Development of Technological Advancement, Innovation, and Digital Technologies and their

Influence on Home – Automation System

Abstract: entry authentication, which improves home security and makes
The idea of delivering home-based computerization is not a new it easier to walk through the door. The research paper concludes
trend in smart-home technology but has been thrown into the with a vision for the smart home's future when biometric
forefront recently. Lighting, heating, air conditioning, and technology is used more broadly and comprehensively. Line
security are all controlled and automated. Wi-Fi is frequently communication allows a person to operate several gadgets in a
utilized for controlling and remote monitoring of utmost devices. home remotely [5,6]. It has a smartphone app, a portable
We use the internet to monitor and operate the system via a wireless remote, and a computer-based program to provide the
server. It serves as a gateway to a centralized hub, from which consumer control over the devices. It gives a basic
a system may be controlled via a graphical user interface. understanding of how to use a smartphone to manage and secure
During the operation of the system, the condition of the various household appliances. The Microcontroller is often used
equipment is monitored, and the same data is displayed and in conjunction with a mobile phone running Android as the
included on the LCD screen for analysis purposes if the operating system. The user may communicate with the Android
condition of the devices changes. The server also receives the smartphone by sending a command to the Microcontroller,
same information. The system is incorporated with three which will then operate other appliances or gather data from the
sensors: a FIRE sensor, GAS sensor, and PIR sensor to detect sensors. The technology allows you to access the device's status
intrusion, fire, and LPG gas detection on the premises. In and control it from a distance. This is accomplished with the
addition, whenever any of the sensors is triggered, the data is assistance of the internet. This program allows customers to
communicated to the possessor through a GSM dial-up internet. remotely access their gadgets from anywhere [7,8,9]. A
Individually sensor takes its significance, and the appropriate microcontroller is indeed a low-cost, versatile, simple-to-use
action is conducted based on the state. fully accessible programmed microcomputer that may be
Keywords: LCD, GSM, PIR sensor, GAS sensor, FIRE sensor. utilized in a range of electrical applications. This circuit can be
1. Introduction connected to any other Microcontroller, Microcontroller shields,
Labor-saving devices with gas or electric-powered domestic and Raspberry Pi circuits to control relays, LEDs, servo motors,
appliances were integrated into early home automation systems, and actuators. The Gas Sensor circuit contains a USB
and subsequently, in 1957 home automation system connection, which indicates that it's possible to link a computer
technologies with an electronic system were established. using USB and then configured it by using Microcontroller IDE
Control and automate every appliance in-house, as well as those software. The component has a 32KB of flash memory which
that are far away. Imagine being able to manage the temperature is being used to keep track of how many instructions have been
of the room from your place, changing the brightness and given, with a 1KB EEPROM and a 2KB SRAM. The operating
heating of the light, or chilling the room in less than 5 minutes voltage of the unit is 5V, suggesting that maybe the MCU on the
before entering it. The majority of automated systems provide PCB and accompanying microchip technology operate at that
security, ensuring the safety of the place. From a security camera voltage, but the voltage level spans from 6 to 20 volts, with a
to a water heating system that may immediately intimate you suggested range of 7 to 12 volts. We should know the amount of
about the status of the system [1]. Your home property will be gas in the cylinder in advance of scheduling a refilling from a
under constant observation so you can react quickly. A distributor, and the level of gas existing in the cylinder must be
Smartphone is used to control the device which is connected to continuously checked for this reason [10,11]. A load cell with
