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Voltage Profile of Transmission Line

Voltage at buses with generators can be controlled by adjusting generator excitation. Buses with generators are usually set as PV buses in load flow analysis to control transmission line voltage profiles. If load bus voltages are below limits, installing VAR generators can remedy this by raising voltages. Positive VAR injection at any bus raises the voltage by approximately (Xth/|Vi|)QC, also raising voltages at other buses to a lesser extent. Regulating transformers can also control real and reactive power flow along transmission lines by adjusting voltage magnitude through taps or adding a voltage at 90 degrees to shift the phase angle.

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74 views6 pages

Voltage Profile of Transmission Line

Voltage at buses with generators can be controlled by adjusting generator excitation. Buses with generators are usually set as PV buses in load flow analysis to control transmission line voltage profiles. If load bus voltages are below limits, installing VAR generators can remedy this by raising voltages. Positive VAR injection at any bus raises the voltage by approximately (Xth/|Vi|)QC, also raising voltages at other buses to a lesser extent. Regulating transformers can also control real and reactive power flow along transmission lines by adjusting voltage magnitude through taps or adding a voltage at 90 degrees to shift the phase angle.

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RezaNadian
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© © All Rights Reserved
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EEEGUIDE.

COM
Online Electrical and Electronics Study


Voltage Profile of Transmission Line:
Control of Voltage Profile of Transmission Line at the receiving bus in the fundamental
two-bus system was discussed already. Though the same general conclusions hold for an
interconnected system, it is important to discuss this problem in greater detail.

At a bus with generation, voltage can be conveniently controlled by adjusting generator


excitation. This is illustrated by means of Fig. 6.14 where the equivalent generator at the ith
bus is modelled by a synchronous reactance (resistance is assumed negligible) and voltage
behind synchronous reactance.

With (PGi + jQGi) and |Vi| ∠δi given by the load flow solution, these values can be achieved
at the bus by adjusting generator excitation to give |EGi| as required by Eq. (6.90) and by
adjusting the governor setting so that power input to generator from turbine is PGi plus
losses, resulting in load angle of (δGi – δi) corresponding to Eq. (6.89). If QGi demand
exceeds the capacity of generators, VAR generators (synchronous or static capacitor) have
to be used to modify the local load.

If follows from above that to control the Voltage Profile of Transmission Line of an inter-
connected system, buses with generators are usually made PV (i.e. voltage control) buses.
Load flow solution then gives the voltage levels at the load buses. If some of the load bus
voltages work out to be less than the specified lower voltage limit, it is indicative of the
fact that the reactive power flow capacity of transmission lines for specified voltage limits
cannot meet the reactive load demand (reactive line flow from bus i to bus k is
proportional to |ΔV| = |Vi| – |Vk|). This situation can be remedied by installing VAR
generators at some of the load buses. These buses in the load flow analysis are then
regarded as PV buses with the resulting solution giving the requisite values of VAR
( jQC) injection at these buses.

The fact that positive VAR injection at any bus of an interconnected system would help to
raise the voltage at the bus is easily demonstrated below: Figure 6.15a shows the Thevenin
equivalent circuit of the power system as seen from the ith bus. Obviously, Eth = Vi. If now
jQC from VAR generator is injected into this bus as shown in Fig. 6.15b, we have from
Equation

or

Since we are considering a voltage rise of a few percent, |Vi′| can be further approximated
as

Thus the VAR injection of +jQc causes the voltage at the ith bus to rise approximately by
(Xth/|Vi|)QC. The voltages at other load buses will also rise owing to this injection to a
varying but smaller extent.

Control by Transformers:

Apart from being VAR generators, transformers provide a convenient means of controlling
real power, and reactive power flow along a transmission line. As has already been
clarified, real power is controlled by means of shifting the phase of voltage, and reactive
power by changing its magnitude. Voltage magnitude can be changed by transformers
provided with tap changing under load (TCUL) gear. Transformers specially designed to
adjust voltage magnitude or phase angle through small values are called regulating
transformers.

Figure 6.16 shows a regulating transformer for Control of Voltage Profile of Transmission
Line magnitude, which is achieved by adding in-phase boosting voltage in the line. Figure
6.17a shows a regulating transformer which shifts voltage phase angle with no appreciable
change in its magnitude. This is achieved by adding a voltage in series with the line at 90°
phase angle to the corresponding line to neutral voltage as illustrated by means of the
phasor diagram of Fig. 6.17b. Here
where α = (1-j√3t)≈1∠-tan-1√3t

since t is small.

The presence of regulating transformers in lines modifies the YBUS matrix thereby
modifying the load flow solution. Consider a line, connecting two buses, having a
regulating transformer with off-nominal turns (tap) ratio α included at one end as shown
in Fig. 6.18a. It is quite accurate to neglect the small impedance of the regulating
transformer, i.e. it is regarded as an ideal device. Figure 6.18b gives the corresponding
circuit representation with line represented by a series admittance.
Since the transformer is assumed to be ideal, complex power output from it equals
complex power input, i.e.

or

For the transmission line

or

Also

Equations (6.94) and (6.95) cannot be represented by a bilateral network. The Y matrix
representation can be written down as follows from Eqs. (6.94) and (6.95).

The entries of Y matrix of Eq. (6.96) would then be used in writing, the YBUS matrix of the
complete power network.

For a voltage regulating transformer α is real, i.e. α* = α, therefore, Eqs. (6.94) and (6.95)
can be represented by the π-network of Fig. 6.19.
If the line shown in Fig. 6.18a is represented by a π-network with shunt admittance y0 at
each end, additional shunt admittance |α|2y0 appears at bus 1 and y0 at bus 2.

The above derivations also apply for a transformer with off-nominal tap setting where

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