6 are under plan.

4. Pedestrian and Road Rehabilitation Project

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Chapter 5
4. SCOPING
After reviewing similar projects and undertaking some visits to the sites, the following
significant impacts have been identified, which are going to be covered in this study.

Table 5-1: Scoping Checklist

S/N Evaluation Reason
Environmental

Item

1 Involuntary A Many houses would be affected and relocate in to

resettlement other places

2 Economic A Some business firms which were in the project areas

Activities might be affected

3 Car accidents A Road and walkways rehabilitation might cause

traffic congestion during the excavation and
construction phases

4 Waste B Construction and demolition waste, construction

generation surplus soil can be generated during construction
period

5 Groundwater D The project has no large-scale excavation to change

distribution of groundwater

6 Hydrological D The project doesn’t have any activity that would

cause change of river discharge
Situation
7 Air pollution B The construction vehicles could increase exhaust gas
but temporarily. Increase of through traffic could
generate more exhaust gas

8 Noise and B The demolishing and construction noises are

Vibration generated but temporarily. Increase of through
traffic could generate more noise and vibration.

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9 Land D There are no activities to deform land and pump up

a large amount of groundwater considerably.
Subsidence

10 Sexually C Some workers might come from other places, and

Transmitted thus the community might be affected by some
Diseases STDS. It can be minimized if appropriate measures
(STDs) are implemented though.

11 Socio-cultural C Some socio-cultural conflicts might take place

conflict between the community and migrated works, but
can be minimized through appropriate mitigation
measures.

Note: Evaluation categories: A: Serious impacts is expected| B: Some impact is

expected| C: Extent of impact is unknown (Examination is needed. Impacts may
become clear as study progresses.) | D: No impact is expected. IEE/EIA is not necessary

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Chapter 6
5. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
This chapter analyzes the possible alternatives besides the methods and other parameters

already considered in the design of the project. Bearing in mind the critical need for the

protection of environmental ecosystems and the core role that the rehabilitation program will

play in the social and economic development of the city, it is imperative to analyze and

balance the need for planet, people and profit in the context of the sustainable development.

For this project, the following alternatives can be taken into consideration.

5.1. No Action
In the scenario where the rehabilitation and development program is not permitted to be

implemented, it is evident that almost all of the negative impacts identified in this study

could be eliminated. There would be no relocation, no contribution to the air pollution

from the house demolishing and construction activities, no budget expenditure from the

government side for the resettlement of the displaced people and so on.

However, besides to blocking the chance of owning the positive impacts articulated in

this study, not implementing the rehabilitation and development program would cost a

lot the project area, and the city as a whole. Some of the objectives of the Urban

Development Policy and the Plan for Accelerated and Sustainable Development to End

Poverty (PASDEP) strategy are improvement of quality of the urban environmental and

infrastructural development. This policy well suits with the sustainable development

agenda which specifically solves the problems of slum area such as inadequate housing

and services, dilapidated buildings, presence of non-conforming uses, traffic congestion,

congestion of built-up structures, environmental degradation, etc. Thus, if the mitigation

measures are fully undertaken, the benefits of the project outweigh the costs.

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Chapter 7
6. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC

IMPACTS

6.1. Overview
During construction and completion of the proposed Arada sub-city rehabilitation and

development project, there may be impacts on the environment and the social wellbeing

of the target area people and the neighboring areas in a number of ways. These impacts

can be either positive or negative varying in magnitude.

6.2. Potential Positive Impacts of the project

Employment
A proportion of the project cost will be reflected in employment of professional services

such as detailed engineering survey, detailed design and daily workers. The informal

sector will benefit from the operations of the proposed city development plan. Further,

there are employment opportunities especially to casual workers in clearing of the way-

leave corridor during detailed engineering and construction phases. Employment

opportunities are of a benefit from both social and economic perspectives.

From economic perspective, abundant unskilled labour can be used in economic

production. On the other hand, from social perspective, laborers would be engaged in

productive employment other than remaining idle, hence avoiding social vices such as

drug abuse and robberies among others. Apart from casual laborers, semi-skilled and

skilled labour, professionals such as Civil engineers can obtain gainful employment

during the period of plan development and construction.

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Provision of Market for Supply of Materials

The project will require supply of large quantities of materials most, of which will be

sourced locally in and the surrounding areas. This provides ready market for material

suppliers such as quarrying companies, cement industries, construction material

suppliers, car renters and local individuals with such materials.