the server via the internet. Each piece of information is updated the requisite weighing capacity for a residential cylinder is used,
in a fraction of a second so that microcontroller can react if any and a weighing device module is used in conjunction with the
event occurs. The same can be monitored via a system far away load cell for calibration purposes. The system enforces the L6D
from the premises. Here the system can control eight devices weight device module. The load cell signal powers a relay
and monitor three sensors. Each sensor information is updated circuit, which generates two logic pulses (for =7 kg and =0.5 kg)
for its threshold value, if it reaches the value, action will be taken that are coupled to the MCU port pins to determine the gas level
to solve that problem via the microcontroller. Let us say if a Gas [12,13]. A leaf switch is also used if the weight device is unable
sensor is used it can monitor the Gas leakage in the air [2]. In to locate an empty cylinder, in which case a leaf switch is closed,
the same way, a PIR sensor is used to identify if any human indicating a signal to the microcontroller, and the action is done
radiation is present on the premises in the absence of the owner as required by the user. The presence of gas is detected by the
and finally but not least FIRE Device is accustomed to identify gas device, the gas level in the cylinder is determined by the
the fire and temperature within the residence If so, the weight device, and the microcontroller can perform corrective
microcontroller will act to shut off the fire by switching on the or required actions [14,15]. All of this must be reported to the
water sprinkler system. Twenty-first-century homes are self- current owner or roommates. To transmit a communication to
controlled and automated, providing more comforts. The the operator's mobile phone, the GSM unit is used. As the Gas
existing home-based computerization system is created on well- sensor detects the leak, it sends a signal to the microcontroller,
established communication across a wire. The issue does not and intern it sends an SMS to the user about the gas leakage on
occur until and unless the system is designed and assembled the premises. One SIM card is required for the GSM module.
during the building's construction activities. The cost goes high Any carrier SIM card can be accepted by this module. The
for already existing buildings [3,4]. The wireless system is used system is used to control and monitor activities, it is essential to
in our day-to-day life and provided great help for automation display information inside the system that displays a variety of
systems. messages such as gas leak detection, cylinder booking in the
event of cylinder filling, and microcontroller actions. To display
2. Literature Survey
relevant messages, the system employs an (LCD) with one of
An innovative smart house design that incorporates WSNs and
every 16X2 characters in action on a +5 voltage unit and 8-bit
biometric technology. The technology uses biometrics for home
mode [16,17,18]. The ULN2003A is a seven-node NPN (i) Case 1: In the first case the MQ-4 sensor is used to
Darlington transistor with a 500mA, 50V output capability. For detect the LPG gas density in the surrounded area. As soon as
changing inductive loads, it has common-cathode flyback the density of air and gas ratio changes the MQ-4 detects and
diodes [19,20]. The unexpected voltage surge realized triggers the microcontroller for further functions. The LCD
throughout an inductive load once its source power is panel shows the same data and sends an SMS to the user who is
unexpectedly lowered otherwise stopped is referred to as fly not in breach and has audible information to the user.
back. In general, it can be utilized to interface with a motor The microcontroller detects this event and sends the signal
driver when the motor requires high ratings that aren't available to the logic controller and to the relay driver which in turn
from other interfacing devices. activates the exhaust fan to remove the gas from the surrounding
[29,30]. The relay used here is a solid-state device that will
3. Proposed Model never produce sparks that are seen in a normal mechanical relay.
This is the safest way to get rid of the gas molecules in the air.

