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Chapter 2 Functions of Real Variables 2020 2021

The document provides an overview of functions of a real variable including: 1) It defines functions, inverse functions, and composition of functions. It gives an example of composing two functions f∘g. 2) It discusses different types of elementary functions including polynomials, quadratic functions, rational functions, and exponential functions. It provides examples and properties of each. 3) It covers logarithmic functions and their inverses, exponential functions. It provides examples of converting between logarithmic and exponential forms.

Uploaded by

Thabet Homri
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
49 views

Chapter 2 Functions of Real Variables 2020 2021

The document provides an overview of functions of a real variable including: 1) It defines functions, inverse functions, and composition of functions. It gives an example of composing two functions f∘g. 2) It discusses different types of elementary functions including polynomials, quadratic functions, rational functions, and exponential functions. It provides examples and properties of each. 3) It covers logarithmic functions and their inverses, exponential functions. It provides examples of converting between logarithmic and exponential forms.

Uploaded by

Thabet Homri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2

functions of a
real variable
Section I

Function of real variable


Function of real variable
Inverse of a function
Example
Properties of function :
monotonicity
Monotonicity
Bounded function
Examples
Symmetric and antisymmetric
function
Examples
Examples
Composing Functions

In general, to indicate function f composed with


function g, we can write f∘g, read as "f composed with g".

This composition is defined by the following rule:

(f∘g)(x)=f(g(x))
Example
Elementary types of functions

an is called the leading coefficient


n is the degree of the polynomial
a0 is called the constant term
Linear function illustration case n=1
Quadratic Functions (case n=2)

If a, b, c are real numbers with a not equal


to zero, then the function

f ( x)  ax  bx  c
2

is a quadratic function and its graph is a


parabola.
Quadratic Functions (case n=2)

For f ( x)  a( x  h)2  k
• If a  0, then the graph of f is a parabola.
– If a > 0, the graph opens upward.
– If a < 0, the graph opens downward. Vertex is (h , k)
• Axis of symmetry: x = h
• f (h) = k is the minimum if a > 0, otherwise the
maximum
• Domain = set of all real numbers
• Range:  y y  k  if a < 0. If a > 0, the range is  y y  k
The general form The vertex form

f ( x)  ax  bx  c
2
f ( x)  a( x  h)  k
2

The vertex The vertex

x=h
Converting Quadratic form
to the Vertex Form
f ( x )  ax 2  bx  c f ( x )  a ( x  h) 2  k

Completing the Square

 Factor the ‘a’ value out of the first two terms.

 Using the new coefficient of the x term, add and subtract


half of it squared.

 The first 3 terms form a perfect square, factor them.

 Distribute the ‘a’ value.

 Collect like terms.


21
Example

Consider
f ( x)  3x2  6 x  1

Complete the square to find the vertex.


• Solution:
 Factor the coefficient of x2 out of the first two terms:
• f (x) = –3(x2 – 2x) –1
Add 1 to complete the square inside the parentheses. Because of
the –3 outside the parentheses, we have actually added –3, so we
must add +3 to the outside.
f (x) = –3(x2 – 2x +1) –1+3
f (x) = –3(x – 1)2 + 2

• The vertex is (1, 2)


The quadratic function opens down since the
coefficient of the x2 term is –3.
Properties of a polynomial
Root of a polynomial P n

P(x) is a polynomial with degree n and 𝑥0 is a zero of P(x) then


P(x) can be written in the following form :

𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑥0 × 𝑄(𝑥)
Q(x) is a polynomial of degree n-1

Example
Horner’s scheme
Example 1
Theorem
Rational function
Example
Polynomial division
Example
Power function and it’s inverse
Example
Exponential function
Basic Properties of the Graph of

• Domain is all real numbers


• Range is positive real numbers
• All graphs will pass through (0,1) (y intercept)
• All graphs are continuous curves
• The x axis is a horizontal asymptote.
• If a > 1, then ax increases as x increases.
• If 0 < a < 1, then ax decreases as x increases.
Inverse of exponential function

Example: Determine the range, domain and the inverse of f(x)

𝑓 𝑥 = 5𝑒 𝑥+9 − 7
Find the inverse of f(x)

𝑓(𝑥) = ln(3𝑥 + 4)
Exponential Graph Logarithmic Graph

Graphs of
inverse
functions are
reflected about
the line y = x
The logarithmic function to the base a, where a > 0 and a  1 is
defined:

log a x  y if and only if xa y

Logarithmic Exponential
form form
When you convert an exponential to log form, notice that the exponent
in the exponential becomes what the log is equal to.

Convert to log form: 16  4 2 log 416  2


Convert to exponential form:
31
1
log 2  3 2 
8 8
Logarithmic-Exponential Conversions
Study the examples below. You should be able to
convert a logarithmic into an exponential
expression and vice versa.
1. log 4 (16)  x  4 x  16  x  2

1 1
2. x  log 3 ( )  log 3 ( 3 )  log 3 (33 )  3x  33
27 3
 x  3
3. 125  5  log 5 125   3
3

1
1
4. 81  9  81  9  log 81  9  
2
2
Properties of Logarithms

If b, M, and N are positive real numbers, b  1,


and p and x are real numbers, then
1. log b (1)  0 5. log b MN  log b M  log b N
2. log b (b)  1 M
6. log b  log b M  log b N
3. log b bx  x N
7. log b M p  p log b M
x
log b x
4. b
8. log b M  log b N iff M  N
Solving Logarithmic Equations

Solve for x:

   
log 4 x  6  log 4 x  6  3
Solving Logarithmic Equations
First check the domain of f(x) : x>6 ; 𝐷𝑓 = 6, ∞

Product rule log 4 ( x  6)  log 4 ( x  6)  3


Special product log 4 ( x  6)( x  6)  3

Definition of log log 4  x 2  36   3


43  x 2  36
64  x 2  36
100  x 2
10  x ; with x  10  D f
hence, x  10
Solving Logarithmic Equations

Solve: log   log 10, 000   x


Example: solution
Solve:
log10   log10 10, 000   x
Quotient rule 
log10 x
10, 000
Simplify
 1 
(divide out common log10   x
factor π)  10, 000 
Rewrite log10 104   x
Property of logarithms 10 x  104
x  4
Domain and range for some
elementry function

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