Community Health and Safety

The dense and unplanned settlement pattern in Arada sub city, lack of well-constructed

roads and walkways coupled with low level of awareness makes community safety issue

particularly challenging. This has been known to result in accidents (sometimes fatal)

particularly in rainy weather conditions and big holydays. Risks associated with

transportation around schools will be minimized. So, after completion of the project all

the waste transmission lines will be fixed and wide, pedestrian roads will be constructed

which are responsible for the community health and safety.

Landscape and Visual Impacts/Rehabilitation

The replacement of damaged roads, correction of waste water disposal lines, removal of

aging asphalt and use of newly constructed asphalts and pedestrian roads and

demolition of old, out of plan houses reduce the visual impact of the city. The

rehabilitation will solve this problem and contribute to the beauty of the city.

6.3. Potential Negative Impacts of the Project

Accidents During Construction
There is possibility of workers’ accident during the construction phase arising from the

activities and machinery involved. Since most of the development plan is on the main

and pedestrian roads through which people and vehicles pass together, the occurrence

probabilities of accidents when the other side of road is being excavated is high. This

could be fatal or lead to serious injuries if the proponent (contractor or government) has

not developed a comprehensive accident control and management plan prior to the

commencement of the next phase of construction.

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Dust Emission
During demolition and construction, the project will generate substantial quantities of

dust at the construction site and its surroundings. The sources of dust emissions will

include excavation, construction, leveling works, and to a small extent, transport vehicles

delivering materials. Emission of large quantities of dust may lead to significant impacts

on construction workers and the local residents, which will be accentuated during dry

weather conditions.

Exhaust Emissions
The trucks used to transport various construction/building materials from their sources

to the project site will contribute to increases in emissions of CO2, NO2 and fine

particulates along the way as a result of diesel combustion. Such emissions can lead to

several environmental impacts including global warming and health impacts. Because

large quantities of materials are required, some of which may be sourced outside the

districts, emissions released can be enormous and may affect a wider geographical area.

Noise and Vibration

The demolition and construction works, delivery of materials by heavy trucks and the

use of machinery/equipment including bulldozers, generators, grinders, mixers,

compactors and crushers, drills will contribute high levels of noise and vibration within

the construction site and the surrounding area. Elevated noise levels within the site can

affect project workers and the residents, passers-by and other persons within the vicinity

of the project site.

Waste Generation
Large quantities of solid waste will be generated at the site during demolition and

construction of the houses, road and related infrastructure. Such waste will consist of

excavated materials, vegetation, metal drums, rejected materials, garbage boxes, empty

cartons, and others. Such solid waste materials can be injurious to the environment

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through blockage of drainage systems, choking of water bodies and negative impacts on

human and animal health.

Energy Consumption
The project will consume fossil fuels (mainly diesel) to run transport vehicles, generators

and construction machinery. Fossil energy is non-renewable and its excessive use may

have serious environmental implications on its availability, price and sustainability.

Acceleration of sexually Transmitted Diseases

The prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDS might get
accelerated if unsafe sexual intercourse is made between the project employees and the
surrounding community.

Socio- Cultural conflict

It is highly unlikely that the whole project will be constructed using local labour. In this

regard, therefore, migrant workers from different cultural background are likely to be

hired to perform specialized works whose skills are no available in the local pool. The

presence of migrant workers from different cultural backgrounds, there could arise

conflicts with the local cultures. The lifestyles of the migrants may not be compatible with

those of the hosts and these could cause frictions

Land Take, Physical and Economic Displacement

Some individuals may not regain their house and neighbors after completion of the
project. Those individuals may displace and relocate to far/distant areas like out of the
city, or few kilometers away from their original residence. This involuntary displacement
causes separation from friends, loss of customers for business men, distance from
childhood and religious areas and so on.

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6.4. Evaluation and Analysis of the Project’s Impacts

In this section, the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of the project are
evaluated and analyzed.