(ii) Case-2: In the second case the PIR sensor is used to

detect intruders and sends the signals to the microcontroller
which takes the decision. The microcontroller detects the event
with the help of the sensor and it displays the same information
on the LCD and also sends the information to the user via SMS.
(iii) Case-3: In the third case the fire sensor can detect any
fires that may occur in the building, if so then it sends the
information to the user via SMS, later it activates a water valve
to spray water where the fire is present, this is done by the fire
sensors deployed as well as the water spraying system which is
Fig. 1: Proposed system design present in the premises.
The major intention of this research is to create also execute 4. Results and Discussions
home computerization utilizing SCADA and the Internet of
Things that can overcome issues such as high price, poor There are three conditions to be considered in the
manageability, security, and inflexibility while also automating implementation of this system.
household appliances via the server [21,22]. The Atmel
(i) In the first case, the gas leakage is detected by the gas
microcontroller is at the core of the above-mentioned system. It
sensor then the gas valve is activated to stop the gas leakage.
is in control of all the devices that are linked to the system. It The flow diagram shows how the simple sensor detects leakage
also senses any changes in the surroundings through the use of of gas from the sensor, the same is sent to the microcontroller
sensors that detect events. The block diagram includes an
for further action an SMS is sent and the exhaust fan is switched
AT89C51 microprocessor, an MQ4 gas sensor, a Load Cell-
ON.
L6D weight switch sensor, a SIMCOM 900 GSM module, and
a display (s). The system is built on the 89c52 Microcontroller.
The output of the gas sensor MQ-4 and the load cell L6D is the
Microcontroller inputs. The Microcontroller output is sent to the
SIMCOM 900 and the LCD 162 display. The idea is
implemented using a Microcontroller module, however, the
chips we're utilizing are made by Atmel company. However, any
other microcontroller might be used with little modifications.
Only the software or assembly code produced for the
microcontroller will have a direct influence [23,24]. As seen Fig. 2: Flow diagram for the Gas leakage detection
from the block diagram in figure 1, there are three sensors used
to detect the event. Three events have to be considered here, one Figure 2 displays a gas detection flow diagram based on the
is intruder detection, next is fire detection, and finally gas threshold of the sensor during the gas leakage. Initially, all the
leakage detection. The PIR sensor is used to detect if any ports are initialized then the sensor is initiated to sense the gas
unauthorized user is present at home when no one is in that leakage, as soon as the gas is detected the exhaust fan is
place. As soon as it detects, it triggers the microcontroller switched ON.
informing that somebody has entered the premises [25,26]. In
the first implementation, a push-button is used to generate the
logic level and the respective output is noted. A 16x2 LCD is
used and a small message is displayed in the 1st implementation.
Further, the required message is changed and this is invoked
when a sensor detects the GAS molecules in the surrounding air
[27]. Furthermore, the PIR sensor is used to detect an intruder is
present in the absence of the owner, later a Fire sensor is also
used to sense any fire due to a short circuit or due to accident.
Here we are achieving three types of information which are from
the three sensors [28].
Fig. 3: Gas Detection Situation
In figure 3, as soon as the gas leak is detected by the gas sensor, threshold of the sensor. Initially, all the ports are initialized then
the port 2-bit P1.0 becomes low indicating the presence of gas the sensor is initiated to sense the presence of any intruder, as
as seen from the above figure. The low triggers the soon as it reaches the predefined value the microcontroller
microcontroller to take necessary actions to stop the gas would then send a message to the owner via GSM technology
leakage. The other port bits of P1 are in the same condition until Fig.6 shows a system which uses a PIR sensor to detect human
it is triggered by the specific sensor. Each of the conditions is presence, which would be attached to the microcontroller's port
created as a function which is called whenever the event occurs, 2.4 pins.
this method allows the microcontroller to work less compared
to another type of programming method.

Fig. 7: PIR detection trigger pulse

Fig. 4: Gas Detection trigger pulse

In figure 4, the trigger pulse from the port P1 bit P1.0 shows the
actual triggering value for an event that we have considered as
a gas leakage pulse from the sensor.

(ii) In the second case, the PIR sensor detects the presence
of an intruder on the premises, where the sensor senses for the
sensor output changes are compared with the predefined value
which we call the threshold value. If the sensor detects the
change in the premises which may cross the threshold value in
turn triggers the microcontroller port bit that is P2.1 to high to Fig. 8: Flow diagram for Fire Sensor
low pulse. Now the microcontroller takes necessary actions as
designed to do the work. Here it is programmed to send the SMS
to the owner regarding the intruder present on his premises with
his permission.

Fig. 9: FIRE sensor Simulation.

Fig. 5: Flow diagram for PIR Sensor.

Fig. 10: Fire sensor trigger pulse.

