Introduction

to

Chapter 03
Understand Computer Wenura Mendis
2022/10

Networking
2022/09 Vibernets Streaming
 Chapter 03 – Understand Computer Networking

• What is networking?
• OSI Models
• TCP/IP
• IPv4/IPv6
• Wireless
• Sample Questions

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What is networking?
A network is just a group of computers that have been connected to exchange information's,
data, or resources.

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What is networking?
There are two basic types of networks:

• Local area network (LAN) - A local area network (LAN) is a network that normally covers only
one floor or building. This is usually a small geographical area.

• Wide area network (WAN) - The common term for inter-network connections that span long
distances is "wide area network" (WAN).

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Network Devices

Switch
A switch connects multiple computers and mobile devices together into a local network.

Router
A router connects separate networks, allowing information to route from one to the other. The networks may be
physically separate, such as a home office network and the Internet, or logically separate, such as subnetworks that
share cabling.

Firewall
A network firewall is a security device that puts up a barrier between a local network and the Internet. The firewall
acts as a filter, allowing or restricting data traffic between the network it protects and other networks.

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MAC Address
A MAC (Media Access Control) address, sometimes referred to as a hardware or physical
address, is a unique, 12-character(48bits) alphanumeric attribute that is used to identify
individual electronic devices on a network. An example of a MAC address is: 00-D8-61-A5-C2-26.

How to change the mac address - https://youtu.be/7uNqn1NzTas

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IP Address
An IP address is an address that helps you to identify a network connection. It is termed as the
‘Logical Address,’ which is provided to a connection in a network. IP address helps you to
control how devices on the Internet communicate and defines the behavior of internet routers.

Examples are 192.168.1.1 and 2001:db8::ffff:0:1.

IPv4 and IPv6 are internet protocol version 4 and internet protocol version 6, IP version 6 is the
new version of Internet Protocol, which is way better than IP version 4 in terms of complexity
and efficiency.

Watch IPv6 full video - https://youtu.be/6bX55b8s2Eo

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What is a port?
A port is a virtual point where network connections start and end. Ports are software-based and
managed by a computer's operating system. Each port is associated with a specific process or
service. Ports allow computers to easily differentiate between different kinds of traffic
~cloudflare~

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OSI Model
• Open Systems Interconnection is what OSI stands for.
• It was made in 1984 by ISO, which stands for the "International Organization for
Standardization."
• It is a 7-layer architecture, and each layer is responsible for a certain task.
• All of these seven layers work together to send information from one person to another
around the world.

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Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

The two primary Transport Layer protocols of TCP/IP are TCP and UDP. TCP is a full-duplex
connection-oriented protocol, whereas UDP is a simplex connectionless protocol.
The TCP/IP protocol stack focuses on the core functions of networking.

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TCP vs UDP

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Wi-Fi Networking
WIFI is an alternative network to wired network which is commonly used for connecting devices
in wireless mode.
Wireless Standard - IEEE 802.11

Elements of WIFI network

• Access Point (AP) - The AP is a wireless LAN transceiver or “base station” that can connect
one or many wireless devices simultaneously to the Internet.

• SSID – SSID is the “Service Set Identifier.” It’s the name advertised by a set of one or more
wireless access points (“base stations”) that represents a set of services you connect to.

• BSSID - BSSID is the Basic Service Set Identifier, a unique 48-bit label associated with an
individual access point and set of clients affiliated with a specific service set.
• Watch my wireless video - https://youtu.be/LVQPzJbTQk4

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ISM Bands
WiFi uses unlicensed spectrum. License fees are not usually required to operate WiFi equipment.

The Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) bands allow for unlicensed use of 2.4-2.5 GHz, 5 GHz,
and many other (non-WiFi) frequencies.

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Wireless Security Protocols

1. Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP); 1999 – is a security option that uses the RC4 cipher
algorithm to encrypt every frame
2. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA); 2003 – this wireless security standard uses Temporal Key
Integrity Protocol (TKIP), which recycled some items from WEP, and it still uses the RC4
algorithm.
3. WPA2; 2004 - The most significant upgrade in WPA2 is that it uses AES-CCMP encryption
instead of the old RC4 encryption.
4. WPA3; 2018 - still uses AES but replaced CCMP with the Galois/Counter Mode Protocol
(GCMP). The key length for AES has increased. Another new feature of WPA3 is Simultaneous
Authentication of Equals or SAE

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Sample Questions
1. A common network device for traffic filtering.
A. Server
B. Ethernet
C. Firewall
D. Endpoint

2. A manufacturing company subscribes to certain hosted services from its ISP. The services that
are required include hosted world wide web, file transfer, and e-mail. Which protocols
represent these three key applications? (Choose three.)
A. FTP
B. HTTP
C. DNS
D. SNMP
E. DHCP
F. SMTP
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Sample Questions
3. Which wireless encryption protocol uses AES as the encryption algorithm?
A. WEP
B. WPA2
C. RC4
D. WPA

4. Which of the following protocols are used to resolve the domain name into IP address and
vice versa?
A. ARP
B. RARP
C. DHCP
D. DNS

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Sample Questions
5. Which of the following statement is false in connection with UDP?
A. UDP is connectionless.
B. It is an unreliable protocol.
C. It is used for real-time communication.
D. It uses three-way handshaking for session establishment.

6. Which frequency is your laptop using when you connect to your home WiFi router?
A. 2.4GHz or 3GHz
B. 2.4MHz or 5GHz
C. 2.4GHz or 5GHz
D. 2.4GHz or 4THz

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