Essentials of Management

Information Systems
Fourteenth Edition, Global Edition

Chapter 7
Telecommunications, the
Internet, and Wireless
Technology

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Networking and Communication
Trends
• Convergence
– Telephone networks and computer networks converging into
single digital network using Internet standards
• Broadband
– The majority of U.S. households now have broadband
access
• Broadband wireless
– Voice and data communications now exclusively use
broadband cable and wireless platforms

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

What Is a Computer Network?
• Two or more connected computers
• Major components in simple network
– Client and server computers
– Network interfaces (NICs)
– Connection medium
– Network operating system (NOS)
– Hubs, switches, routers
• Software-defined networking (SDN)
– Functions of switches and routers managed by central
program

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Figure 7.1 Components of a Simple
Computer Network

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Networks in Large Companies
• Hundreds of local area networks (LANs) linked to firm-wide
corporate network
• Various powerful servers
– Website, corporate intranet, extranet
– Backend systems
• Mobile wireless LANs (Wi-Fi networks)
• Videoconferencing system
• Telephone network, wireless cell phones

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Figure 7.2 Corporate Network
Infrastructure

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Key Digital Networking Technologies
(1 of 3)

• Client/server computing
– Distributed computing model
– Clients linked through network controlled by network server
computer
– Server sets rules of communication for network and
provides every client with an address so others can find it on
the network
– Has largely replaced centralized mainframe computing
– The Internet: largest implementation of client/server
computing

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Key Digital Networking Technologies
(2 of 3)

• Packet switching
– Method of slicing digital messages into parcels (packets),
sending packets along different communication paths as
they become available, and then reassembling packets at
destination
– Previous circuit-switched networks required assembly of
complete point-to-point circuit
– Packet switching more efficient use of network’s
communications capacity

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Figure 7.3 Packet-Switched Networks
and Packet Communications

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Key Digital Networking Technologies
(3 of 3)

• TCP/IP and connectivity

– Protocols: rules that govern transmission of information
between two points
– Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP /IP)
▪ Common worldwide standard that is basis for the Internet
– Department of Defense reference model for TCP /IP
▪ Four layers
– Application layer
– Transport layer
– Internet layer
– Network interface layer

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Figure 7.4 The Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol (T C P/I P)
Reference Model

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Types of Networks
• Signals: Digital versus analog
– Modem: translates digital signals into analog form (and vice
versa)
• Types of networks
– Local area networks (LANs)
▪ Ethernet
▪ Client/server vs. peer-to-peer
– Wide area networks (WANs)
– Metropolitan area networks (MANs)
– Campus area networks (CANs)

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Figure 7.5 Functions of the Modem

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Transmission Media and
Transmission Speed
• Physical transmission media
– Twisted pair wire (CAT5)
– Coaxial cable
– Fiber optics cable
– Wireless transmission media and devices
▪ Satellites
▪ Cellular systems

• Transmission speed
– Bits per second (bps)
– Hertz
– Bandwidth
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.
What Is the Internet?
• The Internet
– World’s most extensive network
– Internet service providers (ISPs)
▪ Provide connections
▪ Types of Internet connections
– Dial-up: 56.6 Kbps
– Digital subscriber line (DSL/FIOS): 385 Kbps –40 Mbps
– Cable Internet connections: 1–50 Mbps
– Satellite
– T1/T3 lines: 1.54–45 Mbps

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Internet Addressing and Architecture
• Each device on Internet assigned Internet Protocol (IP)
address
• 32-bit number, e.g. 207.46.250.119
• The Domain Name System (DNS)
– Converts IP addresses to domain names
– Hierarchical structure
– Top-level domains

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Figure 7.6 The Domain Name System

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Internet Architecture and Governance
• Network service providers
– Own trunk lines (high-speed backbone networks)
• Regional telephone and cable T V companies
– Provide regional and local access
• Professional organizations and government bodies
establish Internet standards
– IAB
– ICANN
– W3C

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Figure 7.7 Internet Network
Architecture