In the third case, the fire sensor detects whether there is a fire
. in the building, the sensor output is fed to the microcontroller,
Fig. 6: PIR Sensor Detection Simulation as soon the controller is triggered the water spraying system
Figure 5 shows the flow diagram of PIR detection based on the comes into the picture where it sprays the water. This is
achieved by having the number of different nodes of the sensor
and the spraying units. Figure 8 displays a fire sensor's flow gas leakage check immediately is displayed on the screen with
diagram. Initially, all the ports are initialized then the switch an audible sound and sends the SMS to the user. Along with this,
connected to the Port P2 bit P2.2 is made to high always until it the microcontroller will close the gas valve to stop the leakage.
is triggered by the sensor, this in turn sends the SMS to the user. As shown in figure 13, here the LCD displays the condition of
The LCD panel shows the same informationThe design the intruder which is sensed by the sensor. This is done by the
comprises a microcontroller where the user can relate with the level at which the trigger pulse is sent to the microcontroller.
system and can refer switch signals to the controller this, in turn, This high to low pulse will trigger the microcontroller as soon
is in charge of controlling various embedded systems /sensors. as the sensor detects the intruder and displays the intruder on the
As soon as the microcontroller is powered on the message screen with an audible sound and sends the SMS to the user.
“WELCOME TO HOME AUTOMATION” is displayed on the This project uses a Passive Infrared Sensor [PIR sensor] to
LED. If any event occurs say gas leakage, fire detection, or identify the user's location, which is linked to port pin 2.5 of the
intruder detected, all this information is updated on the LCD microprocessor. When it identifies a human in its range of view,
along with activating the buzzer. It takes immediate actions it sends an alert to the microcomputer. The main goal is to create
required and the information is sent through SMS via GSM. an alarm-based safety system that uses power as an input and
This information is updated to the server also [8]. As shown in uses a motion sensor to detect motion and display a message on
figure 11, the circuit is built using the 89S52 Microcontroller. an LCD saying “INTRUDER DETECTED CHECK
The LCD is used to display the conditions based on the event IMMEDIATELY” and this message will be updated to the
from the sensors. Here the simulation shows the initial person by SMS through GSM system. A buzzer is linked to
condition which displays the welcome to the gas monitoring almost the same port 2.5 pin microcomputer to notify this.
system.

Fig. 14: Flame Sensor.

As shown in figure 14, here the LCD displays the condition of
Fig. 11: Initial conditions and Normal Mode. fire detected which is sensed by the sensor. This high to low
pulse will make the bit 1.2 low which gives the pulse to the
microcontroller and the fire is displayed on the screen with an
audible sound and sends the SMS to the user. When a fire
occurs, it takes just a minute for a place to become fully engulfed
in flames. Among the most crucial parts of fire safety is
recognizing a growing fire disaster in a timely way and warning
the house's inhabitants also the fire department. This device
contains two main components: a detecting chamber as well as
a network of sample tubes or pipelines in a control unit. They
are line-of-sight devices that operate on either an IR, ultraviolet
/combination principle. After sensing it sends a message to the
Fig. 12: Gas Leakage Mode.
fire detection system's control panel. The automated sprinkler
system can alert residents, and an emergency management
notification is another important feature of the final output
saying “FIRE DETECTED CHECK IMMEDIATELY” SMS is
sent to occupants through the GSM system.

Fig. 13: PIR Mode.