Table 7-1: Evaluation and Analysis of the Project Impacts

S/N Impacts Impact Spatial Duration Significance
type scale
Without With
mitigation mitigation

1 Creation of Positive Local Long term Significant Significant

employment
opportunities

3 Landscape and Positive Local Permanent Significant Significant

visual impacts

4 Community Positive Local Permanent Insignificant Significant

health & safety

5 Air pollution Negative City permanent moderate moderate

wide

6 Noise pollution negative Local Long term moderate significant

7 Workers negative Site Long term significant moderate

accidents during specific
construction

8 Displacement of negative Site permanent significant significant

locals specific

9 Socio-cultural negative local Long term moderate moderate

conflict

10 Energy negative national Long term moderate insignificant

consumption

11 Provision of positive local Long term significant significant

market for
supply materials

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Chapter 8
7. MITIGATION MEASURES

7.1. Minimization of Construction Waste

The proponent will be responsible for efficient management of solid waste generated by

the project during its operation. In this regard, the proponent should provide waste

handling facilities such as waste bins and skips for temporarily holding of domestic waste

generated at the site. In addition, the proponent will ensure that the waste is disposed off

regularly and appropriately. It is recommended that the proponent puts in place

measures to ensure that the occupants of the labour camps manage their waste efficiently

through recycling, reuse and proper disposal procedures.

7.2. Reduction of Dust Generation and Emission

The management plan to reduce the impact on air quality includes:

 Construct and maintain deviations and regularly or whenever necessary, moisten

the area;
 Use some materials to mix with water for soil wetting;
 Adoption of good construction and management practices for the operations in
the borrow pits of borrow pits, storage of thin plots of stone (sandstone), sand and
soil;
 Build threads to reduce speed near schools and hospitals to avoid high speeds that
could raise dust in temporary unpaved roads.

7.3. Minimization of Exhaust Emissions

This shall be achieved through proper planning of transportation of materials to ensure

that vehicle fills are increased within axle weight limits in order to reduce the number of

trips or the number of vehicles on the road. In addition, truck drivers will be sensitized

to avoid unnecessary racing of vehicle engines at loading/offloading areas, and to switch

off or keep vehicle engines off at these points.

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7.4. Minimization of Noise and Vibration

Noise and vibration should be minimized in the project site and surrounding areas

through sensitization of construction truck drivers to switch off vehicle engines while

offloading materials. In addition, they should be instructed to avoid gunning of vehicle

engines or hooting especially when passing through sensitive areas such as churches,

residential areas and hospitals. Construction machinery shall be kept in good condition

to reduce noise generation. It is recommended that all generators and heavy duty

equipment be insulated or placed in enclosures to minimize ambient noise levels,

construction activities to be conducted during the day when working near residential

areas and animal habitats, excavation to be undertaken with ordinary earth movers any

explosive blasting be applied under supervision, ensure good maintenance of vehicles

and equipment.

7.5. Occupational Health and Safety

The proponent should be committed to provision of security, insurance of both personnel
and equipment, train and develop capacity especially for inexperienced
labourers/workers or newly purchased equipment, compensate for losses and injuries,
provide appropriate personal protective equipment, as well as ensuring a safe and
healthy environment for construction workers.

Other critical practices to ensure and enhance safety are: evaluation of risks, inform
community members along project route on project schedule and activities, workers
should be trained on health and safety procedures, reflective signage should be installed
for safety of road users, keep public away from material sites, area inhabited by wild
animals should be marked and communicated to construction workers, provide adequate
stream crossing to enhance safety. Initiative should be taken to conduct public awareness
and sensitization campaign on safety aspects related to the project.

7.6. Minimization of accidents along the road

 Install temporary signs, warning of the existence of works, changes in traffic,
various hazards, etc. In accordance with the plan previously approved by the
supervisor;

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 Place flags and light signals whenever necessary and in accordance with the above
plan;
 Limit work areas to 3 km in a row and provide a comfort zone (2-3 km) so that
traffic returns to normal speed and conditions before being again subject to limits
(in the next working section);
 The sequence of opening up sections already rehabilitated while work is still
taking place in other sections should be carefully planned;
 Establish specific plans to accommodate activities and trafficking in villages or
urban areas including diversion, seeking assistance from the police and/or local
authorities and prior probation of the prosecutor;
 Night parking of equipment and construction vehicles must be done at least 5 m
from the road;
 Keep an acceptable area for cyclists and pedestrians in the construction zones;
 Limit the speed of movement in the villages, near schools and hospitals, through
the installation of adequate signs and speed bumps;
 Implement an accident prevention program for communities, especially children,
during construction and soon after completion, alert to traffic rules, safe ways of
crossing and use of road, etc.