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

The Future Internet: I P v 6 and
Internet 2
• I Pv 6
– New addressing scheme for IP numbers
– Will provide more than a quadrillion new addresses
– Not compatible with current IPv5 addressing
• Internet2
– Advanced networking consortium
▪ Universities, businesses, government agencies, other
institutions
– Developed high-capacity 100 Gbps testing network
– Testing leading-edge new technologies for Internet

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Internet Services and Communication
Tools (1 of 2)
• Internet services
– Email
– Chatting and instant messaging
– Newsgroups
– Telnet
– File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
– World Wide Web
• Voice over IP (VoIP)
– Digital voice communication using IP, packet switching

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Figure 7.8 Client/Server Computing
on the Internet

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Internet Services and Communication
Tools (2 of 2)
• Unified communications
– Communications systems that integrate voice, data, email,
conferencing
• Virtual private network (VPN)
– Secure, encrypted, private network run over Internet
– PPTP
– Tunneling

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Figure 7.9 How Voice over IP Works

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Figure 7.10 A Virtual Private Network
Using the Internet

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

The Web
• Hypertext
– Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
– Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP):
– Uniform resource locator example (URL):
▪ http://www.megacorp.com/content/features/082602.html

• Web servers
▪ Software for locating and managing web pages

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Searching for Information on the Web
• Mobile search
• Semantic search
• Social search
• Visual search
• Intelligent agent shopping bots
• Search engine marketing
• Search engine optimization (SEO)

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Figure 7.11 Top Desktop/Laptop Web
Search Engines Worldwide

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Figure 7.12 How Google Works

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Sharing Information on the Web
• Blogs
• RSS
• Wikis
• Social networking

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

The Future Web
• More tools to make sense of trillions of pages on the
Internet
• Pervasive web
• Internet of Things (IoT)
• Internet of People
• App Internet
• Increased cloud computing and SaaS
• Ubiquitous mobile connectivity
• Greater seamlessness of web as a whole

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Cellular Systems (1 of 2)
• Competing standards
– CDMA : United States only
– GSM : Rest of world, AT&T, T-Mobile
• Third-generation (3G) networks
– 144 kbps
– Suitable for email access, web browsing

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Cellular Systems (2 of 2)
• Fourth-generation (4G) networks
– Up to 100 Mbps
– Suitable for email access, web browsing, Internet video
– LTE and Wi Max
• 5G networks
– Gigabit capacity
– Currently under development and field testing

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Wireless Computer Networks and
Internet Access (1 of 2)
• Bluetooth (802.15)
– Links up to 8 devices in a 10-m area using low-power, radio-
based communication
– Useful for personal networking (PANs) s
• Wi-Fi (802.11)
– Set of standards: 802.11
– Used for wireless LAN and wireless Internet access
– Use access points: device with radio receiver/transmitter for
connecting wireless devices to a wired LAN

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Wireless Computer Networks and
Internet Access (2 of 2)
• Wi-Fi (802.11) continued
– Hotspots: one or more access points in public place to
provide maximum wireless coverage for a specific area
– Weak security features
• WiMax (802.16)
– Wireless access range of 31 miles
– Require WiMax antennas

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Figure 7.13 A Bluetooth Network
(P A N)

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Figure 7.14 An 802.11 Wireless L A N

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Radio Frequency Identification
(RFID)
• Use tiny tags with microchips containing data about an
item and location
• Tag antennas to transmit radio signals over short distances
to special RFID readers
• Common uses:
– Automated toll-collection
– Tracking goods in a supply chain
• Reduction in cost of tags making RFID viable for many
firms

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Figure 7.15 How RFID Works

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
• Networks of hundreds or thousands of interconnected
wireless devices
• Used to monitor building security, detect hazardous
substances in air, monitor environmental changes, traffic,
or military activity
• Devices have built-in processing, storage, and radio
frequency sensors and antennas
• Require low-power, long-lasting batteries and ability to
endure in the field without maintenance
• Major sources of “Big Data” and fueling “Internet of Things”

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Figure 7.16 A Wireless Sensor
Network

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.