As shown in figure 12, here the LCD displays the condition of

gas leakage which was sensed by the gas sensor MQ4. As soon
as the sensor detects the gas leakage the port bit 2.0 goes from Fig. 15: PC Connectivity
low to high which gives the pulse to the microcontroller and the
As seen in figure 15, the information of each sensor is updated Table II shows different voltage and current ratings of the
in the cloud server along with the assistance of a server and the modules used in this system, with their min and max voltage as
operator can control the home-based appliances anywhere far well as current values.
away from his premises. Here the system updates the
information and also sends an SMS to the user if any of the
sensors detect events like gas leakage or it may be fire or any
intruder present on the premises. The other part of the system is
the user has a user interface where he can monitor the devices
connected to this module to either switch it ON or OFF
depending on the necessity of the user. This makes the user a
very friendly system with two advantages that is one is to
detect any event through the sensor and one more he can control
the devices from a remote place. Table I shows the hardware
components required for the real-time setup of the proposed
Fig. 16: PCB Layout of the entire module.
system.
Table I: Components required for real-time setup
As shown in the above figure the PCB layout of the entire
Sl. system excluding the GSM modem. The entire design is done
Name Description
No. using the proteus RRES.
1 Microcontroller 89S52.
2 Gas Sensor MQ4 Table III: Simulation Vs –Tim
3 PIR Sensor HC-SR501
4 Flame Sensor. YL-38 Real-
5 Relay Driver ULN2003A. Sl. Simulation
Time
6 GSM Modem SIMCOM 900 Series. No. Task Type on Results Difference
Results
7 LCD 16x2. Gas
8 Relay 12v SPST. 1. MQ2 0.74S 1.21S 0.47S
9 Gas Valve 24v 6Watts.
10 Exhaust Fan 12v 0.5Watts 2. PIRE 0.72S 1.44S 0.72S
11 SMPS 5V, 12V & 24V Sensor
3. FIRE 0.82S 1.32S 0.5S
In the real-time setup, all the modules, as well as the LCD
components, are first rigged up using a breadboard. The results 3. Display 1.3S 1.75S 0.45S
16x2
are noted down and compared with the simulation results. The Piezo
microcontroller output is noted down from a CRO, the ADC 4. Buzzer Electric 1.2S 1.73S 0.53S
values are tested by applying different analog values and the
12V
respective digital values are noted. Similarly, the Gas sensor 5. Relay 3.2S 4.56S 1.36S
Relay
MQ4 is tested using the nail polish remover which contains
traces of methane gas. The output is noted down, as we have
seen the gas sensor needs 30 seconds’ delay time for its normal Table III shows the simulation time and real-time sensor and
operation, the time is crucial as it only detects after the coil gets other modules reacting time. Here we can observe that as soon
heated as per the manufacturer specifications, within that time as the sensor detects the change in the environment it triggers
the sensor will not give proper results. We consider all this the microcontroller to display as well as do the needful to stop
information as the highest criteria before rigging up the whole the gas leakage. This is also seen in real-time as well as in the
circuit. Further, LCD is used to display the information about simulation time. There is quite a difference in both which is
the event as we have seen in this research paper. The following noted down in table III. The proposed system hardware setup is
modules are strictly kept at 5v from an SMPS which are as shown in figure 17. The Controller is connected to GSM, LCD,
follows, LCD, GSM Modem, Gas Sensor MQ4, PIR sensor, Fire and the relay module.
sensor & Microcontroller 89S52.
Table II: Voltage and Current ratings
Voltage
Sl. Module Current Rating
Rating
No. Name
Min Max Min Max
1. 89S52 3V 6.6V 0.5mA 25mA
2. ESP8266 3.3V 3.6V 30mA 80mA
3. MQ4 3V 5V 40mA 250mA
4. ULN2003A 5V 50V 25mA 500mA
5. LCD16x2 4.5V 5V 0.25mA 25mA
6. Exhaust Fan 8V 16V 0.25mA 25mA
SIM COM
7. 3V 12V 125mA 210mA
900
8. SMPS 5V 24V 2A 3A
9. Relay 8V 14V 80mA 300mA Fig.17: Proposed system hardware module snapshot.
5. Conclusion [7] Shwetha, N., Niranjan, L., Chidanandan, V., &
Sangeetha, N. (2021). Smart driving assistance using
This research paper describes our proposed system for gas Arduino and Proteus design tool. Expert Clouds and
monitoring, leakage, automatic booking, and manual booking. Applications, 647–663. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-
The project's main goal is to decrease the deaths that occurred 16-2126-0_51
due to the leakage of gas from the cylinder as well as negligence [8] Y. Liu, "Study on Smart Home System Based on
by the users. Here the system controls the flow of gas from the Internet of Things Technology," in Informatics and
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VarshaGaiwal, “Home Automation using Android App and
to build the system. Two sorts of tasks are performed by the Cloud Network”, International Journal of Engineering
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[13] L, N., and M, M. P. (2019). An energy-efficient and lifetime
an input, detects motion, and displays a message on the LCD
ratio improvement method based on energy balancing.
that says "INTRUDER DETECTED CHECK
International Journal of Engineering and Advanced
IMMEDIATELY" and this message will then be forwarded to
Technology, 9(1S6), 52–61.
the individual by SMS through the GSM system. To specify this,
https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.a1012.1291s619
a buzzer is linked to the same port 2.5 pin of a microprocessor.
[14] Abhishek Kumar Verma, Saurabh Kumar, Suramya
Prakash, Ashish Singh, Chandan Chatterjee, Bikash Ghosh,
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