7.7. Resettlement Action Plans (RAP)

One of the World Bank’s Safeguard principles is a plan prepared when relocation and
loss of resource as a consequence of project implementation is inevitable. The plan
includes compensation and entitlement delivery mechanize based on detail socio-
economic information of affected people and asset. Prepared in consultation with the
affected community, public consultation strategy with special focus on vulnerable groups
is part and parcel of the plan. Appropriate compensation and alternative land (for
relocates) has to be realized prior to plan implementation. In-line with this, the following
actions have to be taken:

 Support to assimilate in the new neighborhood (formal organization)

 Support to access services in their new neighborhood.
 Support to engage in the construction process

7.8. Preventing Sexually Transmitted Diseases

To avoid the probability of transmitting STDs from employers migrating from other
areas, the biggest work force should be given for the locals. Besides to this, frequent
sensitization campaigns have to be undertaken for all staff members. Condom have to
also be available for all at free of charge.

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Chapter 9
8. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

This section describes the modalities provided in the project for the implementation of
the proposed mitigation measures to its potential negative impacts. It proposes the
institutional responsibilities for the implementation of the mitigation measures, the
implementation indicators, the time frame for monitoring and follow-up and also the
estimated cost for the implementation activities. The Environmental Management Plan
of the rehabilitation and development program is summarized in a table below.

Table 9-1: Environmental Management Plan

S/N Negative Mitigation Implementatio Time frame Responsibility Estimated

Impacts Measures n indicators cost (USD)

To be included in the investment plan

1 Risk of Number of Throughout Contractor
accidents on Provide all accidents on the project
the staff on site cycle
personnel with
and people protective

To be included in the investment plan

walking by equipment
& install
temporary
signs
2 Risk of the Frequent Number of Throughout Arada Sub-City
increase of Sensitizatio sensitization the project Land
Sexually n campaigns cycle Administration
Transmitted campaigns
Diseases
(STD)
3 Exhaust Mixing Amount of During Contractor
emissions materials exhaust gasses demolishing
with water in the air r and
for soil construction
wetting phase

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4 Air Moistening Amount of During Contractor

pollution by the area dust in the demolishing
dust with water atmosphere &
emission construction
phase

5 Generation Appropriat Amount of During Contractor

of solid e solid solid waste in demolishing
waste waste the &
manageme surrounding construction
nt area phase

6 Land Take, Avoiding Number of During the Arada Sub-City

Physical displaceme displaced planning Land
and nt & people & phase Administration
Economic providing amount of
Displaceme enough fund for
nt compensati compensation
on

7 Noise Alerting Quality of During the Contractor

during the people on announcement demolishing
demolishing time of and
and noise & construction
construction performing phases
phases demolishin
g and
constructio
n activities
day time
8 Socio- Employing Number of Throughout Arada Sub-City
cultural only local local labor & the project Land
conflicts labor, if not number of cycle Administration,
training training on local authorities
migrants local culture & contractor
about the
local
values and
culture

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Chapter 10
9. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

For a city like Addis Ababa which is a seat for many international and national

organizations, implementing rehabilitation and development programs is crucial. It also

has the potential to positively impact the society around the project areas. Increasing

business activities and creating employment opportunities during the house demolishing

and construction phases, and minimization of car accidents and better infrastructure

facilities after the completion of the project are some that can be mentioned as examples.

Implementation of this project, however, has negative environmental and social

implications that need to be addressed. While there is a general acceptability of the

rehabilitation program by the local community, permanent displacement is something

no one does it willingly. This even makes it worse if the victims are not supported enough

throughout the relocation and resettlement process. There is also a concern on other

environmental impacts such as air pollution, prevalence of accidents, waste generation,

likelihood of the proliferation of sexually transmitted diseases, etc. Appropriate

mitigation measures, should therefore be integrated in the project implementation to

reduce anticipated negative impacts and enhance the positive ones.

In conclusion the following are recommended.

i. Integrate suitable mitigation measures as outlined in this report for all sections of

the rehabilitation and development project

ii. Consult the communities and other stakeholders, particularly property owners, to

the extent possible on planning the works, especially where displacements are not

avoidable.

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iii. Implement the environmental management plan throughout the project

implementation with assistance of appropriate expert.

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REFERENCE

[1] Mathewos A., Abebe Z. Dr Solomon B., “Assessment of Urban Development Practices on

Business Expansion,” no. July 2011.

[2] Addis Ababa City Administration Land Development, Renewal and Banking

Project Office, 2010

[3] Population and Housing Census, CSA, 2007.

[4] Ethiopia Transportation System Improvements Project (Word Bank Report, 2016)

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ANNEXES

Annex A: Detail Data on Project Sites

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ANNEX B: SITE LAYOUT

B-1: Local Road

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B-2: Arogew Kera

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B-3: Basha Weldie Chilot

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B-4: Dejach Wube

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PHOTO GALLERY

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